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外显互动任务在高中英语语法教学中的行动研究

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11078:分类号:学校代码udc::密级_ROtrB学号?iii4ift〇〇B广州大学硕士学位论文题目;外显互动任务在高中英语语法教学中的行动研究学生类型:□双证学术学位研究生U双证专业学位研究生□单证专业学位研究生学位申请人:g东拉健导师姓名及职称:置鸿怀副救t#??外国语学J度学院(研究所)?:英语学科专业(领域)学科教学:9日加1论文提交日期碑1 广州大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明,所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究作出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。学位论文作者签名:秣日期:X丨年&月6日广州大学学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解广州大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:研究生在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权单位属广州大学。学校有权保留并向国家主管部门或其指定机构送交论文的电子版和纸质版,允许学位论文被检索、查阅和借阅,;学校可以公布学位论文的全部或部分内容可以允许采用影响印、缩印、数字化或其他手段保存、汇编学位论文。(保密论文保密期满后,适用本声明)本人电子文档的内容和纸质论文的内容相一致。本学位论文属于:□保密,在密后适用本授权书。年解□不保密。“”(请在以上相应方框内打V)f学位论文作者签名:林彳i日期:年明日f导师签名:\日期:年G月沁日I ?11分类号学校代码?078UDC密级学号:2111418008广州大学学位论文答辩用外显互动任务在高中英语语法教学中的行动研究陈纹婷学科专业(领域):教育硕士研究方向:举科教学(英语)2016.12.15论文答辩日期:指导教师(签名):答辩委员会主席(签名?答辩委员会委员(签名)?伽¥\ AnActionResearchontheApplicationofExplicitInteractiveTaskInstruction9inSeniorSchoolsEnglishGrammarTeachingAThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentof9theReuirementsfortheMastersDereeqgByChenWentingSuervisor:inHonhuaipQgGuangzhouUniversity2016 AcknowledementsgIn20141cametothisbeautifulcamuswhereIhadreciousandshorttimeas,p,paraduaestuden-ttandlearnedalotfromtheteachers.Theyheledmereexaminemygpownlearning,teachingattitudeandmethod,andbroughtnewtheoriesandviewstome.SoIhadtheoortunittoknowrealscholarshi.Withtheuidanceofteachersppypg,knowledeainedenkredheeauIotnewtrththiinandrediscovetlsreofreadin.gg,gpgAtthesametime,Ilearnedtheteachinginactualmeaningfromteachers.Thankailmteachers.ysec?EiallyIwanttothankmmentorassociaterofessorinHonhuaiwhop,ypQg,helpedmealotintheselectionofthetopic,literaturereview,researchproceduresandthemodificationoftheessay.Andheatientlandcarefullyuidedmewhichmadepyg,mefeelhisrigorandhiscareforanimmaturenoviceinacademicresearch.IntherocessofcontactwithassociaterofessorQinIincreasinlfelthisknowledeablepp,gyg,thoughtfulandrigorousattitudetowardsacademics.Mythanksalsogotomyclassmatesfortheirhelpandencouragementandtom,yfamilyfortheirsupportwithoutwhichIwouldnothavebeenabletofinishtheaer.,ppThecomplementoftheessayustmeanstheendoftheostraduatestae.AsjpggmylifelonoalistodevelomownselftobecomearesearchteacherIwilldeelggpy,py9keepteachersinstructioninmindandindustriouslyobserve,discover,exploreandimproveinthework. AbstractThepurposeofthisessayistotestifythefeasibilityandeffectivenessofExplicitInteractiveTaskInstructionorEITIinEnglishgrammarteachinginseniorhihschools.()gExttttttttplicitinteraciveaskinsrucionisaypeofeachingaroachhahelslearnersraiseppptheirconsciousawarenesstorammaticalformsorstructuresofthetaretlanuaeandatgggg,thesametimerovidecommunicativeactivitiessoastoimrovetheircommunicative,p,pcometence.Thtendstoaswerthefollowintwouestions:pisaerinngqpp'1CanEITIenrichseniorstudentsexlicitknowledge?)p92CanEITIromoteseniorstudentsmasteroframmaritemsandfacilitatetheir)pygautonomouslearning?Thieliiinterviisactonresearchmosexermentuestionnaresewsobservationandpyp,q,,reflectioninstruments.TheexperimentappliesEITPssevenstepsputforwardbyDaiWeidong&RenQingmeitoEnglishgrammarteaching.Andquestionnairesaredonebothbeforeandaftertheexeriment.Interviewsrunthroughtheexperimentwhosesubectsarep,j…sixreresentativeschosenaccordintothersevesoodmiddeand.giEnglihllgloorp,pObservationalsorunsthrouhtheentirerocessmostofwhichismadebtheteacherofgp,ythelearners.Boththeteacherandstudentsarereuiredtoreflectbecausetheexerimentqpiwi.itselfisanactionresearchandmanyssuessurelyllariseOperationalproceduresaresubecttoadustment.Theresultsofinterviewsshowthatabout80%studentsholdositivejjpattitudetowardsEITI;atleast75%studentsactivelyreflectontheirproblemsandopinions-uesandobviousimrovementcanbeseenfromtheresultsofosttionnaire.Inadditionppq,’0-ostrammartestsentireaccuracisabove80/〇theaccuracofthosethreerammarpgy;ygitemsisabove90%inwritingtestandresultsofmetalinguisticknowledgeanduntimedGTJareimproved.Beforetheexperiment,byanalyzingthecompositionfinishedinclass,theauthor----findsoutandsummarizesthemostcommonmistakesmadebystudentssubectredicatejp“”areementtheusaeofthearticileofFiniteVerbstheusaeofwhichinattributeg;gpp;gclauses.Andthentherearethreeroundsofactionresearchonthesethreeitemsabout explicitinteractivetaskinstructiontask.Duringtheexperiment,correspondingreflectionandadustmentinnextroundaremadeaftereachroundofthestudy.Intherocessofjpconstantrevisionandadustmentexlicitinteractivetaskinstructionialiedbetterandj,psppflexnrarcsenorhscsv-iblyigmmateahinginiighhool.Thenreleantosttestsare,p9conductedincludinggrammartests,enrichmentofexplicitknowledgeandlearnersautonomouslearningaboutthosethreegrammaritems.Finally,throughtheanalysisof5experimentaldataanduestionnairesresultsthisstudtestifiesthefollowinresearchq,yghothesis:yp51EITIcanenrichseniorschoolsstudentsexlicitknowlede.)pg52)EITIcanpromoteseniorschoolsstudentsmasteryofgrammaritemsandfacilitatetheirautonomouslearnin.gIneneralexlicitinteractivetasksinstructionoensanewdoorforEnlishg,ppggrammarteaching,whichisaneffectiveteachingapproach.Itissurelyworthtryingandpromoting.Keywords:Englishinstruction;grammarteachingexlicitinteractivetaskinstruction;p;actionresearchfeasibilitandeffectiveness;y 摘要本文的研究目的是为了证明外显互动任务在高中语法教学中的有效性。外显互动任务教学是一种帮助学习者提高对目标语言的语法形式或结构的有意识注。意,同时,配以真实交际活动练习,提高学习者交际能力的教学方式本文的研究?问题是:(1)外显互动任务能否丰富学生的外显知识(2)外显互动任务能否改善他们对语法项目的掌握以及促进他们的自主学习?本文运用以实验、问卷、访谈、观察和反思手段,进行行动研究。实验主要是运用戴炜栋、任庆梅提出的外显互动任务的七个步骤进行英语语法教学。实验之前和之后都有相对应的调查问卷■?访谈是贯穿整个实验过程中的,实验前后和一中间都会有。访谈的对象是根据上中下三个水平段选出六个代表。观察和访谈样,也是贯穿整个实验的。主要是老师对学习者的观察。反思要求学生和教师都要去做,因为是行动研究,所以中间肯定有问题出现,这时就要求及时反思做出调整。可行性的操作定义是:访谈结果显示约80%的学生对外显互动任务持积极态度;75%以上学生都积极的反映自己的问题及观点以及后测问卷结果有明显的改善。有效性的操作定义是:语法测试中的整体的正确率到达80%以上;在作文测试中之前的三个语法知识正确率达到%以上以及元认知测试和不限时语法测试结果比实验前有所提高。为了检査学习者学习动机的变化和外显知识丰富程度的变化,实验之前都进行了相关的问卷调査,其问卷内容参考的是前人采用过的相关文献,确保其信度一和效度。在实验之前,篇作文的分析通过对他们当堂写的,找出并归纳了其中一…主谓致hich他们犯的最为普遍的三个语法知识点,非谓语动词的用法和w在从句中的用法。然后就这三个语法错误进行了三轮关于外显互动任务的行动研宄。一一在此期间轮研究结束后都有相对应的反思及下,,每轮应该要做出的调整方案在不断修改和调整的过程中更好地将外显互动任灵活地运用到高中语法教学当中。最后,进行相关那三个语法知识点的语法测试及相对应外显知识丰富程度及。,自主学习方面的后测最后,通过分析实验数据和问卷结果之后本研究证实了以下研究假设: 1)外显互动任务可以丰富学生的外显知识。2)外显互动任务能够促进学生掌握常犯语法错误的知识点以及自主探究的能力。总的来说一,外显互动任务开启了英语语法教学的新大门,是种有效的教学方式,值得尝试和推广。:英语教学关键词;语法教学;外显互动任务;行动研究;可行性和有效性 ContentsAbstractinEnglishAbstractinChineseChaterOneIntroduction1p1.1Researchbackround1g1.2Significancefthestudoy11.3ResearchPurpose31.4Overallstructureofthethesis4ChapterTwoLiteratureReview52.1Grammarteaching52.2TheDefinitionofExplicitInteractiveTaskInstruction72.3Relevanttheories92.3.1Explicitknowledgeandimplicitknowledge92.3.2ExplicitConsciousnessRaisingTask122.3.3Interaction142.4TheroosalandfeaturesofExplicitInteractiveTaskInstruction15pp2.5Relatedstudies182.5.1Overseasstudies182.5.2Domesticstudies20ChapterThreeActionResearch233.1Researchuestions23Q3.2ResearchSubects23j3nstruments24.3I3.3.1Questionnaire243.3.2Testscomositionandreadinmaterials25,pg3.3.3Classroomobservationandindividualinterview253Datacollection26.3.43ExlicitInteractiveTaskInstructioninrammarclass26.4Caseofpg3.4.1Lessonrearation26pp3.4.2Designedstagesofresearchscheme27 34.3Thedetailedimlementation27.pChapterFourResultsandDiscussion314.1Theeffectonstudents314bioi.1.1Theefectshowedyuestnnares31q’4.1.2Studentschanges374.1.3Theanalysisofwriting404.2Theeffectonenrichmentofexplicitknowledge414.2.1Testcontent414.2.2Dataanalysisoftests42ChapterFiveConclusion455.1Maorfindins45jg5.2Imlications46p5.3Limitationsandsuestionsgg48References51end-Appix1Questionnaireofretest55pAendstonnareofo-estppix2ueiistt57Qpendmm-Appix3Graartestofretest58pAt-ttppendix4Grammartestofoses61pAppendix5Measuringofexlicitknowlede64pgA5ppendix6Samplesofstudentswriting68Appendix769Aendix870ppAppendix971 ChapterOneIntroductionChapterOneIntroduction1.1ResearchbackgroundTheteachingapproach,ExplicitInteractiveTaskInstruction(EITI)isexpectedtotttincreasewaysofreceivingexplicigrammaicalinformaionwhileshowinglearners’passagesoftargetgrammaritems,andtoattachgreatimportancetoraiselearnersawarenessoflanuaeforms.Withthehelofitlearnerscanreceivetimelinteractiveggp,yfeedbackthroughlearningactivitiesandtaskswhichishelfultointernalizetheirexlicit,pp“”knowledgeinlanguageinput.Interactivefeedbackherereferstovariousconsultationandamendmentofstrategiesmadebylanuaelearnersinordertoromoteunderstandinggpgntherocessoicationhichmakestheiousorunconscousipfcommun,wlearnerconsclyilyttattl.EITImanoicererammarformsaalllevesinlincludessixbasicroceduresggyp,namely,coveringgrammaticalpointsinthepassage,noticinggrammaticalpoints,establishingexlicitknowledeassinintasksofthegrammaticaludmentpg,ggjg,automatizingexlicitknowledeandreflectinonthelearnincontentandstrateies.pggggGiventhesignificanceandvalueofthisteachingapproach,thepresentstudyattemptstoanswertheresearchquestionsthroughaction,withtheaimtotestifytheefficiencyandpracticabilityofEITIinEnlishrammarteachininseniorhighschoolsandcoewithgggpsomeractcaosttsammarearn.ilissuesfrudeninrlinpgg1.2SignificanceofthestudyAhistoricalsketchoflanguageteachingreallymustbesetinthecontextofa“”revalitlttrt.tthincusomaranuaeeachinadiionForalonimeerammarpg,ygggg,gtranslationmethodhasexertedareatinfluenceontheteachinofEnlishrammaringgggChina.AlthoughthismethodcanenableEnglishlearnerstohaverofessionalknowledepgofEnglishgrammarrules,theirabilitytoapplytheserulescorrectlytorealcommunication"stuatonsrovestoeter.Asaresuttearnnmeansatedousexeenceiipbrahflimsyl,heligipriofmemorizinglistsofunusablerammarrulesandvocabularandattemtintoroducegypgp?,erfecttranslationsofstiltedorliteraryproseichardsandRodgers1986:4.Thisp(R,)methodthushasturnedouttobeunfruitful.l 广州大学硕士学位论文Sincethe1990sthecommunicativelanuaeteachinaroachhasbeenwidel,gggppyadotedbtheTEFLcircleinChina.Ontheonehandwithwiderconsiderationsforwhatpy,isaropriateaswellaswhatisreciseittacklesavarietoflanuaeformsincludinppp,ygggconversationsandassaesaswellassentencesandalsorovidesrealisticandmotivatinpg,pgpractice.Ontheotherhand,itsdisadvantageisalsoapparent,foritisnotonlyhardtobalancethelanuaecometenceandthecommunicativeerformancebutalsohardtoggpp,addressthemistakesreoccurringincommunication.Fossilizationisinevitableintheend.d-Althouhmanyiferentlanguageteachingmethodssuchasgrammartranslationgmethodandthecommunicativeapproachhavebeentriedoutrammariseither,goveremphasizedorexcessivelyinoredinthatitisdificulttokeethebalancebetweenitsgpformandmeanin.Inthissensesomeresearchersandscholarshavedevotedthemselvesg,tofindinoutanevenmoreeffectivemethodoframmarteachinthatutsthesamegggpweightonformandmeaningandalsoachievesfluency,accuracyandcomplexityofanuasiveoonnrinelgeuse.Henceomealternattisiammarteachlikg,pgg--conscaoachrm-secandaskasednsuctoneiousnessraisinrfofocudinstrutiontbitrihavgpp,,beendeve-loped.Thetaskbasedinstructionviewsthelearningprocessasaseriesofcommunicativetaskswhichdirectlyleadtothecurriculargoals,regardingtasksastheTh-thefocenterofteachingfocus.eformfocusedonehoweveremasizesrmal,,phcharacteristicsofthetaretlanuae.Itsmaorfocusisonmeaninandcommunication.gggjg,L-tikewise,theconsciousraisinaroach(Ruherford1987aimedtoraiselearnersgpp,)awarenesstothefeaturesofthetargetlanguageandencouragelearnerstoexploretherulesbythemselvesthroukeeinaneeontheasectsofthetaretstructures.Inviewinofghpgypggeresearcesaboueconscousness-rasthhtthiiingtasksEllis2003utsforwardanew,()p ̄ot-ionforrammarteachintheexlicitconsciousnessraisintaskmodelalsocalledpggpg,ECTmodel.UsingthereferenceofachievementsaboutforeinrammarteachinandinteratingggggtheactualconditiorisofChinaEnlishrammarteachinDaiWeidonandReninmeiggg,gQg-ra2006onthebasisofexplicitconsciousnessisintaskmodel(2003)alsoroosed(),g,ppExplicitInteractiveTaskInstruction.Theyattemptedtokeepthebalancebetween2 ChapterOneIntroductiongrammaticalformsandcommunicativeactivitiesintheclassroom.’IntheorEITIaruesthatinutandformlaimortantrolesindeveloinstudentsy,gppyppgcommuntttttua.Mtticaiveabilitandromoinheouuoflaneeanwhileicannoonlypgpgg,yfacilitatethemasterofknowledeoflearnersbutalsocultivatetheirlearnininterestandyg,gdeveloptheabilityofautonomouslearning.Basedonsomerelativetheoriesofexplicitknowledeandmcitedeaswellasrelatedtheoriesoframmarteactegipliknowlgghing,hauthorintendstofindoutwhetheritishelpfulinimprovingtheefficiencyofEnglish,rammarteachinintheclassroomcultivatinstudentsautonomouslearninabilitandgg,ggystimulatinthelfindafEnlihhiniirearnininterestsoastonewideaosrammarteacngg,gggsenorhscs.eresearchofthisteachinaroachisexectedtorovidetheiighhoolThgppppenlihtenmentontheteacher—howtodealwgiththerammarinEnlishclassandhowtoggcombineexlicitgrammarteachingandimlicitgrammarteachin,andtohelteachersppgpandlearnerscorrectlyunderstandtheroleoframmarandthentakearoriatestrateiesgpppgtoteachort.Tsanewteachtlearnrammarinheclassroomhuinaroachislikelobeg,gppyexloredtoimrovetheeficiencoframmarteachinppy.ggItishelpfulfortheteachertomastersometeachingtheoriesandconcentrateonrelevantteachingtheoriesandpracticetodeeplyunderstandtheprocessandrulesoflttotteteeneaatonefementstinuisicssoasfurherromohrlizirinublimaionandg,pg,,develotofteacht.Itttmeninraciceexeriencenheresearchrocessheauhorcanlearnpgppp,newtheorfindsroblemsreflectsonthoserobthlemsenhanceseexerienceandy,p,p,p,fache.Ihilitatethedevelopmentandroressoftresearchinsolvinroblemstalsoenricespggp'iitheteachersownteachingtheoreticallevelandimprovetheualtofteachn.qyg1.3ResearchPurposeAsanindisensableartofsecondlanuaeteachinrammarhasalwasattractedppggg,gyattentionoweverthatdoesnotmeanthetraditionalexlicitrammarteachinhasbeen.H,pggaccepted.TheOrdinaryHihSchoolEnglishCurriculumStandards^whichistheoutlineofgEnlisheducationinChinaclearlreuiresthatseniorhihschoolEnlishteachinaimtog,yqggg5cultivatestudentsoverallEnlishabilitandlanuaeknowledeisthefoundationofgy,ggg3 广州大学硕士学位论文overallEnglishability.Thatistosayrammarteachinisnotonlytheteachinof,ggg’nowesotcuvatofstudenelanuaekledbutalheltiiontsracticablelanuaggg,pggcommunicativecometence.Thuscurrentlalotofresearchesforexamle,y,p,,poe*SurveyOralEnlishsAccuracyandFluencyincolleestudentscooerativelearninfggpg''CaiYueshen&HuSufen,2015andContrastiveStudoLearnersOralEnlishs(g)yfgAccuracyandFluencybasedonTasks(LuJunhua,2012),allfocusonhowtoteachgrammarandhowtokeepaneyeonlanguageaccuracyandfluencyingrammarteaching.Theprocessofgrammarteaching,interaction,inputandoutputbecomehottopicsintheresearchofgrammarteaching.Insuchabackground,EITIarisesatthatmoment.Inorder’toimproveseniorhighschoolsEnglishgrammarteaching,facilitategrammarteachingandearnateerewasoveriracelingstriesthsearchernttwhetheEITIisrticableandefectivg,fyp9inseniorhighschoolsrammarteachinthrouhanexeriment.gggp1.4OverallstructureofthethesisThouhforeinlanuaelearnerslearnexlicitrincilesoframmarallthetimeggggpppg,theyusuallyfailattheapplicationofthoseprinciplestheyhaveacquiredincommunicative’,tasks.EITIraiseslearnersconsciousawarenessoftaretlanguaesformswhileggimrovincommxmicativecometenc.Itattachesimortancetobothformandmeanin.pgpypgTherefore,ahypothesisisputforwardasfollows:EITIofEnglishgrammarteachingin9seniorhighschoolscaneffectivelyfacilitatelearnersgrammarlevels.Inthisthesis,bothualitativeanduantitativestudiesarecarriedouttoverithehypothesisabove.qqfyThethesisiscomposedoffivechapters.InChapterOneanintroductionismadeto,thepurposeandsignificanceofthestudyandthelayoutofthethesisaredemonstrated.ChapterTwomainlyreviewsthehistoryofgrammarteaching,theoreticalbasisofEITIanditscharacteristicsandprocedures.InChapterThree,theexperimentaldesignispresented.InChaterFourtheresultsareanalzedanddiscussed.ConclusionsaredrawninChaterp,ypFive,alsothelastchapter,followedbymajorfindings,someimplicationsforEITI,andlimitationsandsuggestionsofthestudy.4 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewChaterTwoLiteratureReviewp2.1GrammarteachingIntheearlstaeGrammarTranslationMethodwasadotedtoteachasecondyg,planuae.Inthismethodtheteacheremhasizesformsandrammaticalaccurac.Onthegg,pgycontrarhoseemhasizinoralfluencinSLArelaceitwithAudio-linualMehody,tpgypgt,,whichconcentratesondevelopinglearnersoralmanipulationofgrammaticalrulesbymamencesudo-imicrymemorizationofexplesentslli1991.AilinualMethodwas(E,)gdesignedtomasterthegrammaticalknowledgewiththespokenformofthetargetlanguageTL.Inthe1970stheteachinofreallanuaeusedinsocialandculturalsettinswas(),ggggincreasingpopularityamongscholarsandlanguageinstructors,whomadecriticismofinstructionsthatconcentratedonrammaticalstructuresandemlmsizedthesinificancegpg9ofleamersabilittocommunicate.ManresearchersclaimedthatlearnersshouldnotonlyyyknowrammaticalrincilesbutalsoitsfunctionsinvarietyofsituationswherelanuaegppggisusednaturallyaimingtoacquireTL.Therefore,theresearchandpracticehaverapidlyshomAudo-nuaeteexoraonofCommuncaveLaneiftedfriliglMhodtothpltiitiguag“Teaching.CommunicativeLanguageTeachingseekstoromoteinterretation,exressionppp,”Wandneotiationofmeanin(P.64)(iddowson1989.Communicativecometencisasgg,)pythesameimportantasgrammaticalcompetencyinTL.Thenthequestionis:Whatkindofgrammarteachingmethodwecanchoosetoincludecometencebothinrammaticalandpgcommunicativeaspects.OonentsofGrammarTranslationMethoddemonstratedthatexlicitgrammarpppteachingcannotachievethegoalformasteringlanguage.Frommypointofview,’CommunicativeLanguageTeachingstillcantachievetheoalformasterinlanuae.ggggMuchimortanceshouldbeattachedtohighlightinlobalinterativetasksratherthanonpggg“searatestructures.Savinonanaliedlinuistmadeclearthatcommunicationcannotpg,ppg,takelaceintheabsenceofstructure,orrammar..(P.79)pgOntheonehandmanasectsofTLcannotbetauhtorlearnedeasil.Krashen,ypgy(1992:409)alsoagreedwiththisviewsayingthatustasmallortionofthetotaljp5 广州大学硕士学位论文grammaticalroertiesofalanuaecanbeconsciousllearned.GreenandHecht1992:ppggy(180foundthatuiteafewruleswereeastoformulateandsomewererelativeldifficult.)qyyIntheirviewshardrulesaresoabstractthatthecannotbedescribedoralied,yppmechanically.Andtheyaredificulttobeappliedbecausetheyarenotalwaysgovernedbytheimmediatelinguisticenvironment.Ontheotherhand,separateexplicitgrammarucons-instrtiinotenoughfordevelopmentofpramaticcometence.Sorace1985:25052gp()doesomeresearcheson-snonbeginnersabouttheirItalianlearninwithexlicitfocusongprammari-irsherelthahouinacquistionpoorenvonment.Tsusshowttalththerewasgg“’’“highlysignificantcorrelationbetweenknowledgeanduse,theircommunicative”’cometencewasrestricted.Onlywiththeredefininoframmarstraditionalconcetcanpggpexplicitrammarinstructiondevelocommunicativecometence.Grammarrulesshouldgppscseataoratenessrathneofincluderulesofdiourndragmaicpprpierthasimldescriptionsppthewaythatwordscombinetoformsentences.AccordingtoCorder(1988),alearner“”“needsnoonnae_eanfoueetltivskinirmationbtalsolntifulcontextualizedlanuaypgpgg”datatolearnprinciplesoflanguageuse,principlesofpragmaticappropriatenessinarticular.Thissuestionacknowledgesthesinificanceofusinauthenticmaterialandpggggtheneedforlearnerstoinvolveauthenticcommunicationsoastotherearationforkindsppofdiscoursetheywillencounteroutsidetheclassroom.Whafsmoretheassumtionthat5pgrammaticalaccuracycandevelopintheclassroomaftercommunicationhasbeenachievedbimmersionresearchfindins.Howevertherammaticalcometenceofyg,gpimmersionstudentsischaracterizedbyfossilizationorclassroomidginHammerleyp(,R’“1987.Alsoinichardswords1985:152learnersarefinallsuccessfulbut),,()y5grammaticallyinaccuratecommunicators/Itisdificulttosolvethisissuebutifsmabebeneficialtocomromiseexlicit,ypprammareacanda-gthincommunicativelyorientedsituation.LightbrownandSada1990gp()va-lidatedtheproposalthroughthestudyofformfocusedinstructionandcorrectivefeedbackprovidedinaprimarilycommunicativeprogram.Theyfoundthatlearnerserfomedbeterinsomeaspectsofgrammarwhenoferedinstructionthatexlicitldealtppywithgrammarandcorrectionincontext.Explicitrammarshouldbesuosedtobetauhtggpp6 ChapterTwoLiteratureReview’incontextofcommunicativeactivitiestomakeupseparateinstructionspragmaticshortcomings.Ellis1994a:110roosesthatexlicitrammarinstructioncanbe()pppgu55com-plementedbyaftmctionalortaskbasedsllabusifthefinalobectivetomostEFLyjcoursesmakelearnersuseEnglishinrealcommunication.ExplicitgrammarinstructionandcommimicativelanguageteachingcansupplementeachothertoprovideanewersectiveExlicitInteractiveTaskInstructionforteachinrammar.pp,pgg2.2TheDefinitionofExlicitInteractiveTaskInstructionpExplicitInteractiveTaskInstruction(EITI)isputforwardbyDaiWeidongandRenQingmei(2006).Itincludessixparts:a.Coveringmaterialswhichcontainformsoftaretgrammargb.Readingandayingattentiontothosegrammaticalformspcknowlede.Establishingrelevantexlicitgpd.Tasksoframmarudgmentgje.Automationofexlicitknowledepgf.ReflectionoflearningcontentsandstrategiesFirstlylearnersareivenaassaewhichcontainsthetaretrammar.Atthisstae,gpgggg,theteachershoulduidelearnerstoourattentionintothecontentoftheassaeandthengppgthetaretrammar.Subseuentlrovidinblankfillinexercisesforlearnerstocomleteggqy,pggpimmediatel.Theanswersofsuchexercisesexactlyareabouttaretrammar.ThiskindofyggexerciseisdifferentfromtraditionalonebecauseitisnotnecessarytorelonanlanguaeyygabilityandonlyneedscarefUlreading.Thesetwostepsemphasizelanguageinput,asa,modelandincreasesinificanceandfreuencsoastoraiselearnersawarenessoftaret,,gqyg’grammaranditsformswhichishelfolforthemtounderstandtaretrammarsforms,pggbetterwhenreceivingtargetgrammar^input.Inputfloodisanimportantmethodtoincreasefreuencywhichalsorovideslearnerswithmoreoportunitiestonoticeformsq,ppoftaretrammar.Andtheteachercanalsousesomesimlerwassuchasbolditalicsgg,py,9andtransformofcolortoattractlearnersattention.7 广州大学硕士学位论文Atthethirdstage,whatdomatersisthecomprehensionofgrammarformstohelptlearnersformexplicitknowledgeofhetargetgrammar.Byusingthewayofexploration,theteacheruidesthemtoanalzereadinmaterialsandfindrelevantrammarrinciles.gyggppThiswayishelfulforlearnersnotonlytoestablishexplicitknowledebutalsocanpgstimulatetheirlearninmotivationandthenhelthemexerttheirsubectiveinitiativeandg,pjdeveloptheirautonomouslearningability.Basedonthis,theteachercanofferlearnersanotherpassage,whichhassomemistakesrelatingtotargetgrammarreuirelearnersto,qcorrectthemandencouraethemtoadotneationtalkthrouhneativefeedbacksuchas,gpggg5correctionandreetitionwhoseaimistocultivatelearnersabilitofmonitorinlanuaep,ygggoututwhenactivelyusinexlicitknoAvlede.Thisalsodoesoodtothemtoformulatepgpggexlicitcharacterizationofthetaretrammar.pggFinally,thereshouldbechancesforlearnerstousethetargetlanguagegrammar,fornstanceroelaandwe-oranizedlouewharoriaeconxekeserillldiaitttet.D1998,pyggpppy()holdstheviewthatitisaninevitablestaeforexlicitknowledgetobecomeimlicitgppknowlede.Languaeinutisnotusefulforlearnerstoimrovetheirunderstandingofggpplanguageform,butacceleratethematchingbetweenformandmeaningtoimprovetheaccuracy.Learningprocessandlearningstrategiesisalsoanimportantstepingrammarinstruction.Atthisstaereviewinlanuaeformsandcontentintherocessoflearnin,ggggpg,flec-retingonstrateiestheusedandcontinuallyimrovintheabilitofselfmonitorin.gypgygAlsotheteacherneedstosstematicallreflectonhisownteachinandconstantlrevises,yygyhisteachin.gSixstepsabovementionedjustformulateoneartoflanuaeform.Regardlessofthepggselectionoflearningmaterialsorthereflectionoflearninstrateies,theultimateoalistoggg,raisekamersawarenessoflanguageforms,promotetheformationanddevdopmentofexplicitknowledgeandreconstructimlicitknowledeintheend.,pgAstoteachinandlearninstrateiesthismethodincreaseschannelsoframmaticalggg,ginformationwhenshowinglearnersassagesofthetaretrammar.Withthehelofthepggp,designofteachingactivitiesandtasksemhasizinthelearnersawarenessoframmatical,pgg8 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewformsintherocessofteachinandrovidininteractivefeedbackintimelearnerscanpg,pg,titttt.EITIinernalzeheirexpliciknowledgeinlanguageoupuembodiesthefacilitationofexlicitknowledetoilicitrammarcometenceandemhasizesmulti-mchanneitpgpgpplnpuofexplicitgrammaticalknowledge.Meanwhile,italsoconcentratesonlanguageinputinsecificassagesandasattentiontolanuagecommunicationandoututinactualtaskspppygp,ichallowslearnerstomakeababtlwhlanceeweenanguageformsandclassroomcommuntiveactiit.iuticaviesEITIemploystheoresofexplicitknowledgeinhothesis,pyp,oututhothesisinteractionhothessandrelevanttheoriesoflnustcstaesothtpypiiiikbhe,ypg,formandmeaningofgrammarlearningintoaccount,andshowstextualit,theroceduralypandinteractionoframmarinstruct.iong2.3Relevanttheories2.3.1ExplicitknowledgeandimplicitknowledgeInthe1960sReber1967rovedtheexistenceofimlicitlearninbthe,()ppgyexerimentofartificialrammar.Sincetheninthecommunitofsecondlanuaepg,yggacuisitionithasbeendebatedthatwhetherrammarlearninandteachinareimlicitorq,gggpexlicit.Theearldebateeithersuortedimlicitteachinorarovedofexctopypppgpppliine,’m’respectivelybasedonthetheoreticalbasisofKrashensmonitorandSchidtsnoticing.Butrecently,alotoftheoreticalandexperimentalresearcheshaveillustratedthebestgrammarteachingisthecombinationofthetwo.Byapplicationofbothmonitorand,nottitt.icinleamersexliciknowledecanbecomemlicilanuaecomeencg,pgpggpy23.1.1ThedefiiliiknowlimliiknowlintonofexpctedgeandpctedgeAccordingtoR.Ellis(2004),explicitknowledgeistheknowledgethatlearnerscanconsciouslyexpress,namelytheknowledgetheyknow;implicitknowledgecontainstwotesofknowledeoneisstlizedknowihifiilledewhcconsstsoanexstnanuaeypg,yggggchunksandtheotherisabstractknowledgewhichisalreadyinternalizedbylearners.-whImplicitandintuitionarecofeatureofthetwo.Onlyileactualoperatincanlearnersgunconsciouslyshowthispartofimplicitknowledge.Bialystok(1978definedexlicit)pknowledgeastheknowledgethatlearnersareabletorealizerelevantknowledgeofthe9 广州大学硕士学位论文.taretlanguageandtheycanclearlexresstheknowledeoutimlicitlanuaegypg;pggk5nowledgereferstotheknowledgeinternalizedinlearnerssubconsciousness,whichis^subtleanddominatesleamerslinguisticbehavior.Themostimortantdistinctionbetweenexplicitknowledeandimlicitknowledeispgpgwhetherlearnershaveconsciousarticipationornot.Exlicitknowledeiswhatlearnersppgconsciouslyacquireandmonitortheirlanguageoutput,whichisdeclarativeknowledgetodealwiththelanguagecontrol.Implicitknowledgeiswhatlearnersunconsciouslyacuireqandinternalize,whichisproceduralknowledgerelatingtotheautomationoflanguageuse_Putitsimplylearninistostuddeclarativeknowledeandroceduralknowlede,gygpg,andsodoesEnglishlearning.Generallyspeaking,learnersfirstlyacquiredeclarativeknowledgeandthenproceduralknowledge.Actually,declarativeknowledgeisthefoundationoflearning.Thetwoisnecessaryandinevitableinlearninrocess.Thatistogpsaitisraduallroressive.y,gypg2.3.1.2RelationshipbetweenthetwotesofknowledeypgRelatintotherelationshietweenexlicitknowledgeandimlicitknowledetheregpbppg,arelotsofresearchesattheangleofthesychologicalconition.Therearethreemaorpgjv-iewpoints:noninterfacehypothesisstronginterfacehypothesisandweakinterface,hypothesis.Krashen-(1985)isarepresentativefigureofnoninterfacehypothesis.Onthebasisof“”“”thedistinctionbetweenlearningandacquisition,hepointsoutthatexplicitknowledgeandimplicitknowledgeareindeendentandhavetheirownsystem.Itreferstodifferentpscholoicalrocessesintheacuisitionofthesetwokindsofknowlede.Whafsmorepygpqg,thetwoexistdifferentlyinbrainandthetwocannotbeconverted.Andheclearlyclaimsthatthereisnointerfacebetweenconsciouslylearnedknowledgeandunconsciouslyacuiredknowlede.Learnedknowledeonlcanbeusedtomonitorlanxxaeusewhileqggyggfluentandspontaneousapplicationjustrelyonacquiredknowledgeinthesubconscious.5Krashenstheoryisthetheoreticalbasisofthenaturalgrammarteachingmethodevencommunicativerammarteachinaroach.ggpp10 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewStronginterfacehypothesisreresentedbDekeserholdstheviewthatlanguae,pyy,gacquisitionisarocessofskillsacuisitionanddifferenttesofknowledecanbeseenpqypgasskillsacistonindifferentstaesTobesecificlanaeacuistoneoquiig.p,gugqiishouldundrgthreestaes:acuisitionofdeclarativeknowledeacuisitionofroceduralknowledegqg,qpgandtheautomationofknowlede.Fromtheersectiveofanuaeinformatonstoraegpplggig,rocessandconversonsonneacehoeszeseinitritrfthisanalthrocessoflanuaepg,gypypgguis.acitionItclaimsthatlearnedknowledecanbeunconsciouslandautomaticalusedqgyly,andconsciousrepeatingdrillsarehelfulforexlicitknowledetoconvertintoimlicitppgpknowlede.ThesetwokindsofknowledecanconvertandenetrateeachotherYggp.etN.E1£llis2005citedfromCenHaibinbelievesThetwocannotbeconverted.Thedrillsin(,g)tettlanuaeachincanmakedeclaraiveknowledeeasilextrachaveimlicitknowledeggggy,pgbeiniduaglexicalchunksandgraphcandimprovetheautomationegreeoflangge?,knowledgesoastomakeanaeouttmorent.luflue,gugpThelastoneistheweakinterfacehypothesisrepresentedbyR.Elliswhoholdstheneutralpointofview.ItsbasisisPienemaxm^theoryofthesequenceoflanguageacuisitionwhichbelievesthattheacuisitionoframmarknowledehascertainq,qggseuenceandaroriaterammarteachindoesoodtohellearnersincreasetherseedqpppgggpipofmasternanuaestructure.Excitknowedecanbeconvertedntoctiglggplilgiimpliiknowledewhenrammarruleslearnedbylearnersaccordintotheseuenceoflanuaegggqggacquisition.Atthesametime,throughdoingconsciousanalysisandreflectionbasedlanuaeoututeneratedfromimlicitknowledelearnerscanalsotransformimlicitggpgpg,pknowt.R.Ettledgeintoexpliciknowledgellisdemonsratesthatexplicirammarknowledeggishelfultoacueimlicitrammarknowledeinthreeasects:pqirpggpa.Exlicitrammarknowledecanheltpggplearnersconsciouslynoicefeaturesofanuaenut.lggipb.Learnersimprovetheirlanguageabsorptionintheprocessofcomparingthed.istinctionbetweenlanguageinputandoutputc.Exttliiplicitknowledgeisabletomoniortheouputbasedonimpctknowledgeandoodforautomatcinutofimlicitknowlede.gippg11 广州大学硕士学位论文Aboveall,asforsecondlanguageacquisition,thefocusofdebateiswhetherexplicitrammarknowledgecanconvertintoimplicitrammarknowledgebmeansofconsciousggyreeatindrllsandinternalizeimlicitlanuaecomtenceornot.lthouhexertshavepgieApggpgpvartretra-eceiedoinionsheirviewsanocontdictory.Nonintrfahothesisemhasizesp,yppvariouswaysofexistingaboutthesetwokindsofknowledge.Stronginterfacehypothesisconcentratesonthemeaningofconscioustraininintherocessoflanuaeacuisitiongpggq,5hhhtinlearnerssubeciveinitiativewhileacuirinlanuaeTheweakinterfaceigliggjtqggg.hothesisreardsthetwoasacontinuumattheanleoftheirlearningmethodsandypggdynamicrelationshipofknowledereresentation.gpWiththedeeeninoftheresearch,researchershavestartedtoweakentheconflictpgbetweenexlicitknowledgeandimplicitknowledeandpaymoreatentiontothepgconnecifciinstanceKamiloff-ihclaimedhathetonanduntonbetweenthem.ForSmttt,knowledgecouldbestoredinmultiplelevelsandforms.Thus,theknowledgecanbe5-transformedfromtheexlicittotheimlicitform.BasedonKamiloffSmithstheorypp,u—Bialystoktforwardanewmodeoflearninsecondlanuaethereisaninterfacepgggbetweenthetwokindsofknowledge.Thatistosay,thetwocanbeconvertedtoeachother.Intheprocessoflanguagecontactexplicitknowledecanbeainedthrouformal,ggghtrainingwhileimplicitknowledgecanbeobtainedfromfunctionaltraining;theexplicitoneisabletobecometheimlicitonebyformaltraininandlearnerscanalsoreasonoutpgtheexplicitonefromtheimlicitone.Thereforeitisossibleforthemtoconnecteachp,potherandthewayofinterfaceisclassroominstructionorrealcoramunicativeactivitieswhichmakeslearnersnoticerammaticalcharacteristicsneededtomaster.Combinintheggtworesearchersattemttofindouteffectivewasofinterfaceorconnectionmeanssoas,py,touaranteelanuaefluencandaccuracinthelearninrocess.gggyygp2.3.2ExlicitConsciousnessRaisinTaskpgThroughabundanceofresearchesrelatedtothestudyofexplicitknowledgeandranunartheresearchersofsecondlanuaeacuisitionrealizethatidealrammarg,ggqgnsucionissuosedmakelearnersconacwithalarenumberoflanuaeformsitrtpptottggg12 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewandimprovetheiremotionalexplicitunderstandingoftargetlanguageforms.So,theiractualabilitytouselanguagecanbecultivatedtoachievetheautomationandnternaua.tittlizatonoflaneknowledeUnderheudanceofhisheorsomenewiiggggy,grammarteachingmethodshaveemerged,likeprocessteaching(VanPattern,2002,citedfromDaiWeidong&RenQingmei,2006),interactivefeedback(Lyster&Ranta,1997;VandeBranden,1997,citedfromDaiWeidong,2006),improvingthedominanceofthetext(Doughty&Varela,1998,citedfromDaiWeidong&RenQingmei,2006),etc.Fromtheessencetheserammarteachinaroachesallcanbesummeduasexlicit,ggpppptECTmodetR.Ei.consciousnessraisingaskluforwardblls()pyItisakindofteachingapproachthatlearnersareabletofocusonlanguageform?whitttItattureslehavingcommunicaiveaciviies.raisesIeamersconsciousawrenessofeaoftaretihaduatemeaninglanguageformsthroughprovdingthemwiteqgfulinputcontainingtargetlanguageforms.Thismodeencourageslearnerstofindrelevantrulesfromtheirownobservationsandatthesametimerovidesracticeofrealcommunicativeppactivtieswhcotonnternazesknowedeoftaretanuaetasorovesiihnlilillbulimp,ygggg’“”-learnerscommunicationabilit.Thesocalledconsctyiousnessraisingisomakelearnersnoticetheformofreresentationofthelanuae.Ellipggispontedoutthatconsciousnessrasnsesnedtoexctlede.Thouhlearnersnotcethereresentatonofiigidigpliiknowggipitaretrammaticattlformsafterexlicirammarteachinitisnotexecedforlearnerstoggpgg,pluseitimmedtelinactualanuaeinut.Subseuentllearnerswilctitonoticeialggpqyonnuey,featuresoftargetgrammaticalforms.Thentheywillcompareandanalyzetheirexistingnternalanuaesstemtooservethetfindoutthedifferenceandromoteteilggybinpuh,pabsorptionoftargetlanguage.Thismodeadvocatesthattheeffectivewayoffacilitatinlanuaeunderstandinandgggg7outputistoincreasechannelsofexplicitrammarinformationraiselearnersawarenesstog,languageformsandalsotohelpthemobtaininductiveknowledge.Itincludesinductionanddeducton.nductoneuresearnerstoreevantcaracterstcsandsnthesiIirqilfindlhiiyisrammarrincilesincontactinlanuaeinut.Whiledeductionreuiresteacherstogppgggpqexplainrammarrincilesanddesindrillsabouttargetlanguageformsinteratinactualgppggg13 广州大学硕士学位论文,communicativeactivities.Thesetwomethodsaredesignedtohelpraiselearners’awarenesstotargetlanguagesformsanditsapplication.2.3.3InteractionForlanuaeinstructorsinteractionmustbeasinificantasecttoobserve.Asagg,gpmateroffact,incommunicativelanguageteaching,interactionisthesoulandheartofcommunication.Inotherwordscommunicationisthemostimortantthinthatshouldbe,pgtakenaccount.Actuallitfoundthatthebestresolutionisinteractionitselfafterearsofy,yresearchonteachinandlearninlanuaes.Interactionisthecooerativeexchaneofggggpgoinionsandfeelinsamontwoormoreeole.Accordintotheoriesofcommunicativepggppgcompetence,interactionisquiteimportantforpeopletoexpressandnegotiatemeaninginkindsoflanuagecontexts.g9Inmanresearchesviewointsinterersonalinteractionisreardedasanessentialyp,pgreuirementofsecondlanguaeacuisition.Kramsch1986ointsoutthatitisnecessarqgq()pyfortrt-lanuaeinsuctionodevelointeractionalabilitandutsforwardathreesteggpy,pparoachtoimrovenaturaldiscourseandtoestablishinteractionalabilityinthepppclassroomeareasfollows:.Thya.Workonteachers/studentsorientedinteractiondurinwhichstudentsracticethe,gptargetlanguagewiththeteacherasaconversationalpartner.b-tts.Partnercenteredinteraciondurinwhichstudenareaskedtoneotiatemeanin,gggwithartnersintheclassroomaswellashowtoroducemeanin.ppgc.Theinteractionalapproach.Studentspracticeinteractingwithoutobeyingsocialandculturalconstrainthatlearnersmeetinnaturalconversations.Richards1986thinksinteractionisthekeforcommunicationtolanuaeinstruction()ygg,foritactsasafacilitatorinlanguageusewhenlearnersabsorbinconveyinandreceivinggmessages.AndRichardsholdstheideathatmethodsshouldfacilitateinteractioninthelanguageclassroom.“”Latelakindofnaturaldiscoursehasbecameveroularinforeinlanuaey,yppgggclassroom.Kramsch1986claimsthatcommunicativecometencouttoincludethe()pygh14 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewcompetencyofexpression,interpretationandnegotiation.Headvocatesthatstudentsshouldhaveopportunitiestointeractwithothersinanaturalcommunicativeclassroomstt-iuationinwhichheycanhaveturntalkingandivefeedbacktoseakersaswellasgpreuireforclarificationstartinandendinconversations.Nuan1989alsoaruesthatq,gg()g''genuinecommunicationischaracterizedbytheunevendistributionofinformationthe,neotiationofmeaninthrouhclarificationreuestsandconfirmationcheckstoicgggq,pnominationandnegotiationbymorethanonespeaker,andtherightofinterlocutorsto55decidewhethertocontributetoaninteractionornot.Howeverenuineconversation,ghardlyhappensintypicalChineseclassroomofEnglishlearning.InatypicalChinesetttttt■—tudenclassroomheseuenceofEnlisheachinisha:eacherinitiaionst,qggresonse—teacherIRFNunantp1989whohinksoneofmaorcausesforfailinto()(,),jgachieveenuinecommunicationisIRFccle.gyGenerallyseakin,therearelimitedseakinturnsforindividuallanuaelearnerspgpgggbecausemostlearnershavetosharespeakingturnsintraditionalL2classrooms.Particularlytheteachertakesuallthediscoursesandlecturesbutlearnershavefew,popportunitiestooututinthoseclassrooms.Tomakemattersworselearnersareseldomp,exosedtoneotiatemeanin.Thusteachersareresonsibleforconstructinanpgg,pginteractivelearningenvironmentinthesecondlanguageclassroom.Underthatenvironmentlearnersareabletocommunicatewitheachotherandroducemeaninb,pgyusinthetaretlanuae.gggg2.4TheroosalandfeaturesofExlicitInteractiveTaskInstructionpppThechoiceofforeinlanguageteachingwasshouldbeaccordinladatedtosocialgygypcharacteristicsandneedsbecauseitisinfluencedbysocialfactors.InChina,withoutthenat-tttivelikeEnglishenvironmenEnlishisauasaforeinlanuaeandsoclassroom,gghggg9earnnsthemaormeansforstudentslearninofit.Aeriesofstudiesaboutexlicitligijgspknowledgehaveshownthat,withthehelpofappropriateteachingstrategiesandlearning’strategies,raisinglearnersawarenessoftargetlanguageformsishelpfulintheimrovementoftheirabilitytoinductlanxiaeknowledeandtheircometenceofpgggplanguageunderstanding.Ross&Leow(2004,citedfromDaiWeidong&RenQingmei,15 广州大学硕士学位论文2006t-)advocaeinthedesiofteachinactivitiesusinallroundactivitiestoraise,gng,g9ersarenessofareanuaermssosaethemextlearnawtgtlggfoatomkformlici,preresentationoflanuaestructureinnegativefeedbackandhelthemobtaininductivepggpknowledgeusedforlanguagecomprehensionoroutput.Skehan1996citedfromDai(,Weidong&RenQingmei,2006),Robinson(2001,citedfromDaiWeidong&Renroveaask-rQingmei2006andotherresearchesthttorientedteachinapoachcanmake,),pgplearnershaverealcommunicativeopportunitiesandfacilitatetheautomationoftheirlanuageknowledeandskillsinitsapplication.Basedontheseriesofresearchesandgg?wweakinterfacehypothesisusingforreferenceofEllissECTmodecombiniththe,,gactualsituationofforeignlanguageteachinginChina,DaiWeidong&RenQingmei(2006)putforwardexplicitinteractivetasksinstruction(EITI).Firstofallstudentsareaskedbtheteachertowriteacomositionaccordintothe,ypgua5wrimactualsittionofstudentstinganditshouldbeaccolishedintheclass.Thenthe,pteof-teacherwillanalyzehresultthewritinandsummarizethemosterrorronetwoorgpthreerammaroints.Secondstudentsreadaassaeofacertainrammaritemwhichisgp,pggpresentedoverandoveragainandneededtolearnandmaster,whosedesignoftextualcontentoughttobereasonablefirstlyinguidingstudentstopayatentiontothecontentoftheassaeandthentherammaritem.Atthesametimetheteacherrovidesthemwithpgg,pthematerialofclozethatthecontentfilledinisthetargetgrammaticalitem,whichalsomustbecompletedinclass.Thispracticeisdiferentfromtraditionalrammarexercisesingthatstudentsneednotrelyontheirlanguageskillstocomletetheexerciseatall.Aslongpasthereaditcarefullyatthebeginninthecaneasilfindthemissincontent.Theyg,yygformofitspresentationwillbemoresimpleanddirect.Forinstance,thefontofwordsturnstobolditaliccolorrocessinorthesizeofwordschaneshihlitinthe,,pgggghg9languageformsrequiredtomasteranddrawingstudentsattentionandmakinglearningactivitiesmoreinterestingsoastothevirtuouscycleoflearningactivities.Inordertoguaranteetheauthenticityofreadingmaterials,thispaperwillusesomeBritishorericannewsaersfilmsandtelevisionsEnlishnovelsandsoon.ThethirdsteheAmpp,,gpt,teacherguidesstudentstoanalyzethereadingmaterialandasksthemtodiscussand16 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewanalyze.Studentsareencouragedtosummarize,expresstheirownviewsandopinionsandfindoutrammarrules.Afterthattheteachersummarizes.Durinthissteitmainlg,gp,yhelpsstudentstoestablishexplicitknowledgebyusinexlorationwhichcanstimulategp59studentsinterestinlearning,activatestudentsinitiativeanddeveloptheirabilityofindeendentlearnin.Thefourthstepanotherchaterisresentedwhichhassomeerrorspg,ppassocaedwhhelanuaeformwhicharereuiredofindouancorrechemitittggttdtt.,qStudentsareencouragedtousenegotiabledialoguesbysomeneativefeedbacksustlikegjaskingquestions,correction,clarification,repetitionandsoontoraisetheawarenessofthe5heiistltivbililiitkllanuageform.Tamocuatestudentsatytouseexpcnowedgeinordergtomonitortherocessoflanuageinutandlanguageoutut.Itishelfulforstudentstopgpppformexplicitrepresentationofthegrammaticalitem.Theycorrectexerciseseachotheruntilthecomletionoftheexerciseoffillinlank.Intheentirerocessitshouldensurepgbp,thateverystudentsmoothlcomletesthistask.Thefifthsteisthereflectiononlearninyppgrocessandlearningstrateies.Itisalsoanimortantartoframmarteachinrocedure.pgppggpAtthisstage,theteachercomparesthecompletionofthesametaskbetweenordinarysudena-ttsndhighlevelonesreviewslearnedformsoframmarrulesandcontentof,gcommunicationinlearninrocessreflectsonhisusaeoflearninstrateiesandgp,ggg-moncontinuouslyimprovetheabilityofselfitoring.Studentsareaskedtowriteweeklydiariesaboutrammarlearninincludin:gg,g1.whattheyhavelearned2.roblemsforuestionspq?a3.suestionstoteacherstechinginclassggThisisanecessarystaeforexlicitknowledetobecomeimlicitDekeser1998.gpgp(y,)Finallyaftertheaboveimlementation,therewillberelatedrammartestsincludinthe,pg,gjudgmentofrightorwrong,Gestaltfillingandwritin.Iftheeffectisremarkablethenextg,grammaticalitemteachingwillbetaught.Ifnot,theteacherwillfindoutroblemsfrompteachers,students,teachingschemedesignandotherrelevantfactors,andthenadjusttheimlementationschemeandstartanewroundofstudy.p17 广州大学硕士学位论文FromtherocessoftheEITIinrammarteachindiscussedaboveitcanbepgg,eneralizedasfollows:gFromthefirsttothethirdstep,theaimistodeveloexlicitknowledge.Theteacherdrawspp’studentsattentiontolanguagepointsandhelpsthemtodeveloptheirexplicitknowledgebysinformalexlicitinstruction.Thefourthstepistoformulateexlicitknowledgeinugpp,learnersbrains.Theteacherandstudentsdisplayoninteractivelanuaeexercisesflirtherggraisintheirawarenesstolanuaeointsandcultivatintheircometenceinusintheirgggpgpgexplicitknowledgetoactivelymonitortheprocedureoflanguageinputandtheirabilityoftttlanguaeoutpu.Thelastwostesaretomakeexlicitknowledgeautomaic.Inthesetwogppseacercreatesdulatesreal-lfeuationsudhefomoftesthethansimisitforstentstoaltrp,ppytargetlanguage,whichcanimprovetheratethatexplicitknowledgebecomesimplicitknowledge.2.5Relatedstudies2.5.1OverseasstudiesManyresearchers(Allen1995;Robinson2001;deGraff1997etal.)havedonesomeresearchesontheresentationoftheexlicitrulesroducingdiferentefects.Allen1995ppp()didsomeresearchesontheacquisitionofFinnishaffixandthechangeofconsonantsbyrammaticaludgmentthecomletionofsentencesandtheromotionofassaes.Forallgj,pppgexperimentalgroupsandacontrolgroup,thepurposeofreadingwastheunderstandingofmeaning.Testsshowedthat,onthewhole,theexplanationofexplicitrulesbeforereadingromotedlanuaeacuisition.Theresultsoftwoexerimentalrouswhichhadpggqpgprammarexlanationincomletingthesentencesweremuchbetterthantheothertwogpp,rous.FinallAllendrewaconclusionthattheconductiontestsfacilitatedmorelearnersgpy,5attentiontolanguageform.Theresultwasstillsuperiortoothergroupswhichdidntla-nereceiverammarexpnationeveniftherewasovereralization.Inordertoveriftheg,gyimprovementofinternalizationandreconstructionoflanguagesystembyexplicittasks,DeGrafft-1997inhedesinofexerimentsusincomuterassistedinstructionroves(),gpgp,p18 ChaterTwoLiteratureReviewpthatitpromotesacquisitiontliroughthecombinationofemphasizingexplicitknowledgeandlanguageoutput.A5tthesametimemanresearchersCarroll&Swain1993Rosa&ONell1999,y(;;Rosaeoweta.ttexctneatis&Llhaveprovedhapliigivefeedbackhelfulinsecond)panuaeacuisition.Carroll&Swain1993divided100adutlearnersofourlggq()lintexermentarousaecontorou.Itsedtattheutsotpilgpndonrlgphowhreslfexperimenalrousaillreceivinfeedbackweresnificantlbetterthanthecontrolrouandthegpggygp,groupwhosefeedbackcontainingmetalanguageknowledgewassuperiortoothergroupsandrovidtttttttt.inheinerreaionofmealanuaewerehemoseffecivepgpggR'osa&ONell1999randomlselect67Sanishlearnerswhoaredividedintofour()ypexerimentalrousandonecontrolrou.Fortheaimoffinishintaskofintelpgpgpgligencetestconnectinwiththetaretlanuaelearnerswerereuiredtosnthesizeanentiregggg,qysentenceoftwocausesrewrittenntestboardsearnersweretotcorrectlwhichweilldhe,(formofcombinationinadvance.Itshowedthattheerformanceoftheformerrous)pgp-resentedexlicitrules+FI+RS+FIRSisobviouslbetterthanothertworous(pp,[,];,[])ygp---FI+RSFIRS.TheexerimentalresearchesVanPatten&Oikkenon1996([?];[,])p(;’’Benati2003;Wong2003etal.)havealsosupportedRosa&ONeillsviewpoint,emhasizintheexlicitneativefeedbackhellearnerstofindtherelationshibetweenpgpgppformandmeaninandointinoutthattasksarenotonlastoolsofemiricalresearchg,pgypbutalsoareaneffectivewayoframmarteachin.ggAboveaimllthelearninofexlictknowledecaneffectivelrovetheaccuracofi,gpgypy'tt.Attetttenelearnerslanuaeouuhesamimeiisusefulforlearnersoralizelanuaeggp,gggknowledebusnet.Ittutttgyingaivefeedbackalsoemhasizesheinresenedinhewagpppyofearnntassancouraesarnersconsciousltousetewaofexloratontondligkdengleyhypifiandsummarizerelevantlanguaeformsandrincilessoastoachievetheconnectionandgppconsolidationbetweenoldandnewknowledge.19 广州大学硕士学位论文2.5.2DomesticstudiesDaiWeidong&RenQingmeihavediscussedthefeasibilityofExplicitInteractiveTaskInstructioninChina.JiaFan2010fromtheanleofconitivescholohadg),ggpygy(,explainedadvantagesanddisadvantagesofexplicitteachingandimplicitteachingand,roosedthefeasibilitofimlementinExlicitInteractiveTaskInstructioninChinappypgpteaneacuasuaonoframmarteacndannueasoingrtigthtlittihin.AZhJi&ZhanYlggggygprovedtheossibilityofExlicitInteractiveTaskInstructionfromtheconitiveppgersective.ppHoweverthesestudieshavetheoreticallexlainedtheossibilitofExlicit,yppypInteractiveTaskInstructioninrammarteachin.Everthinisusttheoreticallanalzedggygjyyanddoesnothaveanypracticaloperation,letalonegivingsomespecificresultsandauthenticsituationsofitsalicationinrealgrammarteachinclasses.WuFan2006ppgg()conductedanexperimentaboutteachingthreeclasseswithexplicitgrammarteachingsinteractiverammarteachinandExlicitInteractiveTaskInstruction.ComarewithotherggpptwoteachingethodsExlicitInteractiveTaskInstructionismorehelfulforrammarm,ppglearning.ChenBinrong2008takinrofessionalseniorstudentsassubectsaliedExlicit(),gpj,pppInteractiveTaskInstructionintooralEnglishteaching.TheresultshaveshownthatExplicitInteractiveTaskInstructioncaneffectivelypromotethefluencyandaccuracyoforalEnglish.Meanwhilestudentsholdaositiveattitudetowardthisteachinmethod.Wan9pgg5Caiun2009suestedthatExlicitInteractiveTaskInstructioncanincreaselearnersy()ggpinterestoflearningthroughthecomparisonbetweenExplicitInteractiveTaskInstructionandtoditionalteachingmethodbytakingSeniorOnestudentsassubjects.ZongXiaojing2014didresearchesontheefficiencandoerabilitofexlicitinteractivetaskmodein()ypypgrammarteachinginChinawhosesubectswereSeniorTwostudents.Shefoundthatjalthouhexlicitinteractivetaskmodelwasnotusefulintraditionalrammartestitwasgpg,9stillhelpfultotheaccuracyandfluencyoflanguageoututandcanstimulatelearnersp20 ChapterTwoLiteratureReviewenthusiasmofeaninandconsciousnessandabilitofautonomouslearnin.InhinathelgygC,rese肌haboutExplicitInteractiveTaskInstoctiondoesnotgetenoughatentionandconscess-asasklaoowhrelevantresearchesofexlicitiousnriingtmoderenottmanichpymostlyconcentrateontheoreticalexloration.pBasedontheseexerimentalstudiesthisaerisanactionresearchonalinthep,ppppygnewrammarinstructionintoEnlishrammarteachininseniorhihschools.ItaimstogggggfurthertestifytheteachingeffectivenessofthenewmethodandtriestoveriftheyhypothesisthatExplicitInteractiveTaskInstructioncangreatlyfacilitategrammarteachinandlearnin.gg21 广州大学硕士学位论文22 ChapterThreeActionResearchChapterThreeActionResearch3.1ResearchuestionsQStudentsarerequestedtowriteacompositionwhosethemeisrandomlychosenbeforetheexeriment.Throuhtheanalysisoftheircompositiontheauthorfindsthattherearepg,-threerammaritemswhicharealwasmademistakesbstudentsttgyy:subecredicaejp“”agreement;theusageoftheparticipleofFiniteVerbs;theusageofwhichinattributec.Brelattheoesofexlicitammarteachininttttaslausesasedoniveriprguandouukg,pp,itinstructonandinteractiveteachintakinheteachinofthesethreerammaticalitemsasg,ggganexample,thestudyintendstoexploreandanalyzetheactualefectivenessandimpactof’EITIt.Ttudttttoanthinseniorhighschoolsgrammareachinghesyaempssweresequestions:’1)CanEITIenrichsententsexlitede?iorsudpciknowlg92CanEITIromoteseniorstudentsmasteroframmaritemsandfacilitatetheir)pygautonomouslearning?32Rhts.esearcSubecjTht-eclasshatItauhtusthadthirtthreestudentswhichisinaccordancewiththegjy,requirementofclasssizeofExplicitInteractiveTaskInstruction.SubectsarethewholejstudentsofClass3Senior2inGuanzhouNumber2ForeinLanguaeSchool.Theare,gggy5fromtheEn.localareaandhavereceivedaboutsevenearsformallishinstructionTheygyhavetheexactsameeducationalbackground.Beforetheexperimenttheauthormakesa,--retestamonsubectstotestthe.Atipgiroriinalrammarlevelsostestsmadetocheckjggp9theeffectivenessofEITIafterthreemonthsgrammarlearning.SomedetailedinformationaboutthesubectsisshowninTable3.1:jTable3.1DetailsofthesubectsjGender27females6malesMethodoflearningExplicitInteractiveTaskInstructionDurationoftheresearch3monthsLearningmaterialsNewSeniorEnglishForChinaStudentsBook5'ubiPEiP2011lshedbeolesducatonress()pyp23 广州大学硕士学位论文3.3InstrumentsThisresearchwillusequestionnaires,grammartests,classroomobservationandindividualinterviewandwritintest.Theuestionnaireaimstoknowaboutsomebasicinformationgq’aboutstudentsgrammarlearningandlearningstrategiesandatitudestowardscurrentgrammarteachinmethodandthenewone.Grammartestsintendtoknowabouttheirgperformanceonsomepoints.Testofmeasuringexplicitknowledgeissurelysupposedtomeasuretheirexplicitknowledge.Classroomobservationandindividualinterviewaimtoknowtheirerformanceintheclassandfeelinsandviewointsaboutthenewteachinpgpgmethod.Andwritingtestistofindoutroblemsandknowabouttheimrovement.pp3.3.1uestionnaireQAquestionnairesurveyisconductedbeforeandaftertheexperimentrespectively.Questionnaire,beforetheexperiment,leamsfromthequestionnaire(HuangLianjun,2010aboutthealiedresearchofimlicitandexlicitinstructioninEnlishrammar)ppppggteachinginhighschoolsandismadesomeappropriatechangesandadditionaiminto,g5knowaboutlearnersrammarconitionandtheresentsituationoframmarteachinandggpgg9learninincludinlearnersattitudeandunderstandinoframmarlearninrammarggggg,glearninstrateluationoftherammarconandggiesevaexistinteachinandition,ggggevaluationoftheirthemselvesgrammarlearning.Questionnaireaftertheexperiment5containseightquestions,whichmainlyexplainslearnersperceptionandevalxiationof,EITImodesoastoknowaboutlearnersatitudestorammarlearninlearninstrateies,,ggggandtheinfluenceandimpactonlearninginterestbygrammarteachingofEITI.TwoquestionnairesareconductedinChinesetomakeinformationaccurate.Theuestionnairebeforetheexerimentincludesthreeitemsoframmarlearninqpggatitudeandunderstanding;fouritemsofgrammarlearningstrategies;fouritemsofevaluationofexistinrammarteachinfouritemsofconitiveevaluationoftheirggg;grammarlearninsstrucureisshownablegg.Ittint3.2.24 ChapterThreeActionResearchTable3.2SpecificNumberofitsFourParts(questionnairebeforeexperiment)aiudeandunderandinrammarlernin1,5,tttstofa6ggggrammarlearningstrategies3,4,7,9evaiii10111luatonofexistngrammarteachn8,,,5ggconiltithgitveevauaonofeirrammarlearnin2,12,13,14ggThequestionnaireaftertheexperimentmainlyincludes:threeitemsofevaluationofusinnewstrategiesintherocessofexperimentthreeitemsofevaluationofeneralgp;gE’effectivenessofITIrammarteachintwoitemsofautonomouslearninsinfluenceofgg;gexer3..piment.Itsstructureisshownintable3Table3.3SpecificNumberofitsThreeParts(questionnaireafterexperiment)evaluaisinnewtraeieinhe123tonofugstgst,,processofexperiment'aunomoulearninsinfluenceofexeriment4,6tosgpevailluatonofgeneraeffectivenessofEITI5,7,8grammarteaching3.3.2Testscomositionandreadinmaterials,pg-econt-ThtentandmethodofpretesandposttestinmeasuringexplicitknowledgeusedforreferenceofMeasurinImlicitandExlicitKnowledeEllis2005.Maorgppg(,)jttettetttiemsofaersoframmarsforheexrimenarefromiemsofcollegeenranceppgpexaminationindifferentprovincesandperiodictestsofvariousregions.Aftertheexerimentletstudentswriteacomositiontofindifthereisimrovementonsomep,ppmistakeswhicharealwaysmadebystudents.Readinmaterialsusedinclassmainlcomegyfromrelativereadingofthetextbookandalsocomefrompartsofliteraryworks,BritishandAmericannewspapersandmagazines.3.3.3Classroomobservationandindividualinterview,InordertoknowaboutositiveinfluencesofEITIinleamersawarenesstorammarpgexlictknowlthitlwathformsiedeandeimrovementonmsakesasmadeblearnerse,pgpyy,5authorpaysmuchattentiontostudentsreactionandperformanceinclassesduringthe’experiment,whichalsoaimstoknowaboutstudentsopinionsaboutEITIandthe25 广州大学硕士学位论文effectivenessofEITIinlearninginterestindeendentthinkinandexloration.The,pgptintendewisunrestricedandrandomlychoosesstudentsatdiferentlevels.Themainquestionsaboutindividualintervieware:1Canouaccetthenewmodeoframmarteachin?)ypgg2Doouthinkwhatasectsofthenewmodearesuitableforou?Whichartsare)ypypdificultorneedtoimprove?3.3.4DatacollectionDatacollect--ionisdonebytheresearcher.Theaerofretestisfromthemidtermpppexamt-inationoranizedbheschool.Posttestisoranizedintheeriodofeveningygpgself-studafterstudentshavelearnedUnitandUnisudenshouldfishioncertainy4t5;ttsinttimeandtheaermustbehandedinatthemoment.uestionnaireswhicharedonebeforeppQandaftertheexperimentareissuedonthesotandhandedinontheclass.Afterthepteachingoftwounitsivinout33aersandtakinbackeffective33aers.For,ggppgppquestionnairesbeforeandaftertheexperimenttheresearcherivesstudentsenouhtime,ggtofinishreflectintherealsituationofthestudents.,g3.4CaseofExlicitInteractiveTaskInstructioninrammarclasspg’AccordintotheteachincontentofthissemestersEnlishcoursetheauthorggg,choosesthreerammaritemsthatstudentsalwasmakemistakesandaccordinldesinsgygygsomeexplicitinteractivetasks.HereistheprocessoftheclassofthreedifferentdimensionsforExplicitInteractiveTaskInstructioninoneofgrammaritems.TheauthorintendstofindoutimplementedstrategiesofEITIdianosisofroblemsanalsisand,gp,yfiirtherimrovementinrammarclassthroughclassobservationatdiferentanglesandpgsecificdatarecordsoastoachievethebestresultofexlicitinteractivetask.p,p3.4.1LessonrearationppAccordingtotheresearchpurpose,resultsofquestionnairesandinterviews,combingwithteachingpractice,theauthorhadtheresearchcasesofModel5Unit4Reading(PEP)inClass3Senior2inordertoachievetherammarlearninoalbexlicitinteractive,,gggyp26 ChapterThreeActionResearchtaskntheselessonsconcentratinonresearchuestionstheauthorwillhracce.Iaveti,gq,presearchontheapplicationofexplicitinteractivetaskinrammarteachininhihschoolgggEnlish.BeforetheclasstheauthorandEnlishteachersintheroudiscussedandg,ggpdesignedNOSLEindifferentdimensionsinthisstudy.3.4.2Desinedstaesofggresearchscheme“——?Thecommonrocessofract?iceresearchisreadimlementationreflection?ppyp”“—imlementation?aain ̄?pgsummary.Whiletheauthorregardspreparation4hefirsteriodandobservation—?evaluationandreflection—modificationofteachin—p?gdesign?theseconderiodandobservat? ̄ ̄ionevaluationandreflectionaain?thethirderiod?pgp”’shareandsummaryastheteachingrocessofthisrammarclasscaseofEITI.pg3.4.3Thedetailedimplementation3.4.3.1ThefirstsessionFromOctobertoSeptember,theauthorhadthefirstsessionteachinginClass3,Senior2intherecordedclassroom.Basedontheauthor^ownteachingexerienceandpunderstandingofthislesson,theteachingisindeendentldesined.TheauthorledallpygteachersfromSenior2andSenior1tolistentotheclass.Teachersraisedquestionsorconfbsionofallaspectsofclassroomteachingafterclass.Observation[]Althouhtheauthorusedexlicitinteractivetasksinclassitisstillonefoldforthegp,formofclassroominteractionbetweenteacherandstudentswhichistheformofuestions,q’andanswerswhoseorientationisteachersexlanation.Thatstillfollowedthetraditional,p5wayofteachininstillation.Theteacherisntabletomakestudentsmastertherammarggvo-tluntarilybinuirybasedlearninmehodandfailedtousehisteachinknowledeyqggg9welltomobilizestudentsenthusiasmandcreativityofranunarlearninbymeansofgginteraction,exploration,cooperationandsoonthroughexplicitinteractivetasks.Asa’result,theclassisabitofboring;studentsthinkingisnotactive;studentscannotconstructtheirownrammarsstemsvoluntarilandwell.Thislessonisoftenseriouslydelaed.gyyy27 广州大学硕士学位论文Reflection[]1.Thepresentationandapplicationofgrammarandmeaningconsistencyinsubec-redticateconsistencyseenaendix9jp(pp)Thisartofresentationoframmarisnotabletouseexlicitinteractivetaskwellppgp,failingtomakestudentsthinkandexploreindeendentlyandsummarizerulesoftheprammaritembymeansofresentationofrelativeassaesandexercisesofexplicitgppgknowledge.Atthisstage,theauthorstilladoptsexpositorymethodcausingstudentscomletelyassivelreceivenewknowledge.ppy2itt7.Theexerciseofexplicitneracivetaskseenaendix(pp)Inthispart,theauthorplanstoletstudentsdiscuss,think,exploreandsummarywitheachooconoldaetheusaeofsubec-redicaeconsistencbaskinuesionsthertsitgjtptyygtq,correctionclarificationandreetitiontocompleteerrorcorrectionininteractivefeedback.,,pH5owever,theauthorfindsthatstudentsparticipationisnotbalancedthatstudentsgoodatEnlishwerealwasactivelthinkinmoreositiveandenthusiasticwhileotherstudentsgyyg,poftencannotconcentrateontheclassasifitdoesnotmattertothem.Thereforetheeffect,ofexplicitinteractivetaskofthisartisnotsatisfactory.pAdustment[j]91ithtehelofclassroomobservaionfromeducaionalresearchroueachers.Whpttgpt,’discussionandtutorsanalysistheauthorhasreflectionandmakesfollowin,gimprovements:a_Furtherexlanationofexlicitinteractivetasksandclearreuirementfortaskpp,qactivity.-nbetuaweoranzedoeratonvewoftteractvenur.Spllgipiiiheiniiqiy.Theteachershouldhelstudentsdevelopgoodlearninghabits.Firstltheteacherpy,oughttohelpstudentsdevelopthehabitofpersonalindependentthinking,avoidingthephenomenonthatstudentsblindlyfollowothersorretendtoknowwhenthedonotknow.pySecondlytheteacherisexectedtohelthemactivelarticiateandseakoutin,ppypppactivities.Thirdlstudentshavetolistentotheteachercarefull.Fourthlstudentsmusty,yy,complywithclassroomdisciplinesandavoidunnecessaryargument.'28 ChapterThreeActionResearch--areimlheeachinofcndheinedalcaonofra.Redesignpementttgttgrateppitimmargknowledge.Itshouldhighlightkeypointsandhavereasonablearrangementofteachingtime.3.4J.2ThesecondsessionInviewingofroblemswiththefirstsessionandadustmentutforwardbyeersandpjpptutortheauthormakessomeadustmentsaboutstesandcontentsoftheclass.,pjTheauthorfindsnewuestionsafterthesecondsessionteaching:qObservation[]Theatmosphereofdiscussionsignificantlyenhancesandefectivenessoflearning,alsohasgreatlyimproved.However,theauthorfindsthatstudentsthinkingandexlorationarestillinadequateandintegratedapplicationoframmarcannotbeerformedpgpverywell.Reflectionseenaendix8[](pp)a.TheexerciseinexlicitinteractivetaskpAtthisstageclassroomatmosherebecomesactivesoonandallstudentsindiferent,polvededueoaflevelscanbeactivelyinvinthetask.Yttseveretimeoutothefirstclass,,studentsdonothaveenouhtimetosolvetheirroblemsandsummarizewhentheythinkgp,discussandexplore.Moreover,onlyoneortwostudentssolvestheirproblemsandconfbsion.Underthiscircumstancetheauthorendsthetaskinahurrandetsintonext,ygteaching.Accordingtothegroupdiscussionafterclass,theauthorcarriedoutfollowingimprovementsinthethirdclass:Adustment[j],a.Ensuretheualitofstudentsexlorationpracticeanduseavarietyofmeanstoqypactivatetheirmind.b.Letstudentsunderstandandapplyknowledgeinexplicittaskthroughcreatingcontextoframmaralication.gppc.Makestudentsindiferentlevelshavelearnedsomething.29 广州大学硕士学位论文3.id.433ThethrsessionFromNovembertoDecembertheauthorhadthethirdsessionteachingwithEITIin,Class3Senior2.Withthehelofthefirsttwoeriodsthethirderiodobtains,pp,psatisfactoryeffect.Theauthorreflectsontheclassofthreeeriodsontimeinordertopimrovetheeffectoframmarlearninanditsalication.Thefollowinaretheauthorspggppgreflectionandsuarofteac.mmyhingRet-lyinonModule5Unit4(PEP)thekeoinofteachinissubectredicateg,ypgjpconsistenc.Beforeformalclasstheauthorhastwoclasseswithtwoversionsindifferenty,teachingstyles.Thefirstversion,afterthepresentationofsomepassagesaboutsubec-aeconenceauoresbasaeoftredictsistththivicustherammartomakeitjpy,gggeasierwhenstudentsdoexercisesoferrorcorrection.Thentheauthorfindsthathevirtuallyusestraditionalteachingmethodandstudentspassivelylearnnewgrammar.hesecondtt—Whileatttimetheauthorcreaessuchacontexrolelas.Throuhshowin,pyggandexplainingmovieclips,studentscarryingonroleplayandwritingtheirfeelingsandthouhtsoftheclistheauthoruidesstudentsivesmoretimeandoortunitiesforgp,g,gppthemtothinkandexploreindependentlyandthenmakesthemsumurulesof,psubec-ateconttredicsisenc.jpyAlthoughclassroomefectofthissessionisobviouslybetterthanthefirsttwosessionstherearefollowinuestions.,gq1FormsofclassativitiesaresinleTheeachinethodsillisitional.cg.tgmttradgrammarteachingwhentryingtheteachinforthefirsttime.Lotsofcommunicationgbetweenteacherandstudentsfocusonuestionsandanswers.Anditcannotbeabletoetqg5oodexerciseforstudentsmind.Thereforeitdoesnotfullshowthesubectivalositiong,yjpofstudents.2.Studentsarenotfullyabsorbedinthetaskinteractionthatbetweentheteacherand;students,andamongstudentsarealsoless,especiallythepartofthediscussionandexlorationforstudentsthemselves.Teachineffectofexlicitinteractivetaskisnotidealpgpbecausethetaskisabitdifficult.30 ChaterFourResultsandDiscussionpChaterFourResultsandDiscussionp4.1TheeffectonstudentsTh’isartmainltalksaboutstudentschangesaftertheexerimentbasedonthepypresuttttstt.lsandanalsisfromuesionnairesesclassroomobservaionsandinerviewsyq,,4.1.1Theeffectshowedbyquestionnaires411-.1Resldanaliti..utsanyssofreuesonnairepq--Tab.titttle41Resultofreuesionnareheaerofreesseenaendix1pq(ppppp)"A(%)B(%)C(%)|||1554232167593521533422334559631653461722661286524H105986114】38312305416113285572214375156363Ja.StudentseneratttEntllhinkrammarisofreaimoranceforlearninglishbugyggpg,theyuststaontheleveloframmarknowlede.jyggm9uestons15and6atoevauatethestudentseneralunderstandinoframmar.iilQ,gggFromresultsofthosethreequestions,itcanbeseenthatmoststudentsstillattachgreatimportancetoEnglishgrammarlearningandadmittheroleofgrammarinEnglishlearning.However,itcannotignore48%studentsholdgrammarlearningisamethodtogethigh-marksintheexam.Thiskindofexamorientedscholowillmakestudentsinorethepygygapplicationofgrammarinactualcommunicationandpaymoreattentiontopracticeof,exercisesrelevanttotheexamination.Thusstudentsformedexlicitknowledecanonl,pgystaatthelevelofknowledewhichisnotabletobeusedforracticeandwhichisyg,p,31 广州大学硕士学位论文difficulttobecometherealrammarabilit.Thelearnrammarbutonlcandorammargyygygexercsesfalntoeffectivelfacilitateandromtedevelomentsofotherabilitiesiiigypop.Additionally,teachersdonotneedtoguidestudentstoapplytargetgrammarinlistening,seakinreadinandwritinntraditionalrammarteachinandwhchcausesthepg,ggigg,idisconnectionongrammaranditsapplication.Whafsworse,itwillmisleadstudentsthinkrammarisustgrammarandmemorizingrammaticalrulesanddoingmoreexercisescangjgachievetheoaloflanuaelearnininfactwhichconflictedwiththenatureoflanuaegggg,,gglearning.b.Grammarlearninmainlydeendsonteachersintheclassroomandstudentsdonotgpreecttraditionalrammarlearning.jgLon-termadammareachomakesudenassivtgtritionalgrtingistttsivelreceehepytraditionalmodeoflearninrammar.So64%studentsbasicallareeonthislearningg5ygg5teachersexanaonofrues?emoruouden?modethatpltilmyoftheserlesfrsttsdoingexercises.Thementalityoftraditionalexaminationmakesstudentseualgrammarqconsolidationwiththeexerciseofgrammaticalmultiplechoices.Intraditionalgrammar9teachintheteacherseldomteachesrammarincontextresultininstudentsinoranceg,g,ggoftheeffectofcontextandtheseparationoframmarfromlanuaesstem.Studentsaregggy5moredeendentonthemechanicalmemorizationofteachersexplanationandlotsofpgrammarexercisestoimprovegrammarlevelsinboringexercisesofthemultiplechoice.However37%ofthemholdthatthemultilechoiceissomeheltorammar.Those,pofpgexercisesaren^builtonthebasisoffullunderstandingoftargetgrammar.Therefore,this9tc,?kdofracineeacherlahakeinticeisficient.Tssdowntelawmstheirrammarlearninpyggrelymuchonteachersweakentheirabilitiesoframmareneralizationandautonomous,gglearningabilitiesandlackoftheabilitofreflection.,yc.Traditionalgrammarclassgivesprioritytoexplicitgrammarexplanationoftheteacher.Studentscouldacceptthecurrentgrammarteaching,buttheroblemisthatp--nnoemphasizingonbookknowledeandinorinactivitabilitiescatbeinored.Currentgggyg’rammarteachingistraditionalwhichivesorittoteachersinterretationwithg,gpriyprelevantexercisesandexpliciterrorcorrectionwillbedoneindoingexercises.60%32 ChapterFourResultsandDiscussionstudentsaresatisfiedwiththiskindoframmarteachinwhichsueststhatmostgg,ggstudentscanadoptthispattern.85%studentssaythereisalittleopportunittoarticiateyppttcommunt.ttingroupaciviiesinclassorhaveoralicaionUnderhebaonofcollegeentranceexaminationitisnotallowedtosendtimeonitemsthatnothintoowtte,pgdihhn’examatonncurrcuumesn.Inmanteachersononcassoomacttiiiildigypii,lriviiesandoralcommunicationmaybelessimportantandpracticalthanexplanationofgrammarandexercisesi.Theteacherintendstouseinterpretatontoinspirestudentstoexporeandfindloutthe.Atthtottlanuaerulelhouhisiseroundforlenoframmarexercisesitggggpyg,makesstudentsbeinaassivestateallthetimeandsuressestheirnormalexerienceofpppp9nvgrammar.Studentslearningiitiatieandenthusiasmaresuppressed,whichobeyswith''thereuirementofstudentorientationtrainintheirinnovativeabilitandracticeq,gyp'HabilityinNationalEnglishCurriculumStandardsforgeneralighSchool.Onthisoccasontrenotaostontoachievetheinternazatonoframmarandtheiheyainiiliiir,pg,masteroframmaronlstasatthelevelofrecognitionletalonereroduction.Suchygyy,pgrammarlearningisnecessarilyinefficient.d.Inrammarlearninstudentshavedifficultandroblemsandthearenotgg,ypysatisfiedwiththecurrentstateoftheirrammari.Tlearnnhouhstudentsthinkrammargggglearningisveryimportant73%ofthemarenotsatisfiedwiththeirrammarstudy76%,g;studentscttttiit.Itilaimhaarofherknowledesinconfusionandeasilincorreclusedspgyy“,’worthofreflectinonthehihinvolvementlowroductionhenomenon.Theteacherygg,pp-waisstillinoneinutinrammarclassnotcombininformsandrulesoframmarwthypgggitandu.ttstusttwetitt.ismeaninsaeSosudencannonderandilllealonesalicaiongg,ppAbundanceofmechan-ttticalexercisescanachieveshortermeffecbuitisdifficultfor,studentstoextrapolatewhilefacingsituationsdifferentfromtheclassroom.Atthesame9tttstttttittiititiimesudenemoionalaiudeisnelectedheirneresnaveandenthusiasmhave,g;,notbeenmobilizedtheotentialofstudentsdoesnotdevelowell.;ppItcanbeseenfromtheresultofthisuestionnairethatexlicitrammarteachinandqpggmechanicalracticemakestudentsustobtaintheknowledeitisdificultforstudentstopjg;ttthotherlaesklheconnecionbetweenfoinegraewinguagilsinoringttrmmeaninand,;gg33 广州大学硕士学位论文^usaeitdoesharmtotheformationoftheiroodgrammarlearningatitudeandstrateiesg,;ggaffectingtheefectivenessofgrammarlearning.Meanwhile,studentsdonotinvolveinclassactivitiesustasassivereceiversandthereisnoeffectivecommunicationoractual,jp,alcaiontherearninenhusiasmandiniiaiveissuressedwhichinurnaffecheppit;ilgtttppttst,efficiencoframmarlearnin.ygguna-nna4.andtestre.41.2Resltsalysisofposquioieost-est-twhoseThuestionnaireoftisthesametypeasthereesttotalnumberisqpp,33ferc-inalltakenback33.Therecovrateis100%.Theontentbetweentheretestand,yyp-tustheostestisconsistent.Thesetwouestionnairesaretakenoverallrecordbecaethepqoveracomareesutso-lluantityisnotverhueaimingtodwithrlftheretestknowqyg,pp,aboutchangesamonglearningbehavior,Englishgrammarlearningattitude,attentiontorammarformsenrichmentofexlicitknowledeandimrovementsofthreemistakesg,pgpalwasmadebystudentsanddosomesecialltaretedanalsisaftertheexeriment.They,pygyp’“”“”-resultofosttestsuestionnaireisstillcollectedbyotionsandnumberasthepqpoo-endvariable,theaerfsttestseenaix2(ppppp)-Table4.2ResultsofosttestquestionnairepA%B%C%()()()^|^172523285411385411440194153024665012387788148666289737207481045ItshowsstudentsidentifywithnewteachingmethodandstrategiesofEITI,andthere9aresomechangesinstudentsemotionalattitudeoflearningrammar.ga.StudentsmainlyareewiththiskindoframmarteachinandlearninstrateiesgggggusedinEITI.34 ChapterFourResultsandDiscussionInEITI73%studentsholdthatthecannoticetaretrammarointsandhavea,yggpdeepimpressiononthemprovidingmeaningfulpassagescontainingtargetgrammar.85%ofthemfindithasabettereffectonlearninggrammarincontext.And85%ofthemapprovethatifsaneffectivewayforteachersandstudentstoconsultandcorrect.7Learninstrateisareconditiontoimrovestudentsautonomousearnnabt.ggyppligiliyInEITIclasses,throughobservationandexperience,theyfindaneffectivewayoflearningrammartheirownlearninotentialinexlorinichdoodtoformtheirowng,gppg,whgot.Ittlearninsrateiesnrammarclassesofexerimenalclassbeforeheendofcoursethegggp,,teacherwillhelpstudentsreview,summarizeandreflectstrategiesusedintheclassroom,’-monformtheirownlearninstrateiesandstrenthentheirselfitorinWhtsmoregggg.a,helinthemformeffectivestrateiesalsoishelfultothedevelotofthepggppmenirautonomouslearningabilitieswhichmakesthemknowaboutwhatkindofmethodshould,beusedandhowtosolveproblemsbythemselves.Theformationoflearningstrategies,rovidesaneffectfotsli.pivewayrstudenautonomousearnng9bi.ThrouhrammarteachinofEITIraisnstudentsawarenesstorammaticagggl,ggformaswellasenthusiasmoflearning.40%studentssaytheconsciouslobserverammarrulesandsummarizesomerulesyyg’bthemse.Btt53%stutstttlveseforeheexerimendenhinkhemainlreloneachersyp,yyyexlanation.Whileobviousltheirconsciousnessofautonomouslearninimrovesafterp,y,gptheexer.Ihapimenttalsobenefitsfromthat78%studentsfindttrulesaredeeplyimpressedbytheirownobservationinductionandsummarintheexperiment.Indeendent,ypnwh5exlorationandgeneralizationbrigpositiveeffectichinsiresstudentsconsciousnessp,pofautonomouslearningtheformationoftheguidanceoflearningstratehelsthem;gypilDufIhelearnautonomouslandeffectve.rintherocessofimlementationoETItyygpp,teacherconsciouslypresentstargetrammarmakesthemnoticeformsofnewrammarg,gm’andformapreliminaryhypothesis.Italliplicitlyrequiresstudentsindependentobservationandsummarfordiscoursereadinaearanceoftaretformaainandaainyg,ppggg,t.ttandcomletionofheblanksBesidestheirresulsofsummarbhemselvestheteacherpyy,liiiffiliheeniilasovesostveairmationstmuatntthusasmoftherautonomousearnin.gp,gg 广州大学硕士学位论文Thisteachingguidecanalsohelpthemformtheconsciousnessofindependentlearningandstrategy.Meanwhiletheawarenessofautonomouslearninmakesstudentsreall,gybecometheorientationofclassroomandlearning.Intraditionalgrammarteaching,teachersmostlyusethedeductivemethod,firstlyshowinexlicitrammarrulesandthendoinexercises.Itseemstosaveclasstimebutgpgg,tnelectthesubectiveiniiativesofstudents.Proerinductioninlearnintasksisbeneficialgjpgforstudentstobeinvolvedintheclassroom,thinkpositivelyandactivelyabsorbthe’knowledgetauhtbyteachers.Thiskindofexploratorystimulatesstudentslearninggmotivationandstrengthenstheirabilitiesofautonomouslearning.Butthisdoesnotmeannea-tionofthedeductivemethod.InductionmethodanddeductionmethodarecoexistinggnTI.BasedthatstudentsrouhlsummarizerulesandrincilestheteacherneedstoiEIgypp,makesupplementsandcarding,andthendesignspecificcommunicativeactivitiestoractice.Regardlessofinductionanddeductionitaimstoensurethatstudentstonoticep,formsoftargetgrammar,whichaccordswiththeprincipleofcombininginductionanddeductionutforwardinrammarteachin.pggc.MoststudentshaveositiveevaluationonEITI.TotheinstructionofEITIofthreepmistakesoftenmadebystudents66%studentsholdthatitcanimrovetheirabilitiesof,plisteninseakinreadinandwritinwhichindicatesthatEITIcanhelstudents,g,gp,ggpcombinerammaticalformswithitsalicationandalrammartoracticalusae.gpp,ppygpg?Studentsgrammarlearningisnotonlyinthestageofunderstandingbutalsointhestae,gofalication.73%studentsthinkrammarlearningissmootherthanbeforeandtheppgknowledeismucheasiertomaster.ThrouhEITItheirknowledeandskillshavebeengg,gimroved.Inviewinofthis74%ofthemareewiththenewrammarteachinaroach.pg,gggppStudentsareabletoexperiencetheimprovementofknowledgeandabilitiesbyITI.EIntheexperimentstudentsnoticeexerienceandrocesstaretrammaronthebasisof,,ppgglentyofcomrehensiveinutandformrelatedexlicitknowledeonthebasisoftheirppp,pg9ownsummaryandexplicitsupplementationandteacherscorrection;studentsareprovidedlotsofopportunitiestousetargetgrammar,whooutputincommunicationandverify,consolidateandimroveintheoutut.Withthenewteachinmethodteachindesinppg,gg36 ChapterFourResultsandDiscussionreducesthedegreeofanxietyinstudentsassoonaspossiblethereisabundanceof;5understandininutwhilenotreuirinstudentsimmediateoututroudiscussiongpqgp;gp’makesstudentsexresstheiroinionsfreelunderteachersmonitorinresutsofppyg;ldiscussionareresentedbrouswhichalsoreducesthedereeofanxietinstudentspygp,gywhileanswerisrightorwrong.Theysummarizeprinciplesindependentlyracticetaret,pgrammarinaninterestinandfamiliarsceneexlainexlicitknowledeininteractiongg,ppg,internalizeexplicitknowledeinmeaninfultasksandthendeveloimlicitabilit.gg,ppyFinatit.llyanewknowledessemisbulgy’4丄2Studentschanges4.1.2.1ChangesfromobservationandinterviewThroughtheobservation,thefrequencyofparticipatinginclassroominteractionishigherthanbeforeintheexperimentalclass.Ingrammarclass,studentsaremostlybusywritingdownrelevantrulesthereisnobodtoraisehishandtoanswerwhentheteacher;yasksuestonsmanstudentskeesilentandareafraidtobeansweredwhentuestionqi;ypheqisraised.Althoughthearerearedtoanswertheuestttionheareuiecarefullandyppq,yqyworraboutmakinm.yistakesgTheinteralatmoshereoftheclassisactivealot.Aboutthediscussionoftheblanksgp5relatintonewrammaritemsstudentsdonotworrabouttheteachersevaluationtothegg,yresultoftheirownthinkinganddiscussveryactively.Theyputforwardhypothesesindiscussionwhichpromotetheirscatteredandsubconsciousgrammaticalinformationtosstematicalt.Wtttiylyconsciousrecogniionheninheconexofnovelandmoveandrolelastudentsinterestisarousedandtheactivelusetaretrammartoshowtheirpy,,yyggseculationandoin.ppionsinfamiliarlanguageenvironmentHoweveroorstudentsin,pEnglishstillarenotwilingtospeakoutandnotactive.Withregardtothenegativetttttineractivefeedbackstraegystudensnotuseitinerrorcorrectionbutintheconsulaion,,anddiscussionofsomedifficultissueswiththeteacher.Thtttteauthorrandomlyinerviewsabouenstudensaftertwoclasses.AmongthestudentsLianJieyanasEnglishreresentativethinksthatthiskindofclassisuite,,g,pq37 广州大学硕士学位论文relaxinbecauseshedoesnotneedtotakenotesbusilysendmuchtimeonabsortiong,pp,understandingandmemorizeofrules.Thereasonisthatshecanmastermostrulesinclass.Moreover,artsofrincilesandusagecanremembereasilyanddonotneedtomemorizeppponpurposeatall.Yet,sheisalittleafraidofrelevantgrammarexercisesappearingintheexaminationwhichwillafectherradeintheexamination.Thusshedoesexercisesafter,g,class.MoQijin,whosegradeismoderate,sayshefeelsquiterelaxedinconsultationanderrorcorrectionwiththeteacher.Anditcanhelphimimprovehisabilityoflisteningandseakinincommunicationwiththeteacherandstudents.Howeverhethinksitisverpg,ytimeconsuming.Andsomestudentsconsultwiththeteacherinthecommentofexercises;ifthisisdoneafterclasshethinksitwillbebeterandtheteacheronlneedstoointout,ypthemistakedirectlytocorrect.LiuXiaouwhoseradeisinaveraescoreorsousually,gg,yshtofakeisnotveryactiveinclas.Toerhiskindrammarlessonmshernoburden.Now,,gsheisalsowillingtodiscusswithclassmates.Whafsmore,itisquiteinterestingtousegrammarexpressioninartsofmoviedisandroleplay.Soshereferstoarticiateinppppp5thinkaboutanduseit.Meanwhileitisnotasdifficultasbeforetomemorizetherules.,Howevershestillmakesmistakeswhendoinexercisesbecauseshecannotclearl,gyunderstandthemeaninofsentencesorshedoesnotreconizesomewordsinthesentenceggratherthanthemisunderstandingofrules.PanWenhaoisapoorstudentinEnglish,whoseemstoknowbutnotspeakitoutinthediscussionofruleinference.Inartoferrorpcorrection,heisnotabletounderstandtheassaeletaloneknowinwhichiswron.And,pggghethinksthatdiscussionofmovieclipsandrolelasareinterestingandcouldunderstandpytherammarrule,butheisembarrassedtoseakoutwithnotknowingmanywordsandgpexpressionswhileorganizing.Theresultsofinterviewsanduestionnairesareconsistent.StudentscanaccetEITI.qpA’roriatesetinofsituationsstimulatedstudentslearnininterestObservationpppgg;,consuaonneraconenabmoexoreandonomou.lttiandittilethetplindeendentlylearnautslpyAtthesametime,ositiveeffectofautonomouslearnincanmakestudentshaveasensepgofaccomlishmentstimulatintheirenthusiasmoflearnin.Yetthestillhaveaffectedbp,ggyytraditionalexamination,relymuchonexercisesandarenotreluctanttotaketimeenergyon38 ChapterFourResultsandDiscussiondeepunderstandinwhenacknowledinthatnewrammarteachinaroachishelfulgggggppp’toimproveotherabilities.Ofcourse,itneedsteachersguidanceforalongtime.Inadditionitshouldnotbeinoredthatammarteachinandlearninarealsoaffectedb,ggrggy9studentsotherlanguageabilitiesandotherbasissuchasvocabularandlearnedrammar,ygevencorrespondinglanuaebackround.ggg4.1.2.2TheChangeoftestscoresTh---epretestandposttestbalancethethreetargetteachinggoals:subectredicatejp“”agreement;theusageoftheparticipleofFiniteVerbs;theusageofwhichinattributeclauses.TheEnglishexaminationpaperincludes25items,totallycounting50points.Thereareeightitemsonaverageeachknowledgepoint.-theaerofretestseenaendix3(ppppp)-Table4.3DataanatlysisofreestpAccuracyRateillllllllll’-Itshowsthatstudentsmasterofsubectredicateconsistencisslihtlbetterthanjpygytheothertwoandstillneedsfurtherimprovement.Theyhaveacertaindeficiencytothe“”masteroftheusaeofthearticileverbaswellastheusaeofwhichintheattributivegppg,“”esecialltheaccuracrateisonl55%ofreosition+which.Inawordbasedonpyyypp,’studentsEnlishleveltheirrasofthesethreerammaticalointsislackinandtheg,gpgpg,scornaveraeenerallow.iggisglyen-InorrtorovtestteteachneffectofEITIaosttestredout.Thedeidighigiscarip?p’eofos-estesameastere-esswhcsusalecutanexttyppttisthhpttihitlitdifildflibiliy.,j39 广州大学硕士学位论文herofo-(teasttestseenaendix4).pppppTabe4cuanaost-l.4AcracylsisfotestypTestintaretsAccuracyRateggmargimnconsistency95%meaningconsistenc88%ynearbyconsistenc92%ysntacticfunctionsofarticileverb85.5%ypptheindeendentnominativestructureof87.5%particlpipeverbtenseandmoodofarticileverb93.9%pp<4”whve93.ichguidingtherestrictiveatributi6%clause‘”Svh-93%ichguidingthenonrestrictiveatributiveclauses++nounofwhich86.4%reosition+which87%ppPost-testhas25t-iemsincludinthreerincilesofsubectredicatetheusaeof,gppjp,g“”particileverbandtheusageofwhichinattributeclauses.Exceptfortheitemofprammarconsistenctheaccuracratesofnearbconsistencsntacticfunctionsofgy,yyy,y“”ar-upticipleverbandwhichusedinrestrictiveandnonrestrictiveattribtiveclausesareamon90%-95%wh--giletherateofthemareonlyamong60%65%intheretest.Thep“accuracyratesoftheindependentnominativestructureofarticileverbnoun+of+pp,”“”whichandreosition+whichareallabove85%whichincreasereaterthanpp,gthemselvesbefore.Eseciallyintheitemoftheindeendentnominativestructureofp,p“”wh-articileverbtenseandmoodofarticileverbandichuidinthenonrestrictivepp,ppggattributiveclauses,theamountofincreaseexceeds30%.Ascanbeseenfromthedatatheoverallaccuracofthethreerammaritemsisnot,ygbadwhichisallabove80%buthadsomediferencesamonthem.Itdemonstratesthat,gEITIstillhascertaineffectsdurintheexeriment.gp4.13TheanalysisofwritingEITIfromthebeginningmakesstudentscontactwiththetaretlanuaeformin,,gggmeaningfulcontexthavingthemfirstlnoticetheconnectionamonrammaticalform,ygg,40 ChaterFourResultsandDiscussionpmeaninandfunctionanddeelandfurtherunderstandtherelationshiamong,pypgrammaticalformmeanindfunctionontihebasisoflentofcommunicativeraciceg,ganyt.ppThecontact,dialogueanderrorcorrectionofstudentsaredoneinmeaningfulcontextorpassages.Languageform,meaningandftuictionhavebeenalwaysintheirinputandoutput,whicharehelfulforthemtounderstandtheconnectionbetweenactualcontextandtaretpgrammaritemsaswellasaccurateexressioninwriting.WhafsmoreinEITIstudentsgp,,alsohaveopportunitiestoactivelytakepartinclassroomcommunicationinwhichlanguageinputisnotonlythewayfortheteachertoletstudentsnoticetargetgrammarforms,butalsoaneffectivemethodtointernalizetaretrammar.Durintherocesstheirgggp,exlicitknowledgeisinternalizedintoimplicitability.Thereforethereisnotanexlicitp,yp9knowledebuttheinternalizationoftheabilityofitsapplication,samlesofstudentsg(pwritingseenaendix6pp)4.2Theeffectonenrichmentofexplicitknowledge4.2.1Testcontent,Thetestswereintendedtorovidemeasuresoflearnersknowledgeof11Englishpgrammaticalstructures.Thechoiceofthegrammaticalcontentisbasedonanumberofconsiderations.First,anattemptneedstobedonetoselecttargetlanguagestructuresthatwereknowntobeuniversallyproblematictolearners(e.g,toresultinerrors).Second,thestructureswerechosentorepresentbothearlyandlateacquiredgrammaticalfeaturesaccordintowhatisknownaboutthedevelomentalproertiesofL2acuisitione.gppq(g,Pienemann1989.Thirdthestructureswereselectedtoreresenttheraneoftheir,),pgproficiencylevels.Fourth,thestructureswerechosentoincludebothmorphologicalandsyntacticfeatures.Table4.5liststhestructuresandsummarizestheirpropertiesintermsofthevariousselectioncriteria,metalinuisticknowledetestanduntimedGTJseen(ggaendix5pp)41 广州大学硕士学位论文Table4.5ExperimentalgrammaticalstructuresstructureExampleoflearnererrorPedagogicintroductionavn’aQuestionstasWewillleetomorrow,ist?NoclerfocusatanylevelgUnrealconditionalsIfhehadbeenricher,shewillmarryhim.Lowerdiate/intemiintermeredateIndefinitearticleTheyhadtheveroodtimeatthearty.ElementaiygpyErgativeverbsBetween1990and2000thepopulationofVariouslevelsNewZealandisincreased.Pove-uncssessisLiaoisstilllivininhisrichlehouse.ElementarygThrrs-HrmenrideonsioshilivewithhisfriendKoji.Eleta/lowerpyintermediateRelThbtfatherbouhtithaklativecauseseoatthamygssun.nmedIteriateOadvancedmbeddedtisTom.EuesonwantedtoknowwhathadIdoneIntermediateqDativealternationTheteacherexplainedJohntheanswer.NoclearfocusatanylevelComparativesThebuildingismorebiggerthanyourElementaiy/intemiediatehouse.AdverblacementShewritesverwellEnlish.Elementar/lowerpygynmediteriate4.2.2Dataanalysisoftests’e--Thcontentofosttestformeasurinexlicitknowledeaccordedwiththeretests,pgpgpincludinametalinguisticknowledgetestandanuntimedrammaticalitudmenttestggyjg(GTJ).Inmetalinguisticknowledgetest,thereare11multiplechoicesofjudgmentandstudentsareaskedtoselecttherulethatbestexlainedeacherrorandreadashorttextandp,thenfindexamplesof15specificgrammaticalfeatures.InuntimedGTJ?studentsarereuiredtoaindicatewhethereachsentenceisrammaticalorungrammaticalbq()g,()indicatethedegreeofcertaintyoftheirudmentonascalemarkedfrom0%to100%andjg,co-tselfreortwhethertheyuserulesorfeelforeachsentence.()p-Tabecuracresofreandos-esl4.6AcyScotesttttppP--tetestPosttestMSDMSD||meta.linguistic57.415472.419.3knowledeguntimedGTJ69738K2108^42 ChapterFourResultsandDiscussionItshowsthemeansandstandarddeviationsofscoresonthetwomeasures.Regardlessofthemeanandstandarddevenaeof-iation,theprcetgposttestinmeasurinexlicitgpknow-ledgehadacertaindereeofascension.Themeanofosttestofmetalinuisticgpgeswh-knowledgi72.4ichrosesb20comarinto52.4ofretestthestandarddeviation,ypgp;ofost-testofmetalinuisticknowledeis19.3whichrosesb3.9%comint15.4ofpgg,aroypg--whretest.ThemeanofosttestofuntimedGTJis81.2ichrosesb14.3comarintop,yppg66re-esestandardevaonofos-testofuntimedwhch.9ofttthdititGTJis10.8irosesbp;p,y2-.9comarinto7.9ofretest.GenerallseakinEITIstillhascertainositiveefectpgpypg,p,onenrichingstudentsexlicitknowlede.pg43 广州大学硕士学位论文44 ChapterFiveConclusionChapterFiveConclusion5.1MaorfindingsjThroughthisactionresearch,withtheanalysisoftheresultsofquestionnaires,'combininwiththeinterviewsandtheteachersreflectiontheauthorcomestoconclusionsg,thatarefollowingthreeasects:pttttt1IiscomleelfeasibleandeffeciveouseEITIinEnlishrammareachinin()pygggsenoroos.ihighschl-StudentsofexperimentalclassmakegreatprogressinosttestoframmartestbpgymeansofcasestudofEITI.ItturnsouttobethatEITIisfeasibleandefectveinEnshyigligrammarclassinseniorschools.2IntherocessoframmarteachinwithEITIexlicitknowledeetsacertainpgg,pgg()amountofenrichmentandtheirmasteroframmaritemsisobviouslimroved.It,ygypshowsthefollowingsecificasects:pp’a.Wttheresutosurinexicitedetcanbeseenttstuentsihlfmeagplknowlgihad,exlicitknowtti.pledgehasimprovementoacerandegreeb.Threemistakesareimprovedobviouslywhichalwaysmadebystudentsinpostgrammartest.Therammarteachihe3gingofEITIslpfulforstudentstoraisetheconsciousness()andtheabilityofautonomouslearningandformoodlearninhabits.,ggInrammarclassthewouldconsciouslunderlinesomerammaticalformsnoticedg,,yygactivelarticiateindiscussionthinkositivelandtherearemorestudentswillintoypp,py,gautomatical.lyexloreandinuirepqThisactionresearchshowsthatEITIissuchalearningmodelthatstudentslearnrammarthrouhthett.Tttudentttggineractionandeammembersheeacherorganizesssoakepartinmeaningfulcommunicationactivitiesaroundagrammaritemonthebasisofgroups,createactualcontextmakesthemthinkexloreanalzeandsummarizerammarruleson,,p,ygtheirownandthenimrovestheirabilitofcomrehensiveuse.Thiskindoframmar?pypg“”-teachingaccordswellwiththeconcetofstudentorientedinnewcurriculumstandard.p’Moreoveritalsoemhasizesertinenceanduidanceofteachersclassroomteachinand,ppgg45 广州大学硕士学位论文9studentslearninginitiative.Thismodelmakestheteachercontroltheclassbetterandmakesstudentsbecometherealmasteroftheclass.Suchteachingapproachnotonlymakesrammarclassmoreinterestinbutalsocultivatestheirlearninhabitsofgg,gcooperationandindependentinquir.ParticularlyimortantisthroughEITIstudentsraiseyp,,awarenesstogrammaticalform,havemoreopportunitiestoparticipatein,enrichingtheirexlicitknowledgeduringtherocessofindeendentthinkinandinteractiveexlorationpppgp,therebyinternalizingimlicitknowledgebetter.Whafsmoreitishelfulforthep,pimprovementofthethreemistakesmadebystudents.Aboveall,theauthorbelievesthatitisworthtouseEITIinEnlishrammarteachininseniorhihschoolsandmakeafiirtherggggmrovementip.5.2ImplicationsThisexerimenthascertainsignificancesofEnglishrammarteachininseniorhipggghschools.ItfindsthatgrammarteachinofEITIispracticalinseniorschools.EITIdoesg9oodtoincreasestudentsconsciousnessofgrammarraisetheirattentiontorammaticalg,gformenrichtheirexlicitknowledgeandalsotheimrovementofsomemistakesmade,,ppbstudents.Underefortsbetweenstudentsandtheteacheritishelfultofacilitatethey,p9efficiencyofgrammarteachingandimprovestudentsabilitiesinrammar.g1Havingstudentsbecomethemasteroftheclassroom.()Studentsareketosuccessfulclass.Thereforeonltheteachermakesstudentsy,yconcentrateontheclassandtrulyabsorbintheclasscanheteachthemrealEnglishknowledgeandskills.TheteachershouldregardstudentsassignificanthumanresourcestousescientificallyandfUllstimulatetheirlearninenthusiasmanddevelotheirlearninygpgtact.GivingtheclassroombacktostudentsandmakingthembecomethemasteroftheclassroomwhichisnothelfUltoreducetheburdenoftheteacherandstudentsestablisha,p,virtuouscircleofteaching,butincreasetheirinterest肪dimprovetheirabilitiesinlearningEnlishgrammarreatlromotintheeffectofclassroomteachin.g,gypgg,Ingrammarlearningtheteacherouhttoutweihtonstudentsabilitof,gpgyindeendentlysolvinroblemsandmakethemovercomedifficultandstudlearninpgpyygstrategiesinautonomouslearningratherthanusingsinleexlanationtotakethelaceofgpp46 ChapterFiveConclusiontherocessoftheirownexerienceobservationandsummarwhichhelscultivatetheirpp,y,pwillpower.So,theteachershouldcreatemoreopportunities,guidestudentsindependentlydealwithproblemsthroughdiscussion,observationandconsultation,andsummarizethegrammar.52Thecombinationofttttst.(exliciexlanaionandsudenindeendeninuir)pppqyEn’glishlearninginseniorhighschoolsistolayafoundationforstudentscollege.Thecuentranceandlifelonglearningltivationofautonomouslearningabilityisparticularlyimportant.Ingrammarclass,theteachershouldguidestudentsasthemasteroftheclassroom,setupmeaningfulcontextprovidingappropriatepassages,encouragethemtolearnautonomouslwithobservationdiscussionandcooerationandhelthemtoy,p,preflectonadustandformthelearninstrateallowinthemtolearnindeendentl.,jggygpyHelpingstudentssummarizethebenefitsandthesenseofachievementfromautonomouslearninintheevaluationwhicheffectivelstimulatestheirlearninenthusiasm.Theg,ygemergenceofnewmodesoframmarteachinisnotentirelneativetotraditionalggygrammarteachinnthecontrartheteachinoframmaticalformisnecessarandgg.Oy,ggytale.rrammariscomlicatedinseniorhihschoolsitisnotasthintoinevibFogpg,neaygcompletetheexplanationofthosecomplicatedgrammarcontentinlimitedclasses.Thecomplexityoframmarcontentandthetimingoflearningdecidethatstudentscannotfullgyrethtttstamma.Tloneirobservaionandhouhosummarizeallrrruleshereforebasedonygg,theirgeneralization,theteacherstillneedstocertainexplicitsummaryandinterpretations,whoexlainsromtlsomethinthatstudentsdonotrealizeornoticeandeneralizepppyg,gresultshelinthemformtheirownsstemsinthemfulhemaklrastrammar.,pgy,gygpg93cen-(Contratingonstudentsnonintelligencefactorsintheprocessofgrammar)teaching.AccordingtoNationalEnglishCurriculumStandardsforgeneralHighSchool,the9formationofstudentsoveralllanguagecompetenceisbasedonintegrateddevelopmentoflanguageskills,knowledge,emotionalattitude,learningstrategies,culturalawarenessand5ttttttssoonheemotionalatitudeisoneofimortanfacorsaffecinsudenlearninand.Tpggmen-developt.Hereemotionalattitudemeanstononintelliencefactorsnamel,g,y47 广州大学硕士学位论文psychologicalfactorsexceptforintelligencefactors,includingemotionalwill,interest,personality,needs,motivation,etc.Studentsarethemainpartoftheclassroomandtheirinfrinsicmotivationisrelevanttothesuccessofteaching.Thereforeweshouldstimulate,9studentsinnerconfidenceinterestandenthusiasmwithdifferentstrateiestoresent,gp4teffectivelearningcontentindifferentlearningstages,makingthetransitionfromExam”“”forcesmetolearntoIwanttoleamwhichhasthemexperiencethesenseof,achievementfromEnglishgrammarlearning.5.3LimitationsandsuggestionsEnlishteachinisaloncomlexrocessaffectedbmanfactors.Soalthouhgggpp,yy,gthisresearchdemonstratesthatEITIhascertainfeasibilityandoperabilityinEnglishgrammarteachininseniorhihschoolstherearestillmanlimitationswiththegg,yrestrictionofresearcher^academicliteracyideasandobectiveconditions.,jFirstofallitstillneedstofurtherimrovementforitstescontentandradientof,pyp,g-re-estaostestofptndptthisresearchinordertobetterreflecttheactuallevelofdifferenteveostsllsfudent.Secondly,thereareshortcomingsinpracticeandtheorybecauseofthelimitationofmyresearchabilityandtheoreticallevel.ResearchdatacannotbeanalyzedbyadvancedanameodssuchauofssasoasreslysisthstheseANOVA.Thiilrimarykillinearchandpneedstolearnbeforesubsequentresearch.Finally,thisstudyisustanactionresearchanditstimeisshort.ItisnotverjyuniversalandabletofindoutroblemsofEITIexosedinalontermsimldeendinppg,pypgonthealicationoframmarclassesinasemesteresecialldataanalsismostlppg,pyyycomingfromcasesstudyinactionresearchwhichisimprovedbythediscussionfromanexpertandpeersofEnglishgroup.Forinstance,itcannotkeepthebalanceforstudentstoparticipateininteractivetask,inwhichartofunderachieverisinthestateoflearninfree.pg’Itisamajorsubectforfurtherresearchtomaintaintheunderachieverslearninjgenthusiasmandinitiative.48 ChaterFiveConclusionpIneoownteaceautrwconnueoractcemodandnawordithfllihinthhoilltitii,,gg,pfyimprovetheresearch.Atthesametime,theauthorwillattempttouseEITIinothertypesofteachingtobuildhighlyeffectiveclassroom.49 广州大学硕士学位论文50 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end-Aix1Questionnaireofretestppp髙中语法教学问卷调査表(前测)?1.你觉得学习英语语法的目的是什么A.作为英语学习的工具B.帮助考试取得高分C.教材规定要学2.你学过的语法知识体系A.清晰有条理,能灵活运用B.部分知识混乱,运用易出错C.完全混乱,不会运用3.你主要依靠()学习语法A.老师的讲解B.语法书C.语法练习题4.你主要是通过()掌握语法知识A.将语法知识放在文章或是句子中,多读多看B.发现规律(如找窍门或是顺口溜),系统化语法知识C.通过大量的语法练习,记住为止5.掌握语法知识对提高英语水平很重要A.同意B.不同意C.不确定?6.你认为语法知识的学习对听说读写能力的提高有帮助吗—CA.没有.帮助很大B.般任何帮助“”7.教师讲解为主,学生练习为辅(也就是老师讲解语法规则,然后背下各条规则,最后做题目。)是中学生学习语法的主要模式A.完全同意B.基本同意C.不确定8.在进行语法教学时,()A.教师多自己讲解,学生做习题B.教师多设计活动任务,学生在活动中学习C.教师讲解很少,自己看语法书55 9.通过语法单选题的练习,对你的语法学习的提高()A一.有很大帮助B.只是些帮助C.没有用10.在语法教学中,你有()机会参与口语交际活动。A.充足B.较充足C.很少11.在语法教学中,小组活动的机会()A.很多B.较多C.没有用12.英语语法学习中对你来说最大的困难是什么?A.语法规则太抽象B.碰到实际问题不会用C.语法规则太多记不住13.你的语法学习状态停留在()A.能看懂B.能理解C.能运用14.你对当前的语法学习()A..很满意B.不满意C不确定15.你对当下教师的语法教学()A.很满意B.不满意C.不确定56 en-Adix2uestionnaireofosttestppQp高中英语语法问卷调查表(后测)问卷旨在了解你们对现阶段语法教学的看法,以助于我们改进教学方法,提高师生教与学的质量。问卷为不记名。1.阅读含有语法点的文章,其中需要学习的语法项目用黑体标出,会让我对该语法点并且印象深刻。A.完全同意B.不同意C.不确定2.在有上下文的情况下,学习语法的效果更好。A.完全同意B.不同意C.不确定一3.师生之间和生生之间的对话中协商和纠正语法错误是种有效的学习方法。A.完全同意B.不同意C.不确定4.我自己会去有意识的观察语法,有些规则能自己总结了。A.完全同意B.不同意C.不确定5.与之前的语法教学方法,我更喜欢()。A.现在的语法教学方法B.以前的语法教学方法C.不确定6。.通过自己的观察和归纳,总结的语法规则印象更深刻A.完全同意B.不同意C.不确定7一.这阶段的语法学习让我对语法形式的注意程度增加了。A.完全同意B.不同意C.不确定8一.这个阶段主谓。致的学习比以前的语法学习更顺利,知识更容易掌握A.完全同意B.不同意C.不确定57 enrammar-Appdix3Gtestofpretest-hrtareacoveredwihneesbouevenercenhe1.Onetidofhetgreetr.Atstyptofttressbeenlanted.pA.are;haveB.is;hasC.is;haveD.are;has2.Thenumberofteachersinourcollegereatlyincreasedlastterm.Anumberofgteachersinthisschoolfromthecountr.yA.wasisB.wasareC.wereareD.wereis;;;;3-t.WhattheoulationofChina?Onehirdoftheoulationworkershere.ppppA.isareB.areareC.isisD.areis;;;;4.Notonlhebutalsoweriht.Heaswellasweriht.yggA.areareB.areisC.isisD.isare;;;;’5.Whathedlikeadigitalwatch.Whathedliketextbooks.A.areareB.isisC.isareD.areis;;;;6.Heisoneoftheboyswhohereontime.Heistheonlyoneoftheboswhoyhereontime._A.hascomehavecomeB.havecomehascome;;C.hascomehascomeD.havecomehavecome;;7.Eitherouorheinterestedinlainchess.ouorhefondofmusicypygyatpresent?AareresxeareDsIs.AB.iAC.Is.i;;;;8.ManarofessorlookinforwardtovisitinGermannow.Manscientistsypggyystudiedanimalsandlantsinthelasttwoears.y—pA.ishaveB.ishasC.arehaveD.isare;;;;9.Theoldladhastwosons,inabicity.ygA.liveB.toliveC.livesD.living10.Amongthoseweresomeclassmatesofmine.A.invitedB.invit.toinvite.ingCDhavingbeeninvited11.IsthereastudentJackinourclass?yA.calledB.callinC.toca.casgllDll58 12.Somaneolewenttowatchthefootballmatchsomeounirls.ypp,yggA.includingB-inculdedC-includeD.toincludecan'unde13.1trstandtheletterinEnlish.gA.writtenB.writeC.writingD.havebeenwriten14.Theeoleanothercountryneedsassort.ppppA.enteredD.enterin.entersB.enterCg15.deepdownintheearthforthousandsofyears,thedeadforesthasrottedawayandbecomecoal.A.BuriedB.BurinC.HavinburiedD.Havinbeenburiedyggg16.fromthemoontheearthlookslikeacolorfUlball.,A.SeeingB.SeenC.HavingseenD.Havinbeenseeng17.TheboysatonthesofaTVrorammeatentively.^pgA.watchin.watchB.watchedCgD.towatch’18.Lookout!DontgettooclosetoIhehousewindowisbroken.A.whoseB.whichC.ofwhichD.that19Iamnotsurewhetherthisisthebookmybrotherreadthedabefore.yesterda.yyA.WhoseB.AsC.WhatD.which20.TheScienceMuseumwevisiteddurinarecenttritoBritainisoneof,gp,’Londonstouristattractions.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.where21.Thatevenin,Iwilltelloumoreaboutlater,Iendeduworkinverlate.gypgyA.thatB.whichC.whatD.when22.Whendeeinthouhheoftenwashewouldforetallaroundhim.pg,,gA.whichB.thatc.whereD.what23.HeboughtabookwaswrittenbyLuXun.A.whichB.thatc.whereD.What24.Hesetfreethebirdshappily,whichacelebrationforhissuccess.A.isB.wasC./D.be59 25.Thewaterineeaveriscleanerthanbefore.thPlRiA.WhichB./C.That60 Aendost-ttppix4Grammartestofpes1.(2013湖南,33).Theuniversityestimatesthatlivingexpensesforinternationalstudentsaround¥8450aearwhichaburdenforsomeoft.hemy,A.are;isB.are;areC.is;areD.is;is2.2013才畐建,23.Thefamousmusician,aswellashisstudents,toerformat()ptheoeninceremonoft12TF.pghe20aieilowerExoyppvte.wasnvitedCnvA.werein.avebeentedD.sbeennvteidBihiihaiid’3.(2013江苏,21).Generally,studentsinnermotivationwithhighexpectationsfromothersessentialtotheirdeveloment.pABe.as.e.is.arCwDwer4201432.Alt.湖南lweneedasmallieceoflandwherewecanlanvarious,)pp(kindsoffruittreesthroughoutthegrowingseasonsoftheyear.A.areB.wasC.isD.were5.2006陕西卷12.Theconstructionofthetwonewrailwalinesbnow.()yyA.hasbeencompletedB.havecompletedC.hascompletedD.havebeencompleted-6.2006江卷7.Thecomanhadabout20notebookcomutersbutont浙]onehird()pypyusedreularl.gy.Nowwehave60workingalldalonygA.isB.areC.wasD.were.7.(20126.ethirdthecountrcoveredwithtreesand1湖南卷)Onythemaoritofthecitizensblackpeople.jyAis;areBis;isCare;areDare;is.278.(2011安徽卷).Thefactorand65ercentoftherawmaterialstherestofwhichyp,savedforotheruroses.ppD.wA.isB.areC.wasere9_(20111Simonmadeabibambooboxthelittlesickbirdtillit四川卷,1)gcouldfly.AB.ket.eenD.tokee.keeppCkpigp14anhourbeforeherlane.10.(2011陕西卷Clairehadluaeleft,)gggpA.checkB.checkintocheckD.checkedgC.61 11.(2011湖南卷,29).Doyouwakeupeverymorningenergeticandreadytostartanewday?A.feelB.tofeelC.feelinD.feltg12‘(2011江苏卷,22)Thefactthatsomaneolestillsmokeinubliclacethatyppppwemayneednationwidecampaigntoraiseawarenessoftherisksofsmoking.A..suggestBsuggestsC.suggestedD.suggestingH2015安徽27thedifferencebetweenthetworesearchfindinswillbeone(,)goftheworstmistakesoumake.yAC.Iinored.InoreB.IgnoringnoredD.Havinggggc-14.(2015陕西18BakfromhistwoearmedicalserviceinAfrica,Dr.Leewasver,)yyhatoseehismotheroodcareathome.ppygA.takingB.takenC.takeD.betaken152015四川9LitleTomsatwachinhemonkedancininfrontofhim.tt.(,)gygA.amazeB.amazingC.amazedD.toamaze16.2015北京23Thearkwasfoilofeolethemselvesinthesunshine.(,)pppA.havingenoedB.enoedC.enoinD.toenojyjyjygjy17t.(2014重庆11Grouacivitieswillbeoranizedafterclasschildrendevelo,)ppgteamspirit.A.helpingB.havinghelpedC.helpedD.tohelp19.2006上海春季卷37Youcanfindwhateverouneedattheshoincentreis,,()yppgalwaysbusyattheweekend.A.thatB.whereC.whatD.which20.(2006江苏卷,29)Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunningeantsendintensofthousandsof,mpgpounds.A.whoB.thatC.asD.which2.anda1.(2011全国II7Tedcamefortheweekendwearinonlsomeshorts?)gy-Tshirtisastuidthintodoinuchweather.,spgA.thisB.thatC.whatD.Which62 22.(2014安徽卷22ThenextyearAnelaandherfamilsenttoetherin,)gypgChinawas2008.?A.whenB.whereC.whyD.which23.(2014北京卷,26)IborrowthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek,mclassmatesrecommendedtome.A.whoB.whichC.whenyD.Where2420—aveofaceobab14江西卷28Amonthemandanerssailorshtrlthe.(,)gyg,pygreatestofallisfog.A.whichB.whatC.whereD.when25.(2014四川卷,4)Inow,wehaveraised50.000poundsforthepoorchildren.isquiteunexpected.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.it63 Appendix5MeasuringofexlicitknowledgepREPRESENTATIVESAMPLEOFQUESTIONSFROMTHEMETALINGUISTICKNOWLEDGETESTPart1:Eachsentencebelowisungrammatical.Pleaseselecttheoptionthatexplainswhyeachsentenceisunrammatical.g1Studentsshoweratthem..gya.Missingreflexiveronounpb.Missingindirectobjectpronouncisnsecronoun.Msigubtjpd.Missingdemonstrativepronoun2suesaousudforheexam.Paulaggtsthttt.yyat.Averbisconuatedinhewrongersonjgpb.AverbisconuatedinthewrontensejggcAverbisconuatedinthewronasect.jggpd.AverbisconjugatedinthewrongmoodPart2:Intheararabelowfindoneexamleofeachrammaticalfeatureandteitinpgph,pgypthespacerovided.Note;Therearemanyossibleanswers.pp1.Demonstrativeadectivej2t.Verbinhirdersonps-PumaarelargecatlikeanimalswhicharefoundinAmerica,Whenreportscameinto,LondonZoo-thatawildpumahadbeensottedfortyfivemilessouthofLondonthep,ywerenottakenseriously.However,astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestiateforthedescritionsivenbeolewhoclaimedtohaveg,pgyppseeneumawereexraorrsmarthtdinailyiil.pThehuntfortheumabeaninasmallvillaewhereawomanickingblackberriespggpaw*aa*nmslrgecatolyfiveardsawayfromher.Itimediatelranawawhenshesawityyy,andexpertsconfirmedthataumawillnotattackahumanbeinunlessitiscornered.Thepgsearchroveddificultfortheumawasoftenobservedatonelaceinthemorninandatp,ppg64 anotherplacetwentymilesawayintheevening.Whereveritwent,itleftbehinditatrailofdeaddeerandsmallanimalslikerabbits.Pawprintswereseeninanumberofplacesand'*umafurwasfoundclininobusheSeveraleoleom-pggts.clainedofcatlikenoisesatpppnightandabusinessmanonafishingtrisawtheumauatree.Theexpertswerenowpppfollyconvincedthattheanimalwasaumabutwherehaditcomefrom?Asnoumasp^phadbeenreportedmissingfromanyzoointhecountry,thisonemusthavebeeninthepossessionofarivatecollectorandsomehowmanaedtoescape.Thehuntwentonforpgseveralweeksbuttheumawasnotcaught.Itisdisturbintothinkthatadanerouswild,pgganimalisstillatlargeintheuietcountrside.qyREPRESENTATIVESAMPLEOFSENTENCESINUNTIMEDGRAMMATICALITYJUDGMENTTESTSReflexiveVerbs(1)Ishowerinthemorning.(2)Hebrushmyteeththreetimesaday.PresentSubunctivewithNominativeClausesj3MomwantsPacotostudalot.()y4Anawantustoooutwithher.()gPresentSubunctivewithAdverbialClausesj5Whentheboetshomehewillcallou.()yg,y(6)WhenJuanhastime,hewillstudyFrench.DifferentialObectMarkinjg9Mariavisitsherrandmothereverweek.()gy65 lOPedroseestherofesoronMonday.()pNounandAdectiveGenderAreementjg11Manuellivesinaredhouse.()12Anahasablackskirt.()-uSubjectVerbAgreementRelarPresentTenseVerbs)(g13Paulawatchestelevision.()14JoseandItakeclassesatnit()ghAdectivePlacementPostnominalj()151havearedcar.()161wantawhiteshirt.()PastHypotheticalConditionals17)IfRobertohadstudiedhewouldnothaveottenbadrades.(,gg18Ifmfamilhadhadmonewewouldhaveoneonvacation.()yyy,gPossessives19SincemaartmentissmallIreferours.()yp,py20MyfavoriteclassisSanishbutyoursismath.()pAspect(21)Yesterdaythechildrenplayeduntilverylate.22Lastnittheboysstudieduntil3:00.()ghArticleUsewithGenerics23Dolhinsareintelligentanimals.()p24Dogsbarkalot.()66 DoubleObectConstructionj251writeletterstombrother.()y(26)1ivemMomroses.gy67 9Aendix6Samplesofstudentswritinppg■/fv>4^rrts严名j'??-",l?■-Cf^<?*f):..h/,(;/, ̄-r*n^-'¥b^?e<culr,tA^ik^,reita(^er-;5/>/VM/y?^-r;'""'f;'^rMfhf^i^*r^..^rhy,ifj-广广加^/V',知*4/,},eA,...一叫产'^rth.>lekCvfcfx<,]%^ih^,hi,Wkj£p.rsr二r*'?-)A-t-ASr\i<,i:<^ri^4x/.cj\irJ*?'<.K'-vy,’--'A,.,*%-n{V?v,tr:y:fp*^t^,^,^art*fr5<fri;l,fs.^chto^rch^:tciart/-^-''■r\G->>*e.?*--,f-fy^r^ttVtfsy\^crrxv,cAr/ay:七ht.nr\)h.,^^,^W*4^mui-'t-^r^ss-*--?^<)e#/.e^c^no;hf^vc^tjrhSti1v.;?'--s,',/an<r-/乂?TrHsi,y?w\Y^mVr^’、//,hijc^iiih/1气—'■ ̄备>cj*c?r\*\<I}vfr((A^h(r^rrurt:r ̄-ff^ttt}\,/b^lp,^(p‘yS^^rnxz<*s>ccm?t^s^^/r%<f/|}难、“心/,UijCl/:nish<}/ri/j6trre,<>-th±^iAlvr,u:y^^t/H^f<y亡以/<?^^f,一.'二^v'tryfr^tV^a;,^^必,Y*^yti^s:kTcr\h ̄l^MiA/y^/>I户jttLU:i^fp;^^^,' ̄>^hr.^<t.^iBt}ftJ^,〇n^h''M'::V,,:,蒙1—:'l^v-S-:JXt£?:?^IftitfCi!、/rJj*''*>titi<hr,rit.>i^^hAxrfCftt:*,//r^o,^yj"^"-''*-**r*fi?^.fh^^Ci^JYJtIr^fr^hy!^-JSC^r,^.vsJ<-fu?>'t-z*\fl<.■:'.,*-*t(vAx*ftA、.i^ii*.*vdh<(<■?<i^^|\f?tyr4.r,Jh?}-'* ̄'-■Mr;--■^t1C%^t</Jw^xiedft^n-,.ir^i<.-*^uA^?rfS.f->^^-*%---^<^:cih^h-C->-4h^*<;A^.hyiw4/n\,t::fih*z^rri^trifyi^^y、''■<--?*'“?rMyrrt^H^,似ir如.--v"彳々i*tnt^jsr^Tv"r-^%4n-^*V[cr>rw(e今”,c^,?-->JmJ^f**z'>rhtihcy{ftxc^xumhi^f#‘:/£crlt/;;u/^?r/uj卞?^-*:>^r:^,yi^fcf^h,'-**-?<?.v4t.wd.i4?歡,nc^<c{hh<fi,vh^t'一'—",/h^l^u^m.;厂,t?s68 Appendix7?ErrorCorrection?MiBinU:isoodookinsidEsirinaitbfejhavetsiaiasasi?unt?miK:=andgldl.:gg;(p)i3s.maf^fedroaimefi.Hejisten312bihwonaiwithanairofisd&sonisy.dacdMH'--=-b.,ltafemanbtrotbrinlav,!vkHurstcteslyookoohh:uhisfemIvfcDary〇)g-==so.ttteondfKiivsteantionofthfoombHsfins,tail^rsoiikaHisamrfeMuis.)yp(=vnobkmienacdthsrg?ortviidiacsitE=E=ialcirculation\vithmasmimifesafter;0)'=>-his5Etian:2ofisarmEta:thousaiKaar.TbE5Etiri=nrcocuKercnccr.c?s.bhiylJpp}himtobaafeesirsofammtes^ckrebismud:nnsonHrthanvfr.ilkMdhd!*andked=hrislooatwiiliEiatadmiriianforaboutkalit=?;3iii!£tillhis.''=1=mannase.t^ivslisaisgustv^kdimnEthetidofHstilaritefer1hisdisccardpqp()---,=*=to..^hiproud,tobeaboshiscoEcasandabobinskiKiaMnotallHskin;astate:p''-inDab-shii?tb=sihilh^ioEtibfekidii.dibkcouldnismornaamosiigsasrsar-tr.c.beEHunltconairdwithtiid.ounaiaixacdi\>T)itrobs^sfi5r*Mr.Binlehassoimselfacgyonmakehuaintedwithalltherincialqppo-eleintheroomheislivelandiinieienecidancedanceseverpp;y()ydance,isanithattlieballdosedsoearly,andtalksofi\inonegyg§liiniielfatNetherfield.Suchamiableualitiesmustseakforqp'-tlifiniaelves.Whatacontrastbeteeenhimandhis.j&iend:MrDarcv'dancesonlonce^ithMrs.HurstandoncewithMiisBinlev,ygdeclinedbeingintroducedtoanyotherlad,andsendssnditlueyp(p)restoftven-lieeinginwalldiiabouttheroom,seakinoccasionallvgpghdtooneofhisownart.Hiscaracterareliecided.Heisthepy()d,'rouestmostdisareeablemaninthevv〇rldandevenbodhoespg:spthatliewouldnevercomethereaain.AmonstthemostviolentggaainsthimareisMrs.Bennetwliosedislikeofhiseneralg()gbehaviourare155'haienedintoarticularresentmentbli5.havin:〔)pp;ygslihtedoneofherdauhters.gg69 Aendix8ppRolePlay?傲慢与偏见经典片段雨中土豆高清视_在线观看*http://www,tud〇yxom/pr〇Mrams/view/GP2s2iBBV4ic/?RCYDA:IcametoRosingswitibfhsobectofmemgou.?Ihadtoseejyyou?LIZZIE:Me??DARCY:Tvefotightagainstmybetterudemenmyfamiisexectation...jgtyp?Tteinferiorityofourbirth..^nrankamiciraimstaxsce..(stumblinl)yygyllthosethin.-.butTIngtthemasMe.-.outomdagsmwiDtou^Eidashmypyagony...?LZ’IZIE:I<kmtiUKJeistaiKL"?YDARC:Ilove<m_Mostar<ieatl_yy?Pleasedomethehanourofaccedingmyhand.*姐dLIZZIE:Si^Iredatethestruleouhaveb^ntornIamverson哗pggyyy典*outohavecausedaia.Bdieveni^itwastmconscioiBdoBe.ypfy*DARCY:Isthisourrepl?yy*LIZZIE:.Yes,sir*DARCY:Aieyoutoughingatme?*LIZZIE:No!*omDAKCY:A^yrqectogme?*LIZZIEwhichomVetl:TmsussthatUiefeelin^oldU3e?lavelii^eredp,y*<meaidwiflMminov^oominittg,pyyg*DARCY:askwiiwith^>litfleento^ouratcivilitIamfluzsreulsed?y,y,p*LIZZIE:Imigtaswd!eoqoire^?iiywithsoevidenta(tesinofinsultsimeoudiosetotdlsgg,yme*ti-katoulikedimaainstvoxirbelteudement.IfIwasuncivilIbtwassexygg,aomecusej^*DARCYt:BdiwemeIdidas^an.,*LIZZIE:ButlhaveofliexieasoasouknowIhave?,y*DARCYWh:atse獅es?70 Appendix9—Csubect-redtency)主谓致icateconsisjp1一、语法致原则一一艮P语法致原则是指语法形式上主语和谓语要:致,主语为单数形式,谓语动词也要用单数形式;主语为复数形式一,谓语动词也要用复数形式。这原则要求正确判断实际主语及其单数。(1)单数名词做主语aThefootbalteamarediscussintherolemwiththeir.lgpbcoachnow.(集合名词做主语,衾整体概念)fthefootbalwnsheclbeeIlteamitheametlubwilthg,.C集合名词作主语)champion,表成员b.Manysheeareeatinrassonthehillside.(单复同形的名词)pgg(2)并列主语a.Bothrandcottonowinabundanceinthisartofina.icerpChgb.Mhbourandcoleheflowe.neileiswaterintrsygggWhiskyandsodaisalwaysmyfavouritedrink.""""?c.each...andeach…ever...andever...no...amino—」作主语时,谓语动词用单数,yy'形式。2一.意义致原则一。意义致原则是指谓语动词的单复数形式要取决于主语所表达的意义,而不取决于其语法形式a、距离、、衡量、度量、金钱、数目等的复数名词作主语表示整体概念时.表示时间重量,谓语动词用单数形式。?Sixteenmilesseemslikealongwalktome."^“?b.主语为manya+单数名词或morethanone+"。单数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式?Morethanonestudentasksthequestion.?c--、.以S或eS结尾用以表示学科疾病或游戏等的。名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式?iesiindofiiousiseaseRabsaknfectd.71