《英语语法大全(完全版~) 55页

|语法1．5种类型的谓语1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）：Hecame．Mywifecried．第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV＋O）：Johnlikesme．Hisunclewroteletters．第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：TheyteachmeEnglish．IboughtMarysugar．第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV＋C）：Heisateacher．Shelookssad．第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV＋O＋C）：Wemadehimking．Sheleftthehousedirty．  1．基本成分 |1302 根据其结构，句子可以分为5类：a．主语  ＋  不及物动词John                   came．（S）                  （IV）b．主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋ 宾语John             likes                 oranges．（S）          （TV）                （O）c．主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋ 间接宾语 ＋ 直接宾语John               gave                     Mary                  books．（S）            （DV）                 （IO）              （DO）d．主语 ＋  系动词 ＋ 主语补语John                   is                 happy．（S）             （LV）            （SC）e．主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语John             makes                Mary                angry．（S）           （FV）              （O）              （OC）主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。在上面的句子中，如把任何一个成分删除，都会成为病句。从上面例句也可看出，完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。  |2．附属成分1303 基本成分可以加修饰语：1）定语（即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句）或2）状语（即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）。下面例句中，修饰语为斜体字，被修饰的词为黑体字：1）PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearby．JohnlikesorangesimportedfromtheU．S．．JohngaveMarymanybooks，whicharefullofillustrations．2）Johnoftencametochatwithme．Johnlikesorangesverymuch．Wheneverhegetsdrunk，JohnmakesMaryveryangry．这类句子，即使把修饰语去掉，结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语，可能在意思上很重要，但在结构上不影响句子的完整性，因此称作附属成分。 3．独立成分1304 句中还有一类成分，可以去掉，不影响句子的完整性，并和句子的其他词没有语法的关系，可以称作独立成分。Oh！What isthat！（惊叹词）Hehas，alas，failedagain．Comehere，John．（呼语）Rollon，Ocean，rollon． 4．省略成分1305 此外还有一类被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：（You）Comehere． |（Iwishyou）Goodluck！Somegavehimpraises，butothers（gavehim）rotteneggs． 5．连接成分1306 最后还有连接成分，它实际上是一个并列连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。1307 ，一个完整的句子（从句或分句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。1．解析That—指示形容词，修饰单数名词boy。boy—普通名词，阳性，单数，主格，为动词shook的主语。shook—及物动词，过去式。his—物主代词，阳性，单数，第三人称，所有格，修饰名词head。head—普通名词，中性，单数，宾格，shook的宾语。 2．分析3．图解{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6004T1.bmp} |解析对词的分类处理过多，不甚有用。分析说明了句中词之间的关系，但有时显得很复杂。图解最有用，因为它以最简单明了的方式说明了词与词之间的关系，这种关系有时会把读者弄糊涂。   1．4个基本成分的图解办法1309 5类基本句及4种基本成分可以用下面的方式加以图解：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6004T2.bmp}{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6005T1.bmp}一个词的特定地位意味着它的特定作用。和横线交叉的左边竖线把主语S（在左面）和动词V（在右面）分开。斜线表示它右面的词为主语或宾语的补语。另一竖线表示右面的词为宾语O。 2．附属成分的图解办法1310 主语、动词。宾语及补语这4种基本成分都放在横线的上方，附属成分，如形容词、副词及起相同作用的其他词语，都放在横线的下方，紧挨在它们所修饰词的下面：Myfatherleftyesterday．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6005T2.bmp} |Somepeoplewritecommerciallettersskillfully．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6005T3.bmp}Somenaughtylittlechildrenbrokehisexpensivespectaclespurposely．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6005T4.bmp}Adownrightbadmanisveryoftenawonderfullysuccessfulman．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6006T1.bmp}TheoldmanoppositethestreetvisitedhischildreninFrancein1968．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6006T2.bmp}  3．成语、助动词、动名词等的图解办法1311 应当记住，一个空位通常只容一个词（类），但成语由几个词构成却起一个词（类）的作用。因此有必要把构成成语的几个词放在一个空位中，因为成语表示一个单一的意思，不宜分割成几个词（类）：TheMinisterofEconomicspaidattentiontotheinflation．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6006T3.bmp}助动词应和主要动词放在一起：Shehasbeenraisingherchildrenforthelasttenyears．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6006T4.bmp}介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语或名词从句，在用作主语、宾语或补语时，可用一个来进行图解，不仅表示其内在结构，还表示它作为一个词和其他词的关系：Heisinabadtemper． |{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6007T1.bmp}注意，这个句子有3个基本成分：主语+系动词+补语。第三部分inabadtemper的图解，不仅说明了这4个词之间的关系，还通过使用说明它作为一个单一词类和其他词之间的关系，即起形容词的作用，作为系动词is的补语。在下面图解中，这个短语占了2个空位，这样容易引起误会，因为人们会以为这个句子包含4个基本成分：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6007T2.bmp}Totellliesisnotalwayssuccessful·{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6007T3.bmp}上面图解中totelllies这个不定式短语，一方面表明了to tell是一个及物动词，lies是它的宾语，另一方面说明整个短语起名词作用，只占一个空，作为句子的主语。如果用下面图解，就会引起误会：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6008T1.bmp}Helikesplayingtennisinthemorning．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6008T2.bmp}注意上面动名词playing tennis in themorning的图解，一方面说明playing为及物动词，tennis为其宾语，而inthemorning为其修饰语，另一方面说明这个短语起名词作用，用作及物动词（谓语动词）like的宾语。Hewashesbeforetakingdinner．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6008T3.bmp}注意，talkingdinner这个动名词短语，通过使用，表明为一个单一词类，起名词作用，用作介词before的宾语。如作下面图解则会引起误会：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6008T4.bmp}knowthatyouspeakEnglishwell．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6008T5.bmp}注意that引起的从句的图解，一方面表明了这5个词之间的关系（that为连词，主语为you，speak为及物动词，宾语为english，well为speak |的修饰语），另一方面说明整个从句起一个单一词即名词的作用，用作及物动词，know的宾语。that上下的两条模线表明它是一个连词。 4．其他规则1312 在图解中省略的词应用圆括号标出：Hehaswalkedfiftymiles．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6009T1.bmp}Comehere．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6009T2.bmp}What（=Thethingwhich）Iknowisunimportant．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6009T3.bmp}问号及惊叹号放在正横线右边末尾，在图解中大写字母保持不变：Canhecome？Whatatripwehavehad！{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6009T4.bmp}只要句子的意思保持不变，词语位置的任何变动都不影响图解。HeleftforFranceyesterday．和YesterdayheleftforFrance．图解的方式一样：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6010T1.bmp}同样，Isingthissongspeciallyforyou．和SpeciallyforyouIsingthissong．图解的方式一样：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6010T2.bmp}Myhappydaysaregone！和Gonearemyhappydays！也如此：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6010T3.bmp} |某个特殊的句子，根据不同的理解可有不同的图解方式。例如在Heisoutoftemper．中，outoftemper可看作是成语，是一个整体，这时图解方式如下：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6010T4.bmp}如果把它看作介词短语，包含2个成分，则可作如下图解：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6010T5.bmp}在Walkingalongthestreet，JohnmetMary．这个句子中，Walkingalongthestreet可以看作定语，这时可以按下面方式图解：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6011T1.bmp}如果把它看作状语，图解会是下面这个方式：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6011T2.bmp}还有一些其他规则，说明如下：在主要横线左端下方的竖线来表示它后面或下面的词和全句有关，可以是一个句子修饰语或是一个把这个句子和另一句子连接起来的并列连词：Luckily，Ifoundthelostring．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6011T3.bmp}Inatword，Icandonomore．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6011T4.bmp}Istudymusicandmywifedoeshousework．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6011T5.bmp}Heisagreatpolitician；besides，heisanartist．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6012T1.bmp}Heworkedveryhard；ontheotherhand，hischildrenplayedallday．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6012T2.bmp}Indeedheknowshisfault，butherefusestoownit． |{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6012T3.bmp}最后，注意以后各节中，凡有星号的例句，都将在各句型讲完之后加以图解。Ⅰ．名词（或代词） 1314 Booksaregoodcompanions．Londonispopulous．如果由名词表示的主语受到强调或有较长的修饰语，它可以由一个代词代替，本身则移到句子末尾：Heisanicefellow，youruncle．Itistrulylong，thatbridgeacrosstheYellowRiver．They havegoneaway，thoserascals．Thereitstoodamonumentofallages．Itisfunnytheway（that）heteacheshischildren．（主语可以跟一定语从句）Itastonishesmethenumberofthewiveshehas．Itisinscrutabletherumourthatisspreading．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6014T1.bmp}[＝]表示它上面的整个词组和它前面的词指的是同一东西。 Ⅱ．名词成语  |1315 “Crocodiletears”meanspretendedsorrow．Thedogstaristhelargestfixedstar．A“fieldpiece”meansacannon．Theriverbedismuddy．Iworeasunhat．Heisapapertigerandwhoisafraidofhim？（名词+名词）Hismaidenspeechiswonderful．Aleapyearcomeseveryfourthyear．Hisuntimelyendisbeyondbelief．Awetblanketandaqueerfisharecomingtowardus．Isaheavyhandenoughtosuppresstherevolt？（形容词+名词）TodayisAllFools"Day．Acat"spawmaybeascapegoat．Thisprinter"sinkispoor．“Man"sestate”meanstheageofmanhood．（名词所有格+名词）Anappleofdiscordwasthrownamongthem．AJackofalltradesmaybeagood-for－nothing．Afishoutofwaterwilldiesoon．Hereisacaseinpoint．Afriendatcourtwillhelpme．（名词+介词+名词）Theinsandoutsofthisscandalinterestedus．Thelongandshortofthestoryisthis．Theupsanddownsoflifearefamiliartomyuncle．（名词+and+名词）GuangdongProvinceisinthesouthofChina．Stratford-on-Avonisthebirth－placeofShakespeare．TheMinistryofEducationhasissuedanimportantordinance．（专有名词短语）其他例子：Acurtainlecture，elbowroom，aninsectbite，fairytalesTheAlmightyDollar，theDarkContinent，theblackmarket，adarkroom，agoldenwedding，anachingvoid，alowdietThebull"seye，asheep"seye，afool"scap，asailorshome，Achilles"heel，Adam"sapple，thelion"sshare，theking"sevilTheageofmachinery，theartofGod，themaninthestreet，abedofroses，awomanoftheworld，amanoffamily，aletterofcredit，awordofhonour，castlesintheair，afriendinneed，amanabouttownAllbeerandskittle，thealphaandbeta，thewhyandwhere－forethesumandsubstance，DarbyandJoan，DavidandJonathan{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6015T1.bmp} | Ⅲ．代词 1316 Weshallstarttomorrow．Shelikesit．Mine（=Myfamily）isanunhappyfamily．His（=Hisfate）hasbeenthefateofanunusualartist．HersisacarmadeinGermany．（名词性物主代词+系动词+名词）We（=Our  class）are full up．We（=Ouroffice）close  onSaturdayafternoon．He（=Hiswatch）istoofast．We（＝Ourthings）havebeenpacked．（人称代词有时可用来表示属于某人的东西）Myunclehe（名词+多余的代词）wantsitdone．Peopleintowntheyhaveneverseencows．（文化低的人的语言或歌谣中的说法）Sheisanicegirl，Mary．Theyareveryselfish，thosepeople．（代词在前，指同一人或东西的名词在后，参阅1314节）Itishot（orcloudy，snowing，raining．）（It指天气）Itis spring（ormorning，Sunday，my birthday）；struckthree，isgrowingtowardsevening．（It指时间）Itistenmiles（oralongway）．（It指距离）ItisI（orme）．（It指一个身份尚不清楚的人）Itisalloverwithhim．Howisitwithhim？Howgoesit？（It泛指一般情况）Itismysister（主语受到强调）that（orwho）studiedEnglishatA．A．A．Schoolwhenshewasseventeen．（用Itis…that…这种结构可以对主语、宾语、状语短语或状语从句加以强调。MysisterstudiedatA．A．A．Schoolwhenshewasseventeen．是原来的句子，对主语加以强调时可改为上面形式。）ItisEnglish（宾语受到强调）that（orwhich）mysisterstudied，etc．ItisatA．A．A．School（状语短语受到强调）that（orwhere）mysisterstudiedEnglish，etc． |Itiswhenshewasseventeen（状语从句受到强调）thatmysisterstudiedEnglishatA．A．A．School．ItisIthatsaidso．Itiswaitingforachancethatwillnotdo．Itishere（orthen，forthisreason，withalightningspeed）thathemarriedher．Itwasafterseeingherthathebecamecrazy．Whoisitthatyouwant？Whatisitthatheislookingfor？Itisonlyarithmeticthatheisafraidof．Itisonlyheridolsthatshepaysattentionto．Itisnothischildrenthathecaresabout，buthisbusiness．Itisagoodhorsethatneverstumbles．（=Nohorseissogoodastoneverstumble．）（这类常在谚语中出现的句子，结构虽和上面句子相同，意思却不一样。）Itisasillyfishthatiscaughttwice．（=nofishissosillyastobecaughttwice．）Itisanillbirdthatfoulshisownnest．（=Nobirdissoillastofoulhisownnest．）注：It可以代表一个动名词、不定式或从句。可参阅1318—1322。{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6017T1.bmp}{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6018T1.bmp}It表示thething，that引起的从句可以看做定语，修饰主语It。that起从属连词和代词的作用，图解记号异于并列连词。 Ⅳ．the+形容词（或分词） 1317 Thebravedeservethefair．Theyoungaretobeeducated．Therearethedyingandthedead，theslainandthevan－guished．（复数主语） |Thebeautiful andthegoodisourideal．Themiddleorthethickoftheforesthasmanyanimalsinit．Theaccused（orThedeceased）isarichman．TheFrenchisdifferentincharacterfromtheEnglish．（单数主语）{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6018T2.bmp} Ⅴ．不定式 1318 作主语的不定式常常由it代替，本身放到句末作为it的同位语：ToliveinTokyowouldbetooexpensive．ItwouldbetooexpensivetoliveinTokyo．Togooutoftowneveryweekendbecameourcustom．Itbecameourcustomtogooutoftowneveryweekend．Tohavebrokenhislegishisbadluck．Itishisbadlucktohavebrokenhisleg．Tobehappyrequires（orneeds，wants）nogreatfortune．Itrequiresnogreatfortunetobehappy．Toberichortobepoormakesalotofdifference．Itmakesalotofdifferencetoberichortobepoor．Toraisethefund，tosetupthebuilding，toemployworkers，allthesetaketime．Thestorymakesmesicktorepeat．Torepeatthestorymakesmesick．Itmakesmesicktorepeatthestory．（这三句意思相同，却有不同的主语。）Thistheorytakesmuchtimetounderstand．Tounderstandthistheorytakesmuchtime．Ittakesmuchtimetounderstandthistheory．Toanswerthequestionyouaskedinyourletteriseasy．Itiseasytoanswerthequestionyouaskedinyourletter． |Thequestionyouaskedinyourletter，itiseasytoanswer．（这三句意思相同，可比较其主语。）Tohandleawifewhocomesofarichfamilyseemsdifficult．Itseemsdifficulttohandleawifewhocomesofarichfamily．Awifewhocomesofarichfamily，itseemsdifficulttohandle．不定式可以有一个意义上的主语：ForJohntoliveinTokyowouldbetooexpensive．ItwouldbetooexpensiveforJohntoliveinTokyo．Foracommonertomarryanobleman"sdaughterdoesnotastonishme．Itdoesnotastonishmeforacommonertomarryanobleman"sdaughter．Forpoliticianstotalkaboutpeaceisasfunnyasfordrinkerstotalkabouttemperance．Itisasfunnyasfordrinkerstotalkabouttemperance，forpoliticianstotalkaboutpeace．下面句子中的不定式没有意义上的主语。foryou，ofyou等和itis有关，起补语作用：Itis for（orupto）youtosayyes or no．（＝To say yes or noisfor[orupto]you．）Itiseasierforyoutospeaktothebossthanforme．（=Tospeaktothebossiseasierforyouthanforme．）Itisverykindofyoutodoso．（=Todosoisverykindofyou．）ItisnaturalinMarytoloveJohn．Itisinconvenienttohertowaitsolong．Itisuptoyoutoapologize．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6020T1.bmp} {ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6021T1.bmp}注意意义上的主语forJohn是如何图解的。 | Ⅵ．动名词 1319 和不定式一样，作主语的动名词也可以用it代替：LivinginTokyowouldbetooexpensive．ItwouldbetooexpensivelivinginTokyo．Cryingoverspiltmilkisnouse．Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk．Thereisnoclimbingupthecliff．（=Climbingupthecliffisimpossible．）Thereisnodenyingthefact．（=Denyingthefactisimpossible．）John"s（orHis）livinginTokyowouldbetooexpensive．ItwouldbetooexpensiveJohn"s（orhis）livinginTokyo．（动名词这里有意义上的主语）{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6022T1.bmp}注意动名词意义上主语John"s如何图解的。 Ⅶ．that引起的从句 1320 由that引起的主语从句常可用it代替，而本身则移到句尾，作为it的同位语：Thathehadsucceededpleasedmeverymuch．Itpleasedmeverymuchthathehadsucceeded．Thathewaskilledisaseriousmatter．Itisaseriousmatterthathewaskilled． |Thathehasdonehisbestisclear．Itisclear（that）hehasdonehisbest．（如果句子不长，that可以省略。）Thefact（orThecircumstance）thathewaskilledwasaseriousmatter．（that引起的从句前面常可放thefact或thecircumstance）Itisclear（orlikely，certain）thathelikeshisjob．Itwouldbebetterthathegiveupsmoking（=Hehadbettergiveupsmoking）．Itisrumoured（orsaid，learned，denied）thatthepremierdecidestoresign．Itisapitythatheshoulddiesoyoung．Ithappened（orchanced，cameabout，developed，turnedout）thatthedetectivehimselfwasthethief．Itcameaboutthatwehadnotenoughmoneytopaythebill．Itseems（orappears，occurs）tomethatsheisapoet．ItstruckmethatIcouldbealawyer．Heispoor，butitdoesnotfollowthathewillcheatanyone．ItisnotthatAisanuprightman，butthathehasnochancetodoevil．ItmaybethatBistoohungrytodoanygood，butitcannotbethatheiswillingtodoanyevil．Itis（high）timethatwestarted．Howisitthatyouknowsomuch？Howcomesit（about）thatyouknowsomuch？Howcome（=why）youknowsomuch？（Itis）Some（Little，No）wonder（that）hefailed．（在用wonder作补语时，itis可以省略。）（Itwas）Awonder（that）hedidnotfall．Whatwonder（wasit）thathefalled？（=Itwasnaturalthathefailed．）Itissaid（ordenied，rumoured）thattheMayorfellinlovewithMary．TheMayor，itissaid（ordenied，rumoured），fellinlovewithMary．（这两句意思几乎相同，但在第二句中不能用that。） |{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6024T1.bmp}由that引起的从句用作名词及主语。注意连词that的图解方式。{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6024T2.bmp} Ⅷ．疑问词引起的从句 1321 由疑问词引起的从句，和that引起的从句一样，可以由it代替：Howhecoulddoitseemedamystery．Itseemedamysteryhowhecoulddoit．Wherehehadescapedpuzzledme．Itpuzzledmewherehehadescaped．Whatisittomewhoheis？Itdoesnotmatterwhenyougetmarried，but…{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6025T1.bmp}连接词how和副词how都在这个图解中表示出来，但一个需加括号。{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6025T2.bmp} Ⅸ．疑问词+不定式 1322 疑问词引起的不定式，和连接词引起的从句一样，也可以用it代替：Howtoescapeseemstobeaproblem．Itseemstobeaproblem，howtoescape．Whattosaypuzzlesme．Itpuzzlesmewhattosay． |Whetherornottofollowthepolicydependsuponcircumstances．Itdependsuponcircumstances．whetherornottofollowthepolicy．{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6025T3.bmp}{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6026T1.bmp} Ⅹ．术语和引语 1323 Onisapreposition．Buymeans“getbypayingaprice”．“Lookbeforeyouleapisafamousproverb．“Honestyisthebestpolicy”isasayingoftenridiculedbypeople．Ⅺ．介词短语 1324 Fromseventosevenisourstorehours．Frominfancytomanhoodisanimportantperiod．Fromheretothereisashortdistance．Goodinthesaddleisgoodforeverything．（这样的短语用作主语时很少） Ⅻ．省略 1325 （You）Sitdown，please．（You）Waitaminute．（Doyou）Likeit？（Youhad）Bettersayno．（Areyou）Feelinganybetter？（It）Seemstobeimpossible．（作主语时，有些代词有时省略。）{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6027T1.bmp}  | 1．5种类型的谓语1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）：Hecame．Mywifecried．第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TV＋O）：Johnlikesme．Hisunclewroteletters．第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：TheyteachmeEnglish．IboughtMarysugar．第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LV＋C）： |Heisateacher．Shelookssad．第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FV＋O＋C）：Wemadehimking．Sheleftthehousedirty． 2．动词的短语形式1327 不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词：Helostheart．（他灰心了。）Thishabithasstruckroot．（这种习惯已根深蒂固）下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：Ilookedformylostdictionary．（我在找我弄失的字典。）Hepaidattentiontohislesson．（他很注意他的功课。）Hegaveupdrinking．（他戒酒了。）Heisafraidofblood．（他怕血。）Hecan"tgetalongwithanyone．（他和谁都处不好。）下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：Iwaitedforhimtocome．（我等他来。）详见1182—1206节。 3．宾语的9种形式 |1328 此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称作名词等同体（Noun－Equivalent），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：IknowJohn（名词）．Shekeptthefloordirty．IwillteachJohnChinese．Iknowhim（代词）．Shekeptitclean．Thatdependsuponthem．Hethrewoutanappleofdiscord（名词短语）．IhavejustvisitedtheBoardofTrade．Iamnotfondofwildgoosechase．Thismatterintereststherichandthepoor（the+形容词或分词）．Thegeneralvisitedthedyingandthewounded．Iknowthelongand（the）shortofthiscase．Hewantstogotocollege（不定式）．Sherefusestomarryme．Iaskedtoseeafriendinprison．Heisfondofswimminginthemorning（动名词）．Heavoidsmeetinganyofhisfriends．Ipostponedgoingtothedoctor．Iknowthatshelovesme（that引起的从句）．Iamsurethatyouwillsucceed．Isheafraidthathewillbedefeated？Iwonderwhathewants（疑问词引起的从句）． |Iaskedwherehehadbeen．Idon"tknowwhichwayIshouldgo．Idon"tknowwhattodo（疑问词引起的不定式）．Iamdoubtfulhowtosettlethisproblem．Idonotcarewheretoeatdinner． 4．补语的15种形式1329 不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容词等同体（Adjective－Equiva－lent）都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。名词及名词等同体作补语：Heisaking（名词）．Wechosehimchairman．Itisme（代词）．Hebecameafishoutofwater（名词短语）．Ifinditamootpoint．Thevictimsarealwaysthepoor（the+形容词）．Torespectothersistoberespected（不定式）．Seeingisbelieving（动名词）．Hispurposeisthatallchildrenshouldbeeducated（that引起的从句）．Theproblemiswhoistoblame（疑问词引起的从句）．Myproblemishowtolearn（疑问词引起的不定式）．形容词及形容词等同体作补语：Heseemshappy（形容词）． |Youlookyoung．Hemakesmeangry．Heisout（地点副词）．Theshowisover．Timeisup．Heisathome（介词短语）．Weareongoodterms．Heleaveshisdeskoutoforder．Itseemsinteresting（现在分词）．Thesituationgrowsencouraging．IsawMarysmoking．Iamastonished（过去分词）．Helookedfrightened．Ihadmyclotheswashed．Heistoblame（不定式）．Itistobethrownaway．Hewantshisdaughtertomarryarichman． 5．再复杂的句子也可简化1330 因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把Iknowthathedoesnotliketoliveinthiscountry．中的10个斜体词和IknowJohn．中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把Hebeggedtoseeafriendinprison．中的6个斜体词和Hebeggedpardon．中的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。 |同样，我们也可把Heistocometotheofficeateight．中的7个斜体词和Heispunctual．中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。另外下面4个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或是起及物动词作用的词组：Helikeschocolate．（他喜欢巧克力。）Heisfondofteaching．（他爱教书。）Johnpaysattentiontohisbusiness．（约翰关心他的买卖。）Iamsurethathewillbeagoodhusband．（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。）此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽管形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。  2．一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中1332 为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子：a．Iknowhimtoworkhard．b．Wewanthimtocome．c．Sheletustousehercar．d．Theysupposeallofustoobey．e．JohnsawMarytowalkwithaboy．所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型，即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”，但只有b．句的谓语是正确的，因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型，其他动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子：a．Itriedadvisingher．b．Iaskedseeingtheboss．c．Hethinksgoingwithyou．d．Wewishmovingtoanotherplace． |e．Theyrefusedhelpingus．上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型，即“及物动词+动名词”，但只有a．句是正确的，因为动词tried可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。从上面10个例句我们可以看出，一个特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，在一特定类型中，一个特定的动词能用还是不能用，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。1333 从下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少类型的谓语中：IknowJohn．（及物动词+名词）（正确）IknowJohntocometomorrow．（宾补动词+名词+不定式）（错误）IknowthatJohncomestomorrow．（及物动词+that引起的从句）（正确）Iknowtoanswerthisquestion．（及物动词+不定式）（错误）Iknowtheworkeasy．（宾补动词+名词+形容词）（错误）Iknowhowtoanswerthisquestion．（及物动词+疑问词引起的不定式）（正确）Iknowtheworktobeeasy．（宾补动词+名词+tobe+形容词）（正确）IknowJohncoming（宾补动词+名词+现在分词）．（错误）Iknoworganizingapoliticalparty（及物动词+动名词）．（错误）从上面例句我们可以看出某些动词只能用在47种类型的某些类型中，不能在许多类型中使用。 3．一个特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词1334 有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在“系动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中只能用be这一个动词。在“不及物动词+介词+疑问词引起的从句”这种类型中约可用20个动词，在“及物动词+不定式或动名词”这类类型中，约可用50个动词，而在“及物动词+that引起的从句”这种类型中，约可用150个动词。每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将几乎全部列出并加上例句，以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。不过某些谓语类型中可用的动词极多（可说是成百上千）。在这种情况下只能给出一小部分动词。 C．谓语类型与句型 | 1335 关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：1．动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。而动词和宾语及补语的关系比较复杂，这在下面47种谓语类型中可清楚看出。如果对主语不加考虑，这47种谓语类型也就是47种句型。事实上在下面讨论中，谓语类型的公式都采用“S＋TV＋N”，“S+DV＋N＋N”，“S＋FV＋N＋A”这类形式，里面包含了主语（S），因此也就代表了句型。2．一个句型可以包含一个简单句：Johnknowshowtoplayfootball．Heavoidedmeetingheratsomeparty．3．它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句：Heknowswhatyouaredoing．Iaskedwherehegotit．4．但并列句中至少需有两个句型：Ihavedecidedtogo（一个句型）andhewillgotoo（一个句型），butshedecidestoremainathome（一个句型）．（共包含三个句型） D．修饰语与独立成分 1336 句型指一个完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语（即形容词、副词及起同样作用的其他词语）。这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，但在语法上却是可以删除的，在我们考虑句型，也就是句子的基本结构时，可以对它们不加考虑。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+及物动词+名词”，但却可包含不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含25个词的句子和第一个包含4个词的句子同属一个句型：Isawahouse．Isawabighouse．Isawabighouseontheoppositeside． |Isawabighouseontheoppositeside，whichwassaidtobehauntedbyaghost．YesterdayIsawabighouse…．YesterdaywhenIsaileddowntheriverIsawabighouse…．修饰语在后面将作详细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不变。所有下面句子都属于同一句型，即“主语+系动词+补语”：Thatmaniscrazy．Oh！thatmaniscrazy．Oh！thatmaniscrazy，Iamsure．Oh！thatmaniscrazy，youmaybesure，Mary． E．句型的用法 1337 在下面讨论中，所列出能用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。列出的目的只是说明某一句型使用范围大致有多广。一般说来，数目越小，越难使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数动词，则用错的机会更多。1338 偶尔也会有些例外的句子无法归入这47种句型的任何一个。但如果把某些不规则的动词短语适当转换为规则的动词短语，则它们大部分仍可归入某些句型：Ihaveagoodmind（=intend）topunishyou．（haveagoodmind可能换为intend，则句型将是“主语+及物动词+不定式”。）Hewillhaveit（=insists）thatIhavecheatedhim．（主语+及物动词+that引起的从句）“Whohastakenmypen？”“John（hastakenyourpen）．”（I）Beg（your）pardon．（Itwas）Nosoonersaidthan（itwas）done． |（You）Liveandlet（others）live．（Iwishyou）Goodluck！1339 确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。下面的句子都是错的，因为它们不代表47种句型中的任何一个：1．IhearaboutthatJohnhasarrived．（主语+不及物动词+介词+that引起的从句）2．Ipaidattentionwhathewasdoing．（主语+及物动词+名词+疑问词引起的从句）3．Heisafraidofthathewillbeassassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+介词+that引起的从句）4．Heisafraidbeingassassinated．（主语+系动词+形容词+动名词）5．Iknowthatwhohasbrokenthewindow．（主语+及物动词+that+疑问词引起的从句）6．Wewantpeaceful．（主语+及物动词+形容词）这些句型应改正如下：正确句型                                              正确句子1．主语+及物动词+that引                   IhearthatJohnhasar-起的从句                                      rived．2．主语+及物动词+名词+                     Ipaidattentiontowhat介词+疑问词引起的从句               hewasdoing．3．主语+系动词+形容词+                     Heisafraidthathewill |that引起的从句                             beassassinated．4．主语+系动词+形容词+                     Heisafraidofbeingas-介词+动名词                                 sassinated．5．主语+及物动词+疑问词                   Iknowwhohasbroken引起的从句                                   thewindow．6．主语+及物动词+名词                       Wewantpeace．其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。 F．47种句型的公式 1340 每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表，例如：“S＋IV”，“S＋TV＋N”，“S＋LV＋AP”，“S＋FV＋N+PaP”，“S＋DV＋N＋that－Cl”．下面列出了代表某些词的缩写形式：S=Subject（主语）                           PaP＝PastParticiple（过O=Object（宾语）                           去分词）C=Complement（补语）                   N=NounorPronoun（名IO=IndirectObject（间接                  词或代词） |宾语）                                              R=ReflexivePronoun（反DO=DirectObject（直接                   身代词）宾语）                                              A=Adjective（形容词）IV=IntransitiveVerb（不                    P=Preposition（介词）及物动词）                                       AP＝AdverbofPlace，orTV＝TransitiveVerb（及                    AdverbialParticle，as物动词）                                          in，out，up，awayDV=DativeVerb（双宾动                  （地点副词或副词性小词）                                                 品词）LV＝LinkingVerb（系动                    词）                                                 W－Cl=Interrogative-FV=FactitiveVerb（宾补                   Clause，（疑问词引起的动词）                                                从句，由whether，I=Infinitive（不定式）                      what，which，who， |G=Gerund（动名词）                       whom，whose，where，PrP=PresentParticiple                       when，why，how引（现在分词）                                   起） That-Cl=Noun-Clause                        inn．＝innumreable＝hun-（that引起的名词从                          dredsorthousands（无句）                                                 数，成百上千）“·”表示它前后的词构成成语，如IV．P，LV．A．P．，TV．N．P，LV．PaP，它们包含2个或3个词。1341 一个“+”号表示这个句型包含2个基本成分，即主语及不及物动词，如：S+IV                                           S+IV．AP2个“+”号表示这个句型包含有3个基本成分，即主语，及物动词及宾语，如：S+TV+N                                     S+IV．P+that－ClS+LV．A．P+G或指另外3个成分，如主语、系动词及补语：S+LV+A                                      S+LV+that-Cl |S+LV+P．N3个“+”号表示这个句型包含4个成分：主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直接宾语，如：S+DV+N+N                                S+DV+N+W-ClS+DV+N+that-Cl也可以是另外4个成分，如主语、宾补动词、宾语及（宾语）补语：S+FV+N+A                                 S+FV+N+PaPS+IV．P+N+I这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实，即英语句子是很简单的，它少则包含两个成分，多则包含四个成分。了解了公式及图解的意义，现在就可开始藉助它们研究47种谓语类型或句型。注意：句子末尾的星号表示这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。 1．S+IV（Johnlaughed．）1342 不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数：Theysmiled．Johndied．Marywalkedslowly．Fireburns．Idreamedlastnight．Heweptbitterly．Youmustdressfordinner．Thatdepends．Itdoesnotpay．1343 通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语，而是动词（动作）时，可以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词：Atractorcancut，push，pull，dig，lift，pump，carryandspray．Theblinddonotsee．Wemusteat．Iwillchange（mydress）．Theknifecutswell．Iwillconsider．Iftimepermits．Hecanread．Don"ttrouble（yourself）．Thestainshows（itself）．Theymarried（eachother）．1344 有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却是不及物动词： |Thethermometerrose（orfell）twodegrees．Hewaitedtenminutes．Theweddinglastedthreedays．Iwalkedfivemiles．1345 图解：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6041T1.bmp} 2．S+IV．AP（Johnmovedin．）1346 无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词，与之构成成语。但在多数情况下，这些副词并不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品词（AdverbialParticle）．a．Don"tanswerback（=answerrudely）whenasuperiorspeakstoyou．Hebacksaway（=drawsback）fromherbecausehehasmadeherangry．Don"tworry，Iwillneverbackout（=failtofulfilapromise）．Inordertosurvive，wemustbandtogether（=unite）．Hebargedin（＝inter－ruptedrudely）whileweweretalking．Thestormwillsoonblowover（=passawaywithoutinjuriouseffect）．Thedynamiteplacedbeneaththebridgeblewup（=exploded）．Heblowsup（=loseshistemper）ateverysmallincident．Quick！Thesoupisboilingover（=over－flowingthesideofapan）．Braceup（=takecourage）ifyoureallywanttogetmarried．Manyprisonersbrokeaway（=suddenlyescaped）．Ourcarsuddenlybrokedown（=failedtofunction）onourwayhome．Afirebrokeout（＝startedsuddenlyandviolently）onSixthStreet．Tearsburstforth（=suddenlyappeared）．b．Shecoloursup（=blushes）ifwementionherlove．Anaccidentlikethiscomesabout（=happens）everyday．MywifeandIcometogether（＝arereconciled）aftertenyearsofquarrel．Theseedshavecomeup（=shotupabovetheground）．Whenweweretalking，ayoungmancameup（=approached）．Threedaysafterthequarrel，Icooleddown（=becamecalm）．Shewasshockedatthebill，butshehadtocoughup（=pay，perhapsunwillingly）．Hardlyaweekhadhelearnedcomputersciencewhenhecrackedup（=sufferedamentalbreakdown）．Anerrormaycreepin（=stealinunnoticed）．Thisoldempirecrumbledaway（=disintegratedgradually）becauseofmisrule．Ishouldnottakemuchsugar，butIcannotcutdown（=lessen）． |c．Allmembersofmyfamilydineout（=eatawayfromhome）everySunday．Theydrinkliquoreverydayandcan－notdowithout（=dispensewithit）．Wedressedup（=putonformalclothes）forabanquet．Iwilldropby（=callcasually）whenIamfree．Theproductionofricedroppedoff（=decreased）lastyear．Hedroppedout（=leftschoolbeforefinishinghiscourses）atfifteen．Thewellhasdriedup（＝becomedry）．Theroadisrough，weshouldeasedown（=lessenspeed）．Letuseasedown（＝workless，makelesseffort）．Hisreputationfadedout（=graduallydisappeared）afterhisdeath．Thecountryfellapart（=felltopieces）becauseofcivilwar．Ineverfallback（=re－treat）beforedifficulties．Ourcountryfallsbehind（=dropsbehind）inscienceandtechnology．Letusfallto（=begintoeatortowork．）d．Wewereunabletogetby（=pass）becausetheroadwasblocked．Shegotdown（=dismounted）fromherhorse．Thetraingotin．Wegotoff（＝startedajourney）．Howareyougettingon？Igetupatsixinthemorning．AtlastIhavetogivein（=yield）．Riceisgoingdown（=becomingcheaper）．Arumourwentforth（＝becamepublic）．Thegunwentoff（=exploded）suddenly．Ourworkwenton（=continued）．Thecandlehasgoneout（=ceasedtoburn）．Iwon"tholdback（=keepbehind）ifeveryonegoesforward．SinceIhavestarted，Ican"tleaveoff（=stop）．Lookin（=Payashortvisit）asyoupass．Whileallarebusy，don"tlookon（=beamerespectator）．Lookout（=Takeprecaution），herecomesatruck！Imovedin（=movedintoahouse）afterhemovedout．Alltroublewillpassaway（=ceasetoexist）．Shepassedaway（=died）amonthago．e．Theclockrandown（=stoppedrunning，becausethebatteryhadexhausteditself）．Sheranon（=talkedincessantly）．Supplieshaverunout（=becomeexhausted）．Badweathersetin（=began）．Wesetout（=setoff）onFebruary16．Hesettleddown（=establishedhimself）atasmallvillage．Idon"twanttolistenanymore，soshutup！Hestoodaside（orapart，aloof）whilewewerequarrelling．Somestoodback（＝retreated），somestoodout（＝refusedtoyield）．Theproposalwillstandover（=bepostponed）tillnextFriday．AtthebadnewsIsteppedbackfromsurprise．Thetyrantshouldstepdown（=re-sign）．Manyvolunteerssteppedforward（=offeredhelp）．Mybrothersquarrelled，butmyfatherneversteppedin（=interfered）．Hestowedaway（=hidinashiporplanetogetafreeride）．Thebandstruckup（＝begantoplay）．Hesummedup（=summarized）afteradebate．Thesontaggedbehind（oralong）（＝followedclosely）whereverhismomwent．BeforeIthinkahead（=anticipate），Ithinkback（=recall）．Ourbusinessisjusttickingover（=gettingoninaroutineway）．Wetoucheddown（=landedafteraflight）at6p．m．Manyworkerswalkedout（=re-fusedtowork）．1347 图解： |{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6045T1.bmp}3．S+IVp（Thisclothworewell．）1348 约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连用：a．Thisplayactsexcellently．Thefigureswillnotaddup．Thebreadbakeswell．Thedoorblewopen．Thecandleblewout．Thisbottledoesnotbreak．Thedustwon"tbrushoffthehat．Theluggagecarrieseasily．David"sraincoatcaughtonthenail．Someofthedocumentsdon"tseemtocheckwiththefacts．Thiscannotcompare（favourably）withthat．Someofthesentenceswon"tconstrue．Potatoeswillcookslowly．Everyminutecounts．Thesepeoplemostlycountfornothing．Thepotatoescroppedwelllastyear，butIthinkwillcropbadlythisyear．Thislightwoodcutslikebutter．Thepineappledoesn"tcuteasily．Thispieceofclothwillcutupintotwosuits．Instinctderivesfromancestors．Milkdigestseasily．Thiewinedrinkswell．Thetoothdrawseasily．Thefrogeatslikechicken．b．Thisdressfastensdowntheback．Thetoiletdoesnotflush．Theeggshatchouteasily．Thisricewon"tgrindfine．Waterheatsreadily．Thisclothironseasily．Thishouseletswell．Thedoorwillnotlock．Thesebookspackeasily．Mywatchpawnsfortwodollars．Thesepotatoespeeleasily．Shephotographs（takes）well．Thelandploughshard．Thefilmdoesnotprintwell．Thisstoryreadsill（orwell）．Thephotoreproduceswell．c．Hishouserentsat＄800amonth．Thispoemdoesnotrhyme．Ashamedoes．notruboff．Thisplasticscratcheseasily．Theplayscreenbadly（=isunfitforfilming）．Thebooksellswell．Thisdoorwon"tshut．Thiscigarettesmokesbetterthanothers．Thiswoodsplitstraight．Thismaterialstainseasily．Theshipsteerswithease．Thematchwillnotstrike．Thispaperwillnottear．Hisde－scenttracedbacktoaking．Thispoemtranslateseasily．TheTVsetwon"tturnon．Thisboardwillneverwarp．Thismaterialwasheseasily．Suchshoeswearbadly．Theplanworkedoutwell．Thephotowashesoutalittle．d．Drumsarebeating（=arebeingbeaten）．Thebookisbinding（=isbeingbound）．Sometroubleisbrewing．Youngpeoplearealwaysbrimmingwithnewideas．Thehouseisbuilding．Thebridgeiscompletingnow．Themealisdigestingwell．Whatisdoingnow？Thetaskisfinishing．Gunsarefiring．Friendshipisforming．Thetheatreisrapidlyfillingupwith |people．Thefishisfrying．Thehouseisleasing．Thecowsaremilking．Oneboyismissing（orwanting）．Hepaidwhatwasowing．Musicwasplaying．Somethingispreparing．Myapplicationisprocessing．Theproblemissettlingthisway．Anewfilmisshowing．Theboyisshapingwell．Theseedsoftroublearesowing．Thefruitsarespoilingquickly．Measuresaretaking．1349 图解：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6047T1.bmp}  4．S+TV+N或S+TV．N（JohnlearnedJapanese．）1350 无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语：Johnhasaplan．Doyoulikehim？WhataninterestingbookIamreading！HespeaksEnglish．Ilovecats．1351 不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语，如果被化作一个整体，可以看成是一个不及物动词：Helosthope（=despaired）．Hegaveground（=retreated）Theaccidenttookplace（=happened）thismorning．Hemadethegrade（=succeeded）．Wemadeourway（=advanced）tothejungle．在某些成语中，名词前没有冠词，也没有物主代词：a．Hewillbearwitness．Herbeautybeggarsdescription（=makeswordspoor）．Don"tborrowtrouble（=worryabouttroublethatwon"tcome）．Webrokeground（=ploughed，untilledground，begananundertaking）．Ourboatcastanchor．Ioftencaughtcold．Hecaughtfever（orinfection）．Herhousecaughtfire．Hechangedcolour（=be－camepale）．Hispersonalitycommandsesteem（orrespect）．Heneverdidevil（orill，wrong）．Noneofuscarewhethertheydorightorwrong，goodorharm．Wedid（=produced）RomeoandJuliet．Jandid（=acted）Juliet．Idid（=prepared）omelette（orbreakfast）．Tomdid（=wrote）poetry．His |brotherdid（=translated）FrenchintoEnglish．Idid（=studied）electricity．Theycrywolf（=giveafalsewarning）justforarmsaid．b．Onemustexercisepatienceandcautionwhenoneexercisesauthorityanddiscipline．Hefeltregret，butnotsatisfaction．Hefoundtime（orleisure）tostudy．Hehasfinishedcollege．Afterhetookthelead，wefollowedsuit．Theygainedtimebygivingmeambiguousanswers．Mywatchgainedtime．Wehavegainedground（=gotanadvantage）．Wewillsoongainpower，ifwearepatientenough．Hegaveevidenceinthelaw－court．Hegaveear（orheed，credit）totherumour．Hegavejudgement（oradvice，notice，warning，trouble）．I"vehadit（=can"tsufferanymore）．Youhitit（=saidtherightthing）．Thistheorydoesn"tholdwater（=isn"tvalid）．Thecriminaljumped（orskipped）bail（=gaveupthebailmoneyandranawaytoavoidtrial）．c．Mymotherkepthouseandkeptbooks．Beinghospitablehekeptopenhouse（=providedhospitabilityforanycomer）．Hecannotkeepbodyandsoultogether（=keepawayhunger）．Hekeptbadcompany（=associatedwithbadpeople）．Mywatchdoesnotkeep（good）time，soIamlate．Hekilledtimebyreadingnovelsordoinganotherthinginteresting．d．Heleftschoollastyear．Wemaylosegroundbutwillneverlosehope．Ineverlostcourage（orheart）afterIfail．Bequick，don"tlosetime．Helostself-contrcl（orhimself）inmomentsofstress．e．Mothermakesdinner．Itseemedlate，buthemadegoodtime（=travelledfastandarrivedontime）．Hedoesn"tworkhard，buthemakesgoodsalary．Makehaste（orspeed）．Hecanmakemoney（orprofit），butspendmuch．Aftersomanyyearsofwarwemustmakepeace．Imadetea（orhay）．Wemadeway（＝stoodaside）forotherstopassthrough．Wemadeway（orheadway）（=advanced）inthefaceofdifficulty．Hemarkedtime（=spentidlehours）whilewaitingforhiswife．f．Thesoldiersmounted（orkept，relieved，stood）guard．Hemovedheavenandearth（=dideverything）toattackhisopponent．Theyopenedfire（=startedshooting）andkilledthreeofus．Thechildrenoftenplayhavoc（=dogreatdamage）．Heplayspolitics（＝attainspoliticalaimsbyhookorbycrook）．Hehadbrokenthewindow，soheplayedpossum（keptquiettoavoidattention）Heplayedsecondfiddle（=heldasubordinateplace）．Hefailedbe－causehehadoftenplayedtruant．g．Weraisedmoneyforagreatproject．Icanreadcharacterfromhandwriting．Hecanreadmusic．Imustsaygoodbyenow．Wesaidgrace（＝saidaprayerofthanksbeforeorafterameal）．Weset（ormade，struck）sail（=beganavoyage）inFebruary，1969．Herefusedtoyield，heshowed |fight．Heshowedcourage（orfear）．Hesoweddiscordamonghisenemies．Hestruckoil（=hadgoodluckinsomeenterprise）．Hesuffered（orsustained）defeat．h．Don"ttakealarmifItellyousomebadnews．Hehastotakebreathafterclimbingupstairs．Hetookcoldandcouldnotwork．Hetakesdrinkanddrugs．Takeheart，don"tbeafraid．Thelawwillsoontakeeffect（＝beeffective）．Takeexerciseeverymorningandkeephealthy．Hetookflightaftermurderingawoman．Hetookmedicine（orpoison）．Don"ttakeoffence（=beoffended）．Somethingstrangetookplace（=happened）inthisoldhouse．Let"stakerest．Wetakestockeveryweek．Theevilhastakenroot（=becomeestablished）．Mydreamwilltakeshape（=materialize）nextyear．Hetooktroubletohelpme．i．Don"ttemptprovidence（=takeanunnecessaryrisk）．Hehastouchedbottom（=isbeginingtoprosperafterhisworstdays）．Theboatturnedturtle（=turnedupsidedown）．在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词，或作复数：j．Heoftenactedadoublepart（=wasdeceitful）．SinceIcriticizedhim，hehasborneagrudge（=nursedagrievance）．Theenemybeata　retreat（=retreatedinahurry）．ThomasEdisonblazedatorch（=startedsome－thingnew）invariousfields．Don"tbreatheaword（=sayaword）aboutthissecret．Whenangry，hecallsnames（=callsomebodybyabusivenames）．Iwouldliketocrossswords（=argue）withthisboaster．Youhavedoneagoodjob（=donesomethingwell）．Idrewablank（=failedtogetanyinformation）whenIreturnedtotheoffice．Wemustdrawaline（=distinguish）betweenrightandwrong．Wedowntools（=stopwork）atsix．k．Mysisterfixedadateforthecelebration．ThiseveningIhaveadate（oranengagement）（=haveasocialmeeting）withher．Ihaveajob（oratime）（=havetrouble）writingthisfirstloveletter．（但：Ihavemyselfatime［＝haveagoodtime］writingit．）Astheydidn"tliftafinger（orahand）（=didn"tgivehelp），Ilent（orgave）ahand（=gavehelp）totheoldlady．1．Imadeanappointment（=hadanengagementtomeetsomeone）for3p．m．Hemadeaboast，butwhobelievedhim？Hemadeacalloverthephone．Hemadeaface（=twistedhisface），andthenwewerenomoreangry．Don"tmakeafuss（=getexcitedaboutatrifle）．Johnmadeahit（=gaveagoodimpression）attheexhibitionofhisworks．Shallwemakeamove（=start）rightnow？Dickmadeapublicappearanceafternineyearsinprison．Thomasmakesaquickbuck（＝earnsmoneyquickly）．Wemake |arow（orascene）（=startedaviolentquarrel）fromtimetotime．Assoonaswearrivedwemadereservationsforhotelrooms．Imustmaketracks（=setoff）beforeitislate．Williammadewaves（=createdasensationtoimpressothers）attheparty．m．Abigbossbehindpullsstrings（=secretlyexertsinfluence）．Don"trunarisk（=putyourselfindanger）．Thepatientranatemperature（=hadafever）．Thecriminalhasservedasentence（ortime）（=passedtermofimprisonment）．Ismelladangerinthisdesolatearea．Westruckahappymedium（=foundananswerbetweentwoextremes）．Asyoucommittedmistakesforthefirsttime，wemightstretch（orstrain）apoint（=allowanexceptiontotherules）．n．Iwouldwillinglytakeabackseat（=occupyanunimportantposition）．Wetakeacoffeebreak（=drinkcoffeeandrestashortwhile）aftertwohoursofwork．Hetook（ordrew）alongbreathbeforehespoke．Thesituationtookaturn（=changed）forthebetter．Hewouldn"tturnanhonestpenny（=makemoneybyhonestmeans）．在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词：o．Actyourage（=Don"tbechildish）．Mywarningmerelybeattheair（=madeuselessefforts）．Imustbidemytime（=waitforagoodchance）．Someoneblackedhiseye（=gavehimablow）．Heblewhisowntrumpet（=praisedhimself）．Hehasblownhismind（=becomeswildlyenthusiasticbecauseofdrugs）．Hebossedtheshow（＝con-trolledeverything）．Sheboxedhisear（＝smackedhimontheear）．Ihavetobreak（orcancel，change，postpone）theappointment．Afterhalfanhourofsilence，Ibroketheice（＝overcomereserve）．Thenewsbrokeherheart．Hebrokehisword（=failedtokeephispromise）．Ibrokethenews（=announcedthenews）toher．Theybrokethepeace（=quarrelled）．Heburnedhisfingers（=sufferedalossthrougharashaction）．Weburiedthehatchet（=madepeace）．Iamnotbuyingit（=amnottobedeceived）．p．Hecallstheroll（=callsthenamestocheckwhoareabsent）．Dickcarriedtheball（orthecan）（=didthehardestpartofthework）．Icarried（orgained）mypoint（=succeeded）．Wecarried（orgained）theday（=won）．Icaughtmybreath（=restafterhardbreathing）afterrunning．Hetriedtocatchthetrainbutmissedit．Thisadvertisementcatchesmyeye．Hechangedhiscoat（=becameaturncoat）．Don"tchangeyourmind．Hechangedhistune（＝changedhispolicy）．Heclearedhisreputation（=freehisnamefromreproach）．Hecrackedthewhip（=suddenlybecamebossy）toimpressme．WecrossedtheRubicon（=took |adecisivestepforward）．Whennobodycouldsettletheproblem，hecuttheGordianknot（=settleitinanunusualrapidway）．q．Ididthesights（orthetravel）（=wentsightseeingortookatrip）．Thelittlegirlcando（=makecleanandtidy）herhair，herteeth，hernails，eventhelaundry，thebed-room，thedishes．Shedoes（=learns）herlessonswell，andcando（=solve）anysum（orproblem）．Shedoesherbit（＝doeshershareofduty）splendidly．Hedoggedmyfootsteps（=constantlyfollowedme）becausehesuspectedIwasaspyworkingforforeigners．Hedragshisfeet（orheels）（=hesitates）whenaskedtowork．Wedrewtheswords（=werereadytofight）．Hehastoeathiswords（=takebackhiswords）．Althoughsmall，thistablefillsthebill（=isjustright）．Ihavetofacethemusic（＝facetrouble）．Heisfeelinghisway（=proceedingcarefullybutslowly）．Althoughtheywerecripples，theyfoughtthewayupthehill．Weallfollowthecrowd．Don"tworry，I"llfootthebill（=payalltheexpenses）．Thisnumberofpersonswillnotformthemajority．r．Hegotthesack（=wasdismissed）．Hegottheupperhand（=gainedcontrol）．Hehasthecourageofhisconvictions（=actsbravelyaccordingtohisbelief）．Thiscarhashaditsday（=fallenintodisuse）．Thissmallaffairhitstheheadlines（=becomesimportantnews）inthissmalltown．Themusichitsthepublictaste．Hehitshisstride（＝exhibitshisbestability）whenhetellsastory．Wewillholdthefort（=defendtheposition）tothelast．Holdyourtemper（=Don"tgetangry）．Ihavetoholdmytongue（ormypeace）（＝keepsilent）．Imustholdmyown（=keepwhatIhave）．Wemusthold（orkeep，maintain）ourground（=keepwhatwehave）．Hehasalwayshusbandedhisresources（=beenfrugalagainstanemergency）．s．Ijoggedhismemory（=remindedhim）．Hejumpedthegun（=startedtorunbeforethestarter"sgun），andjumpedthetraces（=didn"tobeytherules）．Thetrainjumpedtherails（orthetrack）（=suddenly，lefttherails）andmanywerekilled．Dickslippedbutkepthisfeet（=keptstanding）．Heknowshiswayabout（oraround）（=understandsthewaysoftheworld）．Heknowstheropes（orthescore）（=knowsthespecialrules）intheexportbusiness．Hewillleadtheway（=beaguide）totheoldcastle．Ileftthebeatentrack（＝didnotfollowthecrowd）．Helosthisreason（=becamemad）．t．Hemadethegrade（＝succeeded）inbusiness．Thedoctormakes（orgoes）therounds（=goesfromplacetoplacetoinspect）everymorning．Wemadeourway（＝advanced）throughtheforest．Hemendedhisfences（＝madepeacewithpeoplewhodislikehim）．Youmissedtheboat（＝missedtheopportunity）．Thecompanyopeneditsdoors（＝starteddoingbusiness） |in1950andcloseditsdoors（=stoppeddoingbusiness）in1983．Thisexhibitionopenedoureyes（=madeusseethetruth）．Ipickedmyway（=proceeded）upasteephill．Imustplaythegame（=dowhatisright）．Youplayedyourcardswell（=actedcleverly）．Dickplayedthemarket（=boughtandsoldstocks）andlostlotsofmoney．Jimpocketedhisdignity（=laida-sidehispride）andevenpocketedaninsult（＝acceptedit）．Hehaspoisonedyourear（ormind）sothatyoucan"tbefair．u．Everymembershouldpullhisweight（＝doeshispart）．Don"tpullmyleg（=foolme）．Onceyousucceed，neverpushyourluck（=expecttocontinuetobelucky）．Hehastorunthegauntlet（=receiveaseriesofilltreatment）．Heruledtheroost（=lordeditover）．Wemustsavethesituation（=dosomethingtoimprovethesituation）．Anewmethodwillseethelight（=bedisclosed）．Thisservesmyturn（orpurpose）．Ihaveservedmyapprenticeshipforsevenyears．Shesetthetablefortenpersons．Heshowshisfaceaftertenyearsofabsence．Iwillshowtheway．Everyonesingshispraises（=praiseshimstrongly）．Hesowedhiswildoats（=ledadissipatedlifewhenyoung）．Iwillspeakmymind（=speakcandidly）．Hestoletheshow（=actedsowellthattheaudienceignoredtheotherperformers）．Hestolethespotlight（=madepeoplewatchhiminsteadofwhattheyshouldwatch）．Youstolemythunder（=saidbeforemewhatIintendedtosay）．Jimhasstrainedeverynerve（=usedeveryeffort）．Heswallowedthebait（=wasofferedabigpromiseandwascaught）．v．Marytookit（=endureditwithoutcomplaints）thoughshewasill－treated．Youcantakeyourease（oryourowncourse）（=actyourpleasure）．Thedoctortookmypulseandtemperature（＝ascertainthem）．Wheredoesthiscustomtakeitsrise（=originate）？Takeyourtime（=Don"trush）．Wemustnottieourownhands（=restrainour－selvesfromaction）．Wehavetotightenourbelts（=eatlessandspendlessthanusual）．Justonevotetippedthebalance（orthescale）（=turnedthescale，decidedsome－thingdoubtful）．Iwouldtrymyhand（=try）．ShouldIturntheothercheek（=bepatientandnothitback）whenIaminjuredorinsulted？Hissuccesshasturnedhishead（=madehimactfoolishly）．Thedeadbodyturnedherstomach（=madehersick）．Thereinforcementsturnedthetide（=changethesituationfavourably）．Heturnedhisthoughttosomethingmuchmoreimportant．Hejusttwiddledhisthumbs（=didn"tdoanything）．w．Shewalkedthefloor（=walkedbackandforth）allnight，shewassoworried．Hewalkedtheplank（=wasforcedtoresign）．Watchit（=Becareful）． |人们似乎都不喜欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语，特别是在简单句中。往往不说“Icook．”“Helaughed．”“Wechatted．”“Tomrepairs．”“weacted．”而说“I　dothecooking．”“Hegavealaugh．”“Wehadachat．”“Tommakesrepairs．”“Wetakeaction．”也就是把一个词换成了两个词，用一个do或give这样色彩不重的动词加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。下面是一些这类短语的例子：x．IDOthecleaning，thereading，theshopping，thetranslating，alittlesewing；anap，atry，abriskwalk．HeGAVEacry，agroan，ajump，ashout，ashrug，alongsigh，asatisfiedsmile．WeHADabath，adream，afight，aninterview，aquar-rel，ashave，ashower，asmoke，aswim，atalk，ataste，atry，awalk，awash，achat，ago，arest，asleep．SheTOOKabath，breath，anap，alook，notice，objection，recreation，arest，asolitarystroll，alongwalk．PaulMADEanannouncement，ananswer，anapplication，anappointment，anattack，anattempt，abeginning，abid，acall，acheck－up，acomment，acomparison，acopy，criticism，adecision，adeclaration，ademand，experiments，anexplanation，aguess，inquiries，investigations，notes，payment，preparations，progress，aproposal，arecovery，aremark，arequest，repairs．re-searches，asacrifice，aselection，aslip，aformalstatement，anotherstart，alongstay，adeepstudy，ahelpfulsuggestion，ageneralsurvey，severalvisits．1352 图解：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6058T1.bmp}  5．S+TV+R或S+TV．R或S+TV+（R）（Johnhidhim-selfbehindit．）1353 无数的及物动词可用反身代词作宾语（S+TV+R）：Shereproachedherself．Hekilledhimself．Hepraisedhimself．Don"tdeceiveyourself．Hecuthimself．Thedogchokeditself． |1354 有些动词和反身代词构成成语，相当于一个不及物动词（S+TV．R）：Heavowed（ordeclared）himself（=showedhischaracteropenly）；collectedhimself（=regainedself－control）；concealhimself（=hid）；enjoyedhimself（=hadagoodtime）；exertedhimself（=endeavoured）；can"tfindhimself（=providehisownliving，orfindouthisabilitiesandusethem）．Ilostmyself（＝demeanedmyself，lostmyway，orbecameabsorbedinsomething）；pulledmyselftogether（＝becamecomposed）；seated（orsettled）myself（=satdown）；washedmyself（=bathed）．1355约有20个及物动词常常或经常跟有反身代词：Ioverworkedmyself，oversleptmyself，overatemyself．Hedisported（＝amused）himself．Heperjuredhimself．Hebusiedhimself．Heabsentedhimselffromschool．Bestiryourself．Ibethoughtmyselfofit．Youmustdemean（orbear，comport，deport，conduct，acquit，quit）yourselfproperly．Helpyourself（=Serveyourselfwithfood）．Herelievedhimself（=wenttothebathroom）．1356 约有50个及物动词可跟有反身代词，也可以不跟（S+TV+（R））：a．就某些动词来说，使用反身代词时语气更强一些：Thebubblebursts（itself）．Thecloudsdispersed（themselves）．Hedressed（himself）foraparty；engaged（himself）inacontest（oraquarrel）．Thehorsefed（itself）ongrass．Heguarded（himself）againstvice；hid（himself）behind；neverintruded（himself）onanybody"scompany．CanIqualify（myself）forthepost？Ireformed（my-self）．Irested（myself）onthecouch．Heset（himself）upasascholar．Heshaved（himself）foradinner；stripped（himself）forashower－bath．Icouldnotsubmit（orsurrender）（myself）totheenemy（orinsult）．Itrained（myself）fortherace．Inevertroubled（myself）tohelpanyone．Heturned（himself）tomeforadvice．Hewashed（himself）．Heworried（himself）aboutnothing．Hewrapped（himself）beforegoingout．b．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词常常省略：NosuspicionattachestoJohn．Achickendevelopsintheegg．Theroadextendsformiles．Hisheartfillswithsorrow．Don"thurry．Keepquiet．Makesurethatthejourneyissafe．Wemademerry．Don"t |misbehave．Icannotrefrainfromlaughing．Weremovedfromplacetoplace．JohnseparatedfromMary．Iwithdrawfromsociety．c．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词可以保留，也可以省略，根据特定的上下文决定：Thechilddoesnotbehave（himself）（=showgoodmanners）．Hebehavedwell（orgallantly，properly）．Hedrewhimselfup（=assumedanerectattitude）．Hedrewup（=camenear）．Hegorgedhimselfwithmeat．Hegorgedonmeat．Heindulgedhimselfwithwine．Heindulged（himself）inwine．Wehavetoprepareourselves．Wehavetoprepare（ourselves）fortheworst（ortheexam）．d．Heisrecoveringhimself（=becomingcalm）．Heisrecoveringfromillness（ormadness，fatigue，shock，fright）．Hesethimselftowriteletters（ortowritingletters）（=begantowriteletters）．Hesettowork（=begantowork）．Hesetouttodoit，setaboutdoingit（=begantodoit）．Hesettledhimslef（=becamecalm）．Hesettledhimself（=satdown）inachair．Hesettled（himself）down（=becameestablishedinanewwayoflife）inLondon．It（Thing）willsettle． |1357 图解：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6061T1.bmp} 6．S＋TV＋N（Johnlivesahappylife．）1358 约有60个动词，通常用作不及物动词，却可以有同源宾语（CognateObject），这种宾语几乎和动词的意思相同，通常都有一个形容词或形容词短语修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同形：Sheblushedaninnocentblush；bowedalittlebow；coughedaterriblecough；dancedasillydance．Hediedanaturaldeath（orathousanddeaths，thedeathofamartyr，thedeathhedeserved）；dreamedasweetdream；laughedaheartylaugh；livedahappylife；lookalookofweariness；couldnotsayhissay．Hesighedadeepsigh（orasighofsatisfaction）；sleptasoundsleep（orthesleepofthejust）．Itsmelledastrangesmell．Hesmiledasadsmile；talkedfoot－balltalk；thoughtallgoodthought．1359 有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形：Itblewabriskgale．Hedancedaphantomballet；didagreatdeed；foughtabravewar（orfight，battle，action）；wentalongway（oradangerousjourney）；harvestedagoodcrop；livedahand－to－mouthexistence；playedasillygame；played（oracted）agreatpart；plodawearyway；prayedanearnestprayer；sawastrangesight；ranalongrace．Thebellrangamerrypeal．Hesangabeautifulsong；struckadeadlyblow．1360 有些动词后的同源宾语常常省略，代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的名词：Hebeamedsatisfaction（=beamedabeamofsatisfaction，showedsatisfactionbybeaming）；bowedhisobedience（orhisthanks）（=showedhisobedienceorthanksbybowing）；dancedhisjoy（=dancedhisdanceofjoy，showedhisjoybydancing）；gesticulatedhislove；giggledagreement；laugheddissent；lookinquiry（orhisthanks）；noddedhisassent（orwelcome）；roaredapproval；shoutedapplause；sigheddisappointment；smiledhiswelcome（orhisrelief，hisapproval，histhanks）；whistledhiscontempt，wepttearsofjoy．1361 有些同源宾语在最高级形容词后常常省略： |Thefireblazeditsbrightest（blaze）．Hebreathedhislast（breath）；didhisbest（deed）；foughthisbravest（war）；laughedhisloudest；lookedhisbest；ranhisfastest；shoutedhisloudest；sanghissweetest；triedhishardest．1362 在口语中一个没有意义的it常可用在某些动词后作同源宾语，表现一定的情绪：Hebraved（orbrazened）itout（＝facedtroublebravely［orshamelessly］）．We"llfaceitoutandfightitout．Asitwasgettingdark，Ihadtohotel（orinn）it．Shequeenedit（=domineer）overthem．Heusedtoroughit（=liveanuncomfortablelife）．I"llgoitalone（=actindependently）．He"sstarringitinafilm．Asthere"snocab，I"vetotrudge（orwalk，foot）it．1363 图解：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6063T1.bmp} 7．S＋TV．AP＋NorG（Johngaveuphisplan．）1364 无数及物动词后面跟有一地点副词来构成成语，整个成语相当于一个及物动词。但这些地点副词（AdvorbofPloce）多不表示地点，而表示其他东西，因此这种副词也可称作副词性小品词（AdverbialParticle），可以用AP来代表：Hegaveuphisplan．Ihavetothinkoutnewmethods．Shefoldeduphiscoat．Wemaypassoverthedetails．Theplaguesweptoffmanypeople．Hehastakenoverabusiness．Hegaveinthepaper．Hecloseddownthestore．Thebellbellowed（orpealed）forththeanniversary（orthevictoryofourarmy）．有些“动词＋地点副词”构成的成语可以用作不及物动词，如1340节中句子表示的那样，有些则用作及物动词：Anammunitiondumpblewup（=exploded）．（作不及物动词）Theenemyblewup（=destroyedbyexplosion）thebridge．（作及物动词） |ThenoisychildrenclearedoffwhenIcame．（作不及物动词）Ihavetoclearoffthosenoisychildren．（作及物动词）Ourconversationbrokeoffasaladycamein．（作不及物动词）Thatfellowbrokeoffourconversation．（作及物动词）Heshowedoffbeforegirls．（作不及物动词）Heshowedoffhisnewcar．（作及物动词）如果宾语较短，特别是由人称代词表示时，地点副词可以甚至必须放在宾语后面，在对副词加以强调时尤其如此（可参阅1497节）：Putthemoneyby．Shecalledhimback．Don"tbreakitoff．Hedreamedhishoursaway；slepttheclockaround；criedhisheartout；laughed（ortalked）themdown．Heateitup；closeditup；packeditup；tieditup．Hesentmeaway，sawheroff，calledmeout，drewusaside．1365 其它例子：a．Theybackedup（=supported）Johnsonandhispolicy．Theybailedouttheirfriend．Theybeatbackourattack．Imustbeatup（=beatseverely）thosemischievouschildren．Iblewout（=extinguished）thecandles．Webolsteredup（=supported）thisoldsystem．Ibookeddown（=wrotedown）thesum．Webookedup（=fixedanengagementwith）severalsingers．Theybossusabout（=orderusabout）．Thenewsbowledover（=overwhelmed）myfamily．Webrokeup（=dispersed）themeetingat11∶00p．m．．Themistakebroughtabout（=caused）alotoftrouble．Canyoubringdowntheprice？Thetaxbroughtintenmilliondollarsayear．Theexamplesbringout（=explainclearly）themeaningofthisword．Shebrushedoff（=jilted）herlover．Wemustbuildupourownarmedforces．Hewillbuyoff（=paymoneytogetridof）myinterest．b．Thisstrongmeasurecalledforth（=provoked）arevolt．Wecalledinadoctor．Wehavetocalloff（=cancel）thepicnic，whichwehavepreparedforsomanydays．Call（=Wake）meupat6a．m．．I"llcallyouup（=telephonetoyou）．Themusiccarriedoff（=moved）everyone．Hecarriedoff（=won）alltheprizes．Let"scarryon（=continue）thework，Wecarriedout（=performed）theplan．c．Hecandigup（=discover）someimportantinformation．Hedrewon（=pulledon）hissocksaftergettingup．Idrewup（=prepared）abill |（oralist）．Thetaxidroppedmeoff（=letmegetoff）atmyhotel．Thenoisedrownedout（=madeinaudible）ourconversation．d．Themotherfedup（=gaveextrafoodto）hersicklyson．Wefilledin（orout，up）theform．Hefencedoff（=builtbymeansofafence）agarden．Figureout（=count）thesum．Hefiredoffmanyquestions，whichnobodycouldanswer．Theyfittedouttheirsonwitheverythingnecessary．Wefittedup（=installed）themachine．Wefixedup（=arranged）atrip．Heflaggeddown（=stoppedbywavingtoit）apassingcar．Followup（=Continue）yoursuccesswithsomethingmoreambitious．e．Hegambledawayhislastcent，evenallhehadwonbe-fore．Hewillgetover（=finish）hisjob．Hegaveaway（=gavefreeofcharge）hisproperty．Hegaveaway（=betrayed）hisfriends．Wegavein（=handedin）theexercisebooks．Thefoodgaveoff（=emitted）abadsmell．Hegulpeddownhiscoffee．Heatup（=re－heat）theleftovers．Hehelpedmeout（=helpmegetoveradifficulty）．Sheheldback（=keptback）hertears．Canweholddown（=keepdown）costs？Wecouldnotholdoff（=keepatadistance）theattackers．f．Theenemykeptup（=maintained）theattackforthreemonths．Iknockedoff（=ateupquickly）fivebowlsofrice．Ilaidaside（orby）（=savedforfutureneeds）somedollars．Ilaiddown（=stateclearly）somerulesfortheoffice．Ourcompanylaidoff（=dismissed）fiveworkers．Leaveoff（=stop）fighting．Heleftout（=didn"tinclude）Maryintheinvitation．Don"tletdown（=disappoint）yourparents．Thedriverletoff（=dropped）aladyatthehotel．Thejudgelethimoff（=didnotpunishhim）．Iwilllookyouup（=visityou）tomorrow．Themanagerlookedtheapplicantupanddown（=examinehimcarefully）．Agirlwilllivenup（=makelively）ourparty．Helivedouthisyears（ordays，life）（=livedallhislife）inthissmallvillage．Hewillmakeout（=writeout）acheque．Myfathercan"tmakeout（=see）thesesmallletters，forheisfarsighted．Hemakesup（=invents）allkindsoflies．Thebossmarkeddown（=reducedthepriceof）allarticles．Hemessedup（=putindisorder）mydesk．Inailedup（=closedupwithnails）thewindow．g．Hepackedoff（=sentawayhurriedly）allhischildrentothecountry．Partitionoff（=Dividewithpartition）yourlivingroom．Passon（=Hand）thisnoticetootherpeople．Wepassedover（orup）（=overlooked）thechance．I"vepaidoff（=paidthewagesof）theworkers．Ihavetopayoff（=payforsafety）theblackmailers．Iwillpickout（=select）thebestnecktieforyou．Hepickedup（=found）acabatthecross-roads．Hepickedhimselfup（=gotupafterafall）．Hepicked |up（=learnedwithoutteachers）Englishsoquickly．Ipinnedhimdown（=gothimtocommithimself）astothequestionofsocialism．h．Iplayedbacktherecording，sothatwhathasbeenrecordedaboutherspeechcouldbeheard．Heplayeddown（=madelessemphatic）thedefectsofhisfactoryproducts．Plugin（=Makeconnection，bymeansofaplug，with）theradio．Hecanpolishoff（=finishoff）allthesegrapes．Hepulledon（=puton）hispantsandthenwentout．Ipulledup（=stopped）mycaratthepostoffice．Hisbrotherpusheshimabout（oraround）（=ordershimabout）．Iputaside（orby）（=saved）afewthousandpounds．Afterfivehoursofwork，Iputaway（=re－placed）thetools．Putforwardyourviewpoint．Iputin（=spent）fivehoursrepairingthisradio－set．Heputin（=submitted）anapplicationmonthsago．Wehavetoputoff（=postpone）thetripuntilnextmonth．InsteadoflosingweightIputonsomeweightlately．Weputon（=presented）ashow．i．I"llringyouup（=telephonetoyou）．Theyroaredouta21－gunsalute．Rollupthesleepingbagbeforeweleave．Weropedoff（=enclosedwitharope）aspacefordancing．Roundup（ordown）theprice（=Bringittoawholenumberbyraising［orlowering］it）．j．Wesaveupsomemoneyforfutureneeds．Iwillsee（=ac－company）youback（orhome）．Shesentaway（=dismissed）allhersuitors．Sendin（=Submit）yourphotosforthecontest．Hesentoutinvitationstohiswedding．Hisdeparturewassetbacktwoweeks．Thisdiscontentsetoff（=caused）arevolt．Wesetout（=arranged）thegoodsforsale．Wesetup（=establish）asmallstoreonthethirdfloor．Canheshakeoff（=getridof）hisbadhabit？Sheshowedoff（=displayedtoimpresspeople）herhands．Heshuthimselfaway（=confinedhimself）inhisattic．k．Hesignedaway（=soldbysigninglegalpapers）allhishouses．Hesignedhishouseovertome．Let"ssizeup（=makeajudgementof）thesituation．Thissmallaccidentsparkedoff（=touchedoff）histemper．Hesortedout（=arrangedinclasses）allthebookshehadcollected．Switchoff（=Turnoff）thetaperecorder．Sumup（=Statebriefly）youropinion．l．Takedown（=Writedown）myspeech，please．Iwilltakeoverthebusinesshedecidestogiveup．Itookup（=gotinterestedin）paintinglastyear．Thisbedtakesup（=occupy）toomuchspace．Youcantakeup（=mentionanddiscuss）thematterwiththeboss．Icantalkround（=persuade）anybodywhorefusestocooperate．Ihavetoteardown（=taketopieces）thebrokenmachine．Hewilltearup（=teartopieces）thecontractwhenitisnomoreusefultohim．Hetoldoff（=reproached）his |employees．Hecanthinkup（=devise）allkindsoflies．Hethrewon（=puton）hisgown．1366 在上面所有例句中，及物的动词成语都用名词或代词作宾语，但有些也可用动名词作宾语：Hekeptonaskingme．Heputoffgoingtothedoctor．HeleftoffstudyingFrench．Hegaveover（orgaveup）smoking．1367 注意不要把地点副词错误地看作是介词，把及物动词看作不及物动词，换言之，不要把这第七类谓语类型和下面第八类谓语类型混淆。1368 图解：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6070T1.bmp}这个符号表示，上方所有的词（动名词短语）应看作是一个词类（名词），尽管它们内部各有特定的作用。Asking作为动词，以me作宾语，而me和kepton没有直接关系。{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6070T2.bmp} 8．S＋IV．P＋NorG或S＋IV．P．N（Johnlaughedatme．）1369 无数的不及物动词可跟特定的介词构成成语，整个成语起及物动词的作用，可以用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：a．Youmustabideby（=keep）yourpromises．Theriveraboundswith（=hasmany）fish．Iagreedtohisview．Weaimatsuccessintheexamination．Thisansweramountstorefusal．Imustapologizeformyfault．Iaskfor（=demand）nothingluxurious．Hedependeduponmeforadvice．Hedreamedofhisgrandfather．Hegotintopolitics．Don"tgambleonit．Heimposedon（=deceived）her．Helaughedat（=derided）me．Shelooksafterherchild．Helookedinto（=examined）thematter．Hesentfor（=summoned）them．Ithoughtof（=considered）thismatter．Don"ttriflewith（=mock）her．b．Heabstainedfromdrinking．Hisreplyamountstorefusingherdemand．WebeganwithlearningABC．Happinessconsistsinbeingeasilypleased．Mysuccessdependsonmyfriendhelpingme．Hediedfromdrinkingtoomuch．Ifeltlikebeatinghim．Hegottodrinking．Hegoesabout（=isbusy）repairingacar．Heheardofhisbrotherhavingsucceeded．Welook |tomovingtoamorepeacefulcountry．Heobjectedtobeingtreatedlikeadog，aslave．Hetooktoreadingnovels．Thepapertellsoftheenemyhavingcapturedthcity（=Thepapersaysthattheenemyhascapturedthecity）．Hethoughtofgoingabroad．Hewonderedatbeingpraisedfordoingnothing．1370 无数不及物动词不仅和介词，还可和名词构成成语。这种成语可以看作是不及物动词，因为它们后面既不跟宾语，也不跟补语。a．这种成语中有些名词前不加冠词：Theyburstintolaughter（=suddenlylaughed）．Asteamercameintosight（=appeared）．Whendidthisworldcomeintoexistence（=comeout）？Thenewlawcomesintoforce（=functions）nextSeptember．Mysoncameofagelastyear．Hecametogrief（=sufferedmisfortune）．Yourletterhascometohand（=arrived）．Hecriedoverspiltmilk．Everythingendedinsmoke．Hefellintopoverty．Thelawhasfallenintoabeyance（=beennolongerobserved）．Manyslangwordshavefallenoutofuse（＝beennolongerused）．Theygotintotrouble．Wegotintohotwater（=becameinvolvedindifficulty）becauseofjealousy．Iwentonsickleave．Hehasgonethroughfireandwater（=undergonethegreatestperils）Theygotolaw（=appealtocourt）．Theschoolwenttogreatexpense（=spentverymuch）．Iwillgotosea（=beasailor）．Hewillgotorackandruin（=perish）．Robberslayinwaitforus．Welivefromhandtomouth（=cansavenothing）．Theshipputtosea（=beganavoyage）thismorning．Don"tstandonceremony（=beformal）．b．有些名词为复数形式：Sheburstintotears（=suddenlycried）．Thebuildingburstintoflames（=suddenlyburned）．Hefishedintroubledwaters（=lookedforpersonaladvantageintimesofnationalcalamity）．Thefencefellintopieces．Theyfoughtagainstodds（=foughtwithmenmuchmorethanthey）．Weshouldkeepwithinbounds（=actwithpropriety）．Theyplayedatcrosspurposes（=opposedeachother）．Theyplayedintothehandsofanother（=actedsoastogivesomeadvantagetoanother）．Don"tplaywithedgedtools（=playwiththingsdangerous）．Wetooktotheboats（=usedthelifeboatstoescape）．c．有些名词前加“a”：Wecametoaconclusion．Hisplancametoabadend（ornogood）（=failed）．Businesshascometoastandstill（=stopped）．Thetwocametoanunderstanding（=begantounderstandeachother）．Wewillgoforadrive（=goinacarforrelaxation）．Yourargumentgoes（orflies）offata |tangent（=changedsuddenlyinitsdirection）．Hislifehungbyathread（=dependeddangerouslyonsomethingsmall）．Provideagainstarainyday（=Prepareforanyemergencythatmayarise）．d．有些名词加“the”：Thesetwoplanscometothesamething（givethesameresult）．Heerredonthesafeside（=choseacourseerroneousbutsafe）．Hisworkshavefallenintotheshade（=ceasedtoattractattention）．Theyfoughttothebitterend（ortothedeath）．HegoesbythenameofJoo（=isfamiliarlycalledJoo）．Hewillgotothebad（=sinkintopovertyanddisgrace）．Thesituationisgoingtothebad（=isbecomingworse）．Theweakwillgotothewall（=bepushedasideashelpless）．Heneednotgotothetroubleofemployingatutor（=troublehimselftoemployone）．Don"tharponthesamestring（=keepsayingthesamething）．Keepintheshade．Herosetotheoccasion（=showedthathewasequaltoit）．e．有些名词前需加物主代词：Cometoyoursenses（=Stopbehavinglikeamadman）．Hefellonhisknees（=kneltdown）．Povertyfelltohislot（=becamehisdestiny）．Heisgoingabouthiswork（=doingit）．Sheliesatyourmercy（=issubjecttoyourcontrol）．Theoldwidowlivesonherown（=liveswithouthelpfromothers）．Donotquarrelwithyourbreadandbutter（=doanythingharmfultoyourlivelihood）．Itrisesfromitsasheslikeaphoenix（=liveagain）．Herosetohisfeet（=stoodup）．Thechanceslippedthroughmyfingers（＝escaped）．Myworkwillspeakforitself（=bevisibletoall）．Hestoodonhisdignity（=insistedonbeingtreat-edwithproperrespect）．Hestoodtohisguns（=defendedhisrights）．Youtreadonhistoes（=offendhim）．Heworkedonmyfears（=causedmetodosomethingforhim，bytakingadvantageofmyfears）．1371 不要错误地以为下面句子的谓语和上面句中的谓语属于同一类型：HecameonSunday．（S＋IV）Thechildrenareplayingbythetree．1372 图解：{ewcMVIMAGE,MVIMAGE,!4F6074T1.bmp} 9．S＋IV．AP．P＋NorG（Johnlookeddownonme．） |1373 无数不及物动词可与地点副词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作一个及物动词，因为它们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：a．Thelossaddedupto（=amountedto）amilliondollars．Hebowsdownto（=flatters）nobody．Hebrokeawayfrom（=cuthistieswith）allhisfriends．Carryonwith（=continue）yourwork．Leecashedinon（=madeaprofitfrom）tea．Wedon"treallycatchonto（=under－stand）thiscustom．Ican"tcatchupwith（=overtake）theclassthisyear．IcheckedoutofthehoteltwodaysafterIcheckedin（=signedtheregisteronarriving）．Thepolicecheckedupon（=investigated）thesuspect．Hecamearoundto（=agreed，afterdisagreeing，to）myviews．Theteachercamedownon（=reprimand）him．Icamedownwith（=caught）aflu．Icameneartodeath（=almostdied）．Noresultcameoutofthetest．Hecameoutwithaquestion．Lastyearnoplayscameupto（=equalled）thestandard．Myfriendcameupwithagoodidea．Weallcriedoutagainst（=opposed）favoritism．Mostimportant，youmustcutdownon（=reduceconsumptionof）sugar．Hecutinwith（=insert）aterriblysaucyremarkwhilewewerediscussing．b．Thiscustomdates（=orgoes）backtotheearlyeighteenthcentury．Weshoulddoawaywith（=getridof）allsocialevils．Everyonedoeswellwithhim（=treatshimwell）．Hedroppedinon（=madeanunplannedvisitto）myfamily．Hedroppedofftosleep（=fellasleep）．Hedroppedoutof（=quit）highschool．Heendedupas（=finallybe－came）amanager．Heendedupwithnotacentinhispocket．Ihavetofaceupto（=bravelyaccept）thesituation．Wehavetofallbackupon（=dependupon）hissup－port．Hefelloutwith（=quarrelledwith）allhisfriends．Ifeelupto（=feelcapableofundertaking）thisjob．Hewillfindoutabout（=getfactsabout）thismatter．Hedidn"tfitinwith（=liveinharmonywith）thoseforeigners．HowcanIgetawayfrom（=avoid）hernagging？Howareyougettingon（oralong）with（=livingtogetherwith）yourbride？Icannotgetoutof（=avoid）thistrouble．Haveyougotthroughwith（=finish）thatjob？Don"tgiveinto（=yieldto）yourimpulse．Hegoesalongwith（=agreeswith）ourparty．Hegoes（orplays）aroundwith（=foolsaroundwith）allkindsofgirls．Hewentinfor（=gotinterestedin）stampcollecting．Hewillgoontocollege．Thisstorewillsoongooutofbusiness（=endabusiness）．Thissweaterhasgoneoutoffashion（=isnomorefashionable）．HeoftengoesoutwiththatprettyJapanesegirl．Sheheldonto（=keptgrasping）hisarm． c．Shekeepsawayfrom（=avoids）him．Weshouldkeepinwith（=keepfriendlywith）ourneighbors．Icannotkeepupwith（=overtake）myclassmates．Thissmalleventledupto（=preparedthewayfor）his |death．Liveupto（=Actaccordingto）yourpromise．Ioftenlookbackon（=recollect）theolddays．Helookedbackover（=reviewed）hisrecord．Don"tlookdownon（=despise）smallpeople．Wearelookingforwardto（=anticipatingwithpleasure）yourvisit．Lookoutfor（=Watchoutfor）thecar．Hecannotmakeupfor（=compensate）thelossIhavesuffered．Hemadeoffwith（=stoleandhurriedawaywith）allmymoney．Doeshisschoolworkmeasureupto（=comeupto）hishopes？LastyearImetupwith（=metbychance）Jane，whoIhadn"tseenfortenyears．Thechildmessedaboutwith（=madeamessof）mydesk．d．Heplayedupto（=triedtoplease）her．Ihadtoputupwith（=bear）theseterriblenoiseseveryday．Imustsettleupwith（=getevenwith）themanwhohasinsultedme．Manysignedupfor（=joinedin）thecontest．Theguestssatdowntodinnerateight．Ican"tsitdownwith（=sufferwithoutcomplaint）thatinsult．Weshouldspeakupfor（=speakinaloudvoicefor）justice．Thispolicemanstoodinwith（=wasinsecretleaguewith）thosegangsters．Whydon"twestandoutagainst（=oppose）thisevilpractice？Weshouldstandupfor（=support）thisgoodpolicy．Ialwaysthinkbackto（=recall）mychildhood．Thinktwiceaboutitbeforeyouact．Tuneintoanotherradiostation．Weshouldwakeupto（=realize）theseriousnessofoursituation．Theywaitupforme（=TheystayawakeuntilIcomehome）．Hewalkedawaywith（=easilywon）theelection．Hewalkedoffwith（=tookaway）myumbrella．Wewalkedoutofthemeetingasanexpressionofprotest．Iwantoutof（=wanttobefreedfrom）hernagging．Iwarmedupto（=becamefriendlywith）myneighbors．Weshouldwiseupto（Am．）（=finallyunder－stand）whatisgoingon．Ican"tworktogetherwithhim．e．Hegotoutof（=avoided）smoking．Wemovedontogettingmarried．Westoodupforprohibitingnarcotics．Ineverturnasidefrom（=avoid）doinganythinggood．Hewentnearto（=narrowlyescaped）beingkilled．