英语语法框架,图解英语语法合集(打印、排版优).pdf 60页

英语语法知识结构简表 图解英语语法 基本语法点扫描英语学习思路：语义理解（阅读）；语法研习（语境中的语法）；运用（翻译，写作，听力，口语）Ⅰ.语义理解：通过机械的翻译使学生能看懂基本句子，为后期语境中的语法学习作准备。Ⅱ.语法研习：在语境中培养学生的语法意义认识；语法运用。词层面：独立成分+定语类+主语+谓语+（宾语）+状语类句层面：连词；句类别；从句逻辑层面：文化差异。Ⅲ.运用：通过比较修改加强学生的知识运用能力。主语类1.名词1.1分类（可数不可数问题及判定标准;冠词问题）；单数The;a/an名词专有名词复数–s;the普通名词可数不可数量词+of1.2单复变化规则（6种。可数不可数）；-s,-es;-sh,-ch,-x,-s;-c-辅音；-f/-fe;-o;特殊词（不规则变化；单复同形）*注意单形集体名词的单复数判定（意义）*一般单数*复数情况：sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales,accounts…Man/woman+n.:amanteacher>tenmenteachers1.3格问题：-"s,of结构；双重所有格；多人问题；1.4名词定语作用(cityphotograph)。2.冠词a/an：一个;某个;onemore....the涉及具体的物：this,that;these,those。zeroarticle零冠词：泛指；时间，游戏运动，三餐；系动词（turnwriter）；倒装。3.动名词：名词，但更高于名词因为能带动很多词整体作为一个名词使用。Thenewsofhisgivingupthechancetofightback(n.)4.名词性从句4.1定义：整个从句作为名词使用。4.2分类：主语从句；宾语从句；表语从句；同位语从句。4.3注意点：1.it作形式主语，形式宾语及虚拟；2.引导词（that,if,whether;what,that,who,which;where,when,how;as,asif,because，therebe…使用后意思通即可）；3.语序一律使用陈述语序。Doyouknowwhatitis? Whatyouwillget(n.)dependsonwhatyouhavepaid(n.).5.代词5.1人称代词（主格宾格）；5.2指示代词（that,those作为先行词的使用）；5.3物主代词（形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词）；5.4反身代词Hevisitedhissonhimself.COMPARE:Hissonhimselfwasvisitedbyhisfather)；5.5不定代词(所指代的词的可数不可数性；定语后置问题）5.6关系代词：代词类，副词类。6.数词6.1基数词；6.2序数词；6.3倍数:twicethespeed,time;6.4分数问题。基数词/序数词（-s）谓语类（动词）1.谓语类词由动词担当，谓语类词的讨论主要研究的是动词（内容及结果）定义：动词：表示动作内容或状态的词。动词作谓语时是谓语动词；动词可转化为形容词即非谓语动词和可转化为名词即动名词。2.分类：A.看功能：实义动词，系动词，助动词（do,be,have,will,shall)，情态动词。注意：实义动词可以理解为助动词（可能省略）和实义动词的综合体，因此助动词出现了就自然承担了实义动词的语法功能。B.带宾语是否：及物动词，不及物动词（包括词组动词和动词词组。无宾语，所以无被动语态）。C.人称和数的限制问题：非限定词（不定式，动名词，分词），限定词。D.动作的持续时间：持续性动词，短暂性动词。3.五种形态：3.1原形：非限定类词3.2第三人称单数形式a.he,she,it;“一”等单数意义名词（单个专有名词，数字字母等）；-thing不定代词；不可数名词；b.变法：[一般]-s;[s,sh,ch,x]–es;[c-y即辅音字母加y]变y为i加-es;3.3过去式(4种）did变法：[一般]-ed;[以不发音字母e结尾]加-d;[c-y即辅音字母加y]变y为i加-ed;[-‘c-v-c即以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母]双写辅音字母加-ed;[不规则变化]3.4过去分词done:havedone/bedone不要混淆了done(adj.)变法：同3.3.变法3.5现在分词doing:bedoing区别于动名词。变法：[一般]加–ing;[以不发音字母e结尾]去e加–ing；[‘cvc即以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母]双写辅音字母加–ing;[少数以-ie结尾]变ie为y,加–ing； [以-ce,-ee,-ye结尾]直接加–ing4.谓语动词(verbalphrasesorphraseverbs）谓语动词概况点时态：did(那时，曾经)；do(现在，在)；willdo(将，等会儿)“已经，了”：动作产生的影响及结果。时态：段时态：havedone:“一直”：动作持续进行。谓语动词进行时：bedoing:“正在…”+语体色彩强烈。语态：bedone(by):“被”，动作的发出者接受者关系。一致问题：主谓一致；逻辑一致。4.1时态点(强调动作内容），过去（did)，现在(do)，将来(willdo)段（强调结果，影响；动作持续进行），“一直”，“已经”(havedone)进行时（正在进行；有较强烈感情色彩），bedoing,“正在...”4.1.1点时态，段时态，进行时态之间的区别：(1)点与段：A．时间点<>时间段Ilovedyou.Iloveyou.Iwillloveyou.=Iloved,loveandwillloveyou=Ihavelovedyou.(我一直爱着你）B.内容<>结果，影响◎Shewenttoschoolandfoundnobodyinschool.（她去学校，发现学校没人）点时态表示GO，MAYBE动作内容。Shehasgonetoschool.（她已经去学校了），动作GO产生的结果是“在不在这里”这个“影响，结果”，而不是强调“GO”这个动作的内容。◎Iwillkillhim.强调kill的内容，I对him要做什么。Ihavekilledhim.强调kill这个动作产生的影响，结果是他死了没死。(2)段与进行时A.感情强弱的区别◎Englishhaschanged.英语一直在变化。从过去到现在，可能将来都在变化。Englishhasbeenchanging.英语一直都在时时刻刻的变化着。语气较为强烈。B.点，段时态的区别。bedoing，havedone◎Englishwaschanging.英语那时正在变化。Englishischanging.英语现在在变化。=Englishwasandischanging.=Englishhasbeenchanging.≠Englishhaschanged.(3)点和进行时（情感语气强弱）：Hestealstheitems.他在偷东西。Heisstealingtheitems.（看,）他正在偷东西。4.1.2时态运用过程中的注意点(1)一个认识：段时态和进行时态本质上仍属于点时态的范围，但是段时态和进行时态在点的概念的基础上具有各自独特的意义表达特色。故，平时对于时态的运用上，点的问题一定要考虑，在点的基础上分别再考虑动作的内容影响和感情语气。因此，根据点时态的变化，时态可分为：A.Did,do,willdoB.Haddone,havedone,willhavedone.C.Wasdoing,bedoing,willbedoing. 再加上动作结果影响和感情语气这两个因素，进一步有：D.Hadbeendoing,havebeendoing,willhavebeendoing.故，理论上应有12种时态。(2)时态替代问题：a.现在时表将来（习惯性动作）；表进行（there，here）；表过去（报纸，生动叙述往事）；表完成时（itis…since…）b.现在进行时表将来（表马上）；表现在（表情绪，状语从句（条件））；c.过去时表完成时（不强调两个动作的先后关系）；(3)混合时态中要注意动作的先后关系。Itrainedheavilyinthesouth,causing/havingcausedseriousfloodinginseveralprovinces.4.2语态4.2.1理解：关系。动作施出者与动作承受者关系问题。Youareseated.Seatoneself.Youaredressedupwithattentiontoanydetails.Dresssb.Sadly,Icanonlyseethroughthecurtainhungtothedirtywindows.Neverdreamedthathewouldbegonefromme.(Hewasforcedtoleaveus.)4.2.2使用被动语态的优点是不用明确写出动作的施出者。Someonehadtoldmethat…Ithadbeentoldmethat…4.2.3主动表被动的情况(1)“感到…；…起来”feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,look,appear,seem,go,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep等(2)主动表被动的词need(want),require,worth(形容词),deserve+doing=…tobedone.(3)不及物动词没有被动语态：happen,cost,spread,last,takeplace,belongto,breakout,giveout,runout等4.3一致问题。A.主谓一致1）语法一致：介词，复合代词，单数概念词，2）就近原则，neither…nor…;either…nor…;notonly…butalso…;akindof…anumberof…,eitherof…;each,every…;3）指代一致，and,集体名词，the+adj.B.逻辑一致。（时态混合问题......）4.4动词的转化1）动词转变为形容词：非谓语动词(adj)todo：表将来；表目的；（一些词）主动表被动非谓语动词doing：表进行（bedoing）;表主动；表“令人…”形容词done：表完成（havedone）；表被动（bedone）；表“感到…”2）动名词：名词（动词转变而来的名词），但更高于名词（能带引一组词整体作名词使用）。Thenewsofhisgivingupthechancetofightback(n.)定语类5.1定语定义：定语类词用于选定，限定主语，宾语。5.2种类：1.形容词：beadj;-thingadj;theadj;比较级2.Of结构：表所属关系：Thecolorofthecup定语作用:a18-year-oldboy=aboyof18yearsold.amanofsofthairandbigeyes同位语作用:Thenewsofhiswinning（of）thecompetitiontravelsaroundthecity.ThecityofTangshan3.非谓语结构： A.不定式todo:表将来，表目的，主动表被动;B.分词doing:表进行，表主动，“令人感到...”done:表完成，表被动，“感到...”注意：分词的互相结合性。如tobedone表将来，表被动。todo.Atriptotravelaroundworlddoing.AtriptravellingaroundtheworldDone.RaisedtrimThegonedays4.定语从句：先行词+关系词（关系代词，关系副词）5.名词(一般单数）：menchampionship,menshoes,pcsoftwares,cityphotographs.状语类6.1定义：描述动词，形容词，副词及从句的程度。6.2种类：1.副词：verybeautiful；verymuch.2.词组：IhatehimtothedegreethatIwouldeventearhimup.(To-structure)3.状语从句（了解）：从情状、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。(时间；地点；原因；目的；结果；条件；方式；让步)独立成分Hecryingoutforhelp,heknewhistimewasinsight.Withthehelpfromhim,Imanagetogothroughthetrouble.Sadly,Icanonlyseethroughthecurtainhungtothedirtywindows.WhatdoyouthinkshouldIdo?It,Ithink,isjustachance.句层面连词句句，词组词组，单词单词+“；”And/but:Iaskedhimtogoandfindmyglasses.Iaskedhimtogoandfoundmyglasses.Iaskhimtogoandfindmyglasses.Attention:Ihavenothingtodobuttowaitforhim.Icandonothingbutwaitforhim.句群类型定语从句，名词从句，状语从句。感叹句(how,what)，反义疑问句(正反)，虚拟句(与事实相反），强调句（3），倒装句（全倒装，部分倒装）。 英语语法结构体系图表1名词单数表示“一个”含义时需要在前面加上表示数量关系/所有关系/指示关系的限定词（冠词/数词/名词所有格/物主代词/指示代词/不定代词等。可数名词名表示泛指某一类事物加上不定冠词：abook,anorange(C词countable)复数表示泛指时不必加任何限定词︹Wemusttellfriendsfromenemies.表1不可数名词单独出现表示泛指。︺(U不可以直接跟数词、不定冠词连用，但可以在不可数名词前加表示数量的名词词组等uncountable)来表示其具体数量：apieceofnews,asheetofpaper表2冠词不Heisanolddoctor.泛指某一具体的人/事物定SheisnowadifferentChinafromwhatshewas.冠onceuponatime(从前)，anhourortwo固定词组词alongtime,afew,alittle定说话人和听话人心中都了解的冠Iboughtaskirtyesterday.Theskirtisverybeautiful.冠人/事物，表示特指词词最高级/固定词组/习惯用法inthemorning/afternoon/evening,intheend.,bytheway︹Failureisthemotherofsuccess.表表示泛指的不可数名词/复数名Childrenlikecartoons.2词前︺零泛指时，表示三餐、球/棋类运动、Doyouhavearestafterlunch?冠学科、季节、年份、月份、星期、Theyarefondofplayingbasketball/chess.词节假日的名词前Spring/April/Sunday/Children’sdayisthebesttime.onfoot,athome,atnight,indanger,forexample固定词组/习惯搭配facetoface,handinhand,side/stepbyside/step 表3人称代词表4指示代词单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus基第二人称youyouyouyou本hehim用第三人称shehertheythey法itit单数的语境下：you放在最前，I放在最后You,sheandIallenjoymusic.多个人陈代词并复数的语境下：we放在最前，they放在最后列的排序We,youandtheyshouldpreservetheenvironment代替前文提到过的事物Thisisanewdictionary.Iboughtityesterday.代替指示代词，起this/thatIsthisyoucar?作用No,itisn’t.指代动植物、不明身份/性Lookatthatbird.Italwayscomestomywindow.指代事物/人人别的人/婴儿TheGreenshaveanewbaby.Itislovely.称指自然现象（天气、气象、代Itisgettingdark.天色等）/量度（时间、距词HowfarisittotheGreatWall?离、温度、价值等）︹代替不定式Itisourdutytotakecareoftheold.表充当形式主语代替动名词Itisworthwhileworkingthewholenight.3it代替主语从句Itdoesn’tmatterwhatyoudo.︺的代替不定式Iconsideritbettertobeearly.特殊充当形式宾语代替动名词Wethoughtitnousedoingthat.用Theteachermadeitclearthateveryoneshould法代替宾语从句handinhishomeworkontime.强调主语Itismywordthatcounts.(我说了算)用于强调句型Itis/was+被强调强调宾语Itismethat/whomyoushouldask.的部分强调时间Itisateleventhatthetrainleaves.+that/who/whom强调地点ItwasintheclassroomthatIlefthim.+原剧中其他部强调状语强调方式ItwasjustasheorderedthatIacted.分强调原因ItwasbecausehewaspoorthatIhelpedhim强调宾补Itwasredthatwepaintedthegate.分单数复数指类空间/时间上离说话人较近/示thisthese及下文将要讲的事物代用空间/时间上离说话人较远/词thatthose法上文提及的事物︹作指示代词单数可数名词YourpenisexpensivethanthatIhave.表that替（后面必ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofanyother4︺替代不可数名词代须有后置country. 词定语）those替代复数可数名词HisstoriesaremoreinterestingthanthoseItold.的that只能代替事物，相当可以代替事物，也可以代替人。用于the+被代替的单数可数a/an+被代替的单数可数名词（泛指同一种/类的事物/人）法区别指示名词/不可数名词（特指同the+被代替的单数可数名词（特指同一种/类的事物/人）代词that一种/类的事物）与数词必须有后置定语The修饰语可以前置/后置/单独使用Mychilddoesn’tlikethisone/onespopulationofChinaisbook.Showheramoreinterestingone.Ournewbookislargerthanthatofanymoreexpensivethantheonewehadbefore.othercountry.表5不定代词Allareequalbeforethelaw.all名词(必须带冠词物主代词等主All(of)themilkhasbeendrunk.of限定词)，of可省略，all变语All(of)myfriendslikereading.后为定语接人称代词，of不能省略Allofthemenjoyedtheparty.宾Sayallyouknowandsayitwithoutreserve.(知无不言，言无不尽)不语Thebravedefendersgavetheirall.勇敢的防伪者奋战到底。all表示定表“三者Thatisallformyspeech.我的发言到此结束代语/三者词all,定Weshouldarguethecaseinallseriousness.(极其严肃地)以上︹each,语Dealallthecards.把牌都发了。都”表every实义动词之前Thepeopleallvotedagainstit.5主语的助动词、情态之后Weareallforhim.︺同同位语动词、系动词位WhocanspeakJapanese?be之前（简短回答）语Weallcan.宾语的Thereisjusticeforusall.(这对我们每个人而言都是公平的)同位语each表主示“两Eachhasacupoftea.语个/两个以上宾当中的Giveanappletoeach.语每一个”侧定重指每Thereisalineoftreesoneachsideoftheroad.语个人/事物的同主语的同位语Theyeachsignedthepaper.个别情位况语宾语的同位语Givethemeachanapple.every表示“三者/三者以上当中的每只作定语Youhaveeveryrighttosayso.(你完全有权一个”侧重强调全体的情况利这么说) noone=nobody只指人，谓语动词用Noonelikesapersonwithbadmanners.单数,不能与介词of连用。nothing只指物，谓语动词用单数,能Nothingexceptyourfearsstandsinyourway.noone,与介词of连用。Thinknothingofit.(不用介意这件事)不nothingNoneofushasgotacamera.定,nonenone即指人也指物，能与单数Noneofthemoneybelongstome.(none在代表不可代介词of连用，根据含义谓数的事物时，谓语动词用单数)词语动词用Nonearesodeafasthosethatwillnothear.复数︹Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus.表both,both“两者都”（用法类似于all）Bothseataretaken.5neither,neither“（两者中的每一个）都不”Neitherofthetwinsishere.︺eithereither“（两者中的）任何一个”Therearehousesoneithersideoftheroad.many,manya,afew,few,(not/quite)several,只修饰可数名词a(great/large)numberof,numbersof.manymuch,alittle,little,abitof,agood/greatdealof,amuch只修饰不可数名词large/greatamountof,amountsof.等some,any,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreat/large既修饰可数名词有修饰不可数名词quantityof,quantitiesof.Ihavesomequestions.“一些”some肯定句someSomeMr.cheniscallingyou.“某一”any否定句/疑问句/条件句Doyouhaveanyquestions?“一些”any肯定句Comeanydayyoulike.“任何一个”some/any/no/every+body/one/thing复合不Hedrinkssomethingfierce.(他喝烈酒)用法相近于some/any/no/every,被定定代词isthereanythingimportantinthatbox?语修饰时，定语必须后置。other“另外的，其他的”作定语修饰Anyotherpersonwouldtellthetruth.可数名词（单/复数）/不可数名词theother后面不接其他名词时表示两Holditinthishand,nottheother.者中的另外一个others是前面不加定冠词，泛指Manystudentsareplayingontheplayground.Someareother的复“其他人/物”（但不指playingfootball;othersareplayingbasketball.数形式，但其余的全部）other不作定语，不others前面加定冠词，特指只作主语、定another宾语、表语“剩下的人/物”（可指Sixofthetoysaremine;theothersareJohn’s.代其余的全部）等成分。词主语Thenanotherputuphishand.︹another泛宾语Let’saskforanother.表指三者/三5者以上当表语Sayisonethinganddoing(is)another︺中的“另外单数可数名词Shehasgotanotherboyfriend.一个”，前定语复数可数名词，面不能加视为一个单数Wewillstudyhereforanothertwoyears.任何冠词的整体 表6物主代词单数复数句中作用第一第二第三第一第二第三物人称人称人称人称人称人称主his定语mytask代形容词性myyourherouryourtheir不能与其他限定词（冠词、指示代词物主代词its词）同时使用,不能说：amyfriend︹主语MayIuseyourpen?Yours表hisworksbetter.6名词性物mineyourshersoursyourtheirs宾语Ilovemymotherlandasmuch︺主代词itsasyouloveyours.表语ThelifeIhaveisyours.表7反身代词单数复数反身代词宾第一Icutmyselfwhenshavingthismorning.(动作的承myselfourselves语人称受和与动句Iamnotquitemyselfthesedays.作的发出第二表yourselfyourself中(我最近身体不太舒服)者是一体）人称语作︹Iwillbemyselfagaininnotime.(我一会儿就会好的)用表himself同主语的Theythemselvesaretobeblame.第三7herselfthemselves位人称Wehadbetteraskthedoctorhimself︺itself语宾语的aboutit.表8疑问代词who,主语Whoistotakethechair?(谁来当主席)whom宾语Whomdoyouwishtospeakto?,疑定语（whose作定语所修饰的whoseWhoseisbetter,yoursorhers？问名词/代词可以被省略）名词性疑指人代问代词Whatdoyoumean?词what”什么”指事物/职业/身份What’syourfather?(令尊做什么的？)︹which”哪一个”指人/事物中的,表示一表定范围内的选择。若无选择范围用Whichfilmdoyouwanttosee?8what︺指人whoseWhoseumbrellaisthis?形容词疑Whatjobdoyouwanttodo?问代词指物whatwhichWhichteamwon? 表9数词单数形式没有限定词（数字、afew等）数修饰hundredthousandmillionthousandsandthousandsofworkers成千词基数词dozenscore可用复数形式+of+上万的工人︹（多少）复数形式名词，表示不确定的数量表固定介词词组Theyarrivedintwosandthrees(三三两两)9Heisinhisthirties.表示人的岁数/年代︺Ittookplaceinthe1950’s序数词序数词前通常要加上定冠词the（顺序）表10形容词表11副词all,half,both等不定代词，分数和倍数限定词冠词、指示代词、物主代词性数词（序数词在前，基数词在后）质美小圆旧黄，法国木书房形主观描绘性形容词不（县官形令宴国材）容定语表大小/长短/形状/新旧/颜色同词句中作用表地点︹表材料表性质相同：Itwasarainy,windy,10少音节在前，多音节在后depressingday.︺表语Theshowislive(表语).Mydogwasplayingwithalive(定语)mouse.宾补Hesetfreealltheprisonersinthevillage.激起情绪客观上“令人…的”激起情绪Thebookisveryinteresting.感到情绪主观上“感到…的”感到情绪Iaminterestedinthebook.副修饰动词Mymotherhasbeenworkinghardallmorning.词修饰形容词MybrotherandIarequitedifferent.︹修饰其他副词Herunsveryfast.表11修饰整个句子Obviously,televisionhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.︺ 表12形容词副词的比较级、最高级、原级比较表13实义动词的基本用法形容词副词词尾+ertalltaller以e结尾，词尾+rlargelarger单以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节词尾+er音单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字构成lowlower节母再+erbigbigger方法形比以辅音字母+y结尾，改y为i容较再+ericyicier词级特别是以-ly结尾的副词，词前加more双/多音节词前加more副wiselymorewisely词形容词比较级+than(连词than引出的副词比较级+than(连词than引出的句中与其面的表达句中与其面重复的部分经常被省略)重复的部分经常被省略)Youshouldhavecome比方式Sheismuchbetterthan(shewas)earlier(thanyoudid)较yesterday.级词尾+esttalltallest词尾+est、以e结尾，词尾+stlargelargestlowlowest最单以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单几个特殊的频度副词：高音音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母再seldom—seldomer—seldomest级构成节+estbigbiggestearly—earlier—earliest、方法以辅音字母+y结尾，改y为i再often—oftener—oftenest原+esticyiciest最级特别是以-ly结尾的副词，词前加most高比双/多音节词前加mostwiselymostwisely级较例外：几个特殊的频度副词（见上格）︹the+形容词最高级+比较范围表Chinahasthelargestpopulationinthe12表达world.副词最高级+比较范围︺方式形容词最高级有不定冠词/物主代词Mr.whiteworkshardestinthecompany.等其他限定词，不需要加定冠词。Tuesdayisourbusiestday.原as+形容词原级（+名词）+asas+副词原级（+名词）+as级表达notas/so+形容词原级（+名词）+asnotas/so+副词原级（+名词）+as比方式ItisascoldinNanningasinBeijing.Theyworkashardasyoudo.较EnglishisnotsodifficultasLatin.Hedoesnotrunasfastasheusedto.及物动词动词后跟宾语/双宾语/宾语补足语实义动词的基本带介词：相当于及物动词用法〔表13〕不及物动词不带介词：不需要跟宾语 表14动词短语的基本用法动构成形式使用方法经典例句词Thehunteraimedatthelionandfired,butmissed.动词+介词相当于及物动词；可用于被动语态短Allthenewwordswerelookedup.语及宾语是名词，Hecalledthemanup./Hecalleduptheman.的物置于动词短语之中/之后基动词+副词动宾语是代词，置于动词短语Hecalledherup.本词之中用不及物动词Don’ttalkbackwhenI‘mspeaking.法动词+（形容Hetakesgoodcareofhiselderlymother.︹词+）名词+及物动词Wemustmakefulluseofourtime.表介词14动词+副词+及物动词Wehavelongdoneawaywiththispractice.︺介词表15助动词的基本用法助基本用法经典例句动1Heissinging.词②Hehasgotmarried.表示时态的③IshallstudyharderatEnglish.基④HewillgotoShanghai本表示语态HewassenttoEngland.用1DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere?构成疑问词法2HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?︹1Idon’tlikehim.构成否定句表2Don’tbesoabsent-minded.151Hedidknowthat.加强语气︺2Docometomybirthdayparty.表16系动词用法系状态系动词表示主语状态的beHeisateacher.动表示主语保持某种状态/态度remain,keep,stand,持续系动词Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.词lie,stay,rest,exist,weigh用表示主语的变化become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,变化系动词Hebecamemadafterthat.法come,run︹Therumorrovedfalse.结果系动词表示主语对应的结果prove(证实),turnout（变成）表Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.1表像系动词表示“看起来像”seem,appear,lookHeseems(tobe)verysad.6感官系动词表示感官体验feel,smell,sound,Thiskindofclothesfeelsverysoft.︺ 表17情态动词的基本用法①能力Hecanplaythepianoquitewellnow.（could是can的过去式）ShecouldspeakEnglishwhenshewassix.②允许、告诫(could更可气，委婉)Can/couldIborrowyourbook?否定句：把握性大的推测，用Hecan’t/couldn’tbeinBeijingnow.could时语气稍弱can③疑问句：具有怀疑惊讶语气Can/coulditbeture?&推测肯定句：could还可以在肯定句couldHecouldbeonhiswaynow.中表示不太确定的推测对过去情况的推测④could+have与过去事实相反的评价（过去Hepaidforaseat,whenhecouldhave+过去分词应该做某事而事实上却没做）enteredfree.(2005年山东)①许可，might是may的过去式（用mightMay肯Yes,please./Certainly代替may更可气更委婉）I/we…否Pleasedon’t/No,youmustn’t情may②不太确定的肯定句couldmight可换用Itmay/might/couldrainthisafternoon.态&推测，might更动might否定句Hemightnotbestillwaitingatthedoornow.加不确定词③祝愿Mayyouhaveapleasantjourney!的很有把握的推测musthavedone是对过去发生的情况的推测基①肯定句中义务或必要性Wemustthinkaboutitveryseriously.本must②否定句中：禁止Youmustn’ttalkduringlessons.用肯定回答must法③疑问句中：义务或必要性Must…?否定回答needn’t/don’thaveto︹1主语为第二、三人称的肯定句中表示决Whateveryoumaysay,heshallgo.（表决心)表心、许诺、命令Nobodyshallleavetheclassroom.(表命令）17shall②主语为第一、三人称的疑问句中表示建议、︺Shallwesetoffatseventomorrowmorning?征求对方意见。①后接动词原型，指“应该”表示命令、劝Yououghttosendheranote.告、建议等，oughtto语气更强烈Youshoulddosomethingtohelpher.should肯定形式后接动词的完成时，表示该做Youshouldhaveaskedmypermission.&某事却未做Yououghttohavecometoparty.ought②否定形式后接动词的完成时，表示不该Youshouldnothavehurtherfeeling.to做某事却做了Heoughtnottohavebeendrivingsofast.否定式Yououghtnottotellheraboutit.③oughtto疑问式Oughthetoseeaheartspecialistatonce？①意愿Iwillnevertalkaboutitagain.②决心Iwillmarryheralthoughmyparentsstronglyobjecttothismarriage.will③请求Willyoucomeintomyofficeforamoment,please?④能力Thehallwillseat2000people.肯定/疑问句中表示意愿、选Iwouldlikeacupoftea.would1择，比will更加委婉客气Wouldyouliketogowithme？ 否定句中用will，因为我won’tWon’tyousitdown？you本身就是一种委婉语气usedto强调过去与现在的对Heusedtogetupearly.过去他常常早起比，表示一个已经中断的行为2过去习惯（但现在已经不早起了）Thereusedtobe或状态；可以与表示动作或状情性的动anappletreeinfrontofthebuilding.态的动词连用态作，区别动于usedtoWould只表示过去的行为；只Everyeveningshewouldteachherdaughter词能与表示动作的动词连用toreadandwrite.的need+have+done（不常见）Heneedhavehurriedtothestation.Inthat基本来需要做某事而事实上没case,hewouldn’thavemissedthetrain.本否定/疑问句有做need用（情态动词）needn’t+have+done&Ineedn’thaveboughtsomuchwine---only法过去不必要做某事而实际已darefivepeoplecame.︹经做了某事表need后的不定式必须带toYoudonotneedtodoit.肯定句17dare后的不定式可带to也可（实义动词）Shedidnotdare(to)sayanythinglikethat.︺不带tohad表示“最好”后接动词原型，否定形式为hadShehadbetternotplaywiththebadboy.betterbetternot+动词原型表示“宁愿”还有hadrather,wouldsooner,hadwouldIwouldratherstayherethangohome.sooner,would(just)assoon；肯定式后面直接ratherIfIhaveachoice,Ihadrathernotcontinue接动词原型，否定形式为wouldrathernot+动等mystudiesatthisschool.词原型 表18一般现在时具体用法经典例句①表示现存的状态、情况Doesheworkhard?②表示过去、现在、将来都理应存在Theearthmovesroundhesun基本用法的客观事实和真理3plus22is5.Hegetsupveryearlyeverymorning.③表示现阶段经常性、反复性的活动Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.①主句用过去时，宾语从句所述是客Theteachertoldherpupilsthatthesunrises观真理/经常性动作，从句谓语动词用⑴代替intheeast.一般现在时过去时一般Napoleon’sarmynowadvancesadthegreat表示过②叙述往事，使其生动现在battlebegins去时Thenewspapersaysthatitisgoingtobecold③表示“书上说”“报纸上说”等︹表tomorrow.18SceneI(LucyandMissGreenareinthe特①进行图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内︺doctor’sroom---alarge,pleasantroomwith殊⑵代替容及场景解说时manybooks.)用进行时②习惯表达中表示现在正在发生的动Herecomesthebus!法作/存在的状态Howitrains!(雨下得好大哈！)MybirthdayfallsonApril29.1表示已经安排/计划好，将来必定TomorrowwestartforShanghai.⑶一般发生的动作/存在的状态Themeetingisat8:00a.m.tomorrow现在时Be,come,go,arriveleave,start,beginHisshipleavesat5:00p.m.thisnoon表示将②在含有条件、让步、时间等状语从Wewilltrytofinishtheworkintimealthough来句的复合句中，从句用一般现在时表weareshortofmanpower.示将来的动作She’llgotoseehimassoonasshearrives表19一般过去时具体用法经典例句①在过去某一特定时间发生的动作/存在的状一般过去时Hewasherejustnow.态〔表19〕②过去经常/反复发生的动作，可和时间状语Heusedtosmoke.WhenLilywasyoung,often连用,也经常和usedto,would连用shewouldworkonthefarm.表20现在进行时具体用法经典例句①表示此时此刻正在进行的动作，与现在进行时Now,atthemoment,forthetimeThechildrenaresingingafinesongatthemoment.〔表20〕being,forthepresent等时间状语连用②表示近段时间主要进行的动作（说Whatishedoingthisweek?Heistranslatinga话时不一定正在进行）book. 表21一般将来时具体用法经典例句基本形式Will/shall+动词原型Ishallbeback.①按计划、安排要发生的事/主⑴begoingIamgoingtobuyanewcar.观上已经决定、准备要做的事to+②某种迹象表明很可能发生的Darkcloudsaregathering.Itisgoingto一般动词原型事情rain.将来①约定、计划/按职责、义务要Thesportsmeetistotakeplaceon时⑵beto+动求即将发生的动作Sundaymorning.︹表词原型②命令、禁止，具有“必要”的21特殊形式Tellherthatsheisnottobebacklate.强制意义︺⑶beaboutto+动词原型，“不久就要”“即将发生”但不与tomorrow,nextweek等表示确切将Thefilmisabouttobegin.来时间状语连用⑷用瞬间动词go,come,leave,start,begin等的Westartatsixandarriveatthestation一般现在时/现在进行时表示将来要发生的动atseven.作表22过去进行时具体用法经典例句①表示过去某一时刻（时间状语/上下文会提示）过去进行时HewaswatchingTVwhenIcamein.正在进行的动作〔表22〕②表示过去某一段时间内主要从事的活动（说话Iwaswritingastorylastyear.时不一定在进行）表23现在完成时具体用法经典例句常表示时间长短fortenIhavesatforhoursintheclassroom,①表示从过去某时开接minutes,since,allday,readinganovel.始一直延续到现在的的forhours动作/状态（be,work,时study,live等延续性间现在完成时表示到目前为止sofar,Theweatherhasbeencoldsofarthis动词）状〔表23〕uptonow,untilnowwinter.语②表示过去已经完成的某种动作对现在造Ihavenotfinishedmyhomeworkyet.常接的时间状语：成的结果/存在的影already,yet,just,ever,never响（give,go,meet,Hehasjustcome.see等非延续动词） 表24过去完成时过具体用法经典例句去①表示某动作/状态从过去完的某一时间之前就已经开常接的时间状语：for,since,Hehadalreadyhadhisownlabbythe成始，一直持续到过去的某一until等引导的时间段timehewasten.时时间，通常用延续性动词，︹表②表示过去某一时间之前已经发生过的动作/存在的状态，Hehadlearned15000Englishwordsby24通常用非延续性动词theendoflastterm.︺表25过去将来时过具体用法构成形式经典例句去Thestudentssaidtheywouldgotovisitwould/should+动词原型将theGreatWallthenextday.来表示从过去某一时间Hesaidthathewasgoingtoliveinthewas/weregoingto+动词原型时开始将要发生的动作countryside.︹/存在的状态，通常用was/wereto+动词不定式,若被安排Weweretoleaveat10lastnight.表于主句为过去时态的的动作后来没有实现就用Weweretohaveleftat10lastnight.25宾语从句中were/wastohave+动词的过去分词︺Iwasabouttotakeabathwhenthewas/wereaboutto+动词不定式telephonerang. 表26主动语态和被动语态的转换方法①单个宾语的主ThepolicehavearrestedtheseThesethreemenhavebeenarrested(bythepolice).动句变为被动句threemen.法一:It（形式主语）+原句谓语动词的被动式+原主句中的宾语从句动②含宾语从句的TheysaythatHenryeats10ItissaidthatHenryeats10orangesaday.语主句变为被动句orangesday.法二:原句中宾语从句的主语+原句谓语动词的态被动式+原句宾语从句中谓语动词的不定式和Henryissaidtoeat10orangesaday.被A.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接法一:Hewasgivenabook.动宾语Igavehimabook法二:Abookwasgiventohimbyme.语B.主语+谓语+间接宾语+介词+态直接宾语的③双宾语的主动(convinceof,applywith,robof,唯一改法：Iwasmistakenformysister.转句变为被动句congratulateon,remindof)换Hemistookmeformysister.方C.主动句的直接宾语是从句时法即主语+谓语+间接宾语+从句唯一改法：︹TheytoldmethateverythingIwastoldthateverythinghadbeenready.表hadbeenready.2Everybodycalledhersister.Shewascalledsisterbyeverybody.6若谓语动词为make,let等使︺④复合宾语（含役动词/see,hear,watch等感官宾补成分）的主动词时+后面的宾补为不带to动句变为被动句Shewasseentoenterthelibrary.的不定式时，变为被动句后要加上不定式符号toIsawherenterthelibrary.表27用主动形式表示被动意义用①及物动词sell,wash,write,wear,open,shut,Thedoorlockseasily.主lock,close,start,begin,read等用作不及物动词表Thepenwriteswell.动示呼吁的内在特征、性质或所处状态（常与easily,Thetablecannotmove.形quickly,well等副词连用），而并非强调动作本身Hisnoveldoesnotsell.式②在形容词worth后面的动名词Thebookisworthreading.表③在动词need,want,require后的动名词Yourhairwantscutting.示Goodmedicinetastesbitter.④某些系动词如fell,smell,sound,taste,prove被Einstein’stheoryprovedtobecorrect.动⑤不定式所修饰意不定式中的动词是及物动词Ihaveameetingtoattend.的名词/代词是 不定式所表示的义动作的宾语,不定式中的动词是不及物动︹词，不定式中必须包含必要的Thereisnopersontoagreewith.表介词27︺表28虚拟语气假设类型条件从句中的谓语动词形式主句中的谓语动词的形式动词的过去式（be动词用were，但在would/could/might/should(主语为第基与现在事实相反第三人陈单数后也可用was）一人称)+动词原形本would/could/might/should(主语为第形与过去事实相反had+过去分词一人称)+have+过去分词式would/could/might/should(主语为第与将来事实相反wereto/should+动词原形一人称)+动词原形条件从句中含有were,had,should等助动词时，可省略if,把助动词放在条件从句的句首，呈现倒装形式。倒装条件句Weretheyherenow(=Iftheywereherenow),theycouldhelpus.Hadyoucomeearlier(=Ifyouhadcomeearlier),youwouldhavemethim.Shoulditrain(=Ifitshouldrain),thecropswouldbesaved.⑴用Without,butfor（要不是）等介词短语表示条件虚Withoutairandwater(=Iftherewerenoairandwater),alllivingthingsonthe拟earthwoulddie.语含蓄条件句(非真Butforthecaraccident(=Iftherehadnotbeenthecaraccident),wewouldhave气实的假设没有通过arrivedtheremuchearlier.︹if引导的状语从句⑵用分词短语表示条件表来表现，而利用其Givenmoretime(=Ifwehadbeengivenmoretime),wecouldhavedonethe28特他手段来表现)taskmuchbetter.︺殊⑶用连词or,otherwise,but,once,though等表示条件形Hewastakentohospitalatonceyesterday(=Ifhehadnotbeentakentohospital式atonceyesterday),otherwise/orhewouldhavediedalready.主从句例句句过去Ifyouhadstudiedhardbefore,youwouldpassthetest.现错综时间条件句Ifweshouldn’thaveanexamthisafternoon,Iwouldgoshopping在将来（状语从句中谓语now.动词针对的时间与Ifwehadnotmadeadequatepreparations,weshouldn’tdareto将过去主句中谓语动词针dotheexperimentnextweek.来对的时间不一致）现在Iftheystartednow,theywouldbeheretomorrow.IfIwerenottomakeapreparationformyexperimentthis过将来afternoon,Iwouldhavegonetoseethefilmwithyoulastnight.去现在Ifheknewthis,itwouldhavehadtobebyaccident. 表29非谓语动词的时态和语态不定式在句中成分分词(现在分词)不定式动名词非不及物动及物动词(write为例)谓词(go为例)主动式被动式主动式被动式主动式被动式语动词一般being的todotobedonedoingbeingdonegoingwriting时written时态和进行tobe语N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A时doing态不定式完成tohavetohavehavingbeenhavinghavinghavingbeen在havingdone时donebeendonedonegonewrittenwritten句中成分︹表完成tohave29进行beenN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A︺时doing 表30不定式句中成分Totakeawalkaftersupperthiseveningisagood不定式：具体、一次性动作不与动名词作idea.定主语的区别Takingawalkaftersupperwilldogoodtoyour①动名词：抽象、一般性动作式health.句主Itis/look/appear+形容词+forsb.Itisimpossibleforhimtogoalone.中语引出不定式todosth.Itisnoteasyforustomasteraforeignlanguage.成的逻辑主语Itis/look/appear+形容词+ofItiskindofyoutosayso.分的方式sb.todosth.Itisstupidofyoutomakesuchamistake.︹②Youaretohandintheexercisestomorrow.表表示某种结果，表示“同意、命令、决定、劝表Mysuggestionistocarryouttheplan告”等意语immediately.3不定式：具体、临时0Idon’tliketoswimtoday.表喜好的like,性动作︺love,prefer,hate,dislike后动名词：抽象、经常Ilikeswimming.性动作不定式：动作自动/Suddenlyitbegantorain.忽然开始begin,start后动名词：有意识的开Hebegantalkingabouthisplanforthesummer始某动作holiday.不定式：为做某事（动Youmustremembertotellhimallthat.作尚未发生）JohnforgottotellMaryaboutit.与forget,rememberCan’tyouremembertellingmethestorylast动后动名词：已做过某事night?名（动作已经完成）JohnforgottellingMaryaboutit.词③不定式：遗憾要做某作Iregrettotellyouthatyouhavefailedtheexam.宾事不宾regret后语动名词：后悔做了某定语Iregrettellingyouthatyouhavefailedtheexam.事（事情已发生）式的不定式：停下来正在在区Istoppedtoasktheway.做的事去做别的事句别stop后动名词：停止正在做Thestudentsstoppedtalkingwhentheirteacher中的事camein.成不定式：设法做成某分Hetriedtoanswereachquestionbyhimself.事（不一定成功）︹try后Ifyouwanttoimprovethetaste,tryaddingsome表动名词：试着做某事sugar.不定式：企图打算Ididn’tmeantomakeyouangry.3mean后0动名词：意味着Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanhour.︺不定式（宾补）：allow,permit,说明了允许、建议或Hisdoctordoesnotallowhimtosmoke.advise,forbid后禁止谁做什么事情 动名词（宾语）：没有明确Sorry,wedon’tallowsmokinginthe地指出允许、建议或禁止谁meetingroom.做什么事情Sheconsideritimportanttomakefriends作宾语的不定式后面有宾语补足语，以it做形式withthem.Idon’tthinkitnecessaryto宾语，不定时放在宾语补足语后面arguewiththem.带to的不定式ask,allow,warn,get,tell,invite,force,beg,wish,want,like,expect,encourage,Manyparentsallowtheirchildrentomakeadvise,persuade,permit,request,order,cause,theirowndecision.④宾语know等后面作宾语补足语补足语（宾语主动语态Isawherenterthelibrary.是不定感官动词(see,hear,watch,notice,Ican’tmakethehorsego.不带observe,listento,lookat,feel)/使役动词式的逻to的(make,lethave)后辑主不定语）被动语态式感官动词/使役动词后不定式转为充当主Shewasseentoenterthelibrary.不语补足语，不定式符号to必须保留定式不定式中另在一个名词/代不定式中的动词Ihaveameetingtoattend.句动宾关系：不词可以充当是及物动词Ihavesomeclothestowash.中定式所修饰不定式的逻成的名词/代词辑主语（不定分不定式中的动词是不定式所时所表示的︹⑤定语是不及物动词，表表示的动作动作地发出Thereisnopersontoagreewith.(后置不定式中必须包的宾语,此时者）定语，含必要的介词不定式用主3表示将不定式中另0动形式表示Doyouhaveanythingtobebought?I’llgoshopping.要发生一个名词/代︺被动意义。(I’llhavemanythingstobuy.)的动词不可以充Haveyoualettertobesent?作)当不定式的(Haveyoualettertosend?)逻辑主语主谓关系:不定式所修饰的名词/代词是不定式Ineedsomeonetotypethelettersforme.所表示的动作的发出者不定式说明其所修饰的名词/代词本身的内容Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.Itisyourturntospeaknow.固定句型中习惯上使用不定式作定语Itistimetogotoschool.表目的soasto,inordertoHeransofastastocatchthefirstbus.引导结果状语，在句末表示事先没有预料到的Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.⑥结果，前面常用only表强调Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.状语Iamgladtoseeyou.作表语的状语表示原因/程度Theroomislargeenoughtohavemeetingin. 表31不定式的时态和语态不定式的动作语态不时态和谓语动词的经典例句不定式符号to后是及物动词，有主定动作顺序动语态和被动语态之分式的同时Ididnotmeantohurtyourfeelings.Hedoesn’tliketobetreatedlikea一般guest.时时Thesebooksarenotallowdtobe态之后Ihopetoseeyouagain.takenoutofthereadingroom.和语进行Hepretendedtobestudyingwhenhis态同时N/A时motherwentintohisroom.︹完成Nothingseemstohavebeen表之前Hewasashamedtohavefailed.时forgotten.31︺完成Theprofessorissaidtohavebeen进行之前N/Ateachinghereforsixtyyears.时表32疑问句+不定式具体用法经典例句HowtogiveadviceinEnglishiswhatIamtryingtolearn.作主语（谓语动词通常用单数形式）Wheretogotomorrowhasnotbeendecide.疑作动词的宾语:advise,问ask,consider,decide,词Hehastolearnhowtocollectwater,huntforfood,andmakefire.discussexplain,forget,+Youshouldnotgoraftingunlessyouknowhowtoswim.know,learn,show,不remember,teach,tell定作宾语作介词的宾语Hehasnoideaofhowtoanswerthisquestion.式About,as,from,in,of,on,Wehadbetterlearntomaketherightchoicesaboutwhatand︹with,howweeat.表作双宾语中的直接宾32Hewilladviseyouwhattodo语:advise,ask,show,︺Willyoushowmehowtousethismachine?teach,tellPerhapsthemostdifficultchallengeishowtosurvivewithout作表语friends.Thequestioniswhichtochoose. 表33动名词在句中的成分Toseeheristoloveher.表语采用不定式/动名词要与主语一致Savingishaving.作动名词：抽象一般性的动作Takingawalkaftersupperwilldogoodtoyourhealth主区别Totakeawalkaftersupperthiseveningisagood不定式：具体一次性的动作语idea.系动词be后接fun,nouse,nogood习惯Itisnousequarrelling.用动名词作后置主语Itisnogoodlearningtheorywithoutpractice.动只能用动名词做宾语的动词/动词词组名有：enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid,delay,词imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit,deny,在Wouldyoumindshowingmetheway?mind,permit,forbid,practice,risk,句Whensheheardthestory,shecouldn’thelpappreciate,feellike(wouldlike只能跟不定中laughing.作式做宾语)，can’thelp,thinkof,dreamof,的宾befondof,succeedin,lookforwardto,成语objectto,payattentionto,insiston等分作介词（除except,but等个别介词后可解Wegotthejobfinishedbyworkingsixteenhoursa︹不定式做宾语外）的宾语;在spendin,beday.表busyin,benousein等结构后作介词宾语33时，介词in可省略Hespenttowhours(in)readingbooks.︺动名词和不定式作宾语的区别见〔表30〕Toliveistodosomethingworthwhile.作主语与表语的一致性Livingisdoingsomethingworthwhile.表动名词：主语本身的性质/状态Ourtaskislearningsciencewell.语区别不定式：将来的情况Herjobistocleantheroominfuture.作定表示被修饰的名词/代词的性质/用途swimmingpool,washingmachine语表34动名词的时态和语态动动名词的动语态名作和谓语动时态经典例句(及物动词的动名词有主动语词词的动作顺态和被动语态的区分)的序时Heputoffmakingadecisiontillhehadmore同时态information.Shewenttothepartywithout和之后Tomsuggestedgoingtherebybike一般时beinginvited.语之前Sheforgottellinghermotheraboutit.Ican’tstandbeingkeptwaiting态(forget,Iremembermeetinghimayearago︹remember)表34Thesafeshowednosignof完成时之前Hedeniedhavingseenthesecamerasbefore.︺havingbeentouched. 表35动名词的复合结构（带逻辑主语的动名词）动名词的复逻辑主语用名词’s的所有John’scomingherewillgetusoutoftrouble.合结构（带格/物主代词Doyoumindmysmoking?逻辑主语的逻辑主语用名词的普通HeinsistedonJack/Jack’sgivinghimananswer.动名词）格/人称代词的宾格（不在Thedoctordoesnotmindme/myeatingalittlemeatoccasionally.〔表35〕句首且非正式用语）表36分词在句中的成分现在分词：主语（多为物）所具有的特作表语Thepresident’sreportwasveryencouraging.征性质（相当Thestoryisverymoving.区别于：现在进行时于形容过去分词：主语（多为人）所处的状态Helookedverymuchsurprised.词）区别于：被动语态（动作）Weareextremelyconfused.作宾补现在分词：整在进行的动作Wewatchedthechildrenclimbingthehill.（感官过去分词：已经、完成被动的动作IhaveneverheardthissongsunginEnglish.动词/使不定式：已发生、以完成的动作的全过役动词Iwatchhercrossthestreet.(省略to的不定式)分程后）词theragingstorm在现在分词：现在进行的动作区aswimminggirl句别aswimmingpool中动名词：性质、用途awashingmachine的成及谓语动作之前、被动的动作Thequestionsdiscussedbyusareveryimportant.分物︹作定语动过没有特定事件性的、被动的表词Idon’tliketoseeletterswritteninpencil.去动作36︺分不词及Boiledwater,fallenleaves,therisensun,the物不表示被动，只表示完成changedworld,newlyarrivedgoods动词Workinginthefactory(=whileheworkinginthefactory),hewasanadvanced作worker.状时间状语具Heatedbyanalcoholburner(=whileitisheatedbyanalcoholburner),watercan语体bechangedintosteam.（用作方式状语Hestayedathome,cleaningandwashing.法状(伴随的Shesatspeechless,confusedbywhatwasgoingon.语动作) 的Nothavingheardfromhersonforalongtime,themotherworriedagreatdeal.分原因状语Givenadvicebythefamousdetective,theyoungladywasnolongerafraid词逻结果状语Hedroppedtheglass,breakingitintopieces.辑Itrainedfortwoweeks,completelyruiningourholiday.主Playingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.语条件状语Takenintime,themedicinewillbequiteeffective.就让步状语Consideredasabuildingmaterial,woodisnotverystrong.是Rainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.主主分词所表示的主动进行句动的动作与主句中谓语动的Usingthebook,Ifoundituseful.语词所表示的动作同时发主一态生分语般被词）时动在正在进行的被动的动作Beingusedbyme,thebookisinmyschoolbag.现语句在态中时分主分词所表示的主动进行的态词动的动作发生在主句中谓成Havingusedthebook,Ifoundituseful语语语动词所表示的动作之分完态态前︹成被表时动Havingbeenusedforalongtime,thebook36已经完成的被动的动作语looksold.︺态过去Use(=带Nomatterhow(>however)muchItried,Ifailedto后缀ever的疑问词workoutthemathsproblem.“不管/无论”whether…or…Ishallgo,whetheryoucomewithmeorstayathome.选择范围的从句ThinkasIthink.方式as,asif/though连接Hetalksasif/thoughheisdrunk.sothat结果/目的Heworriedsothathecouldn’tsleep.so+adj./adv.+thatHespeakssofastthatnooncancatchhim.so+adj.(+a/an)+n.+thatOurcountryhassomuchcoalthatshecanexportlargequantities.结果He’ssuchagoodpersonthatwemustn’tblamehim.such(+a/an)(+adj.)+n.+that从句主语=主句主语,soasHeissokindastophoneforataxiforthepatient.to取代结果状语状地点where连接Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.语because主句之后，直接从IdoitbecauseIlikeit.远因，语气最强，not句Thecountryisnotstrongbecauseitislarge.because否定从句引导since“既然”主句之前，Sinceyouarefreetoday,youhadbetterhelpme.表“既然”：词原因已知显然的理由，较为正seeing(that),now(that),considering(that),inthat︹式语气弱于because.表as附带说明的“双方已知47的原因”语气弱于since，Asitisraining,you’dbettertakeataxi.︺常位于主句之前 for辅助性的补充说明，主Hecouldnothaveseenme,forIwasnothere.句之后且用逗号隔开表48主谓一致be的be的do的一般现具体have的一般将将来过人称与数现在过去现在在时实例词现在时来时去时时时时义动词第一人称单数Iamwasdohaveshallshould原型一第一人称复数weareweredohaveshallshould原型般第二人称单/复数youareweredohavewillwould原型主he谓第三人称单数sheiswasdoeshaswillwould原型+s一it致第三人称复数theyareweredohavewillwould原型语︹主语的修饰语/主语后的插入语(as法表wellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,Tomaswellastwoofhisfriendswasinvitedtothe一48ratherthan,except,but,including,party.致︺besides,inadditionto,addedto,like,Nobody,excepthismostintimatefiends,knowsofit.ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan)不AwomanwithMaryiscomingtothehospital.影响谓语的单复数特复数：指两个/两个以上的殊Whathesaysandwhathedoesdonotagree.and,人/事物both…指“同一个”人或事Theworkerandwriterhascome.and连接物（常以and后的名单Aneedleandthreadwasfoundonthefloor.的并列主词没有冠词为标志）数语前面有each,every,Eachboyandeachgirlwasawarded.manya,no等修饰Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasseenit.数词+计量单位的“整体”单数Twentyyearsisnotalongtime.复数名词作主语“若干单位”复数Twentyyearshavepassedsinceheleft.分数/百分数+of+名词/代词（决定谓语动词75percentofthegrainisconsumed.单复数），50percentofthestudentsaregirls.kind,sort,type,form,pair,cup,glass,piece,Thiskindoftheseapplesissweet.box,series(同),species(同),ton,meter等种类Thesekindsofapplesareverysweet./计量单位(决定单复数)+of意anumberof+可数名词复数用复数；theAnumberofstudentsarefromSichuan.义numberof+可数名词复数用单数Thenumberofthevisitorhasdecresed.一each,one,much,(a)little,either,neitherEachofthegirls/Eachgirlhasanewhat.致another,theother等不定代词作主语/主语Neitherplansuitsme.的修饰语，谓语动词用单数。但each作复Theoldworkerseachhavetheirowntool.主数名词的同位语，谓语动词用复数。谓some,any,every,no与thing,body,构成复Iseverybodyhere?一合词,谓语动词用单数Therewasnothingspecial.致both,(a)few,many,several作主语/主语的修Both(of)thefilmsareinteresting.︹饰语/同位语，谓语动词用复数Thefilmsarebothinteresting.表which,what,who,whose等疑问词作主语，Whichisyourroom? 根据所指代的含义确定谓语动词形式Whichareyourrooms?48Halfoftheappleisbad.︺halfof,plenty,of,therestof,alotof,lotsof+Halfoftheapplesarebad.名词/all,some,more,most,any,none作主Allofthepaintisfine.语，根据所指代的含义确定谓语动词形式Allofthestudentsareworkinghard.or,either…or,nor,neither…nor,whether…Oneortwofriendsarecomingthisevening.邻or,not…but,notonly…butalso…等连接NeitherInorheistoblame.近的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式依照靠Notyourbutyourfatheristoblame.一近它的主语而定Notonlyyoubut(also)heiswrong.致there/herebe后存在并列主语，系动词beThereisabookandsomepensonthedesk.应与它相邻的主语保持一致Herearesomeapplesandbread 表49倒装句never,seldom,rarely,little,Nevershallweforgetthislesson.few,SeldominallmylifehaveImetsuchagracefulgirl状语，hardly/scarcely…when…,noNosoonerhadwereachedthestationthanthetrainleft.部分到装sooner…than…,atnotime,NotonlywasChurchillastatesman,butalso(hewas)abynomeans,nolonger,notpoet.only…butalso…,notuntil,主语/副词，Hardlyanybodybelievesthat.nowhere,neither…nor强调不用倒装Notlongagoitrained.否定状语，主句部分倒装Onlyinabigcitywasitpossibletogainbigchance.only+状语状语从句，主句部分倒装，从Onlywhenwehadstudiedthedataagaindidwerealize倒置于句首句不倒装thattherewasamistake.装强调非状语，不倒装Onlysomeofthechildrenpassedtheexam.句Underthebigtreewassittinganoldfarmer.︹做状语的介词短语置于句首/主语太长平衡Inthedistancecouldbeseenthepurplemountains表全句，全部倒装Onthegroundlaysomeairconditions,whicharetobe49shippedtosomeothercities.︺so与作表语的形容词，全Soangrywashethathecouldn’tspeak.结果状语从句对部倒装应的so/such位so与修饰谓语的副词，部Sofastdoesherunthatheisfaraheadofothers于句首，主句倒分倒装装，从句不倒装Tosuchanextentdotheparentslovetheirsonthattheytosuch,部分倒装havetriedtosatisfyeverydemandofhis.顺说倒装句：部分倒装，so(肯Hecanrideabike,andsocanI.定)/neither/nor(否定)+助动词/系动词/情态Tomdoesn’tlikebananas.Neither/Nordoeshiswife.动词+主语。若重复前面所说情况，不用倒装。SheknowslittleEnglish,soshedoes.表50省略句省状语从句的主语与主句的主语一避免重复Hehurthimselfwhile(hewas)playingbasketball.略致并从句含有be，句语法上Hegotupatsix(o’clock).Heissix(yearsold).Iwalk(for)tenmiles.︹表Veryeasy?Feelingunwell?习惯用法上问句中be和主语50Whynot?Whyso?︺