英语语法超级归纳 19页

英语语法超级归纳，不看你可别后悔!学霸君|2016-03-2510:19_、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an）;定冠词（the）,和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法1指一类人或事，相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.有个男孩在等你。3表示"每一"相当于everyzoneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示"相同〃相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事一Hello,couldIspeaktoMr.Smith?—Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisn"tMr.Smithhere.A.不填B.aC.theD.oneThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.（活雷锋）6用于固定词组中acoupleofzabit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后 Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.9用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success（抽象名词）success（具体化）成功的人或事afailure失败的人或事ashame带来耻辱的人或事apity可惜或遗憾的事amust必需必备的事agoodknowledgeof精通掌握某一方面的知识II.定冠词的用法1表示某一类人或物InmanyplacesinChina,_bicycleisstill_popularmeansoftransportation.A.a;theB./;aC.the;aD.the;the2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于演奏乐器playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示"一家人〃或"夫妇"（对比上文的不定冠词用法5）一CouldyoutellmethewaytoJohnsons,please?一Sorry,wedon"thaveJohnsonhereinthevillage.A.the;theB.the;aC./;theD.the;/ 7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前”指世纪的某个年代inthe1990"s（二十世纪九十年代）11用于表示度量单位的名词前1hiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词Hepattedmeontheshoulder.HI.不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季节,月份，星期，节假日,一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5表示球类z棋类等运动的名词前 Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6与by连用表示交通方式的名词前Wewentrightroundtothewestcoastbyseainsteadofdrivingacrosscontinent.A.the;theB.不填;theC.the;不填D.不填;不填7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.二、名词和主谓一致I.名词的种类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名”团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词特别注意名词类别的相互转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换例句意义 名词性质①Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.②Thetreesarenowinflower花儿个体名词开花抽象名词①Youthisbeautiful.②Heisayouthoftwenty青春抽象名词年轻人个体名词①Theyhaveachievedremarkablesuccessintheirwork.(2)—HowabouttheChristmaseveningparty?一Ishouldsayitwasasuccess.抽象名词成功的事个体名词物质名词与个体名词的相互转换例句意义 名词性质①Ironisakindofmetal.②Pleaselendmeyouriron.铁物质名词熨斗个体名词①Hebrokeapieceofglass.②Hebrokeaglass.玻璃物质名词玻璃杯个体名词①Iboughtachickenthismorning©Pleasehelpyourselftosomechicken小鸡个体名词鸡肉物质名词抽象名词与个体名词的转换具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作①一?dlikeinformationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.—Well,youcouldhavewordwiththemanager.Hemightbehelpful A.some,aB.an,someC.some,someD.an,a①Theysentuswordofthelatesthappenings.消息（抽象名词）A.aB.anC./D.the②Couldwehavewordbeforeyougotothemeeting?话（个体名词）A.aB.anC./D.the类例：haveadream/arest/asmoke/aswim/atrip/awash/adiscussion/alooktakeawalk/abathmakeanadvance（进步）/makeanearlystart（早点出发）/makeadecision/makeachange/giveacryofpain（发出痛苦的叫声）/giveatry表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分①Manypeopleagreethat_knowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.A.a/B.th巳anC.the,theD./,theaknowledgeoftruth（知道实际情况）giveafullerknowledgeofChina（提供关于中国更为翔实的知识）haveaknowledgeofshorthand（有速记白勺矢口识）（2）Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhaveatschool. A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime①ismoney.A.ThetimeB.AtimeC.TimeD.Times抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示"一次、一阵、一种"具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰①Oh,John.yougaveme!A.HowapleasantsurpriseB.HowpleasantsurpriseC.WhatapleasantsurpriseD・Whatpleasantsurprise②ShelookedupwhenIshouted.A.inasurpriseB.inthesurpriseC.insurpriseD.insomesurprise其它例子:Thegiftcameasacompletesurprisetome.Wehavehadsomeunpleasantsurprise③ItisworkofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatitA.sounusualB.suchunusuaIC.suchanunusualD.soanunusualII.名词的数规则名词的复数形式名词的复数形式T殳在单数形式后面加・s或・es（参看有关语法书X英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,请看下表 规则例词改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man・men,womarvwomen,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,forces（军队）,times（时代），spirits（情绪），drinks（饮料），sands（沙滩），papers（文件报纸）,manners（礼貌）,looks（外表）,brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,ruins（废墟） 7表示〃某国人"加・sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,ChinesezJapanese以或・woman结尾的改为・mervwomenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数growrvups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsHI.主谓一致规则情况举例语法 致原以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词_般用单数形式;主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm.TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall.由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。whatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks.WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.由连接词and或both...and连接起来的主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every或morethana(an)/one,manya(an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数开彳式。either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,anyno,every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。■LucyandLilyaretwins Thewriterandartisthascome.Everystudentandeveryteachisintheclassroom.Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesit.NoboyandnogirllikesitEachofushasanewbook.Iseveryoneheretoday?Somebodyisspeakinginclass.Everythingaroundusismatter若noneof后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。NoneofthesugarwasleftNoneofushas（have）beentoAmerica.在定语从句里，关系代词thatwho,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesontheblackboard.Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard.Heisthe（only）oneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致ItisIwhoamgoingtothecinematonight.Itiswewhoaregoingtothecinematonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式；如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式 Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.Hisfamilyhasmovedtothesouth•（他的一家）HisfamilyarewatchingTV.（他的家人）Classfourisonthethirdfloor.（四班）ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.（四班的学生）由alotof/lotsof/plentyof/aheapof/heapsof/therestof/themajorityof+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea・50percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.此夕卜，还有anumberof+复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但thenumberof+复数名词的数就得依number而定（用单数）。Anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmerpickapples.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred・在倒装句中”谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures.Suchistheresult.Sucharethefacts.Betweenthetwohillsstandsamonument. 逻辑意义一致原则What,who,which,anyzmore,all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。Whichisyourbag?Whichareyourbags?AreanyofyougoodatEnglish?Hasanyofyougotapen?Allcanbedonehasbeendone.AIIisgoingwell.Allhavebeentakenout.AllhavegonetoBeijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework..Twentypoundsistoodear.如强调这类词的复数意义,则谓语动词要用复数形式Fortykilosofwaterareusedeveryday.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。TheUnitedStatesissmallerthanChina."TheArabianNights"isaninterestingstory-book.表数量的短语"oneandahalf"后面接复数名词作主语时”其谓语动词要用单数形式。Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.—些学科名词是以・ics结尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等。都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时”其谓语动词要用单数形式。 Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。Idon"tthinkphysicsiseasytostudy.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors（剪刀）等词作主语时,谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the）pairof等量词修饰时（clothes被asuitof修饰）谓语动词用单数。Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.”定冠词the+形容词或分词””表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时,动词用单数。Theoldaretakengoodcareofthere.ThebeautifulgivespleasuretoalL就近/远一致原则当两个主语由eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso.whetheror连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends.NeitherhenortheyarewhollyrightNeithertheynorheiswhollyright.Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?therebe句型中be动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom・ Thereisadeskandtwochairsintheroom.主语后面足艮有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellasznolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,besides,alongwith,including,inadditionto等引起的短语,谓语动词要跟主语一致,即就远一致。Mr.Green,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina.Awomanwithababywasonthebus.NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground.She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.ThegirlsaswellastheboyhavelearnedtospeakJapanese・Nooneexceptmyteachersknowsanythingaboutit定语从句中，考连词为主，从句的谓语为辅中考出题模板IsFriendsarethose—makeyousmile,alwaysopentheirheartstoyouandencourageyoutosucceed.A.whichB.whatC.whomD.who2、It"squitecommoninBritaintosay"Thankyou"tothedriversforpeople_getoffthebus.A・whoB・whatC.whichD.where3X■--Barbara,wheredoyouwork?—Iworkforacompany_sellscars.A・whichB.whereC・whatD.who4、—Excuseme,canIhaveatalkwithyourmanager?——Yes?Iamjusttheman_youarelookingfor.A.whoseB.whatC.whoD.which5、Thebook_heboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.A・/B.whyC.whenD.what6、Theboyfor_Johnboughtthebookishissan.A./B.whomC.thatD・who 7、Iliketovisitaplace_historyislong.A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.who&Doyouknowthewoman_nameisMary多A.ofwhomB.thatC.whoseD.who9XIvisitedtheroom_ChairmanMaolived•多A.whereB.thatC.whichD.inwhich10xIvisitedthebridge_Lubanbuilt多A.whereB.inwhichC.thatD.不填llsThisisthemostinterestingstory_IhaveeverheardA・whereB.inwhichC.thatD.ofwhich12xThefirstmeeting_wewilltakepartinwillbeheldintheafternoon.A.whatB.whyC.不填D.that13xIcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepictures_IseeA・whereB.whatC.thatD.which14、Those_wanttogototheGreatWallsignuphere.A.whoB.thatC.whomD.whose15、Thereisanoldman_wantstoseeyou・A.whoB.thatC・whomD.whose16、Theboywho_beforemeismystudent.A.satB.isC.hasbeensittingD.were17xThebikethat_isnewone.waslent/lent/lends/1waslent解题思路主语考察人2:who/that-・物2:which/that4—6宾语A:正常情况人4:who/whom/that/不填物3:which/that/不填我喜欢这个由鸟人唱的歌ilikethesongwhich/that/不填themansang.我喜欢这个你喜欢的歌手ilikethesingerwho/whom/thaW填youlikeB:非正常情况…谓语动词是词组时，介词前置人：介词+whom物：介词+whichlentertheroomwhich/that/不填youpointedto.Ientertheroomtowhichyoupointed7whoselvisityourfriend.Yourfriend"snameisTom.ivisityourfriendwhosenameisTom•背ilikethecity,thecity"shistoryislong.ilikethecity whosehistoryislong•背9—10x关系畐！］词when,why,whereilivedin_ChairmanMaovisited.that/which/不填ivisited_ChairmanMaolived.wherell—13只用that问题a从句所修饰的词又被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that引导从句b先行词是all,something,nothing,anything不定代词时，只能用that.c先行词既有人也有物时,只能用that引出从句14-15不用thata先行词是one(s),anyone,someone,those时，关系词使用who。b在therebe句型中,先行词指人，关系词用who定语从句III一、定语从句的介词问题。1、谓语动词是词组时，词组的介词前置。(变+which;变+whom)Thisisthestation_youarrviedatThisisthecity_youarrived.Thisisthestation/citywhereyouarrvied.Thisisthestation,youarrivedatthestationThisisthestationatwhichyouarrivedThisisthestationinwhichyouarrivedOurhometownisthecitywhichiamproudof.Ourhometownisthecityofwhichiamproud.2Xwhose的问题，（不变zof+which;of+whom）ivisitedthecitywhosehistoryislong.ivisitedthecityofwhichhistoryisIong.3xwhere的问题（变，介词+which）ivisitedtheroomwhereMaolived拆ivisitedtheroom.Maolivedintheroom•合：ivisitedtheroominwhichMaolived.ivisitedtheroof.Maosatontheroof•合:ivisitedtheroofwhereMaosat.ivisitedtheroofonwhichMaosat.