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语法网络图表解析(名词;冠词;代词)英语语法2010-06-2409:02:12阅读66评论0字号:人中小订阅一.名词I.名词的种类:名词的专有名词普通名同国名地名人名,闭体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词犯体名词抽象名词物质名词1.规则名词的复数形式:名诃的复数形式,一般在单数形式后而加-S或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days9以s,X,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加"sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-Stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-0结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外來词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以兀音字母加-0结尾的名词加-Sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数:英语里冇些名词的复数形式足不规则的,现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin.3只有fl数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,(hanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是川作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数(幣体)也可以作釔数(成员)audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6fl数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(宵菜),ruins(废墟)
7表示“某国人”加-SAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单釔数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-menrwomenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名同时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所冇关系的语法形式叫做名词所冇格。所冇格分两种:一足名词词尾加’S构成,二足由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。l.’S所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不规则复数名词后加’Sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以S结尾的人名所有格加’S或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系吋,各名词末尾均须加’SJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes农示共有的所有关系吋在最后一词末加’SJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather农示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法:1表示吋间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth"satmosphere,thetree"sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度最衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名同thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)1.of所有格的用法:用T无生命的东两:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebookMJ丁•冇生命的东两,尤其处冇较长定ffi吋:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名同化的同:thestruggleoftheoppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I.不定冠词的用法:1指一类人或事,相当丁•akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示“每”和当十every,oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定词组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形"容词之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人(hereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theWangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最髙级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代inthe1990’s11用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示吋间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.零冠词的用法:1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名同前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前bytrain,byair,byland7以and连接的两个相对的名同并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesarcusefulanimals.三.代词:I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1人称主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they代词宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their代词名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs
3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代词用法注意点:1.one,some—jany:1)one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数力ones。some多用于肖定句,any多用丁疑问句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑问句屮,表示盼望得到ft定的答鉍,或者表示建议,请求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修饰可数名词単数吋,some表示來个,any表示任何一个。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.4)some和数同连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。Therearcsonic3,000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.noneno:no等于notany,作定15。none作主i5•或宾i5,代替不可数名词,谓i5•用单数,代替可数名词,谓i5•单复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another:1)other泛指“W外的,别的”常与其他i司连川,如:theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外•一个,M数为theothers。如:Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.2)another指“又一个,另一个’’无所指,鉍数形式是others,泛指“別的人或事”如:Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.
Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.
英语语法图表解析(形容词;副词;分词;动词)英语语法2010-06-2409:04:58阅读125评论0字号:人中小订阅四.形容词和副词I.形容词:1.形容词的位置:1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的反合不定代何时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后(hebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容词短语一般后罝amandifficulttogetonwith2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodp(x)rlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3)复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covcrcd4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII.副词副词的分类:1时间副词soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地点副词here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why
3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,
meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8关系副词when,where,whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级:形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最岛级。比较级和最岛级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-ei•和-est,多节和一些双齐节例前加more和most。1.同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)“《as…如:Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.口I以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore...themore...”Aj型。如:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.川比较级來表达最品级的意思。如:Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍数的比较级冇如下几种句型:Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“ii高程度“的形容词没省ii高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfecto五.介词I.介词分类:1简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介词fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分词转化成的介词considering(就而论),including6形容词转化成的介词like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介词区别:1表示时间的in,on,atat表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总足与R子有关2表示时间的since,fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始3表示吋间的in,afterin指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间屮4表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外5表示“在...上”的on,incm只表示在茱物的表而上,in农示占去某物一部分6表示“穿过”的through,acrossthrough农示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表而上通过,与on有关7表示“关于”的about,onabout指涉及到,on指专门论述8between与among的区别between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间9besides与except的区别besides指“除了...还冇再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首10表示“用”的in,withwith表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度呈:,单■位,语言,声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为,以...地位或身份”,like为“象...一样”,指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示H的地或位置六.动词
I.动词的时态:1.动词的时态一共冇16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在吋过去吋将来吋过去将来吋一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在宥联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(己经看过,且/解这木的内容)2)一般过去吋只表示过汰发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和农示过去的吋间状语连用,汉译英吋可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)3.现在完成时与现在完成进行吋的区别:两者都可以表示“从过去开始•-•直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重农示动作的结果吋,多用现在完成吋,如着重农示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性吋,则多用现在完成进行吋。一般不能用于进行吋的动词也不能用于现在完成进行吋。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一:A:在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式:将来吋用法例句1will/shall+动词原形表75将來发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+动词原形含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有讨能要发生某事h’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进行时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面—般不跟吋间状语Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般现在时表示将来吋刻表上或円程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在吋表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.动词的被动语态:常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一•般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wcrcasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将來吋shall/willbeasked8过去完成吋hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行吋am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/maybeasked
被动语态的否定式足在第一个助动调或情态动调记加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态吋,只需将典后的动词变为被动态。如:Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.Itissaidthat…Itissupposedthat…Itishopedthat...汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中-般可用被动结构表示。如:Itisbelievedthat...Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...Itiswellknownthat...Itmustbepointedoutthat...Itisreportedthat...Itmustbeadmittedthat...下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon"tshut./Theplaywon’tact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下而词或短语没有被动态:leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等高中英语语法图表解析(情态动词;非谓语动词)英语语法2010-06-2409:20:10阅读108评论2字号:大屮小订阅七.情态动词I.情态动词基木川法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力(体力,智力,技能)允许或许可(U语屮常用)可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句屮)cannot/cannot/can’tdoCan",do".?Yes,...can.No,",can’t.couldcouldn’tdomay可以(问句中表示谘求)可能,或许(表推测)祝愿(用丁•倒装句中)maynotdoMay…do".?Yes,...may.No,…mustn’t/can"t.mightmightnotdoMight...do...?Yes”..mightNo,...mightnot.must必须,应该(表主观要求)肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)mustnot/mustn’tdoMust...do...?Yes,...must.N(),“.needn’t/don’thaveto.haveto只好,不得不(客观的必须,有吋态人称变化)don’thavetodoDo“.havetodo...?Ycs,...do