高一英语语法&amp#183;动名词.doc 6页

高一英语语法·动名词(TheGerund)I.动名词的主动/被动/否定形式主动形式被动形式否定形式一般式doingbeingdonenotdoing完成式havingdonehavingbeendonenothavingdoneII.动名词的作用1.起名词的作用，在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。2.具有动词的特征，如有完成式和被动语态，可以有自己的宾语和状语。动名词+宾语或状语构成动名词短语。III.动名词的用法1.作主语1)置于主语的位置Readingaloudisveryimportantinlearningaforeignlanguage.2)用it作形式主语，将动名词结构置于句末。这种形式通常用于某些名词和形容词之后。Itisnogoodpretendingtoknowwhatyoudon’tknow.It’snouse/uselessthinkingaboutitnow.It’sawasteoftimetalkingwithhim.Itisworthrepairingthecar.Itisverydifficultgettingeverythingreadyintime.Itwillbeveryniceseeingthemagain.[注意]important,necessary等形容词不适用于上述结构。Itisimportantlearningforeignlanguages.(×)Itisimportanttolearnforeignlanguages.(√)2.作表语—表示主语的内容Therealproblemisknowingwhattowrite.Yourworkisbringingthechairsdownstairs.[注意]1)动名词和不定式作表语和主语时的区别(1)一般说来可以互换，其意义没有多大差别。Itisdangerousplaying(toplay)withfire.Whatshelikesiswatching(towatch)thechildrenplay.但有时意义上有区别：动名词：表示抽象的一般或泛指的动作。不定式：表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作。①MyjobisteachingEnglish.(泛指的行为，表示职业)Myjobistoteachthemtoreadthetext.（表示一次具体的任务）②Lyingiswrong.(泛指这种做法，这种作风)Tolieiswrong.(对于执行者是谁，心中是有所指的)(2)作表语时，如果动作十分抽象，已失去动词性能而接近名词，则用动名词。Myfavoritewintersportisskating.(not:toskate).(3)主语如是动名词，则表语也应用动名词；主语如是不定式，则表语也应用不定式。Seeingisbelieving.(or:Toseeistobelieve)2)动名词作表语时不可与进行时相混淆。Shewaswashingclothes.（过去进行时）Herjobwaswashingclothes.（动名词）3.作定语—表示所修饰的名词的性能或用途等 drinkingwater(=waterfordrinking)aswimmingpoolawalkingstickawashingmachineawritingdeskaprintingmachine4.作动词或介词的宾语1)在下列动词/词组后只能用动名词作宾语：finishenjoymindpractiseconsider（考虑）dislikeexcuseunderstandavoid(避免)miss(错过……的机会，差点没)delay(耽搁，推迟)admit(承认)suggest（建议）escape（逃脱，躲避）imagineadvisesave(节省，免去)appreciate(感谢，感激)resist(禁不住要)risk(冒……的危险)keep(on)giveupstop/prevent/keep…fromfeellikeputoff(推迟)deny(否认)discontinue（中断、停止）,carryon(继续),burstout(突然…起来)Iappreciateyourgivingmesomuchhelp.Whenshegottotheplace,shecouldn’tresistgoinginYoumustn’triskgettingcaughtinastorm.ShemissedgoingtothemeetingonSaturday.Itwillsave(me)goingtotown.Wedecidedtodelay(goingon)ourholidaysuntilnextmonth.Iftheillnessmightbeserious,youmustn’tputoffgoingtothedoctor.Didheadmit（to）breakingthewindow?Thereisnowaytoescapedoingthework.[注意]有时也可用it作形式宾语代替动名词。Ithinkitnouse(useless)arguingwithhim.Doyouconsideritanygoodtryingagain?2)在动词like,love,hate,prefer等后可用动名词或不定式作宾语。用不定式表示特定或具体的某次行动；而动名词表示一般的倾向/经常性习惯性的动作。IlikeswimmingbutIdon’tliketoswimtoday.但实际语言环境中很少去注意这种差别。Doyoulikeplaying(or:toplay)chess?[注意]在wouldlike(love,hate,prefer)后要用不定式。I’dliketobuyasuit.Wouldyouliketojoinus?3)在attempt(试图，企图)，intend(打算)，continue之后，用不定式或动名词意思上的差别很小，但是，在attempt和intend之后，动词不定式可能更为常见。Whatdoyouintendtodo?Iintendcoming(tocome)backsoon.Sheattemptedtogetintouchwithherlostson.IattemptedwalkinguntilIfellover4)can’tstand/bear(无法忍受)lcannotbear后接doing或-ing在意思没什么区别：Ican’tbearseeing/toseefoodthrownaway.lcannotstand后通常接doing,但也有人认为Iwon’tstandtheminterruptingmeallthetime.Shecan"tstandtohearthemarguing.(Longman)5)在下列动词后面，使用不定式与动名词有着明显的语义差别。lregret(遗憾，后悔)doing---对已发生的事表示后悔。regrettodo---对现在要发生的事表示抱歉，遗憾。Iregrettedagreeingtoattendthemeeting.我后悔同意出席会议。IregrettosayIcannotgowithyou.我很遗憾地说我不能陪你去。lrememberdoing---记得做过某事（回忆过去做过的一件事）remembertodo---记着去做某事（记住/别忘记要做的一件事） Irememberpostingtheletter.我记得我把信发出了。Pleaseremembertoposttheletterforme.请记住替我发信。lforgetdoing---忘了做过某事（动作已经发生）forgettodo---忘了去做某事（这事没有做）Ishallneverforgethearinghersingingthatsong.我再也不会忘记听她唱那支歌的情景Ihaveforgottentobringmyumbrella.我忘了带伞。ltrydoing---试试某种方法，或做某件事试一试。trytodo---设法去做一件事请Let’strydoingtheworksomeotherway.我们用另外一个方法做这工作试试。Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。lmeandoing---意味着，意思是meantodo---打算，想要做某事Thismeanssettingoutatonce.这就是说立即出发。Ididn’tmeantohurtyourfeelings.我并没有想要伤害你的感情。lwantdoing---需要wanttodo---想要Thehousewants(=needs/requires)repairing.Shedoesn’twanttocome.lstopdoing---停止做谋事stoptodo---停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）Theystoppedtaking.他们停止了讲话。Theystoppedtotalk.他们停下来，谈起话来。lcan’thelpdoing禁不住can’thelp(to)do不能帮助做Theycouldn’thelpjumpingupatthenews.听到这消息他们忍不住跳了起来。SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan’thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.抱歉我有很多事要做。我无法帮你布置房间。lgoondoing---继续做同一件事goontodo---接着做另一件事Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.We’llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.lbeafraidofdoing---害怕发生某种后果beafraidtodo---不敢做某事Sheisafraidoffallingbehindtheothers.Theenemywasafraidtoentertheliberatedarea.（解放区）但两者意思上常没有多少区别Iamafraidtotell(=oftelling)him.Iamafraidofflying(=tofly).我害怕坐飞机。6)在动词start,begin,continue后动名词与不定式的用法(1)当start,begin,continue等是进行式时，后接不定式。Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.(2)当start,begin,continue与understand,see,wonder,realizeknowbelieve等表示心理状态或精神活动的动词时，后接不定式。IbegantorealiseIhadbeenwrong.Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.(3)当主语是物（而不是人）时，start,begin后要用不定式。Theicebegantomelt(融化).(4)有意识地“开始做某事”，start,begin后多用动名词；动作自动或突然开始多用不定式。 Westartedworkingonitin1998.Suddenlyitbegantorain.7)作介词宾语:Youmustcheckyourhomeworkbeforehandingitin.SincereturningfromXi’an,hehasbeenverybusy.AfterjoiningtheParty,washeadmasterformanyyears.Onhearingthenews,theyjumpedupanddownwithgreatjoy.(=Whentheyheardthenews,theyjumpedupanddownwithgreatjoy.Lawshavebeenpassedtostop/preventfactories(from)sendingoutpoisonousgasesandpollutedwater.Youcannotenterthestaffroomwithoutbeingpermitted.(=withoutpermission)Thankyouforgivingussomuchhelp.Thereisnouse(in)talkingaboutit.讨论这事是没有用/好处的。Theywastedalotoftime(in/on)discussingthethingsthathavenoimportance.Hespentthewholeafternoon(in)washingthewindowsandfloors.Sheisbusy(in)writingletters.Therewassomedifficulty(in)explainingthistohim.[注意]短语lookforwardto(盼望，希望),be/getusedto,getdownto,payattentionto,prefer…to…，gobackto,beaccustomedto(习惯于),devote…to…等中的to是介词，其后应接动名词。Iamlookingforwardtoseeingher.IV.动名词的时态1.动名词的一般式动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.(泛指)Wealsoenjoywatchingcartoonfilms.(同时)Theboyinsistedonjoiningthearmy.(之后)Excusemeforcominglate.(之前)2.动名词的完成式动名词的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Hedenied(不承认)havingbrokentheglass.=Hedeniedthathehadbrokentheglass.TheDepartmentofEducationgavehimamedalforhavingcompleted60yearsofteaching.Havingdonetheworkisanexperienceyou’llneverforget.干过这工作，就会使你永生难忘。[注意]1）在某些动词（remember,forget,regret）后（或成语中），常用或可以用动名词的一般式，尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的。Idon’tremembereverseeing(=havingseen)himanywhere.Sheregrettedmissing(=havingmissed)thefilmHeapologized(道歉)forinterruptingus.2)在表示明确的时间概念的介词（on,after,before）后，可以用一般式。[例子见5）作介词宾语]V.动名词的被动式1.当动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时，这时动名词一般要用被动形式。动名词的被动式有一般式与完成式。Hedoesn’tmindbeingmadefunof.Theydon’tlikebeingtoldwhattodo.Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.Hewasangryathavingbeencalledoutatnight. 2.动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思在动词need(需要)，want(需要),require(需要),deserve(值得,应当)等后，以及tobeworth的短语中，尽管表示的是被动的意思，却用动名词的主动形式。Mypenneedsfilling.=MypenneedstobefilledTheproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.=TheproblemrequirestobestudiedwithgreatcareThepictureisworthlookingat.=Itisworthlookingatthepicture.=ThepictureisworthytobelookedatTheroomneeds/wants/requirescleaning=Theroomneedstobecleaned.VI.动名词的否定形式Thegirlmadehermotherangrybynottakinghermedicine.Iregretnothavingseentheflowershow.=IregretthatIhavenotseentheflowershow.VII.动名词的复合结构在有的句子里，主语不是动名词的逻辑主语，而这个动名词又必须有主语，意思才能够表达出来。在这种情况下，就要用动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构是由“物主代词(his,her,youretc.)或名词所有格(Tom’setc.)+doing”构成，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。Doyoumindmysmoking?=DoyoumindifIsmoke?Thestudent’sknowingEnglishhelpedhiminlearningFrench.Doyouthinktherewillbeanychanceofmyseeinghimagain?What’stroublinghimistheirnothavingenoughmoney.Herhusband’sbeingsickmadethingsallthemoredifficultforher.[注意]1.在口语或非正式英语中，这种结构如不在句首时，常用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，用名词普通格代替所有格。Theydon’tlikemecominghere.IrememberWangFeigoingthere.Allshewantedwashersonbeinggiventhejob.2.如果动名词逻辑上的主语是无生命的东西，就只能用普通格，不能用所有格。IknewtheletterbeingtornintopiecesmadeMissGreenveryangry.Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthegame?但：Iheardhim/Johnsinging.GrammarExercises(TheGerund&Infinitive)I.Fillintheblankswithverbsintheirproperformsandtelltheirfunctions.1.________(play)footballismyfavoritesport.2.Itisnouse_______(tell)him________(notgo)there.3.________(make)noteswhile________(read)isaveryimportant______(read)skill.4.Mydaughterenjoys______(listen)topopmusic.5.Mr.Wangprefers______(go)bybiketo_______(walk)totheoffice.6.Hedidn’tfeellike________(work)sohesuggested________(spend)thedayinthegarden.7.Thereissomethingwrongwithmycar.Itrequires__________(repair).8.Thedictionaryisexpensivebutitisworth_______(buy).9.Stop______(talk)please.Ihaveanannouncement____________(make).10.Youcan’tescape____________(punish).11.Ineverforget________(visit)Beijingforthefirsttime.12.Haveyougotusedto______(get)upearlyinthemorning?13.Sheisalwaystrying__________(improve)her______(teach)methods.14.Whencantheyfinish_______(build)thechemistrylab?15.Wearelookingforwardto_______(make)greaterprogress. 16.Whenweheardthestory,wecouldn’thelp_________(laugh).17.Helikes______(swim)buthedoesn’tlike________(swim)thisafternoon.18.Wecouldn’tdoanything______(stop)him______(change)hismind.19.Forhalfanhour,wewenton______(read)LessonNine.NowwehavefinishedLesson9.Let’sgoon______(read)Lesson10.20.Wouldyoumind_______(show)ushow______(use)thecomputer?21.Weconsidered________(make)atrip.22.Weareconsideringwhen_______(make)atrip.23.Theblackboardneeds________(clean)afterclass.24.Hedoesn’tneed______(know)it.25.Heneedn’t_______(worry)abouthislessons.26.Pleaseremember________(post)theletterforme.27.Nobodylikes_______(laugh)at.28.Darwingavehiswholelifeto______(bring)outthesecretofnature.29.Iconsiderhim______(be)acleverboy.30.Thegirlisafraid______(go)outaloneatnight.31.Soonaftertheyappeared,theygotdownto_______(look)uptheinformation.32.Don’twastetime_______(play).Youhadbetter______(make)fulluseoftime.II.Correctthemistakesinthefollowingsentences.1.PayattentiontoreadandwriteinordertoimproveyourEnglish.2.Sheisconsideringnottogo.3.Theroomwantsbeingcleaned.Iwantitcleaningthisafternoon.4.Thequestioniswellworthbeingdiscussedagain.5.Knockingatthedoorbeforecomein.6.Wouldyoulikejoiningusinthegame?7.Ipromisetopickhimupbuthepreferswalkingtothefactory.8.Thedoctorsuggestedhimtohavehisbloodtested.9.Successmeanstoworkvery,veryhard.Rewritethefollowingsentences,usingthegerund.1.Thedoctorsuggestedthatmysonshouldeatmorefruit.2.Mymotherinsistedthatweshouldgoontocollege.3.Thetenantswereafraidthattheywouldbetaxedwithoutmercy.4.DoyoumindifIreadyournewspaper?6.HowIregrettedthatIhadwastedsomuchmoney!7.Afterhegraduatedfromtheuniversity,hewenttoworkinagovernmentoffice.8.Theboydidn’tgotoschool.Hewentfishing.9.Don’tthinkanymoreaboutit.Itisnouse.10.Helefttheoffice.Hedidn’tturnoffthelights.11.Imustapologize.Iinterruptedyou.