大学英语语法4——副词 21页

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjun Unit4Modifiers：AdverbGrammar:AdverbsWriting:Correcting:MisplacedModifiersand–lyModifiersRewriting:Relationshipandcompleteness AdverbsAdverbsmodifyverbs,adjectives,otheradverbs,oranentireclausebymakingitsmeaningmorespecific.Wegoshopping.Weoftendothatatweekend.Weoftengoshoppingatweekend.[modifyingverb“go”]Bobisastudent.Heisgood.Hisgoodnessisunusual.Bobisanunusuallygoodstudent.[modifyingadjective“good”]Mychildgetsup.Hegetsupatseven.Healmostalwaysgetsupatseven.Mychildalmostalwaysgetsupatseven.[modifyingadverb“always”] Manyadverbsareformedbyadding–lytoanadjective:general---generally,bad---badly,soft---softly,definite---definitely,happy---happily,frequent---frequentlyLikeadjectives,someadverbshavethreeformsofcomparison:positive,comparative,andsuperlative.PositiveComparativeSuperlativebadlyworseworstfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestforeformerforemost/firstlatelaterlatest/lastlittlelessleastmuchmoremostwellbetterbest 1)KindsofAdverbsAdverbsofTime:afterwards,later,now,soon,yesterday,then,recently,still,finallyetc.AdverbsofPlace:abroad,anywhere,here,outside,somewhere,there,homeetc.AdverbsofManner:well,fast,slowly,carefully,quicklyetc.AdverbsofFrequency:always,often,usually,frequently,never,seldom,sometimes,etc.AdverbsofDegree:almost,entirely,greatly,highly,partially,practically,totally,very,etc.AdverbsofNegation:no,not,neither,noretc.AdverbsofProbability:certainly,definitely,maybe,perhaps,possibly,probablyetc.AdverbsofInterrogative:when,where,how,whyetc.Others:also,too,onlyetc. 1.PositionofadverbsWhenanadverbmodifiesanadjectiveoranotheradverb,themodifyingadverbmustimmediatelyprecedethewordmodified.Thepricesarequitereasonable.Weareverymuchhopingyoucanattendourwedding.Whenanadverbmodifiesaverb,ithasthreepositionsinasentence:front(beforethesubject),middle(betweenthesubjectandthemainverb)andend(aftertheverborobject).SometimesIfeelquitelonely.“Mathematics”issometimesabbreviatedto“math”.Icannotsenseyourmeaningsometimes. Theadverbshouldnotbeputbetweentheverbandtheobject:Shepickedupslowlythegun.Shepickedupthegunslowly.However,adverbsshouldalwayscomeafterintransitiveverbs(=verbswhichhavenoobject).Illweedsgrowfast.Itpaystoworkhonestly. Also,somecommonadverbs(well,badly,hardetc.)arealmostalwaysplacedaftertheverb.Theysufferedbadlyduringtheflood.Althoughgrumblingsometimes,heworkedhard.Asageneralrule,itiswisetoplacetheadverbasnearaspossibletothewordthatitmodifies.Hedrivescarefully.Thepartyhasthoroughlysearchedthewholecave. Adverbsofmannerandplaceareusuallyputbehindthedirectobject(orbehindtheverbifthere"snodirectobject).Theboysneakedoutofthehousequietly.Wehavetowalkbackhome.Adverbsoftimeareusuallyputattheendofasentencebut,tocatchattention,youcanalsoputthematthebeginningofasentence.ShestayedintheBears"houseallday.TomorrowI"mgoingtotidymyroom.Adverbsoffrequencyareusuallyplacedbeforethemainverbbutafterauxiliaryverbs(suchasbe,have,may,must).Youmustalwaysfastenyourseatbelt.Ihaveneverforgottenmyfirstkiss. 3.OrderofadverbsUsualwordorderwithdifferentadverbsis:manner+place+timeShesangbeautifullyinthebathroomlastnight.Themurderescapedquicklyfromthevillageatdusk.Asageneralrule,shorteradverbialphrasesgobeforelongeradverbialphrases,regardlessofcontent.Thecattakesawalkaftersupereverydayofitslife.Hewillwaitforusatsixatthewestgateoftheuniversity. Asecondruleisthatamongsimilaradverbialphrasesofkind(manner,place,frequency,etc.),themorespecificadverbialphrasecomesfirst.MozartwasborninJanuaryin1756.Theylivedinalittlelogcabininthemountains.Ofadverbsofmanner,theshorterusuallycomesbeforethelongerandtheyarelinkedwitheachotherbyconjunctionssuchasand,butetc.Pleasedriveslowlyandcarefully.Shespokefastbutclearly. Exercises1:Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentence.Thecompanyhasacquiredanofficebuilding.Thepurchaseisrecent.Thebuildingisnew.ThebuildingisincentralBoston.ThecompanyhasrecentlyacquiredanewofficebuildingincentralBoston.Heputforwardagoodsuggestion.Thesuggestionisforstudents.Thestudentsaregoingtostudyabroad.Heputforwardagoodsuggestionforstudents(whoaregoing)tostudyabroad.Theoldmandriveshisboat.Hedoesitslowly.Hewantstoavoidhittingtherocks..Theoldmandriveshisboatslowlytoavoidhittingtherocks. Sheledanexistence.Herexistencewassolitary.Shewaslonely.Herlonelinesswasseldom.Sheledasolitaryexistencebutwasseldomlonely.5.Technologyhaschangedourlife.Ithasdonethatoverthepasttwodecades.Thechangeistotal..Technologyhastotallychangedourlifeoverthepasttwodecades.6.Thehotelisnotspacious.Thehotelisnotcomfortable.Thehotelisneitherspaciousnorcomfortable.7.ThewordderivesfromLatin.Itisprobable.Themeaningofthewordescapesme.Theword,whosemeaningescapesme,probablyderivesfromLatin. MisplacedModifiersand–lyModifiersAmodifierisawordorphrasethatgivesmoreinformationaboutthesubject,verb,orobjectinasentence.Itshouldbeplacedascloseaspossibletothewordsitmodifies1.MisplacedmodifiersAmisplacedmodifierissimplyawordorphrasedescribingsomethingbutnotplacednearenoughtheworditissupposedtomodify.Itcausesconfusionbecauseitmodifieswrongwordinasentence.Youcanplacethemodifiernearornexttotheworditismeanttomodify.Dickbecameillafterhemarriedanddied.Afterhemarried,Dickbecameillanddied.Themanwhistledtothedogonthewaytothepark.Onthewaytothepark,themanwhistledtothedog. Muchattentionshouldbegiventotheadverbssuchasonly,just,nearly,andalmost.Theyareoftenmisplacedandcauseanunintendedmeaning.Theboynearlymadeahundreddollarslastweek.Theboymadenearlyahundreddollarlastweek.Peoplewhousedrugsfrequentlysufferhealthproblems.Peoplewhofrequentlyusedrugssufferhealthproblems.Examplesareoftenmisplaced.Don’tplaceexamplesontotheendofasentencewhentheideabeingillustratediselsewhere.Economicproblemsaredifficulttohandlesuchasinflationandunemployment.Economicproblemssuchasinflationandunemploymentaredifficulttohandle. 2.-lyModifiersTherearetwocommonerrorsformodifiersendingin–ly.1)Althoughmost–lymodifyingwordsareadverbs,therearestillsomeexceptions(usuallyn-ly)youshouldgivespecialattentionto.Cowardly,friendly,gingerly,leisurely,likely,lowly,miserly,niggardlyandtimelyareusuallyadjectives.Hetimelyarrivedtohelpusout.Hisarrivaltohelpusoutwastimely.Itwastimelythathearrivedtohelpusout.Atthechurch,theywelcomedtheseyoungskiersfriendly.Atthechurch,theygavetheseyoungskiersafriendlywelcome.Atthechurch,theseyoungskiersreceivedafriendlywelcome.Foralongtime,hehasbeendreamingtoenjoyalunchleisurely.Foralongtime,hehasbeendreamingtoenjoyaleisurelylunch. 2)Avoidusingconsecutive(threeormore)–lymodifiers.Awkward:Hehadhimselfspentsometimeintheprobablyrelativelylowlypositionofaship’ssurgeon.Better:Hehadhimselfspentsometimeintheperhapsrelativelyhumblepositionofaship’ssurgeon. Exercises:Correctthefollowingmisplacedordanglingmodifiers.HeremployeeisapleasantyoungwomanwitharingnamedRebecca.Theystoodinlinetobuyticketstotheshowfortwentyminutes.Adogwashitbyacarrunningacrossthestreet.Thehomeworkscarcelytookthemanhourtocomplete.Thepresidentonlyhastwodaystostaywithhisfamily.Ialmostwaitedahalfanhourformybrother.Whilecleaninghisgun,itwentoffunexpectedly.Approachingthewoods,acabinwillcomeintoyoursight.Tosavemoneyenoughtoaffordherdaughter’seducation,herhousehasbeensoldout.Afterlookingoutthewindowforhours,therainpassed. Correcting:womannamedRebeccawitharingstoodinlinefortwentyminutesAdogrunningacrossthestreetscarcelyanhouronlytwodaysalmostahalfanhourWhilehewascleaninghisgun,itwentoffunexpectedly.Acabinwillcomeintoyoursightwhenyou’reapproachingthewoods.Tosavemoneyenoughtoaffordherdaughter’seducation,shehassoldoutherhouse.AfterIlookingoutthewindowforhours,therainpassed. Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson11,NewConceptEnglishbyL.G.Alexander)Ihaddinneratarestaurant.TonySteelecamein.Tonyworkedinalawyer"sofficeyearsago.Heisnowworkingatabank.Hegetsagoodsalary.Healwaysborrowsmoneyfromhisfriends.Heneverpaysitback.Tonysawme.Hecameover.Hesatatthesametable.Hehasneverborrowedmoneyfromme.Hewaseating.Iaskedhimtolendmetwentypounds.Iwassurprised.Hegavemethemoneyimmediately.Tonysaid"Ihaveneverborrowedanymoneyfromyou.Nowyoucanpayformydinner!" Passage2(AdaptedfromLesson14,NewConceptEnglishbyL.G.Alexander)Ihadanexperiencelastyear.Itwasamusing.Ihadleftasmallvillage.ItwasinthesouthofFrance.Idroveontothenexttown.Ontheway,ayoungmanwavedtome.Istopped.Heaskedmeforalift.Hehadgotintothecar.Isaidgoodmorningtohim.IusedFrench.Hereplied.HeusedFrenchtoo.Ionlyknowafewwords.IdonotknowanyFrenchatall.HeandIdidnotspeakduringthejourney.Ihadnearlyreachedthetown.Theyoungmansuddenlysaid,"doyouspeakEnglish?"Hisspeakingwasveryslow.Isoonlearnt.HewasEnglishhimself!