雅思英语语法讲义 27页

——环球雅思HelenYjx雅思英语语法材料第一章谓语动词第一讲时态一、时态表格（一）一般（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）一般现在过去将来过去将来肯定句式主is/are+…主v原/v单三+…主was/were+…主v-ed+…主be+v-ing主will/shall+v原…主is/aregoingtov：打算一般现在（主将从现）主beabouttodosth马上主will+be+doingsth将要主would/should+v原…主was/weregoingto+v原否定句式主is/arenot+…主don’t/doesn’t+v原+…主was/werenot…主didn’t+v原…主be+not+v-ing主won’t/shallnot+v原主is/arenotgoingto+v原主Was/Werenotgoingto+v原主would/shouldnot+v原+…/疑问句式Is/Are主+…?Do/Does主+v原？Was/were主…?Did主+v原?Be主v-ing+…？Will/Shall主+v原？Is/Are主+v原？Would/Should主v原+…？Was/were主goingto+v原？意义重复、习惯；状态，客观；频度，次数；列车、航班动作已经完成；描述一系列动作；过去习惯将来计划、明确安排；预测、尚未安排、可能；考虑打算、事实预测过去谈论将来标志性的时间状语频度副词：always,often,rarely,usually,sometimes,seldom;once/twice/three/four+次数；everyevening/dayweek/month/yearyesterday;lastnight/week/monthseason/year;…ago;justnow;介词+过去的week/month/season/year/centuryWhen,assoonas,after,before,until,aslongas;tomorrow…;next…;in+表示将来的week/month/season/year…thenext…时态“三字经”：现在时，并不难；表重复，表习惯；表状态，表客观；有频度，有次数；看主语，定单三。（二）（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）进行进行现在过去将来过去将来肯定句式主is/are+v-ing主was/were+v-ing主will/shallbe+v-ing…主would+v原…主was/weregoingto+v原否定句式主is/arenot+v-ing主was/werenot主won’tbe+v-ing…主Was/Werenotgoingto+27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx+v-ing…v原主wouldn’t+v原/疑问句式Is/Are主+v-ing…?Was/were主+v-ing…?Will主be+v-ing…？Would主+v原？Was/were主goingto+v原？意义说话时正在发生的状态；目前正在进行的工作为过去某一动作提供场景将来进行着的动作；纯粹的将来计划或安排过去谈论将来进行着的动作标志性的时间状语now;atthemoment,currently,presently,atpresent,thisweekmonth/yearwhen，while，asbythistimetomorrow…bthattime;thenextday（三）（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）完成完成现在过去将来过去将来肯定句式主has/have+v-ed…主had+v-ed…主willhave+v-ed…主wouldhave+v-ed…否定句式主has/havenotv-ed…主hadnot+v-ed…主+won’thave+v-ed主wouldn’thave+v-ed…疑问句式Has/Have主+v-ed…?Had主+v-ed…?Will主have+v-ed？Would主have+v-ed…?意义过去动作持续到现在；过去动作影响到现在过去某时之前发生的动作将来某时之前完成的动作过去将来某时之前完成的动作标志性的时间状语for+时间段，since+时间点;Ever,never,just,already,yet;before,tillnow,when,assoonas,bythetime…,after;nosooner…than…,hardly…when…Before,by+固定时间;in+某段时间Before,by+固定时间;in+某段时间（四）（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）完成进行完成进行现在过去将来过去将来肯定句式主has/havebeen+v-ing…主hadbeen+v-ing…主willhavebeen+v-ing…主wouldhave+been+v-ing…否定句式主has/havenotbeen+v-ing…主hadnotbeen+v-ing…主+won’thavebeen+v-ing…主wouldn’thavebeen+v-ing…疑问句式Has/Have主been+v-ing…?Had主been+v-ing…?Will主havebeen+v-ing…？Would主havebeen+v-ing…?意义某种状态或动作持续了多久过去之前某一动作持续的长短或动作本身将来某时之前某个动作或状态存在了多久过去将来某时之前动作或状态存在了多久标志性的时间状语for+时间段，since+时间点for+时间段，since+时间点bytheendof…bytheendof…二、基本时态演练27 ——环球雅思HelenYjxListeningtothefollowingconversation.(一)TaskOne:fillintheblanks.1.Interviewer:Yourname?Peter:Peter__________.(1)2.Interviewer:________(2)youworkor_________(3)youastudent?Peter:I’mstudyingreallyhardformyexamsthismonth—I’mdoingmath’satuniversity—butIalso________(4)myparentsout.Theyowna_________(5)andI________(6)thereasawaiterintheevenings,soI____________(7)alotoffreetimeduringtheweek.MymomisalwayssayingthatI_____________(8)enoughintherestaurant!ButIdomanagetofindsomefreetimemostdays.3.Interviewer:Canyoulookatthe_____(9)andtellmewhetheryoudoanyofthesethingsandifso,how____(10)?Peter:IlovemusicandI’mlearningtoplaythepiano.I______(11)reallyearlyandpracticeforanhourorsojustabouteveryday.Ialsoplaytheguitarinabandwithsomeotherfriends.Weusedtopracticetogetheratleast_____________(12)aweekbutthesedaysweonlymanagertomeetaboutonce__________________(13).4.Interviewer:Whataboutthenextthingonthelist?-_________________(14)?Peter:Well,IusedtoplaythemallthetimebutnowI’mtoobusystudyingandI_______(15)missthematall.5.Interviewer:Doyouuseacomputerforotherthings?Peter:IusetheInternetjustabout________(16)formystudies.AndIalsouseitto_____________(17)myfriendsandmyfamily.MycousinislivinginThailandatthemomentandhe_______(18)meregularemailstoletmeknowhowmuchfunhe’shaving!He’salwaysvisitingexcitingplaces.6.Interviewer:Now,howabout_________________(19)?Peter:Actually,IjoinedthelocalfootballteamwhenIwasatschoolandIstillplay_______________(20)providedIcangettotraining.ImuchpreferplayingfootballtowatchitonTV,thoughIdo______________(21)watchamatchifthere’sabigfinalorsomething.7.Interviewer:Whataboutgoingtowatchlivematches?Peter:I’dlovetobeabletoaffordtogoeveryweekbecauseI____________(22)mylocalteam,butstudentsdon’t____________(23)havemuchmoney,youknow!Icanrememberthe27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx___________(24)Iwenttoalivematch.Oh,sorry,Icanseemyfriends—I____________(25)gonow!（二）TaskTwoReadthroughtheconversationandfindout:1.Presentsimplesentences:2.Presentcontinuous:3.Pastsimplesentences:三、时态改错1.Peopleshouldactaccordingtowhattheyarebelieving.2.Ingeneral,Ithinkourgovernmentspenttoomuchmoneyonspacetravel.3.Nowadays,manypeopleinmycountryhavesenttheirchildrentosingle-sexschools.4.Thesedays,moreandmorepeopletravelingtoverydistantplacesfortheirholidays.5.Iamhopingitisnottoolatetosavetheenvironment.6.Thefemalehenlayingonaverage5or6eggsperweek.7.Youngerdriversismorelikelytobeinvolvedinacaraccident.8.Mostdoctorsareagreeingthattheonlywaytoloseweightisbydoingmoreexercise.27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx第二讲语态一、被动语态的形式一般进行完成现在主am/is/are+v-ed…主am/is/arebeing+v-ed…主has/havebeen+v-ed…过去主was/were+v-ed…主was/werebeing+v-ed…主hadbeen+v-ed…将来主willbe+v-ed…×主willhavebeen+v-ed…将来完成主wouldbe+v-ed…×主wouldhavebeen+v-ed…情态动词主can/could/may/might/shall/should/will/would/must/haveto/oughtto+be+v-ed…不定式…tobe+v-ed…;tohavebeen+v-ed二、被动语态使用情景（一）一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用被动式1.Iagreewiththestatementthatthereshouldbenogovernmentrestrictiononcreativeartistswhoexpressthemselvesinthewaytheydoandthattheymustbegivenfreedomforthesame.(IELTS4,Band7,p167)2.Thereisalmosteverythinggoodinwhatisgiventousthroughthemediaworldwhichismadeupofartists.(同上)3.Inconclusion,Istronglyagreewiththatchildrenshouldbetaughttocooperateratherthancompete.(IELTS5,Band6,p167)4.Itwasopenedintheyear1863,anditisalready140yearsold.(IELTS5,Band7,p168)（二）在描述事件和客观事实的时候，被动语态用得更多1.TheuseofelectricityinEnglandisindispensedwith.(IELTS4,Band6,p164)2.DemandforelectricityinEnglandduringtypicaldaysinwinterandsummerisillustratedinthegraph.(同上)3.TheuseofaverageEnglishhomeisshowninthepiechart.(同上)（三）主语是泛指很多人或者大部分人这个方面27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx1.Amoredramaticriseispredictedbetween2030and2040inJapan,bywhichitisthoughtthattheproportionofelderlypeoplewillbesimilarinthethreecountries.(IELTS5,modelanswer,p162)2.Itcanbearguedthat…Itisadvised/believed/universallyaccepted/generallyrecognizedthat…Itissaid/reported/estimatedthat…（四）当上下文已经说明了动作执行者时：Alawwasintroducedtohelpprotectpeopleinthissituation.（五）动作的执行者并不重要时：Inthefactory,theshoesarecleanedandpackedintoboxesreadyforsale.（六）需要体现动作的执行者时，加by-短语：Alotofwastematerialscouldberecycledbylargemanufacturers.三、剑指考试1.Toenrichvocabulary,weshouldreadmoreauthenticmaterials.可以改为：（1）（2）（3）2.Itisimportantfornationsallovertheworldtoworkhardtogethertocontroltheenvironmentalpollution.可以改为：3.Iamnotsurewhetherallthecollegegraduatescanfindjobsaftergraduation.可以改为：4.用适当的动词形式完成下列句子：（1）Myhome_____________(locate)inthewesternpartofthecity.（2）Thesefundscan_____________(give)tothepoorerpeopletohelpthem.（3）We_____________(nottell)thattheruleshadchanged.27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx（4）Childrenneedto_____________(teach)thecorrectwaytobehaveinpublic.5.句子改错：（1）Thehousewassellforoveramilliondollars.（2）Theclasshasallowedtoeatinthestaffdiningroomduringtherenovations.（3）Thepotatoescarryalongaconveyorbelttoaroomwheretheywashandpeel.（4）Theteachertoldtotakeherclassoutoftheschoolifthefirebellrang.（5）Smokingdon’tallowinanypartoftheaeroplane.（6）Themuseumwasbeingrenovatingwhenwewerethere,sowecouldnotvisitit.（7）Busticketscanbuyatanynewsagents.（8）Newemployeeshaveinstructednottooperatethephotocopieruntiltheyaretrained.6.把下面的句子改成被动语态，并决定是否需要带by-短语（1）Afactoryworkercheckseachboxforquality.（2）Thegovernmentdoesnotpermitchildrenunder16towork.（3）Thewashingmachineiswashingyourclothesatthemoment.（4）Amechanicwillrepairyourcarthisafternoon.（5）Theagenthassoldourhouseatlast.（6）Somethingtorethebackofmycoat.（7）Theemployerpayoffthestaffmoreforworkingattheweekend.（8）Burningtiresgiveoffhighlytoxicchemicals.27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx第三讲虚拟语气请欣赏下列一首诗歌：Ifyouwereateardropinmyeye,Forfearoflosingyou,Iwouldnevercry.Andifthegoldensunshouldceasetoshineitslight,Justonesmilefromyouwouldmakemywholeworldbright.一、虚拟语气基本句型虚拟时间if从句谓语形式主句谓语形式与现在事实相反did/werewould(should,could,might)do与过去事实相反haddone/hadbeenwould(should,could,might)havedone/been与将来事实相反did/wereto/should+dowould(should,could,might)do1.与现在事实相反(1)Ifsheweresick,shecouldstayathomeandhavearesttoday.(2)Ifyouwatchedmoreandtalkedless,wewouldbothenjoyourfilm.2.与过去事实相反(1)Iftheyhadstudiedearlier,theywouldhavepassedtheIELTS.(2)Helenwouldhavegraduatedwithherclassifshehadbeenabletomeetalltherequirementsintime.3.与将来事实相反(1)Ifitsnowedtomorrow,Iwouldgoskiing.(2)Ifitshouldsnowtomorrow,Iwouldgotomakeasnowmaninfrontofourdormitory.(3)Ifyouweretoseeyourtutor,whatwouldyoutellhim?4．错综的虚拟语气(1)IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavetoldthattoher.（时间错综：从句现在，主句过去）(2)HadItakenmyumbrellawithmeinthemorning,Ishouldnotbewetnow.(时间错综：从句过去，主句现在)5．虚拟语气的倒装27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx可以把条件句中的if省略掉，同时把should,were,had等助动词提前，构成倒装句。请把下面的句子变成倒装虚拟条件句(1)（现在）Iftherewerenoair,therewouldbenolifearoundtheearth.(2)（过去）Ifhehadbeenolder,hemighthaveunderstoodthisquestion.(3)（将来）Ifthisweretohappenagain,youwouldbepunishedseverely.(4)（将来＋现在）Ifyoushouldhaveanyquestions,feelfreetocallme.二、虚拟语气——特殊名词性从句（从句动词用should+v原形）1、（动词后面接宾语从句）词义Jian（坚持、建议、推荐）决（定）要（求）命（令）其他词汇advise建议argue主张insist坚持maintain主张recommend建议propose提议suggest建议prefer提出urge敦促decree裁决determine决意resolve决意stipulate规定rule裁决ask要求desire要求demand要求plead请求pray恳求request请求beg恳求command命令direct命令order命令agree同意arrange安排intend打算2、名词后面接表语从句或者同位语从句JianJueYaoMingadvice建议recommendation建议suggestion建议proposal建议motion提议decision决定resolution决定determination决定demand要求pray请求requirement要求propose要求desire要求preference提出要求command要求order命令command命令necessity必要性三、剑指考试——虚拟的语气，真实的分数1、听力中的虚拟语气(1)Eitherwaywewouldhavebeenrewardedbecausewefelluponamazing,highmeadows,hugegorgesandwonderfulsnow-cappedmountains.(IELTS2,Listening)27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx(2)Isupposeifweweretodoitallagain,we’dprobablyhiredonkeysalongtheway.(IELTS2,Listening)(3)Itisimportantthatyouknowrolesofthejobs.(IELTS2,Listening)(4)Andifyouhadtogivethenewdirectorssomespecificadvicewhentheysetupthechannel,whatadvicewouldyougivethem?(IELTS2,Listening)2、写作中的虚拟语气(1)Iftheycouldraisethemtobeconsiderateofothersandtobesocial,responsibleindividuals,thewholecommunitywouldbenefit(IELTS4,Writing)(2)Highqualitynurseryschoolscouldbeestablishedthatwouldsupportfamiliesmoreintermsofraisingthenextgeneration.(IELTS4,Writing)(3)Inconclusion,Istronglyagreewiththatchildrenshouldbetaughttocooperateratherthancompete.(IELTS5,writing)(4)Ifthiswerenottrue,thenwewouldbeabletopredictthebehaviorandcharacterofapersonfromthemomenttheywereborn.(IELTS5,writing)(5)Withoutthenaturaltalent,continuoustrainingwouldbeneitherattractivenorproductive,andwithoutthetraining,thechildwouldnotlearnhowtoexploitanddeveloptheirtalent.(IELTS7,Writing)(6)Ifsufficientskytrainsandundergroundtrainsystemswerebuiltandeffectivelymaintainedinourmajorcities,thentrafficontheroadswouldbedramaticallyreduced.(IELTS8,Writing)(7)Long-termtrafficandpollutionreductionswoulddependoneducatingthepublictousepublictransportmore,andongovernmentusingpublicmoneytoconstructandrunefficientsystems.(IELTS8,Writing)3、思考题：Overallthetablesuggeststhathouseholdsofsingleadultsandthosewithchildrenweremorelikelytobelivinginpovertythanthoseconsistingofcouples.(IELTS5,Writing)这句是不是虚拟语气？为什么4、首先用虚拟语气填空，然后根据听力内容进行答案核对（1）IfI_____________(buy)asecond-handcar,I_____________(notneed)totakeoutthisbigbankloan.（2）Itprobably_____________(notbe)sobadifthepriceofpetrol_____________(notdouble)lastmonth.27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx（3）IfI_____________(wait)abitbeforebuyingthecar,I_____________(manage)tosavequiteabitbynow.（4）IfonlyI_____________(listen)tohim,noneofthis_____________(happen).（5）Ifyou_____________(get)betterwithhim,you_____________(listen)tohim.（6）IfI_____________(take)hisadvice,I_____________(own)asmallfortunenow.第四讲主谓一致一、雅思中常见的不可数名词advice,advertising,food,furniture,garbage,information,knowledge,money,shopping,time,traffic,travel等可数名词与不可数名词对比：量可数名词不可数名词所有All(of)All(of)大量的Lotsof/plentyof/alotofMany(of)Most(of)Alarge/considerable/substantialnumberofLotsof/plentyof/alotofMuch(of)Most(of)Alarge/considerable/substantialamountof中量Some(of)/acertainnumberofSomeof/acertainamountof几乎没有No/notany/noneofNo/notany/noneof二、改错（每句话可能不止一个错误）1.Mytutorwasveryhelpful;hegavemeoneverygoodadviceabouthowtostudy.2.Iwassurprisedbythenumberoftimesittookustoreachthecastle.3.Youneedagreatdealofknowledgestobecomeadoctor.4.Theinformationsweweregivenbythetourguidewerenotveryhelpful.5.Whenwevisitedthepark,wewereupsettoseesomanagegarbagesleftthere.6.Wearrivedlatebecausethereweresomanytrafficontheroad.7.Ican’twaittovisitthemarketanddoafewshopping.8.Thefurnituresinthehotelroomwerequiteoldbuttheywereverycomfortable.三、剑指雅思Listenandanswerthequestionbelow1.Whichthreepiecesoffurnitureareintheroom?a.bed;b.abedsidetable;c.adesk;d.alamp;e.amirror;f.awardrobe2.Whatdoesthedesklooklike?Listenagainandfillinthegapsintheadvertisement.Writenomorethanonewordora27 ——环球雅思HelenYjxnumberforeachanswer.AccommodationforrentSmall,furnished1___________available.Sunnywithaniceviewofthe___________.Goodlocationclosetotwotypesof___________.Rent___________poundsper___________.Rentincludes___________andallotherbills.第二章非谓语动词第一讲不定式一、…verb+todosthagree,aim,appear,arrange,attempt,beable,belikely,claim,decide,deserve,fail,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,promise,refuse,seem,tend,try二、…verb+sb.+todosth.Advise,allow,encourage,force,get,persuade,remind,teach,tell,warn三、…verb+todosth/…verb+sb.+todosthAsk,choose,dare,expect,help,intend,need,prefer,prepare,want四、Completethesesentencesfromtherecordingbyusingtheverbsinbrackets.Listenagainandcheckyouranswers.1.Idecided_______________(do)ananimalmanagementcourse.2.Ichose_______________(study)atFairfieldCollegebecauseit’sgotagoodrangeofanimalsandeveryone’sreallyfriendly.3.Thecourseisonlythreedaysaweek,soI’vealreadystarted_______________(work)part-timeatapetshop.4.Iprefer_______________(take)timesoIcangettoknowthem.5.Idon’tevenmind_______________(clean)themout.6.Theyhaveletus_______________(treat)someminorproblems,likeremovingsplintersfrompaws.7.Themakeus_______________(handle)allkindsofanimalsincludingspidersandsnakes.8.Iremember_______________(feel)reallyscared.9.Aslongasyouremember_______________(do)itthewayyouhavebeentaught,it’sfine.27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx10.Before,ifIheardhim_______________(bark),Ijusttoldhim_______________(be)quiet.11.I’dreallylike_______________(work)ineitherazooorasafaripark.第二讲动名词一、…verb+(prep.)+doingsthavoid,approveof,can’thelp/resist/stand,carryon,consider,deny,don’tmind,enjoy,feellike,finish,giveup,imagine,include,insiston,involve,keep,mention,,mind,practise,puttoff,recommend,resist,suggest,thinkof/about二、…verb+todosth/…verb+doingsth意义差别不大：Attempt,begin,start,bother,continue,hate,like,love,prefer,三、…verb+todosth/…verb+doingsth意义有区别的：…verb+todosth+doingsth…remember记得要去做某事：Aslongasyouremembertodowhatyouhavebeentold,it’sfine.记得做过某事：Irememberfeelingreallyscared.…forget忘记要去做某事：Iforgottopostmyapplicationform.忘记做过某事：I’llneverforgetmeetingyouthatcoldwinter’sday.…regret遗憾要做某事：IregrettotellyouthatI’llleave.后悔做了某事：Iregrettellinghimthetruth,becausehedidn’ttalktomeanylonger.…goon继续做另一件事情：Afteruniversityshewentontogetajobasavet.继续做同一件事情：Shewentontalkingeventhoughthefilmhadstarted.…stop停下来去做某事：Istoppedtoaskthedirection.停止做某事：I’mgoingtostopstudyingforawhile.…try尽力做某事：Itrytofindoutwhyhe’sbarking.尝试做某事：Shetriedaddingabitmoresugarbutitstilltastedhorrible....need需要做某事：Ineedtomendmyjeans.需要被做某事：Myjeansneedmending.四、特殊词汇的使用advise/allow/forbid/permit/encouragedoingsthadvise/allow/forbid/permit/encouragesbtodosth五、剑指雅思27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx1、句子改错（1）IsuggestyougoinganddoingyourhomeworknowifyouwanttowatchTVlater.（2）MyparentsalwaysmademetocleanupmyroomwhenIwasyoung.（3）Ithinkpeopleshouldn’tbeallowedusingmobilephoneinthecinema.（4）Nowadays,itisforbiddensmokinginmanyrestaurantsandpublicareas.（5）Afteralotofefforts,IfinallymadeworkmynewDVDPlayers.（6）Thepoliceadvisedlocalresidentsnottoleavingtheirwindowsopenatnight.（7）Theseticketswillpermityouenterthemuseumandmanythingsasyoulikeit.（8）Ourteachersuggestedtogototheparkattheendoftheparty.2、根据词的正确形式填空（1）Nowadays,manypeoplewanttostop_____________(work)toohardandenjoylife.（2）Didyouremember_____________(buy)candlesforthebirthdaycake?（3）Theburglartried_____________(open)thewindowwithaknife,butcouldn’tgetin.（4）Don’tforget_____________(post)thecardtoyourgrandmotherwhenyouareaway.（5）At12o’clockeverydaythebuildersstopped_____________(have)alunchbreak.（6）Iwillneverforget_____________(visit)thepyramidsonourtriptoEgypt.（7）Thecooktried_____________(add)moresaltbutthesoupwastoobland.（8）Iremember_____________(walk)acrosstheroadbutIhavenoideahowIendedupinthehospital.第三讲分词一、分词意义例子现在分词:v-ing主动/进行developingcountries;fallingleaves;boilingwater过去分词:v-ed被动/完成developedcountries;fallenleaves;boiledwater二、分词的功能（一）作表语27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx意义例子现在分词:v-ing表示“令人……的”，常用来指物interesting,surprising,encouraging,disappointing,exciting,pleasing,satisfying,exhausting,pressing过去分词:v-ed表示“感到……的”，常用来指人interested,surprised,encouraged,disappointed,excited,pleased,satisfied,exhausted,pressed1.Thefactthatmanyanimalsareusedinmedicalresearchissickening.2.Playingcomputergamesistime-consuming.3.Ridingabikeisenergy-saving.4.Alongwiththerapidlyeconomicdevelopment,thenumberofpeoplewhoridebicyclesisdecreasing.5.Ourcityisbecomingincreasinglycrowdedduetotheexpandingpopulationandthesharpriseinthenumberofprivatecars.6.Ournaturalenergywillsoonbedepleted/exhaustedifwepaynoattentiontotheconservationofit.（二）作定语1、单个分词作定语，放在被修饰的名词之前；分词短语作定语，放在被修饰的名词之后anincreasingproblem…agrowingnumber/concern…1.Thedeterioratingenvironmenthasarousedpeople’swideconcern.2.Theworseninghealthconditionofyouthshasbeenbroughtintopublicfocus.3.Themediasometimesgivemisguidingandcheatingmessages.4.Nowpeopleingrowingnumbersarebeginningtobelievethatlearningnewskillsandknowledgecontributesdirectlytoenhancingtheirjoborpromotionopportunities.5.Environmentalexpertspointoutthatincreasingpollutionnotonlycausesseriousproblems，suchasglobalwarming，butalsocouldthreatentoendhumanlifeonourplanet.分词短语作定语，相当于该名词后的定语从句，改写下面的句子：（1）Asaresult,theserviceprovidedtotheguestswasbelowthestandardpromisedtothem.（2）Nowadays,itiscommonforaTV-broadcastNBAgametohavebillionsofpeople27 ——环球雅思HelenYjxsittinginfrontofthatlittlescreencheeringfortheirfavoritestars.其他：（3）Apressing（单个现在分词作前置定语）issuefacing（whichisfacing）usisthatagrowing（单个现在分词作前置定语）amountoftrashisbeingproduceddayandnight.（4）Aproblemvexingus（whichisvexingus）isthatmanyrarespeciesareonthevergeofextinction.（5）Smoking（动名词作主语）isanaddictivemenace,posing（现在分词作伴随状语）ahealthhazardnotonlyforsmokersbutalsoforpeoplesurroundingthesmoker–passivesmokers.（6）Withoutstrictdiscipline,childrenareunlikelytobewell-behavedandwell-cultivatedpeople.（7）Theextramoneyobtainedfrompart-timejobswillstronglysupportstudentstocontinue（不定式作补语）theirstudy.2、分词可以与其他词构成合成性形容词，作定语现在分词过去分词agood-lookingboysimply-furnished/equippedroomfar-reachingeffects/influence/impactson…tailor-madesuit/coursesearth-shakingchangesaweather-beatenmanabreath-takingmoviesnow-coveredmountainsaback-breakingjobanewly-introducedmethod/treatment3、现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的差别动名词作定语：asleepingcarawalkingstickareadingroomaswimmingpool现在分词作定语：asleepingmanawalkinggirlareadingstudentaswimmingfrog动名词作定语，与被修饰的名词构成合成词，表示的是该名词的功能或用途现在分词作定语，表示的是该名词的现在的状态（三）作状语：对于分词在句中作状语，可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等1.Ahomeownercangethurttryingtousethewrongkindofextinguisheronan27 ——环球雅思HelenYjxelectricalfire.2.FacingtheAtlantic,itisonthenortheasterncoastoftheUnitedStates,andmostofthecityisbuiltonislands.3.FreedfromTV,forcedtofindtheiractivities,theymighttakearidetogethertowatchthesunset.4.Over800full-timeteachersareemployedinEnglandandWalestoday,maintainingandrenewingtheoldroofsaswellasthatchingnewerhouses.5.Spendingalltheirtimeworkingtoarigidcurriculum,thepassingofexaminationsbytheirpupilsgraduallybecamethewholeobjectoftheirworkinglife.6.Whilehelpinganimals,wearehelpingourselvestoo.（时间状语）7.Livinginthecountry,peoplehavefewsocialvisitsandlackentertainmentandrecreationfacilities.（原因状语）8.Weshouldhelpthewildlifeandbringthreatened（过去分词作前置定语）speciesintocaptivitytobreedthem（不定式作目的状语）,thusincreasingthepopulationofthosespecies.（结果状语）9.Part-timejobscanproduceafar-reaching（现在分词作定语）impactonstudents,benefitingstudents,theirfamiliesandeventhesocietyasawhole.（伴随状语）10.Senttostudyoverseas,somestudentsarereportedtofailtoadapttothelocallifeandevencommitsuicide.（时间状语）11.DeeplyinfluencedbyexcessivepornographyandviolenceontheInternet,someteenagersgoastray.（原因状语）（四）作补语下列动词可以加分词作补语：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动一听：hear二看：see，watch三让：have，have，make注意：notice；观察：observe；感觉：feelSomeparentsfindtheirchildrenexperimentingwithdrugs.Ifindtherealsituationfrustrating.Televisionnotonlypresentsavividworldtous,butalsokeepsuswell-informedofthelatestdevelopmentinallfields.27 ——环球雅思HelenYjxWeshouldhavethewasteproperlydisposedof.三、现在分词的完成式：表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenttoseeafilm.四、现在分词的被动式：当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，用v-ing形式的被动式Thefactorybeingbuiltnowisabigone.五、现在分词的否定形式是由“not+现在分词”构成Nothavingbeeninvitedtotheparty,shehadtostayhome.第三章句子结构及句子种类第一讲句子种类一、根据句子的功能分类（一）陈述句1、肯定陈述2、否定陈述（二）疑问句1、一般疑问句2、特殊疑问句3、选择疑问句4、附加疑问句（三）祈使句（四）感叹句二、根据句子的结构分类（一）简单句：S+V…（二）并列句：S+V…,and/aswell//but/yet/or/while/whereasS+V…（三）复合句：S+V…从属连词+s+v…；从属连词+s+v…,S+V…三、根据句子成分分类（一）S+Vi.（二）S+V+SC（三）S+V+O（四）S+V+O2+O1=S+V+O1+prep+O2（五）S+V+O+OC27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx第二讲句式结构——五大句式结构五大句式结构（一）S+Vi.（二）S+V+SC（三）S+V+O（四）S+V+O2+O1=S+V+O1+prep+O2（五）S+V+O+OC句子分析，并确定下列句子分别属于上面哪种句式结构1.ThegraphshowstheincreaseintheageingpopulationinJapan,SwedenandtheUSA.(IELTS5)2.Iamreallysorryaboutthat.(IELTS5)3.Certainlynobodywantstoseeourresourcesusedupandourplanetpoisonedbywaste.(IELTS4)4.Justlikemoviestars,theyliveextravagantlifestyleswithhugehousesandcars.(IELTS4)5.Sothenotionof“fairness”isnottheissue.(IELTS4)6.UnfortunatelyitisalltakinglongerthanexpectedandIhavebeenhavingproblemswithgettingthingstofitproperly.7.Inspiteofsomefluctuationofthepercentages,theproportionofolderpeoplewillprobablyincreaseinthenextdecadesinthethreecountries.(IELTS5)8.Competitionisconstantandaplayeristestedeverytimetheyperformintheirrelativelyshortcareer.(IELTS4)9.Thepressurefromthemediaisintenseandthereislittleprivacyoutofthespotlight.(IELTS4)10.Bycontrast,thosewhohavespentsometimeearningalivingortravelingtootherplaceshaveabroaderviewoflifeandbetterpersonalresourcestodrawon.(IELTS5)11.Itisquitecommonthesedaysforyoungpeopleinmanycountriestohaveabreakfromstudyingaftergraduatingfromhighschool.(IELTS5)12.Thosepeoplewhobelievetheyhaveachievedsomesecuritybydoingthesame,familiarthingsarelivingindenial.(IELTS4)27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx13.Unfortunately,itisnotalwaysthecasethatnewthingsarepromptedbecausetheyhavegoodimpactsforthemajorityofpeople.(IELTS4)14.Itendtoagreethatyoungchildrencanbenegativelyaffectedbytoomuchtimespentonthecomputereveryday.(IELTS4)15.Spendingtimewithotherchildrenandsharingnon-virtualexperiencesisanimportantpartofachild’sdevelopmentthatcannotbeprovidedbyacomputer.(IELTS4)第三讲构成复合句的三大类型从句一、名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句辨认方式从属连词s+v+V…It+be+adj./n./v-edthat…S+V从属s+vPrep.+从属连词s+v主语takeitforgrantedthat…S+LV+从属s+v…名词+that+s+v从属连词的选择陈述事实结构完整Thatthat，或者省略thatthat“是否”Whether…(ornot);if不可以引导主语从句whether…(ornot);或者if主语是人主语时物WhoWhat宾语是人宾语是物who,whomwhat,which定语是人定语是物whosewhich状语表时间：when；表地点：where；表原因：why；表方式，how实战：studentsshouldgetajoborhaveatravelforoneyearbeforestartingtheiruniversityeducation.用主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句重写上面的句子：主语从句：Itis+adj./n./adv+v-edthat…27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx宾语从句：主语+观点的动词+that…表语从句：形容词物主代词+观点名词+is+that…同位语从句：主语+（adv）观点动词+观点+that…二、形容词性从句——定语从句（一）定义及功能后置修饰性从句，用来修饰名词、代词、名词短语、句子或句子的一部分（二）分类形式1形式2功能限定性定语从句无逗号可以用that提供必要信息非限定性定语从句有逗号绝不可以用that提供非必要信息例子：He_________________________________________isnotatrueman.He_____________________________laughsbest.YouaresuggestedtovisittheGreatWall,whichisoneofthemostmagnificentmasterpiecesofmanintheworld.Thisismywife,whoisfat.（三）识别1、构成：先行词+关系词/从属连词（关系代词/关系副词）+定语从句（缺少主语/宾语/定语/状语）2、关系词：关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which关系副词：when,where,why=prep.+which3、关系词的功能：（1）指代被修饰的先行词；（2）作从属连词；（3）在定语从句中充当某一必要成分（主语、宾语、定语、状语）27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx4、关系词的选择从句分类限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句先行项分类先行项是人先行项是物先行项是人先行项是物主语who>thatthat>whichwhowhich宾语who/whom/that/--that/which/---who/whomwhich定语whosewhose/n.+ofwhichwhosewhose/n.+ofwhich状语时间状语when；地点状语where；原因状语why=prep+which（四）that与which的区别（五）as引导的定语从句1、当先行词被such/so/thesame…as修饰时，定语从句的关系代词一般使用as。不过，有时候thesame修饰先行词时，定语从句的关系代词也可以使用that。例如：It"ssuchadifficultproblemasnobodycanworkout.It"ssodifficultproblemasnobodycanworkout.Theyaresuchdifficultproblemsasnobodycanworkout.2、as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾Aseveryoneknows,Chinaisabeautifulcountrywithalonghistory.Theearth,asweknow,movesroundthesun.Tomworkshardandiswillingtohelpothers,asweallknow.3、as引导非限制性定语从句，有“如，似，正像”的含义，因此，下列句式多用asashasbeensaidabove如上所说asanybodycansee正像每个人所看到的那样aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样如：Theboyhasasmuchprogressaswehadexpected.雅思A类写作Task1图表写作常用句型：Asisshown/indicatedinthegraph/chart/table…Ascanbenoticedinthegraph/fromthefacts/data…Sacanbeconcludedfromtheabovegraph…Aswecanconclude/noticefromtheabovegraph…（六）剑指雅思——把下面的两个句子连接成含有定语从句的一个句子27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx（1）Thetrendisnotrestrictedtorichstudents.Richstudentshavethemoneytotravel.（2）Ayoungadultisratherrestrictedintermsofgeneralknowledgeandexperienceoftheworld.Ayoungadultpassesdirectlyfromschooltouniversity.（3）Thosehaveabroaderviewoflifeandbetterpersonalresourcestodrawon.Thosehavespentsometimeearnalivingortravellingtootherplaces.（4）Theytendtobemoreindependent.Thisisaveryimportantfactorinacademicstudyandresearch.（5）Thisislesslikelytoday.Todayacademicqualificationsareessentialforgettingareasonablecareer.（6）Amoredramaticriseispredictedbetween2030and2040inJapan.Bythistimeitisthoughtthattheproportionofelderlypeoplewillbesimilarinthethreecountries.（7）Thetablegivesabreakdownofthedifferenttypesoffamily.TheywerelivinginpovertyinAustraliain1999.（8）Ithinkthesolutiontotheproblemlieswiththefamilies.Theyneedtobemoreawareofthefutureconsequencesofspoilingtheirchildren.三、副词性从句——状语从句（一）定义由从属连词引导的分句，相当于一个副词（二）分类时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句等（三）位置27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx状语从句位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中、句末（四）用法（教材20-22）1、时间状语从句连词引导词：名词引导词：2、地点状语从句where，wherever3、原因状语从句连词引导词：介词表原因：动词表原因：4、结果状语从句连词引导词：介词表原因：动词表原因：onlyto/too…to/enough…to5、目的状语从句连词引导词：to/inorderto/soasto6、条件状语从句7、让步状语从句让步从属连词让步介词：despite,inspiteof…8、比较状语从句9、方式状语从句（五）剑指雅思——根据提示，把下面两句话连接成含有状语从句的主从复合句（1）ItisalsoclosetotherailwaylinelinkingthetwotownstoCrandson.Apotentiallylargenumberofshopperswouldalsobeabletotravelbytrain.(as)（2）Theexperienceswehaveinourlifeareunpredictableandpowerful.Theycan27 ——环球雅思HelenYjxboostorevenoverrideotherinfluences.(so…that…)（3）Webuyfreshfoodwithoutpackaging.Westillproducerubbishfromtheplasticbagsusedeverywheretocarryshoppinghome.(evenif)（4）Happinessisdifficulttodefine.Itmeanssomanydifferentthingstodifferentpeople.(because)（5）Therearedifferentkindsofhappinessfordifferentindividuals.Thefirststepinachievingitwouldbetohaveadegreeofself-knowledge.(if)（6）Theygettoschoolage.Theyhavenotlearntanyselfcontrolordiscipline.(when)（7）Iknowyouhavealwayslikedthisfurniture.Icouldletyouhaveitatagoodprice.(so)（8）Somepeoplethinkthismaybedamagingtoachild’sdevelopment.Therearemanyadvantagestohavingschoolexperienceatayoungage.(while)第四讲倒装句式一、定义正常句子顺序是：主语+谓语倒装顺序：谓语/助动词+主语+（实义动词）二、分类（一）全部倒装：整个谓语+主语+…（二）部分倒装：助动词+主语+实义动词…三、用法（一）全部倒装：整个谓语+主语+…1、Nextcamecentralheatingownership,risingfrom37%ofhouseholdsin1972to64%in1983.27 ——环球雅思HelenYjx(IELTS2)2、Ofcrucialimportance,inmyopinion,ishowwedefine“responsibleforbringingthechildrenup”.(IELTS2)3、Therearebloodycontents,violenceandpornographyintheInternet.4、Well-knownisthatenergycrisisposesathreattothesociety.5、Withglobalizationhavecomemanyproblems.（二）部分倒装：助动词+主语+实义动词…1、否定词或者具有否定意义的词置于句首：notonly…butalso;bynomeans;undernocircumstances;hardly/scarcely…when;sosooner…than…/onnoaccount/innocase/bynomeans/atnotime（1）Overallwecanseethatnotonlyarethereverylargedifferencesbetweenthetwoeconomiesbutthatthesegapsarewidening.(IELTS3)（2）Neverhasthistopicfailedtofascinatepeople.（3）UndernocircumstancedoIagreethispointofview.（4）Notonlydoesstudyinginschoolserveacademicpurpose,butstudentslearnhowtohandleinterpersonalrelations.（5）Seldomcanafactorybeestablishedwithoutcontaminatingthelivingspaceofourcity’sinhabitantstosomedegree.2、only+单词、词组、状语从句位于句首，表示唯一条件时，句子进行部分倒装。（1）Onlythrougheducationcanweriseintheworld.（2）Onlythencanwesaythatthisproblemisfinallysettled.(3)　Onlyaftertheyhavebeencheatedbyirresponsibleadvertisementsdopeoplerealizethattheyshouldnotalwaysrelyonwhatevertheseadvertisementssay.2以否定意义状语开头，句子进行部分倒装。3、so/as+部分倒装，表示与前面已经提到的肯定状况一致；neither/nor+部分倒装，表示与前面提到过的否定状况一致（1）Successteachesussomethingaboutourselves.Sodoesfailure.（2）Economicsuccessisnottheonlyfactorinachievinghappiness,neitherissocialstatus4、alwaysoftenparticularlymanytimesmanyatime放在句首时，句子进行部分倒装。AlwaysamIamazedwhenI　hearpeoplesayingthatcomputerscanreplaceteachers.5、状语从句中的部分倒装（1）结果状语从句——属于全部倒装：sothat引导的结果状语从句可用倒装。27 ——环球雅思HelenYjxSosevereisthisproblemthatwehavenoalternativebuttotakesomefeasible.Thepowerofmediaissogreatthattheyhavechangedourwayofthinkingmoreorless.改成倒装句（2）条件状语从句的倒装Ifthecomputerhadbeeninventedearlier,ourworldtodaywouldhavebeenmoredeveloped.（3）让步状语从句由though或as引导时可用倒装，将表语放在句子最前面。Fascinatingascomputersutilizedineducationseem,teachers’rolesaremoreimperative.把下面两个句子改成倒装：Althoughmanisclever,hehasnotyetunderstoodthesecretsofhismind.Althoughwehavetried,westillhavealongwaytogobeforewecanfinallyresolvethis[problem.（4）比较状语从句中的倒装Inatypicalexample,whenviewingphotographsoffood,hungrysubjectsexperienceamuchlargerincreaseinpupildiameterthansatedsubjectsexperience.Inatypicalexample,whenviewingphotographsoffood,hungrysubjectsexperienceamuchlargerincreaseinpupildiameterthandosatedsubjects.27