形容词英语语法 47页

形容词和副词形容词和副词的比较级及最高级，是对动词和名词进行两者或是三者以上比较时而进行的一种语法对比形式。在专业四级考试中，经常会出现一些需要考生特别注意的形容词和副词的特殊结构。 一、形容词1．形容词常用来修饰，描述名词或代词，多用作定语、表语或补语。e.g.theformer(late)husbandanintimatefriendHemadehisfatherangry.2．-ly后缀和形容词后缀-ly常在形容词之后构成副词，但有些以-ly后缀结尾的词却是形容词，看似副词，容易混用。 这类派生词有两类：1)名词+ly=形容词e.g.brotherly,earthly,friendly,lovely等。2）形容词+ly=形容词e.g.lively,lonely,deadly，likely等。【注】有些形容词本身就带ly,如：silly,ugly,daily,chilly等，容易误用为副词。 所以不是凡是以-ly结尾的词就是副词，少部分形容词也以-ly结尾lively活泼的friendly友好的manly男子气的fatherly慈父般的lovely可爱的ugly丑陋的lonely孤独的deadly致命的deathly死一般的monthly每月一次的earthly世俗的costly昂贵的lowly卑贱的likely很可能的kindly和蔼的timely及时的silly愚蠢的 3．只作表语的形容词英语中有些形容词不能放在名词前面作定语，只能用作表语（或后置定语）一般称作表语形容词。这类形容词有两类：第一类是表示健康状况的词，如well，ill。第二类是由前缀a-构成的形容词，如：afraid,alert,alike,alive,alone,aloof,ashamed,asleep,awake,aware,等。 例如：Heiswell/ahealthyman.(√)Heisawellman.(×)Sheisill/sick.(√)Sheisasickperson.(√)Sheisanillperson.(×)Heistheonlyalivemaninthevillageaftertheearthquake.(×)Heistheonlymanaliveinthevillageaftertheearthquake.(√) 【注】1)上述只作表语用的的形容词中，除well,ill外，大多不能同very连用，而必须用verymuch.e.g.Iamverymuchafraidofthat--toohighareputationwouldbeaburdenforme.2）第二类形容词词都不能作前置定语，但当它们本身带有副词修饰时，又可作前置定语。e.g.areallyalivestudentasomewhatafraidboy 4．只能作后置定语的形容词1)形容词修饰由some-，any-，every-，no-等和-body/one/thing等组合的复合不定代词时，须后置。e.g.somethingnewanybodypresent2)某些以-able和-ible结尾的形容词作定语时常常后置。e.g.imaginable/possible/available等。 这些词作后置定语修饰名词时，名词前常可以有形容词最高级或only等限定词作为前置定语。e.g.Wehadthegreatestdifficultyimaginable.Childrenneedthebesteducationpossible.I‘llsendyoualltheperiodicalsavailable. 3)由前缀a-构成的形容词，即上文提到的表语形容词(afloat/alike/alive/alone等)，须后置修饰名词。e.g.Thehouseablazewasnextdoortohim.Theboatafloatwasnotseenbytheenemy.4）在一些头衔或固定词组里，形容词需跟在名词之后。这类词组有：AttorneyGeneral首席检察官,司法部长bodypolitic全体公民PoetLaureate桂冠诗人timeimmemorial史前时期thepresidentelect当选而尚未就任的总统 5．只能作前置定语的形容词1）词尾为-most的形容词，如topmost，foremost,endmoste.g.Everyprofessionproducesitsowntopmostmaster.HeisconsideredtheforemostBritishartistofthiscentury.2）词尾为-en的过去分词形容词，如drunken，spoken,writtene.g.Drunkendayshavealltheirtomorrows.Theybuiltarobotcapableofunderstandingspokencommands. 3）以物质名词+en构成的形容词，如earthen，golden，wooden,woolene.g.earthenbanksawoodenspoonagoldencrown4）一些以er结尾的形容词，如former,latter,inner,outer,minor,upper,utter,elder等e.g.Heartdiseasedoggedhislatteryears. 【注】形容词enough修饰名词时既可放在名词前，也可位于名词后。e.g.Therewasjustenoughroomfortwocars.Therewillbetimeenoughtotellyouwhenwemeet.但enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时，应当后置。e.g.Weshouldwaitpatientlybeforehewasoldenoughtoshave. 6．分词转化来的形容词一些形容词是由现在分词和过去分词转化而来的。它们既可充当名词修饰语，又可充当主语补语（表语）和宾语补语；可以被very或too所修饰，也可以有比较级和最高级。这类形容词化了的现在分词和过去分词用作名词修饰语时，仍保留一定的动词含义。一般说来，由及物动词的现在分词转化来的形容词往往带有主动含义；而由及物动词的过去分词转化来的形容词往往带有被动含义。 e.g.Hefoundhimtobeaverypromisingyoungman.Duringthewedding,theemceetoldusanabsorbingaccountoftheirmarriage.I’mratheralarmedthatyou’replanningtoleavethecompany.Elephantsaredistinguishedfromotheranimalsbytheirlongnoses. 7．形容词的顺序单个形容词一般位于所修饰的名词之前，形容词词组一般位于所修饰语之后。特定种类的形容词或特定情况下的形容词作定语时要后置。 1)前置修饰语的排列顺序英语中当不同种类的形容词用来修饰同一名词时，其排列顺序大致如下：a.可以置于冠词前的形容词（all/both/such）b.冠词、指示形容词、所有格形容词、不定形容词(a/an/the/this/those/your/his/our/any/some)c.基数词(one/two/three);序数词(first/second/third)d.表示性质、状态、质量的形容词(good/ugly/sweet/useful)e.表示大小、长短、形状的形容词(big/long/small/square/round) f.表示年龄、新旧、温度的形容词(young/new/old/cold/hot)g.表示颜色的形容词(red/white/black)h.表示国籍、产地、区域的形容词(Chinese/American/British)i.表示材料、用作形容词的名词(iron/silk/stone/fuel)j.动名词、分词(floating/hand-made)OPSHACOM限冠形龄色国材（县官下令杀国材） 这些高大年轻的美国警察thesetallyoungAmericanpolicemen美丽的古老欧洲大教堂城市thebeautifuloldEuropeancathedralcities所有十个年轻力壮的中国男学生allthetenstrongyoungChineseboystudents头三幢既漂亮又宽敞的陈旧英式红石头农场房子thefirstthreefinebigoldredEnglishstoneplantationhouses 李白是中国古代的一位著名诗人。LiBaiwasafamousancientChinesepoet.这张红色的，中国式的旧木桌是我的奶奶的，它又大又漂亮。ThisbeautifulbigoldredChinesewoodendeskwasmygrandmother’s. 形容词比较级修饰语常用的副词修饰语many,much,far,alittle,abit,slightly,agreatdeal,alot,somewhat,rather,completely,etc.Thisessayisnotgood,butthatoneishardlybetter.?muchmorehappy 当数词用在比较结构中，其顺序通常为“数词＋比较级＋than”.Mywatchistenminutesfasterthanyours.We"vesunk20morewellsthisyearthanwedidlastyear.Itwasone-fourthcheaperthanthemarketprice.Thenewmethodwasovertentimesmoreefficientthanthetraditionalone. 没有等级的形容词inferiorto,superiorto,seniortoSheisseniortoeveryoneelseinthecompany.Hiscompositionisfarsuperiortomine. 绝对形容词无比较级或最高级absolute,unique,infinite,round,right,wrong,correct,perfectGeoffreyChauceroccupiesauniqueplaceinEnglishliterature. 结构“ofa+noun”的比较级beofa+noun=beadj.比较级：bemore/lessofa+nounHeismoreofadoctor.Heisasofanathleteasshe. 基本的比较结构1.as+adj./adv.(原级)＋as分句JohnbehavesaspolitelyasBob(does).否定形式：notas/so...as;less...than 该结构的变体：Thegirlwasasbrilliantasshewasbeautiful.Thisswimmingpoolisaswideasitislong.Heisnotsowiseasheiswitty.Hewasasbaseandunworthyashisfatherhadbeenuprightandhonorable. Hetookasmuchbutterasheneeded.Shehaswrittenasmanyessaysasherbrother(has).GeorgeisasefficientaworkerasJack.Ican"tdrinkassweetcoffeeasthis.?Idon’tsmokeasexpensivecigarettesasthese. 2.adj./adv.(比较级)＋than-分句否定形式：notas/so...as;less...thanmore/less/fewer+名词＋than-分句Shehaswrittenmoreessaysthanhe.Therearefewervisitorstodaythanyesterday. 其它变体：Mybrotherhasalargerhousethanmine.TherearemenmoreintelligentthanJohn.JohnismoreefficientaworkerthanJack. 特殊比较结构1.more...than和less...than的翻译方法Thepresentcrisisismuchmoreapoliticalthananeconomiccrisis.Hewaslesshurtthanfrightened.2.notso...as和notsomuch...asItwasn"tsomuchhisappearanceIlikedashispersonality. 3.notmore/-erthan与nomore/-erthanJohnisnotbetterthanTom.JohnisnobetterthanTom.e.g.noricherthan,nobiggerthan,nolaterthanIhavenottakenmorethansixcoursesthissemester.Ihavetakennomorethansixcoursesthissemester. 4.themore...themoreTheolderIget,thehappierIam.Themoreyouarguewithhim,thelessnoticehetakes.Thesoonerthisisdone,thebetter.Thehigherthetemperature,thefastertheliquidevaporates. 5.thesame...asShelooksjustthesameasbefore.Igotthesamefeelingasyoudid.6.否定＋比较级＝最高级NothinginmylifeshookmesodeeplyasmyfirstvisittoChina.Itcan"tbeworse. 7.比较级中的省略现象than从句和as从句大致相同，可以省去谓语或表语，保留主语；HeistallerthanI.也可以省去主语和谓语，保留宾语。Ilovehimmorethanher.It"smorepleasanttravelingbydaythanbynight.(?) 比较从句可以省去主语（或将than看作代词作主语用），保留谓语部分。（多用于正式文体）Don"teatmorethanisgoodforyou.Theremaybemoreimportanceinitthanwouldseem.省去宾语：TheboxisbiggerthanIwanted. 有时在比较省略结构中，than之后可用动词不定式。Ican"tdobetterthantogiveyouanideaofhowIdidit.Therewasnothinghedesiredmorethantoseethematterended.但有些固定短语中than后要加不带to的不定式。Iwouldratherstaythango.Soonerthanyieldheresolvedtodie. PracticeDoyouknowTim’sbrother?Heis_________thanTim.A.muchmoresportsmanB.moreofasportsmanC.moreofsportsmanD.moreasportsman Thattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn"tbotheredbyhisloudness___byhislackoftalent.a)somuchasb)ratherthanc)asd)than Thelessthesurfaceofthegroundyieldstotheweightofafully-loadedtruck,____tothetruck.a)thegreaterstressisb)greateristhestressc)thestressisgreaterd)thegreaterthestress Issuesofprice,place,promotionandproductare_____conventionalconcernsinplanningmarketingstrategies.a)theseofthemostb)mostofthosec)amongthemostd)amongthemanyof Johnis____hardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.a)nolessb)nomorec)notlessd)nosoThechildrenprefercampinginthemountains____anindooractivity.a)tob)thanc)ford)with Languagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleaner___totheprofessor.a)asfarasb)thesameasc)asmuchasd)aslongas Theexperimentrequiresmoremoneythan___.A.havebeenputinB.beingputinC.hasbeenputinD.tobeputin Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofmountainclimbingthan___inthepublicmindtoday.A.existsB.existC.existingD.toexist Theindoorswimmingpoolseemstobeagreatmoreluxuriousthan______.a)isnecessaryb)beingnecessaryc)tobenecessaryd)itisnecessary WesternNebraskagenerallyreceiveslesssnowthan____EasternNebraska.a)inb)itreceivesinc)doesd)itdoesin