中学英语语法精典总结 27页

E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc中学英语语法精典总结1.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。Hesays(that)hewillhaveawalksoon. Theteacheraskswhoisthecleverestintheschool. Iwanttoknowwhocameherelatethismorning. 2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。 HewonderedifIwouldcome.Shetoldmethathersonhadgotwell. ShesaidthatshelikedwatchingTV.WethoughtJimwaswrong. 3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。Mr.Lisaidthemoonissmallerthantheearth.4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。 CouldyoutellmewhenyouwillgetbacktoWuhan?（不是willyou） Doyouknowwhichsweatersheiswearing?(不是isshe)2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果),unless(除非)，when(当…的时候),assoonas(一…就…)，before,after,until,till,as(当…的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。Youmaytakearestwhenyoufinishdoingyourwork. IwillcallyouupifIleaveforShanghainextweek. Waitforyourbrotheratthebusstationuntilhearrives.2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如： IwouldgivethemoneytothecharityifIhadamilliondollars. Whenhegottothepark,hisclassmateshadleft.-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc Mysonrantowardsmeassoonashesawmeonthestreet.3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。Sheisagirlwho/thatisbeautilandkind-hearted. Sheisagirl(who/whom/that)Iknowverywell. Thatboywhosehairisverylongismybrother.(所属)Thegirlwhoistallismysister./Iownabikewhosepriceishigh.Iboughtawatch(which/that)Ipaid100yuanfor.（指物）Ipreferaplacewhich/thatiscleanandquiet.IpreferaplacewhereIcanliveaquietlife.（在这儿）Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenaboyhelpedmefindmydog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接todosth./sbtodosth./that从句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.2hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihope(that)everythinggoeswell./Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.5.thanksfor和thanksto:Thanksforyourhelpingmewiththework.-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc (表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。) Thankstoyoursuggestion,Ididn’tmakesuchmistakes. (表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。)6.感官动词用法之一：see,hear,listento,watch,notice,feel等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形/动词ing,分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。 IheardsomeoneknockingatthedoorwhenIfellasleep.(正进行) Iheardsomeoneknockatthedoorthreetimes.(听的是全过程) Ioftenwatchmyclassmatesplayvolleyballafterschool.(频率词) 若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式： Wesawhimgointotherestaurantwithhiswife.→ Hewasseentogointotherestaurantwithhiswife.7.感官动词用法之二：look,sound,smell,taste,feel可当系动词，后接形容词。Helooks .Itsoundsgood.Theflowerssmellbeautil.Thesweetstastesweet.Thesilkfeelssoft.Ifelttired. 这些动词不用于被动语态。Thesweetsaretastedsweet.是错误的。 注意：如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词： Helookslikehismother. Thatsoundslikeagoodidea. Itsmellslikeaflower.  Ittasteslikesalt.8.find和think部分用法: +宾语+宾语补足语。(代替宾从) 宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，Johnfoundhissonacleverboy. 2.形容词短语，Mrs.Smiththinksherhusbandkindoflazy.-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc 3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，Ifoundithardtofoolthegirl.9.wouldlike/want/feellike:1wouldlike，和want类似：◇都可接名词短语：Iwouldlike/wantanotherthreedesks. ◇都可接带to不定式：Iwouldlike/wanttogooutforawalk. ◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to不定式:Iwouldlikeyoutogivemeahand.2feellike: ◇后也可接名词短语：Doyoufeellikesometea? ◇后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Doyoufeellikehavingawalk? Idon’tfeellikedrinkingtea.【feellike常用于疑问句或否定句中。】10.词序易错的短语：1形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Isthereanythingdeliciousinthefridge? Nothingserious.  Thereissomethingwrongwiththecomputer. Iwanttogosomewherewarm. 2else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。 Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?  Whoelseisintheroom? Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?  Whereelsecanyouseeit? 3enough修饰形容词和副词，enough放在后面。 Thissweaterischeapenough. Nemoisoldenoughtowork. Heranfastenoughtocatchupwiththedog.11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1Whatdoyouthinkof…?= Howdoyoulike…?“你对…怎么看？”(How…?句中有like，是动词。) 2What’stheweatherlikein…?=Howistheweatherin…?“…的天气什么样?”(What…?句中有like，是介词“像”。)12.take,cost,pay,spend区别：1It+take+sb+sometime+todosth.-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc  Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree. 2物+cost+sb+钱: Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.(cost,cost,cost)  若cost后无sb,则译作“价钱是”：Thebagcosts30Yuan. 3人+pay+sb+钱+forsth:Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.(pay,paid,paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。) 4人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.  Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.  Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.  spend有时可指“度过”：spendholiday/weekends/winter13.双宾结构：pass/give/teach/offer/lend/send/sell/call/show/buy/ ask/tell/build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb+sth. 其中pass,give,offer,lend,send,sell,show等可接sth+tosb. buy,build等可接sth+forsb. 另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Pleasepassittome.14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词） Keepcarelwhenyouarelisteningtotheteacher.（连词） Keepcarelwhenlisteningtotheteacher.（介词） 类似的，while,than,before,after,as,since,until等。 如：I’llwaituntilIhearfromher.（连词）-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc I’llwaituntilnextFriday.（介词）15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一:1.动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。TheboynamedPeterismyfriend. 那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。He’seatingfriedchicken.他在吃炸鸡。Thereisnotimeleft.IhavereadanovelwrittenbyLuXun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。Helivesinahousebuilttwentyyearsago. 2.动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。 the ingboy,arunningbus,therisingsun,abusrunningontheroad,theboy inginthecorner (正进行)asittingroom,thesleepingcar,thebathingsuit (功能)16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。Ifeltsurprisedathiswords.Howexcitingthefilmis!/Iwanttogotoaplacewhichisrelaxing.17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语：Tobeateacherismydream.Workinghardbringsyousuccess.Takingcareofourenvironmentisveryimportant.Toplanttreesmakesmehappy.（谓语用单数）Readingbooksgivesyouknowledge.(谓语用单数)Listeningandwritingarebothdifficult.(谓语用复数)18.later/after/ago/before:1later“…时间后”结构：时间段+later常用于一般过去时。TheywenttoBeijingfivedayslater.(later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’llseeyoulater.)2after“…时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和1相同。TheywenttoBeijingafterfivedays.(after也可加句子：I’llsendyouane-mailafterIgethome.HefoundouttheinformationafterhehadsearchedtheInternetforthirtyminutes.)3ago“…时间前”结构：时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc(since+时间段+ago，主句用现在完成时)4before单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”IhavebeentoLondonbefore.Hehasseenthefilmbefore.(若是时间段+before,则常用过去完成时，译为“…时间前”：Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.Wehadfoundouttheanswertotheproblemanhourbefore.)19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季20.月：January,一月；February,二月；March,三月；April,四月；May,五月；June,六月；July,七月；August,八月；September,九月；October,十月；November,十一月；December,十二月。21.星期：Sunday,星期日；Monday,星期一；Tuesday,星期二；Wednesday,星期三；Thursday,星期四；Friday,星期五；Saturday,星期六。Sunday为第一天，Saturday为最后一天。22.“也”：either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。Theapplesaretootallfortheboytoreach./Thezooisnotagoodplaceforanimalstolivein.24.(a)little/(a)few:1few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数,little加不可数名词。2afew“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数;alittle“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另外，在too,very,so等词后用few,little;在only,just,still等词后用afew,alittle.而quiteafew/alittle译为“很多”25.及物动词+副词：puton/off/away/up/down/out;breakoff/down;turnon/off/up/down;getback;useup;giveaway/out/up/back;tryout/on;ring/callup;letdown;cleanup/out;setup;thinkup;handin/out;fixup;workout;;dressup;pickup;helpout;keepoff/out/downcutdown;writedown;wakeup(叫醒);takeoff/away;sellout;lookup/over;eatup;throwaway/off宾语是名词时，可放在中间或后边，是代词时只放在中间。26.as……as用法：1和…一样…Hisroomisasbigasmine.HerunsasfastasI/me.2as…aspossible/sbcan“尽可能…”Wewentthereassoonaspossible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listentotheteacherascarefullyyoucan.3有些短语有几个意思：assoonas和…一样快；一…就…；asmuchas和…一样多；多达；aslongas和…一样长；长达；只要；aswellas和…一样好；和…一样；asfaras远达；就…来说；-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc27.prefer用法：prefersth/doingsthtosth/doingsth比起…更喜欢…prefertodosthratherthandosth宁愿…也不愿…prefertodosth/preferdoingsth更喜欢做某事28.some-,any-,every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陈述句中。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Maybesomebodyhastakenit.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Whynotasksomebodytohelpyou?Shallwegivehimsomethingtoeat?Whataboutsomemilk?Couldyoupleaselendmesomechairs?2any-,在疑问句中仍译为“某～，一些～”Doyouhaveanythingtosay？Isanybodyinthehouse？在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何～”Youmayputtheboxanywhereintheroom.Heistallerthananyotherstudentintheclass.Wedon’thaveanythingtoeatthismorning.3every-“每～”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Iseverybodyhere？-No，TomandLucyhaveaskedforleave.Theglasswasbroken,andthewaterwenteverywhere.29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are+v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/begoingto+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were+v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has+v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had+v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would+v.原形)六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数(加s/es)；现在分词(v.ing)；带to不定式。30.if/whether区别：if如果(引导条件状从)/是否(引导宾从)whether无论(引导让步状从)/是否(引导宾从)都译为“是否”时，whether可接ornot,也可接带to不定式。if则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。Ifyouhaveanywater,pleasegivemesome.31.因为：because,常是对why的回答，语气最强。since,位置：Since…，….Sinceit’salreadylate,Imustgonow.for,位置：…，for….语气最弱。Idrovecarefully,forit’ssnowing.as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。32.表推测：must,may,might,can,could,can’tmust“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。Thereisthedoorbell,itmustbeTom.may/might“也许”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。Sheiscomingtous.Shemightbeournewteacher.can/could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。Youcouldberight,butIdon’tthinkyouare.Thelightintheofficeisoff.Theteachercan’tbetherenow.-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，sotall/slowly…such是形容词，后跟名词短语。suchbadweather/goodnews…;suchabeautifulgirl/animportantlesson/aheavystone…;suchkindboys/newdesks/friendlypeople/amazingmovies…;若名词前形容词是many,much,few,little时，不用such,而用so.somanyflowers/muchrain/fewfriends/littlewater…也常有“so/such…that…”句型，译为“如此…以致于…”。34.so的另两个用法：1so+be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“…也”上下文所指不是同一个人或物。Thetwinsareworking,soamI.Iwillstayuptonight,andsowillPeter.以及对话形式：A:Iwokeuplatethismorning.B:SodidI.2so+主语+be/情态动词/助动词，“的确…是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A:Wehavelunchatschool.B:Soyoudo.又如：A:Brucecanworkouttheproblem.B:Sohecan.35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+be/情态动词/助动词+主语“…也不”上文是否定句。Shedidn’tgetwell,nordidherbrother.或对话形式：A:Jimhasn’thadbreakfast.B:NeitherhaveI.36.keep,make,get,have用法：1keep+sb/sthdoingsth“让…一直做…”I’msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.keep+doingsth“坚持做某事”2make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事I’lltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.IfeelsorrythatIhavemadehimwaitforlong.3get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.4have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。Wehadthemachineworking.我们让那台机器一直工作着。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。5也都可接形容词：keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.37.used短语：usedto+动原，“过去常常”Heusedtosmoke.beusedto译为“被用来…”，后接动原。Itisusedtocutthings.beusedto译为“习惯于…”，后接动词ing或名词/代词.-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc如：He’susedtoworkinglate./Weareallusedtofollowingothers.beusedfor+目的（名词或动词ing）如：Englishisusedforbusiness./Knivesareusedforcuttingthings.38.through/past/across:都可作介词，“穿过”前常有位移动词。Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.Heswamacrosstheriver.【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。】位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.39.thenumberof/anumberof:前者“…的数量”；后者“许多的”都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetreesistwothousand.用单数is.Anumberoftreeshavebeencutdown.用复数have.40.延续性动词：Howlong，since，for，(以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。HowlongmayIkeepthisnovel?I’velivedheresince2002.Let’swaituntilhecomesback..但否定句中可用短暂性动词：Ihaven’tseenyouforalongtime.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:1Allboys/AlloftheboysarefromChina.all接可数复数，谓语也用复数。Allofthewaterispolluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。2Eachboy/Eachoftheboyshasadifferentbag.each接名词单数或接of+限定词+复数，后谓语都用单数。3Bothofthetwinsareclever.后面谓语用复数。4Noneofthestudentshas/havebeentherebefore.none+of+限定词+复数,谓语用单、复数都可。另见885-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-EitherdayisOK./EitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。6-Whenshallwemeet,SaturdayorSunday?-Sorry,Ihavetolookaftermymotherthesetwodays.Thatis,neithertimeisOK./neitherofthedaysisOK.谓语用单数。all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/“每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个” -27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。Thebuildingistwentymeterstall./Thestreetisfortymeterswide.Thefishisfivekilosheavy./Thisbabyisonlysixmonthsold.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。Theyduganeight-meter-deephole./.Iboughta10-kilo-heavyfish.It’sapieceof2-meter-thickice./Theybuilta50-meter-widestreet.It’satwo-monthholiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)43.MustI/MayI/NeedI…?用法：1MustI…?我必须…吗？A:MustIfinishthework?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.2MayI…?我可以…吗？A:MayIgooutforawalknow?B:Yes,youcan./No,youmustn’t/can’t.3NeedI…?我有必要…吗？A:NeedIcleanthehouse?B:Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion:前有具体数字，不加s及of.否则加s,加of.如：thousandsoftrees;manymillionsofpeople.ninehundredpeople,tenthousandstudents等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：severalmillionpounds45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something,nothing,anything,everything作主语，QT主语用it.Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?/Nothingisdifficult,isit?2IthinkLucycandowellintheexam,can’tshe?Idon’tthinkhewillcomehereontime,willhe?QT要结合think后的从句而定。3祈使句的QT一般用willyou?而Let’s…用shallwe?Getupnow,willyou?Don’tbenoisy,willyou?Bequiet,willyou?Pleasedon’ttalk,willyou?Letusdoitnow,willyou?Let’sdoitnow,shallwe?4Therebe句型，QT主语用there.Thereisamanworkinginthefield,isn’tthere?ThereusedtobeameetingonFriday,didn’tthere?Therewon’tbeamovieinthetheatre,willthere?46.puton,wear,dress,in:1puton,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.2wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter./Ilikewearing-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.docbeautifulclothes.3dress,“给…穿衣”后接人。Youcandressyourself,baby.Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt/white.可直接加表颜色的词。4in,“穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Doyouknowthegirlinaredcoat?I’veseentheboyinyellow.47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would/should+动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.）Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.(与现在事实相反)IfIgotrich,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.(可能性很小)48.other/others/theother/theothers/another:1如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another,后加可数名词单数。Ifyouarestillthirsty,youmayhaveanothercupoftea.（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。）another也可+数字+可数复数：Themeetingwilllastanothertwohours./Weneedanothersixdesks.2如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.)，有如下用法：第一种，所说内容只有两个：Mrs.Greenhastwosons,oneisinterestedinmath,theother(one/son)isgoodatscience.【只有两个，用theother,不加s,后面名词可省略。】又如：Thispairofshoesisstrange.Oneisblue,yettheotherisgreen.这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下theother后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在theother后加s.Twofifthsofthestudentsinourclassareboys,theotherstudentsaregirls/theothersaregirls.Twochildrenwent,buttheothersstayed.（其他孩子都留下了。）3如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给出范围，则是泛指，不加the.LeiFenglikedhelpingotherpeople/others.Haveyouanyotherquestions?Alicedidn’tlikethatdress,sosheaskedtoseesomeothers.4other的另一用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。Heistallerthananyotherboyinhisclass.(划线中boy用单数)=-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.docHeistallerthanalltheotherboysinhisclass.(划线中boy用复数)他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。49.howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:1howlong是对长度或时间段提问。Howlongistheriver?-It’s5,000kilometerslong.Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?-Forfivemonths./Since2002.2howoften是对频率提问，如：never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday等。HowoftendoyouwatchTV?-Everytwodays./Twiceaweek.【若只有次数，则用howmanytimes提问：HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.】3howsoon是对“in+时间段”提问：HowsoonwillyoureturntoBeijing?-Inaweek./Intwodays.4howfar是对时间段’s+walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?-Fiveminutes’walk./Anhour’sride./Thirteenminutes’drive.或者说：It’sabout20kilometers(far)away.（问和回答不同。）50.分数表达：二分之一:halfa/an或ahalf.如：halfanhour=ahalfhour半小时It’shalfpastseven.(省略冠词)以下情况中，分子(基数词)若超过一，分母(序数词)需加s：三分之一:a/onethird三分之二:twothirds四分之一:a/onefourth或a/onequarter四分之三:threefourths或threequarters.五分之一:a/onefifth五分之二:twofifths其它类推。若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定：Twofifthsofthestudentsareontime.(指名词复数时，谓用复)Twofifthsofthelandispolluted.（指不可数时，谓用单） 51.到达：1getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China接地点副词时，不带to.getthere/home/here.-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc2arrivein+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arriveat+小地点(school/hospital)，arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用：Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reachBeijing/England但常不说reachhome/there/here.52.感叹句：What+名词短语+主语+谓语！Whatlazyboys(theyare)!Whathardwork!Whatgoodnews!Whatagoodidea!Whatbadweather(itis)!Whatapity!How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！Howhardtheworkis!Howfastheruns!Howrudeyouare!Howcarefullytheyarelistening!Howbadtheweatheris!53.because/instead/out等与加of的区别：1because后接句子，becauseof接名词或代词。Hedidn’tcomebecausehewasill./becauseofhisillness.2instead是副词，单独在句尾。insteadof还要接名词或代词。Wedidn’thaverice,wehadnoodlesinstead./insteadofit.3out副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of.（也可作介词，“向…外”，可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)Hewentoutearly.或Hewentoutofthehouseearly.54.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo:muchtoo“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。muchtoobig/slowly等。toomuch“太多的”，加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。toomany“太多的”，加可数复数。toomanybooks/people等。55.alone/lonely:1alone,“独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jackisalone.杰克是单身。Theoldwomanisaloneinthehouse.那位老妇一个人在屋里。可当副词，修饰动词：Shelivesalone.她独居。Canyoumovethestonealone?你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？Dickiswalkingonthebeachalone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。（注意：不可说veryalone.但可说verymuchalone.是特例）2lonely,“孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。可在系动词后作表语：Theoldmanislonely.这位老人是孤独的。-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.docHehasmanyrelatives,buthefeelslonely.他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。（lonely和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。）也可在名词前作定语：alonelyperson一位孤独的人alonelyvillage一个偏僻的村庄（alone不可作定语）56.belongto与be:Thissuitbelongstome/Lucy/mybrother.(人)Thissuitismine/Lucy’s/mybrother’s/hers.（某物是某人的）57.by常见用法：1“通过”IstudyEnglishbymemorizinggrammar.Youcanknowitbylookingitupinadictionary.Hetravelsbybike.2“截止到”Willyoufinishthetaskbytomorrow?Thetrainhadleftbythetimehegotthere.3“被”ThisnovelwaswrittenbyLuXun.4“经过”Hepassedbymewithoutnoticingme.5“在……旁边”Sitbyme.Theyareplayingbytheriver.58.部分用in的短语：inEnglish,inagoodway,inahurry,inpen/ink(见105),intheday(见92),indifferentsizes,indifferentshapes,inadifficultsituation，ingoodhealth,inaredcoat/inred(见46),instyle,intheopenair(露天场所)59.比较级与最高级部分要点：1不规则形式或易错形式：much/many→more→mostbad/badly/ill→worse→worstfar→farther/further→farthest/furthestlittle→less→leastfew→fewer→fewestold→older/elder→oldest/eldest以ly结尾的形容词常把-ly换成-lier/-liest.2常见比较级/最高级句型：Herunsfasterthanme.(有than)Hedidbetterthananyotherstudentintheschool.(参照48)Tomisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(某个范围内)Heisthetallerofthetwo(boys).(两者，此句型中加the)Heisthetallestofthethree(boys).(三者)Whichisbetter,teaormilk?(两者选择)Whichisthebest,tea,milkorwater?(三者选择)It’sthesecondlongestriverinChina.（序数词后用最高级。）3“越来越…”比较级+and+比较级-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.docHecriedharderandharder.Sheisgettingtallerandtaller.类似：biggerandbigger/happierandhappier/fatterandfatter/strongerandstronger/richerandricher/worseandworse…另一种情况：moreandmorebeautiful/slowly/carefully/…4“越…,越…”“the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头，倒装。ThemoredifficultEnglishis,theharderyoushouldstudy.Theyoungerweare,themoreenergywehave.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillget.5“越来越多的…”moreandmore+名词Moreandmorepeoplearegettingricherandricher.Weneedmoreandmoredesks/paper/trees/water….6“…得多”much+形容词/副词比较级Thisroomismuchbiggerthanthatone.类似：muchtaller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better…以及：muchmorecareful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious…7“另外的…(个)…”结构：数量+more+名词onemoretowel,threemoresuits,manymoretiles,muchmoretruth,somemoremeat,alotmorewood,alittlemoreexperience,oncemore=onemoretime=again.这种结构有时也可用another+数字+名词替代：fivemoretrees=anotherfivetrees(记住词的位置)60.talk,tell,say,speak:1talk只作不及物动词。Don’ttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?Heistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou?(talkwith/tosbtalkaboutsth)2tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构。Mr.Litoldusaninterestingstory.Whotoldyouthenews?3say必须接有内容。PleasesayitinEnglish.Hesaidnothing.“Idisagreewithyou.”saidTom.Whatwillyousay?say若接sb,则需先加to:Imustsaysorrytoyou.“Ioversleptthismorning.”hesaidtome.4speak“说话”不及物动词。Hespoketoofastformetofollow.-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc接人时先加介词to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?可表说话的能力。Thebabycanspeaknow.Thereissomethingwrongwithhisthroat,hecan’tspeak.“演讲，发言”Whowillspeakinthemeeting?“说”可作及物动词。61。sometimes/sometimes/sometime/sometime:sometimes:“有时”=attimes.Heisimeslateforschool.sometimes:“几次”IhavebeentoNanjingsometimes.sometime:“某一时刻”Iboughtitsometimelastspring.We’llmeetagainsometimenextweek.sometime:“一段时间”Wehavetostayhereforsometime.62.need的用法：1need可当情态动词（和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中）：NeedIgonow?(need在一般疑问句的开头)Ineedn’ttellyoutheanswer.(否定句中直接在need后加not)【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】2need可当行为动词（和want等用法类似）：Heneedsabike.(后可直接加名词)Ineedtogoovermylessons.(后接带to不定式)Doyouneedtohavearest?（一般疑问句中do,does,did在句首）Wedon’tneedtowaitforhercoming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)【注：need后接表被动的内容时，可表达为：TheTVneedstoberepaired.=TheTVneedsrepairing.】63.dowith与dealwith:都译为“处理，对付，安排，应付”Whathaveyoudonewiththemilk?用what提问。Howshallwedealwiththisproblem?用how提问。下面两句由此而来：Couldyoutellmewhattodowiththemilk?Couldyoutellmehowtodealwiththisproblem?64.就近原则：常见的有：EitheryouorLucyiswrong.Thereisadogandtwocatsintheyard.(therebe句型)Notonlyyoubut(also)Iamstrictinthework.NeitheryounorLucyhasseenthefilmbefore.65.主谓一致：One/Neitherofyouisright.（单数谓语）-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.docTom,withhisfriends,hasgone.(主语是Tom,单数谓语)Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.（主语是pair,单数谓语）Theshoeslookbeautiful.（主语无pair,复数谓语）Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.（单数谓语）Theoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic.(the加形容词表一类人，谓语用复数)Mr.andMrsGreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫妇(复数谓语)Theteacherandwriterisanableman.指教师兼作家,一个人，单数谓语。BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.（复数谓语）thenumberof与anumberof参见39.（分数表达见50）66.quite/such/really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，常放在后面。It’squiteaneasyquestion.Heisquiteacleverboy.It’ssuchanimportantlesson.(另见33)Lilyisreallyalazygirl.67.部分用what提问的句型：Whatsizedoyouwant?Whatwillyoudowiththeproblem?What’sthepopulationofChina?Whatdayisittoday?What’sthedatetoday?What’sthepriceofthisone?68.therebe部分用法：1Thereisonlyastudenttakingnotesnow.Thereisnoneedtoopenthebox.Thereare20treestobeplanted.2常有以下结构:theremay/will/must/isgoingto/usedto/…be.…3therebe中不可再出现have/has/had(有)的词。另一用法见45。69.常见表否定的词或短语:no,not,hardly,few,little,neither,nor,nothing,nobody,none,nowhere等.有些有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without,too…to…withoutanything,tootiredtogoanyfurther但前缀如dis--,un--,in--或后缀如--less,并不表否定。70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语:whynot/hadbetter/please/wouldyouplease/let/make/情态动词，等等。【注意否定形式：hadbetter/wouldyouplease/let直接加not+动原；而please加don’t+动原】71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish/enjoy/practice/giveup/endup/putoff/consider/keep/feellike/prefer…to…/can’thelp/bebusy/beworth/taketurns/miss(错过)/spend/havefun/介词等。72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want/hope/wish/allow/encourage/ask/tell/pretend/decide/plan/invite-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc/urge/advise/warn/seem/inorder(为了)/疑问词，等等。另外，it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。【否定：以上大多词+not+todosth】73.被动语态(be+v.过去分词)用法：Ididit.→Itwasdone.双宾:Hetoldusastory.→Weweretoldastory.→Astorywastoldtous.Shepassedmeapen.→Iwaspassedapen.→Apenwaspassedtome.情态动词:Wecanmakeaplan.→Aplancanbemade.进行时态:Tomiswritingaletter.→AletterisbeingwrittenbyTom.完成时态：Ihavefinishedthework.→Theworkhasbeenfinished.74.名词或所属格作定语：1强调性别时amandoctor/twomendoctors；awomanteacher/sixwomenteachers被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数；被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。2agirlactor/fourgirlactorsaboyplayer/twoboyplayersabusstation/somebusstations复数只变被修饰的词。3aboys’team/agentlemen’sholiday/theTeachers’Day/theChildren’sDay“复数+’s”作定语，译为“…的…”4Father’sDay/Mother’sDay此处“单数+’s”作定语。（附：and连接的名词所属格：Lucy’sandAnn’sfathersareworkers.分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加“’s”LucyandAnn’sfatherisveryinteresting.两个人共有的爸爸，所以在两人后只加一个“’s”。）75.win与beat区别：win后加物：I’msureJimwillwinthematch.Wewonthefirstplaceinthesportsmeeting.而beat后加的是人：I’mafraidtheywillbeatus.Ihopewecanbeattheboys’team.(男子队，相当于人。)76.it/that/one的部分用法：1it指上文的某个事物，和上文是同一个。Thisbookisveryuseful.Iwilltakegoodcareofit.it也可指上文所说的事：Mysonhaslosthimselfinthecomputergames.I’mworriedaboutit.2that与上文所说是同一类，但不是同一个，常指不可数名词。ThefoodinChinaisquitedifferentfromthatinAmerica.TheweatherofHainanisbetterthanthatofGansu.that也可指上文所说的事：A:Ihadanaccidentandbrokemylegs.B:I’msorrytohearthat.3one指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数，但不是同一个物。Thissweateristooexpensive,doyouhaveanotherone?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那个)77.at/bytheendof,intheend的区别：1attheendof+时间点或地点，“在…的尽头，在…的末尾”TheywillhaveasportsmeetingattheendofMarch.(加时间)Heputsomebooksattheendofthebed.(加地点)-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc2bytheendof+时间点，“截止到…末”若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时：Theyhadplantedsixthousandtreesbytheendoflastmonth.若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：Weshallfinishtheworkbytheendofnextmonth.3intheend“最后”，后不加of短语：Theywantedtofindaplacetorestin,intheend,theysawavillage.78.havegoneto/havebeento/havebeenin:1havegoneto+地点“已去了…（还未回来）”-Ican’tfindthosechildren,wherearethey?-Theyhavegonetothefarm.(去了农场，不在这儿)2havebeento+地点“去过…（原来去过，现在已回）”句尾常接次数或多个地点或before，或句中常有ever,never等。ShehasbeentoQingdaothreetimes.Ihavebeentotwobigcities.HaveyoubeentoDalianbefore?Ihavenever/everbeentoDalian.Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.(此短语省略了to)3havebeenin+地点，“已在…（多久了）”句尾常接for+时间段，或since+时间点/一般过去时的句子。PeterhasbeeninChinaforalongtime.I’vebeenherefor2hours/since2hoursago.(此短语省略了in)79.all/whole用法：all(of)theland/all(of)theclass/all(of)thestudents…【all在定冠词the前】thewholeschool/thewholecountry/thewholearea…【whole在定冠词the后】80.abit/alittle区别：都可作副词，后直接加形容词和副词。I’mabit/alittlehungry.Shefeelsabit/alittletired.也可作代词或形容词，后接名词时有所不同：Ihaveonlyalittledrink.Sheatealittlebreadandwentout.(alittle直接加名词)而下文：Ihaveonlyabitofdrink.Sheateabitofbreadandwentout.(abit先加of再加名词)81.“擅长”与“不擅长”;“对…有利”与“对…有害”：“擅长”：begoodat/dowellin“不擅长”：bebadin/bepoorin/beweakin/dobadlyin“对…有利”：begoodfor“对…有害”：bebadfor82.表数量的词和短语的部分用法：1none/all/some/most/plentyof/alotof(lotsof)后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。2many/(a)few/anumberof/several只接可数名词复数。3much/(a)little/abitof只接不可数名词。-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc83.易用错的副词：1really可修饰动词、副词和形容词，常在它们前面。Ireallylovereading.Ireallymissyou.(修饰动词)Tomspeaksreallyquickly.汤姆说得非常快。（修饰副词）It’sreallykindofyou.你真好。(修饰形容词)2verymuch常修饰动词want,miss,hate,love,like,dislike,enjoy,takeafter(长得像…),move(使…感动),excite(使…激动)等等。常在句尾。Jackwantstogothereverymuch.杰克很想去那儿。Ihaterecitingthewordsverymuch.我很讨厌背单词。Heenjoyedthefilmverymuch.他很喜欢这部电影。Hetakesafterhismotherverymuch.他长得很像他妈妈。(verymuch不可修饰形容词和副词：I’mhappyverymuch.Heisluckyverymuch.都是错误的。)3very修饰形容词和副词，放在它们前面：Sheisverykind.Iamveryhappy.Peterspeaksveryslowly.(very不可修饰动词：IverylikeEnglish.Heverymissesyou.等类似结构都是错误的。)84.常用于现在完成时的词或短语：for（后加时间段，句中谓语用延续性动词）；since（后加时间点或一般过去时的句子，主句谓语用延续性动词）；Howlong（对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问，句中谓语也用延续性动词）in/allone’slife（在某人一生）；in/duringthepast/last+时间段(在最近的…时间内)；sofar（到目前为止）；yet（用于句尾，用在疑问句或否定句中）；already(用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陈述句中)；ever；never；just；before(单独用在句子末尾，常用此时态。但若时间段加before,常用过去完成时)以及recently等.85.形容词与副词区别：1形容词修饰名词，作定语（划线部分）：Sheisakindgirl.Whatbadweather!Iboughtanewbike.形容词可在系动词后，作表语(划线部分)：Thegirliskind.Hisfaceturnedred.Ittastessweet.2副词(划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词，也可修饰整个句子。Heranquickly.Pleasespeakloudly.Timlivesalone.修饰动词Sheisveryangry.Hefelttootired.I’msolucky.修饰形容词Hegotupquiteearly.Shediditverywell.修饰副词Unluckily,IfailedtheEnglishexam.修饰整个句子86.everyday与everyday:everyday是形容词，后接名词，“日常的”。HeispracticingeverydayEnglish.everyday是副词，作时间状语，“每天”。WespeakEnglisheveryday.87.everyone与everyone:1everyone“每个人；大家；所有人”，只指人。后不接of短语。Everyoneishereexcept-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.docTom.2everyone“每一个”既可指人，也可指物。后要接of短语。Everyoneofushasadictionary.Everyoneofthetreesistall.88.none与noone:1noone“没有一人”只指人,后不接of短语。NoonehasbeentoBeihaiPark.Noonetoldusaboutit.(以上因后面无of短语，故不用none)2none“没有人；没有任何东西”既可指人，也可指物；既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词。后常接of短语。Noneofthechildrenhas/havebeentoBeihaiPark.（此处指人。因后有of短语，故不用noone）A:Howmanyelephantsdidyouseethere?B:None.（对话中none单独用，指物，不用noone.）89.乘交通工具之表达:1bybike/car/sea(ship)/air(plane)(无冠词)2onahorseback/hisbike/theplane/aship(有冠词或限定词)3inhis/acar(car前用in)4onfoot5动词短语:rideabike/ahorse;driveacar;walk;takeaplane/taxi/bus;fly90.kindof与kindsof:1kindof单独用，表示“有点”，后接形容词或副词：Heiskindofthin.”他有点瘦”Ifeelkindofhungry.”我有点饿”UncleWangspeakskindofquickly.王叔叔说得有点快。2若kindof前有a,this,that等，译为“一种，这种，那种”后加名词。Thatkindofquestionisdifficulttoanswer.那类问题难回答。3熟记一些短语：allkindsof...“各种各样的...”manykindsof“很多种类的”differentkindsof“不同种类的”后加名词。动词，后接语言。DoyouspeakEnglish?91.rain/snow/wind的常见修饰词：astrongwind“一阵强风”aheavyrain“一场大雨”heavysnow“大雪”（以上是名词短语）blowhard“猛烈地吹”snowheavily“下大雪”rainhard/heavily“下大雨”（以上是动词短语）92.day的部分用法：1onTeachers’Day表节日或周几前用“on”.2intheday/daytime“在白天”前加“in”。3ineightdays“八天后”用“in”。4(in)those/thesedays“在过去/现在”5today,next/last/this/that/every/allday等前面常不加介词。同样，onSunday/Monday/.../Saturday介词用的是on（有时可省略）,若有next/last/this/that/every等时不再加-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.docon.93.个别名词的部分用法：1family“家庭；家庭成员”指整体时，表示单数，谓语动词用单数形式；指成员时，表示复数，谓语用复数形式：Hisfamilyisgoingtomove.Myfamilyislarge.（以上指整体，谓语用单数）Myfamilyareverywell.我全家人很健康。（指成员，谓语用复数）一般不再区分谓语的单复数形式。类似的还有：staff(职员)，class,team,public(公众)，government等.2有些名词只表复数，谓语只用复数。如people,police,cattle等：Thepolicearesearchingforamanwithabignose.Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.3deer,fish，sheep等词的单数和复数形式相同：adeer(一只鹿)/twodeer(两只鹿)afish(一条鱼)/twofish(两条鱼)asheep(一只羊)/somesheep(一些羊)另外fish若表示种类时，复数要在后加es:twofishes(两种鱼)4有些名词单数变复数有特殊形式：man→men;woman→women;foot→feet;tooth→teeth;mouse→mice;child→children;ox→oxen(公牛)5有些名词通常只有复数形式：scissors(剪刀)clothes(衣服)trousers(裤子)glasses(眼镜)6有些名词只是不可数名词：It’ssuchgreatfun.Whatfun!Whatgoodnews!Iwon’tdoanythinginsuchbadweather.Canyoutellmesomeinformation?Ilikemusicwhichispopular.类似：apieceofchalkmuchknowledgelearnalittleEnglish等94.leave的用法：1leave可指“离开”leaveZhengzhou离开郑州leaveZhengzhouforWuhan离开郑州到武汉leaveforWuhan动身到武汉(for后接目的地，而不是出发地)2leave留下；忘记Ileftmybackpackathome.leave后接地点，而forget后无地点。Sorry,Iforgotthemoney.95.ill与sick的区别：1都可译为“生病的”。ill只在系动词后作表语：Hermotherwasillinbed.但sick既可作表语（在美语中），也可作定语：Hermotherwassickinbed.Janeistakingcareofhersickmother.(此处是定语，不可用ill,见下文ill用法)2若ill作定语，译为“坏的，恶劣的”anillperson一个坏人-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.docsick作表语时也常译为“恶心的，想吐的“Theboyalwaysfeelssickwhenhetravelsbycar.96.return用法：1“返回”，相当于“goback/getback/comeback..如：AnnwillvisityouwhenhereturnstoLondon.（当“返回”时是不及物动词，先加to才可再加地点。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.）2“归还”，相当于“giveback”如：Ihavereturnedthedictionary.（当“归还”时是及物动词，后直接加物，若再接人时方可加to.同样不可再跟back.如：YoushouldreturnthepianotoDickontime.）97.favourite与own的类似结构:形容词性物主代词+favorite+名词（某人最喜欢的...）或者+own+名词(某人自己的...)如：Myfavoriteanimalisdog.Hefoundhisownbike.98.stop/start(begin)/forget(remember)/like/goon等动词：1stopdoingsth.停止正在做的某事。stoptodosth.停下来做某事（stop后是将要做的事）Hewastired,sohestoppedworking.Hewastired,sohestoppedtohavearest.要注意有时两种形式会同时出现：Hewastired,sohestoppedworkingtohavearest.2start/begindoing/todo含义基本相同，但以下情况下start/begin后只接todo:★若start/begin已用进行时态时：Heisjustbeginning/startingtowritetheletter.★主语是物而不是人时：Theicebegan/startedtomelt.★其后的动词与想法、感情有关时：Hebegan/startedtounderstandit.3forget/remembertodosth.忘记/想起将要做的事。forget/rememberdoingsth.忘记/想起已经做过的事。4likedoingsth.(因爱好而喜欢，表示一种习惯)Jacklikessleepingintheclass.(在班睡觉虽不是好事，杰克却有这个爱好。有睡觉的习惯。)liketodosth(认为明智或正确而喜欢)Shelikestohelpothers.（助人是一件正确的事，所以喜欢。）Idon’tliketoplayinthestreet.(在大街上玩不明智，故不喜欢)有时区别不明显，接两形式都可。Helikeswatching/towatchTV.5goondoingsth.继续做某事（上文所做的事）goontodosth接下来做另一件事（不是上文所做之事）  99.普通代词形式：-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词(作主语)(作宾语)(后要再接名词)(后不再接名词)(主宾一致)Imemypen/house...minemyselfyou(你)youyourbag/car...yoursyourselfhehimhisdesk/coat...hishimselfsheherherhair/books...hersherselfitititstail/face...itsitselfweusourteacher/room...oursourselvesyou(你们)youyourclass/hometown...yoursyourselvestheythemtheirschool/fathers...theirsthemselves100.基数词和序数词：基数词表示人或物的数量。序数词表示人或物的次序。注意以下几种形式：one→firsttwo→secondthree→thirdfive→fiftheight→eighthnine→ninthtwelve→twelfthtwenty→twentieththirty等类推另外，“四十”forty;无字母u.“第九”ninth无字母e.101.room/space/place:1room“房间”（可数）aroom/tworooms“空间”（不可数）：指可以容纳东西或为其它目的而使用的空间。Couldyoumakeroomforme?你能为我让一下空间吗？Isthereroomformeinthecar?车里有我的位子吗？2space“空间”普通用语，表示万物存在之处，与“时间”（time）为相对概念。inthedarkspace在黑暗的宇宙空间（太空）timeandspace时间和空间Isthereanyspaceformeinthecar?(此处和room的含义相当)3place“地方”（可数），指某一具体地点。Iwanttoliveinaplacewhichiswarminwinter.MountChayaisawonderfulplace.嵖岈山是一个奇妙之地。102.常见国籍、人与语言的对应：1China“中国”Chinese（无复数形式）“中国人（的）/中文（的）/中国的”aChinese/twoChinese“一个/两个中国人”Japan,Japanese和此类似。2England“英国（原义：英格兰）”(=Britain)English（无复数形式）“英国人（的）/英语（的）/英国的”-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.docHeisEnglish.(前无冠词)=HeisanEnglishman.(前有冠词)“他是英国人”注意复数：TheyareEnglish.=TheyareEnglishmen.(变为men)3France“法国”French(无复数形式)“法国人(的)/法语(的)/法国的”TheladyisFrench.(前无冠词)=TheladyisaFrenchwoman.(前有冠词)注意复数：TheladiesareFrench.=TheladiesareFrenchwomen.4Germany“德国”German“德国人(的)/德语(的)/德国的”TheboyisaGerman.(前有冠词)TheboysareGermans.(复数加s.）5America“美国”American“美国人（的）/美国的”HeisAmerican.(前常无冠词）TheyareAmericans.(复数加s)103.易写错词形:◆noise(名词)“噪音”;noisy(形容词);noisily(副词)◆health(名词)“健康”;healthy(形容词);healthily(副词)◆luck(名词)“运气”;lucky(形容词)“幸运的”;luckily(副词)◆succeed(动词)“成功”;success(名词);successful(形容词)successfully(副词)◆save(动词)“救，节省，存”;safe(形容词)“安全的”;safety(名词)“安全，安全场所”safely（副词）◆true（形容词）“真的，对的”;truly(副词)“真正地”;truth(名词)“真理,事实”◆terrible(形容词)“难受的，可怕的”;terribly(副词)104.job与work:1job,可数：Ihaveajobasateacher.Jobsarenoteasytoget.Hewantsajob.2work,不可数Icannotfindworkinthistown.Haveyoufinishedyourwork?105.with和in表示“用”：1with用工具：writewithapen/apencil/apieceofchalk2in用写字材料：writeinink/pen(前无冠词)106.时刻之表达：1分钟未过半点，如7:20→seventwenty→twentypastseven:2:02→twoohtwo→twopasttwo2分钟已过半点，如5:45→fiveforty-five→aquartertosix→fifteentosix1:58→onefifty-eight→twototwo3刚好半点，如9:30→ninethirty→halfpastnine4刚好整点，如11:00→eleveno’clock107.be+形+ofsb与forsb的区别：1It’skindofyoutohelpme.解释：kind,nice,good,clever,foolish，lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说Youarekindtohelpme.此情况下介词用的是of.2It’seasyforyoutodothework.解释：easy，difficult,necessary,important,dangerous,interesting等词如果在句中不反映人的特点或性格，如此句中并不是在说Youareeasy.而是“做 这项工作”这件事是容易的。此情况下介词用的是for.又如：It’sdangerousforustoclimbthemountain.“-27- E:file-serverfs_tmpdownloadc84c69c55d0d65faaef5e06792bb0305.doc爬山”是危险的，不是说“我们”是“危险”的。forsb是“就某人来说”之意。108.take,bring,fetch与carry:都译为“拿”。◆take“拿走”，从说话人处带到另一处◆bring“带来”，从另一处带到说话人处。◆fetch“去拿来”，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，没有特定方向性。109.条件与祈使:有时条件句可以与祈使句有相同的意思。注意以下句子结构有何不同。Ifyouworkhard,youwillachieveyourdream.相当于:Workhard,andyouwillachieve…Ifyoudon’tlistentomecarefully,youwon’tunderstandit.相当于：Listentomecarefully,oryouwon’tunderstandit.110.in/on/at+时间：1inthreedays(“…时间后”，常用于一般将来时)inSeptemberin1998;inthe1860s(在十九世纪六十年代)inthemorning/afternoon/evening/night2onChristmasEve;onOctober1st;onSundayevenings;onacoldmorning;onFridays;onNewYear’sDay;onthemorning/afternoon/evening/nightofSeptember10th.(morning/afternoon/evening/night若是early/late修饰时，仍用介词in)3at6:00;atChristmas;atnoon;atnight112.oneday与someday/someday的区别：1oneday“某一天，有一天”既可用于一般过去时，也可用于一般将来时。Oneday,astrangercametomyhouse.Iwillachievemydreamoneday.2someday/someday“某一天”常用于一般将来时。可以和oneday互换。I’msureIcangototheGreatWallsomeday.113.missing与lost:都可译为“丢失的，失踪的”但用的分别是动词的现在分词和过去分词形式。Mypenislost/missing.(表语)I’vefoundthemissing/lostbook.（定语）114.常见部分名词及其修饰词：1price(价格)常用high与low修饰。sellsthatahigh/lowprice以高/低价出售Thepriceoftheshoesishigh/low.2number(数量)常用big/large和small修饰3quality(质量，品质)常用low/poor和high/good修饰。4population(人口)常用big/large和small修饰(以上词都不用many,much修饰。)-27-