高考英语语法复习系列之1---定语从句 11页

语法学习贵在理解及运用高考英语语法复习系列之1---定语从句Partone----基础知识I.定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语为例）例：ThegirlbehindthetreeisKate.Themandrivingtoofastwasadrunk在英语中，修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。例：ThegirlwhoisbehindthetreeisKate.Themanwhowasdrivingtoofastwasadrunk定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。普通代词与关系代词的区别Ihaveasister.SheworksinShanghai.she代替sisterIhaveasisterwho/thatworksinShanghai.q普通代词：只起代替的作用（如上例she)q关系代词：（如上例who/that）1.除了代替先行词外，2.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分，3.同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。（把主句和从句连起来）关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人，物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人，物主语，宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.11 语法学习贵在理解及运用which物主语，宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主语，宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定语从句　对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.III.关系词的选用与判断　正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。关系词的选择完全取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的什么成分。关系词一共有九个，它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。关系词主语宾语表语定语状语说　明that人/物人/物√×√不能用于非限定性从句which物物××√　who人××××whom×人×××whose×××人/物×when××××√where××××√why××××√as主要用于非限制性的定语从句和such…as,thesame…as,as…as,结构中。11 语法学习贵在理解及运用IV．介词+关系代词：1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?4）介词的位置变化以及相应的关系词的变化。请分析下面两个句子。　　①那就是他工作的大学。　　　　　　　　　　　┏atwhichheworks.　　　　　　　　　　　┣whichheworksat.　　　　Thatisthecollege┣whereheworks.　　　　　　　　　　　┣thatheworksat.　　　　　　　　　　　┗heworksat.　　②它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。　　　　　　┏onwhichhewasborn　　　　　　┣whichhewasbornon　　Theday┣whenhewasbornwas　Aug.20,1952.　　　　　　┣thathewasbornon　　　　　　┗hewasbornon总结：介词的选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。V.that与which,who,whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1．先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2．先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时3．先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4．先行词既指人又指物时5．先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时6．句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,1．在非限制性定语从句中，只能用Hehasason,whohasgone11 语法学习贵在理解及运用who,whom的情况which指代物，用who/whom指人1．在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。2．先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。abroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.VI.as与which的区别：定语从句区别例句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和thesame修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.as引导定语从句主要用于非限制性定语从句和thesame…as，such…as，as…as的结构中。1.as与which都可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，并代表前面整个句子或主句中的表语。　Hemarriedthegirl，as(which)wasnatural.　Heseemedafreigner,as(which)infacthewas.不同的是：as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不行。Aswasnatural,hemarriedthegirl.2.在thesame…as,such…as,as…as结构中，same,such,as之后应是名词或形容词＋名词。　Wearefacingthesameproblemsaswedidyearsago.　Somepeoplehavenodoubtthattheircatunderstandsasmanywordsasadogdoes.　Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.这三种结构也可以用which改写。但要去掉这种结构，不能直接用which代替as。以上三句分别可以改写成：　Wearefacingtheproblemswhichwefacedyearsago.　Somepeoplehavenodoubtthattheircatunderstandsthewordswhichadogunderstands.　Wehopetogetthetoolwhichheisusing.3.thesame…as与thesame…that引导的定语从句在意义上的区别是：前者修饰的是与原物同样的；而后者修饰的就是先行词同样的东西。是比较：　ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.　这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）　ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost　这就是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只）VII.定语从句与其它从句11 语法学习贵在理解及运用1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。首先看引导从句的关系词that是否在从句中充当句子成分。如果在从句中充当主、宾、表，则是定语从句。再看that前的名词是否是一些需要有内容的名词，如：idea,fact,thought,news等。后面的从句是说明其内容的，（这个名词在后面的从句中部充当任何成分），这个从句则是同位语从句。Heexpressedthehopethathehashadformanyyears.hope在从句中不充当句子成分，又加上后面从句是说明hope的内容的，因此时同位语从句。Weheardthenewsthatpleasedeveryone.Weheardthenewsthatourtermhadwon.2.定语从句还是状语从句1）Hereissuchabigstoneasnoonecanmove.2)Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanmove.3)Hereissuchabigstonethatnoonecanmoveit4)Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanmoveit.　　在1)2)句中as都在定语从句中做了move的宾语，as是引导词，引导定语从句，而在3)4)句中，that上作来引导状语从句的。3.定语从句还是地点状语从句1）I’llgototheplacewhereyoustay.2）I’llgowhereyoustay.在句1）中where是引导定语从句，而在句2）中where是引导在点状语从句的。4．定语从句还是主语从句1）Asisknowntoall,theyaresuretowin.2）It’sknowntoallthattheyaresuretowin.在句1）中as是关系代词，代表后面的整个句子做主句的主语。在句2）中it是代词，代表that引导的句子做主句的主语。5.独立句与定语从句分不清1）Imettwentystudents,someofwhomaregoodatmaths.2）Imettwentystudents.Someofthemaregoodatmaths.3）Wereachedthemountain,ontheofwhichwesawabeautifulscene4）Wereachedthemountain.Ontheofit(or:Onitstop)wesawabeautifulscene　　1）和3）是主句和定语从句关系，所以我们要用关系代词，而在2）4）各两句中，它们是各自的独立句子，所以用代词。当然在36中将onthetopofwhich改为onwhosetop,则定语从句的关系更为明显。6.定语从句与what引导的名词性从句的转换1）He’snotthemanthathewas.2）He’snotwhathewas.3）Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitwas.4）Chinaisnolongerwhatitwas.11 语法学习贵在理解及运用我们常用名词+that改变成what的形式，如1）2）句，它们的意义基本上是一样的，只不过用名词+that更为清晰。3）4）句也是如此。7.区别清"It+be"引导的强调句与带有定语从句的复合句。请看下列两组句子:A.ItwasSeptember11,2001________theWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkwasattacked.B.ItwasonSeptember11,2001_______theWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkwasattacked.A.ItwasWuhan____________Jillmetthethree-year-oldgirlandadoptedher.B.ItwasinWuhan____________Jillmetthethree-year-oldgirlandadoptedher.以上两组A、B句除了分别相差介词on和in之外,其余部分完全相同。但一词之差句式不同,横线上的词也不同。那么究竟哪个是强调句,哪个是含定语从句的复合句呢?有一个简单的判定方法:去掉Itwas和连接词(横线部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一个完整的句子,则是强调句;否则,那个空格中所用的引导词及其引导的部分就是定语从句。根据这个原则我们就很容易判断出两组的A句是含定语从句的复合句,横线部分分别用关系副词when和where。而B句则是强调句,横线部分应是that。Parttwo方法点拨定语从句的辨认（思考步骤）1.找出先行词a.确定在从句中关系代词的人称、数和性。b.确定定语从句的位置2.确定关系代词在从句中的成分以确定关系代词的格3.确定从句的时态（定语从句的时态都不受主句的限制）Thewomanwho/thatspokeatthemeetingyesterdayismymother.(主句)Thewomanismymother.(叙述客观事实用一般现在时)(从句)Thewoman(who/that)spokeatthemeetingyesterday.(句中yesterday表示过去时间)判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.I"llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.判断改错（错）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.（错）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.（对）Thisisthemountainvillage(which)Ivisitedlastyear.（对）I"llneverforgetthedays(which)Ispentinthecountryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。11 语法学习贵在理解及运用例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone答案：例1D，例2A例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。Partthree典型例题1.（2004年全国卷23题）TheEnglishplay____mystudentsactedattheNewYear"spartywasagreatsuccess.A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich【解析】本句属于“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句这一情况。通过拆分我们可以得MystudentsactedintheEnglishplayattheNewYear"sparty.,所以答案为C。2.(2004年湖南卷23题)Iworkinabusinessalmosteveryoneiswaitingforagreatchance.A.howB.whichC.whereD.that【解析】句中先行词abusiness（商店）表示地点，定语从句中用关系副词where来充当状语，相当于inwhich。3.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he【解析】答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用that修饰，而用which，it和he都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。4.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。5.(’03·北京·24)York,________lastyear,isaniceoldcity.A.thatIvisitedB.whichIvisitedC.whereIvisitedD.inwhichIvisited11 语法学习贵在理解及运用【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。是用关系代词或者是用关系副词引导定语从句，要根据他们在定语从句中的成份来确定，visit是及物动词，后面需要用关系代词作宾语，排除C，D。that不用于非限制性定语从句中，排除A。答案为B。6.(’03·上海·41)Icanthinkofmanycases_________studentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn"twriteagoodessay.A.whyB.whichC.asD.where【解析】考查定语从句。此句的先行词是manycases，单看从句与先行词的关系应是：studentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn"twriteagoodessayinmanycases.因此应用inwhich或where引导定语从句，备选答案中没有inwhich，于是选where。答案为D。Partfour高考演练（福建卷）31.Bynineo’clock,alltheOlympictorchbearershadreachedthetopofMountQomolangma,____appearedararerainbowsoon.A.ofwhichB.onwhichC.fromwhichD.abovewhich(湖南卷）31.Thegrowingspeedofaplantisinfluencedbyanumberoffactors,_____arebeyondourcontrol.mostofthemB.mostofwhichC.mostofwhatD.mostofthat（江苏卷）24.TheScienceMuseum,______wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondon’stouristattractions.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.where（山东卷）26.Occasionsarequiterare______Ihavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.A.whoB.whichC.whyD.when（江西卷）35.Laterinthischaptercaseswillbeintroducedtoreaders__consumercomplaintshaveresultedinchangesinthelaw.A.whereB.whenC.whoD.which(全国II)16.Theroadconditionsthereturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.itB.whatC.whichD.that（陕西卷）8.TomorrowisTom’sbirthday.Haveyougotanyidea_________thepartyistobeheld?A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where（陕西卷）13.Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,_________weremadeofsmalldiamonds.A.thehandsofwhomB.whomthehandsofC.whichthehandsofD.thehandsofwhich(四川卷)4.Formanycitiesintheworld,thereisnoroomtospreadourfurther,_______NewYorkisanexample.A.forwhichB.inwhichC.ofwhichD.fromwhich（浙江卷）8.Yesterdayshesoldhercar,______sheboughtamonthago.A.whomB.whereC.thatD.which（北京卷）28.I’llgiveyouyourfriend’shomeaddress,Icanbereachedmostevenings.A.whichB.whenC.whomD.where（重庆卷）21.TheywillflytoWashington,___theyplantostayfortwoorthreedays.11 语法学习贵在理解及运用A.whereB.thereC.whichD.when(上海卷)38.Wewentthroughaperiod___communicationswereverydifficultintheruralareas.A.whichB.whoseC.inwhichD.withwhichPartfive综合练习I.用定语从句连接下列每对句子.1.Shewastalkingwithalady.Hersonwasill.2.Yousentmysisterapresent.Thankyouverymuchforit.3.Theclotheshavebeencleaned.I"mwearingthem.4.Heissittinginachair.Itisbroken.5.Sheisaperson.Everyonelikestomakefriendswithher.6.Thelittlegirlwascryingonthestreet.Hermoneyhadbeenstolen.7.Thecolourofthebikeisgreen.Haveyouseenthebike?83.Thestudentdidn’tagreewithus.Thestudentwasstandingunderthetree.9.Whereistheman?Themantalkedwithyoujustnow.10.Thewatchisverynice.Hegavemethewatchformybirthday.II.根据汉语完成句子：1.Thisistheengineer____________________________________(给我们作关于计算机报告的)theotherday.2.Mynecklaceisnot_____________________________(唯一不见的东西）3.Theman________________________(在这间房子里工作的)isachemist.4.Theoldbuilding_________________________(我们住的)hasbeenherefor30years.5.Thehistorybook_________________________(封皮是黄的）waslost.6.Heristhepen_________________________________(你昨天丢失的）7.Thisisthebestbook_______________________________(我读过的）8.Ihavelostthepen____________________________（我父亲给我买的）9.Wheatisaplant___________________________________（中国北方种植的）10.Idon’tlikethepeople______________________________(说得多可做得少的）11 语法学习贵在理解及运用III.猜猜看,下面的句子明白了吗?1.Hewhoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverythingisindeedagood-for–nothing.2.Hethatmakeshimselfasheepshallbeeatenbythewolf.3.It’sthefirststepthatcosts.4.Hewhowouldclimbthatladdermustbeginatthebottom.5.Hewhoisfullofhimselfisveryempty.6.Notallthatglittersisgold.IV.找出双语报第四期A版试题阅读理解中含有的定语从句并分析。定语从句学习总结定语从句答案BCBCBBCDBDADDACAA11 语法学习贵在理解及运用1.Shewastalkingwithaladywhosesonwasill.2.Thankyouverymuchforthepresentwhichyousenttomysister.3.I"mwearingtheclotheswhichhavebeencleaned.4.Heissittinginachairwhichisbroken.(Thechairwhichheissittinginisbroken.)5.。Sheisapersonwhomeveryonelikestomakefriendswith.6．Thelittlegirlwhosemoneyhadbeenstolenwascryingonthestreet.7．Haveyouseenthebikewhosecolourisgreen.8．Thestudentwhowasstandingunderthetreedidn’tagreewithus.9．Whereisthemanwhotalkedwithyoujustnow?10．Thewatch(that)hegavemeformybirthdayisverynice.whogaveusatalkaboutcomputers、theonlythingthat’smissing、whoworksintheroom、(that/which)welivein、whosecoverisyellow、(that)youlostyesterday、(that)Ihaveread、(which/that)myfatherboughtme、which/thatisgrowninthenorthofChina、whotalktoomuchbutdolittle不懂装懂，一事无成.甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼.万事开头难千里之行，始于足下。自满的人腹中空.闪光的未必都是金子定语从句答案BCBCBBCDBDADDACAA1.Shewastalkingwithaladywhosesonwasill.2.Thankyouverymuchforthepresentwhichyousenttomysister.3.I"mwearingtheclotheswhichhavebeencleaned.4.Heissittinginachairwhichisbroken.(Thechairwhichheissittinginisbroken.)5.。Sheisapersonwhomeveryonelikestomakefriendswith.6．Thelittlegirlwhosemoneyhadbeenstolenwascryingonthestreet.7．Haveyouseenthebikewhosecolourisgreen.8．Thestudentwhowasstandingunderthetreedidn’tagreewithus.9．Whereisthemanwhotalkedwithyoujustnow?10．Thewatch(that)hegavemeformybirthdayisverynice.whogaveusatalkaboutcomputers、theonlythingthat’smissing、whoworksintheroom、(that/which)welivein、whosecoverisyellow、(that)youlostyesterday、(that)Ihaveread、(which/that)myfatherboughtme、which/thatisgrowninthenorthofChina、whotalktoomuchbutdolittle不懂装懂，一事无成.甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼.万事开头难千里之行，始于足下。自满的人腹中空.闪光的未必都是金子11