简析初高中英语语法与练习 62页

四维教育·高中英语Susan语法专题专题一冠词专题八非谓语动词专题十五状语从句专题二名词专题九动词和动词短语专题十六倒装句和省略句专题三代词专题十动词的时态专题十七强调句专题四数词专题十一动词的语态专题十八虚拟语气专题五形容词和副词专题十二句子种类专题十九主谓一致专题六介词专题十三名词性从句专题二十直接引语和间接专题七情态动词专题十四定语从句-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan专题一冠词I、重点难点解析冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义历年高考试题对冠词的考查涉及到冠词的位置、不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词及固定搭配中的冠词等各个方面。下面我们以表格的形式对前四个方面进行总结，1.冠词的位置考点示例1such／what／many／rather／quite+a(n)+形容词+单数可数名词quiteasmallhouse2how／however／so／too／as／that／this十形容词+a(u)+单数可数名词soniceagirl3both／all／half／twice／double+the+名词twicethesizeoftheroom4halfa(n）或ahalf+单数可数名词Halfanhour／ahalfhour2.不定冠词考点示例1表示泛指，与any同义Asquarehasfoursides．2表示数量“一”，与one同义，但其数的概念不如one强烈Hewillbebackinaweek．3表示“相同的”，与thesame同义Birdsofafeatherflocktogether．4表示“每一个”，与every，each，per同义Ivisitmyfatheronceamonth．5表示“某一”，与acertain同义AMrSmithiswaitingtoseeyou．6表示“像……似的”，与onelike同义HeisaLeiFenginourclass．7用在某些物质名词前表示“一种、‘一阵、一份、一场”等Wehadaheavyrainlastnight．8用在某些抽象名词前，使其具体化Youareagreathelptoyourmother．3.定冠词考点示例1特指上文提到过的、谈话双方都清楚的、受定语修饰的人或物Therelmetaforeignerandtheforeignerhelpedmealot./Doyouknowthemanstandingbythewindow?2用于单数名词前，指一类事物Thelionisawildanimal.3用于乐器名称前theviolin/thepiano4用于世界上独一无二的事物前thesun/ theearth/ theworld5与某些形容词连用表示一类人therich/theyoung/theaged6在字数词和最高级前thefirstonetocometoschool／thebeststudentinourclass-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan7在江河湖海、山脉群岛、海峡海岸的地名中TheChangjiangRiver/theWestLake/theEnglishChannel8在表示姓氏的复数名词前、逢整十数词的复数前play(the)piano／theBrowns／inthe1920s/9在表示国家的形容词前，泛指该国的人民.theChinese/theEnglish10用在一些习惯用语中inthemorning/thedayaftertomorrow/thedaybeforeyesterday/thenextyear4.零冠词考点示例1专用名词和不可数名词前China,America,GradeOne,ClassTwo2名词前已有this,that,my,your,some,any等Godownthisstreet.3当复数名词和不可数名词表示泛指时Wearestudents./Ilikereadingstories.4成对名词连用时dayafterday／facetoface5在球类、棋类、学科、语言、三餐名词前playbasketball／playchess／likephysics.speakEnglish／atlunch6在季节、月份、某些含Day的节假日、星期等名词前AutumnisthebestseasoninBeijing.／inMay／NewYear’sDay／OnSunday7在某些习惯用语中的名词前Atnoon／bybus／bytelephone/inbed,intime/gotobed/gotocollege5.英语中含有冠词的词组辩析英语中有不少词组，从形式看好象只有冠词之差，而实际上却是意义完全不同的新词组。1.infrontof在……（外）的前面;inthefrontof在……（内）的前面There’sagardeninfrontoftheclassroom.There’sablackboardinthefrontoftheclassroom.2.inchargeof掌管；负责;inthechargeof在……负责之下Anexperiencedworkerisinchargeoftheproject.Theprojectisinthechargeofanexperiencedworker.3.attable在用饭；吃饭时;atthetable在桌旁Heseldomtalksattable.Theysatatthetable,talkingandlaughing.4.byday白天；日间;bytheday按日计Heworksinanofficebyday.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesgetpaidbytheday.5.takeplace发生；举行;taketheplace代替；接替Whendidthisconversationtakeplace?ElectrictrainhasnowtakentheplaceofsteamtrainsinEngland.6.inwords用言语;inaword总之Pleaseexpressyourthoughtinwords.Inaword,Idon’ttrustyou.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan7.attimes有时；不时;atatime一次Idofeelalittlenervousattimes.Passmethebrickstwoatatime.8.little少；不多的;alittle一些；一点点Hurryup,there’slittletimeleft.Don’thurry,youstillhavealittletime.9.few很少；几乎没有的;afew有些；几个Heisamanoffewwords.Onlyafewofthechildrencanread.10.amostinteresting非常有趣的;themostinteresting最有趣的（形容词的最高级）Thisisamostinterestingstory.Thisisthemostinterestingstoryofthethree.11.adoctorandnurse一位医生兼护士;adoctorandanurse一位医生和一位护士Adoctorandnurseisstandingthere.Adoctorandanursearestandingthere.12.Anumberof许多；好些;thenumberof…（的）数目Anumberofstudentsareintheclassroom.Thenumberofstudentsintheclassroomisforty.II、实战演练（一）．用适当的冠词填空，不需要的划“”.1.---Hello,couldIspeaktoMr.Smith?---Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisn"t______Mr.Smithhere.2.Iknowyoudon"tlike_______musicverymuch.Butwhatdoyouthinkof_______musicinthefilmwesawyesterday?3.---Iknockedovermycoffeecup.Itwentrightover______keyboard.---Youshouldn"tputdrinksnear________computer.4.Ofall_______reasonsformydecisiontobecomeauniversityprofessor,myfather"sadvicewas_______mostimportantone.5.Accordingto_________WorldHealthOrganization,healthcareplansareneededinallbigcitiestoprevent_________spreadofAIDS.6..Forhim____stageisjust___meansofmakingaliving.7.Ithinkitreally_______honorformetospeakhere..8.Thislabusedtobein_______chargeofMr.Wang.9Iknowthereis______Mr.Smithnextdoor,whohasgoneon________business.10Hedevotesmostofhistimeto_______football.AndIamsurehepromises________excellentfootballer.11Don’tloseheart.Pleasehave______secondtry.12Thosewhoarerichshouldhelp______poor.13Whenstealingthethiefwascaughtby______armbyapoliceman.14Insomefactoriesworkersgetpaidby______piece.15Itisabadhabittogotoworkwithout______breakfast.16Johnis_______universitystudentfrom______Europeancountry.17Teachersplay_______activeandimportantpartinbuildingupstudents’character.18_______Zhangsliveonthesecondfloor.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan19Cottonisgrownin_______northofChina.20Itisknowntousallthat_______lighttravelsfasterthan_______sound.21Atowerisseenin_______distance.22Incaseoffirepleasepress_______redbutton.23Shenzhenhas________populationofmorethan10million.24_______daysIspentwithCatherineinBeijingweresowonderful.25Abullethitthesoliderandhewaswoundedin______leg.26Helovedwritingandhisfirstnovelwas______greatsuccesswhenitcameout.27Mybrotherwasbornin_______springof1990.28Mr.Smithis______mostlearnedscholarandyoucanturntohimforhelp.29Howsweetlyshesings!Ihaveneverheard_______bettervoice.30Beijingis______secondlargestcityinChina.31MytriptoTibetwasreally________unforgettableexperience.32Thiswatchis_______18thcenturywatch,whichhasbeenpasseddownfrommygreatgrandpa.（二）语法填空在括号中填入适当的冠词Thereoncewasakingwhooffered1prizeto2artistwhowouldpaint3bestpictureofpeace.Manyartisttried.Thekinglookedatall4pictures.Buttherewereonlytwohereallyliked,andhehadtochoosebetweenthem.Onepicturewasofacalmlake.Thelakewasaperfectmirrorforpeacefulhighmountainsallaroundit.Overheadwasablueskywithfluffywhiteclouds.Allwhosawthispicturethoughtitwas5perfectpictureofpeace.Theotherpicturehadmountains,too.Butthesewereruggedandbare.Abovewas6angrysky,fromwhichrainfellandinwhichlightningplayed.Down7sideofthemountaintumbled(翻腾)afoaming(水泡)waterfall.Thisdidnotlookpeacefulatall.Butwhenthekinglookedclosely,hesawbehind8waterfallatinybushgrowinginacrackintherock.Inthebush9motherbirdhadbuilthernest.There,inthemidstoftherushofangrywater,satthemotherbirdonhernest-inperfectpeace.Thekingchose10secondpicture.答案：I1a2/;the3the;a4.the;the5the;the6the;a7an8the9a;/10/;an11a12the13the14the15the16a;a17an18The19the20/;/21the22the23a24The25the26a27the28a29a30the31an32anII1a2the3the4.the5a6an7the8the9a10.the专题二名词I、重点难点解析名词的高考命题导向-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能＋s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来的不同。有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，高考中这些含义很可能成为考查的内容。词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。一名词的分类及常见用法可数名词个体名词teacher,student,piano功能集体名词family,committee,people名词在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语或状语不可数名词物质名词wood,water,steel抽象名词friendship,progress专有名词John,Smith,Beijing名词所有格一般由名词右上方+’s；以s结尾的名词单复数只加“’”表有生命的东西或时间,空间,距离,价格,重量等名词的所有格如：Women’sDay,anhour’swalk,students’reading-room,today’spaper介词of＋名词无生命的东西的名词所有格如：amapofChina,thetopofthemountain可数名词的复数规则变化1.一般词后+sdays,boys,Americans2.s,x,sh,ch结尾+esbuses,dishes;(stomachs除外)3.辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i+esbabies,factories4.以f或fe结尾，变f/fe为v+esleaves,wives;(roofs,proofs,gulfs,beliefs,chiefs,staffs,safes除外)5.以o结尾，有生命+es，无生命+sheroes,potatoes;pianos,radios(hippos,bamboos)除外6.数字的复数+s或“’s”inthe1930s/1930’s不规则变化1．改变词中元音字母woman-women,goose-geeseman-men,foot-feet,tooth-teeth2．形式复数，意义单数news,maths,politics,economics等3．单复同形means,deer,sheep,fish,works(工厂),species,Chinese等4．其它child-children,bacterium-bacteria,crisis-crises,ox-oxen,phenomenon-phenomena等二名词其他需要注意的几点：1．名词的数1）复合名词变为复数的规则有主体名词的复数形式（lookers-on，passers-by等）和无主体名词的复数形式（grown-ups，go-betweens等）。2）集体名词的数①有些集体名词只能用作复数。如：cattle，police，people等。注意：people意为“民族；种族”时有单、复数形式。②有些集体名词只能用作单数。如：machinery，furniture，jewellery，mankind等。-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan③有些集体名词作为整体看待时，用作单数；指其中各个成员时，用作复数。如：classfamily，couple，audience，government，public等。ThewholefamilyarewatchingTVnow．全家人现在都在看电视。Hisfamilyisabigone．他家是个大家族。3）只能用复数形式的名词由两部分构成的名词：glasses，trousers,shorts，scissors，gloves，scales，compasses等。4）the+姓氏的复数，表全家人:theBlacks,theWangs5）具有双重特性的名词(1)意义不同的可数和不可数名词aroom房间一room空间achicken鸡一chicken鸡肉anexperience经历一experience经验anagreement协议一agreement同意(2)单、复数意思不同的名词arm手臂一arms武器brain脑一brains智力custom风俗一customs海关force力量一forces军队regard注意,关心一regards问候time时间一times时代work工作一works作品,工厂manner态度一manners礼貌spirit精神一spirits心情,情绪content内容一contents目录loss损失一losses损失物condition状况一conditions条件expression表达一expressions短语feeling感觉一feelings感情wood木头一woods树林2．名词的所有格1）表示两者或两者以上共同所有，在最后一个词的后面加’s；表示各自拥有时，每个名词后都要+s”。如LiandMa’sroom李和马共有的房间;Li’sandMa’srooms李和马各自的房间2）表某人家或店铺，诊所。如：Li’s李家，thedoctor’s诊所；thebarber’s理发店3）所有格除了用于有生命的物体外，也可以用于表示国家、城市等的名词。如：China"sprosperity中国的繁荣thecountry"splan国家计划4）of所有格也可用于有生命的物体，用于名词较长或名词的定语较长时。如：astoryofafamousdoctor一个名医的故事thesonofthemanyouiusttalkedto刚刚和你说话的那个男人的儿子5）双重所有格“of+名词的’s所有格或名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格。of后的宾语必须是人，而且是特指。如：anoldfriendofmyuncle"s我叔叔的一个老朋友aplayofShakespeare"s莎士比亚的一部戏剧somehousesofmygrandfather"s我爷爷的一些房子3．名词作定语1）一般用单数形式。如：countrymusic乡村音乐shoeshops鞋店trafficlights交通灯注意：sports，customs，arms，clothes，sales,goods作定语时，要用复数形式。如：sportsmeeting运动会customsofficiers海关官员armsproduction武器生产2）man和woman作定语时，与中心词一起变。如：mendoctors男医生womenteachers女老师II、实战演练一、用适当的词或所给词的正确形式填空：1.Therearefifty-six__________________(people)inChina.2.Weneedmuch______________(room)forallthefurniture.3.Thiskindofdresswaspopularinthe___________________(1980)4.______________(girl)studentsand_________________(woman)teachersareinthemajorityinourschool.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan5.Thereusedtobealotofmilu______________(deer)inChina.6.Theseareart_______________(work)oftheTangDynasty.7._____________(child)shoesareonthesecondfloorofthisstoredepartment.8.Wecanseemany_________________(editor-in-chief)presentattheconference.9.Ihadmyhaircutshortatthe_____________(barber)nearbyyesterday.10.Onthewhole,hewasa______________(fail)inhislife.11.Healthproblemsarecloselyconnectedwithbadeatinghabitsanda_______ofexercise.12.Nowmoreandmorepeopleprefertohavea______________athome---alittledog,acatorsomeotheranimals.13.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown__________ofliving.14.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_____________oftheearthquake.15.Weallknowthat_______________speaklouderthanwords.答案：1.peoples2.room3.1980s/1980’s4.Girl,women5.deer6works7.Children’s8.editors-in-chief9.barber’s10.failure11.lack12.pet13.way14.victims15.actions二语法填空CharlesPinkwasayoung1(Canada)whohadagoodhouseandheknewhowtoenjoyhimself.EverySaturday,hewenttothetheatreand2(party).Hiscarwasoneofthebestinhiscity.Hehadlotsofmoneyandonedaybought3plane.Helearnedtoflyandflyingbecameoneofhismain4(enjoy).Onedayaboutthirty5(yearly)ago,hesetoffinhissmallplaneonatripacross6(Mexican).Atfirsteverythingwentwell,butwhenhewasoverthepartofthecountry7engineofthelittlemachinefailed.Fortunately,Pinkwasflyingatagood8(high)whenthebadthinghappened,andhehadtimetofindaplacetoland.Belowhimhecouldseeanumberof9(field)whichlookedniceenoughtolandon,andhemanagedtobringhismachinedownononeof10.答案：1.Canadian2.parties3.a4.enjoyments5.years6.Mexico7.the8.height9.fields10.them三、完形填空阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21-30各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。DosomeFL(ForeignLanguage)readingeverydayandtrytofinishoneFLbookatleasteveryweek.Youarenodoubt21withlittlesparetime,andthismaysoundunrealistic.Butifyoureadinthe22described,itisperfectlypossible.Thekeyistobehonestwithyourselfabout23youreallyenjoy:thrillers,women"smagazines,newspapers---itreallydoesn"tmatterwhatyoureadas24asitgenuinelyinterestsyou,becausethatistheonlycertainwaytomakeyourselfread.Itis25toreachgoodspeedsbypractisingonmaterialthatisdifficultordull.Ifyoupursuethisprogramforonlyfewmonths,youshouldachieveaverymarkedincreaseinyourreading26.WhatyoudowithyourFLreadingskillwhenyouhavedevelopeditistostudyforafurtherqualification.The27isthatinordertodevelopthe28,agreatdealofpracticeoneasyinterestingmaterialsisessential.Ifyoucan29thistoyourselfbydevelopingyourownreadingskillbythismethod,yourteachingwillcarrythecertaintythatcomesonlyfrom30.21.A.boredB.helplessC.freeD.busy22.A.keyB.problemC.wayD.job23.A.whichB.whenC.whoD.what24.A.muchB.goodC.longD.well25.A.impossibleB.possibleC.necessaryD.easy-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan26.A.efficiencyB.effectsC.methodD.capacity27.A.questionB.pointC.ideaD.problem28.A.habitB.ideaC.skillD.task29.A.realizeB.tellC.improveD.prove30.A.workB.experienceC.theoryD.doing21-30DCDCAABCDB专题三代词I、重点难点解析代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。代词类别例词功能人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they只做主语宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them做及物动词或介词的宾语物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their只做定语名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs做主语、宾语、表语反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves做宾语、同位语、表语指示代词this,that,these,those做主语、宾语、定语、表语相互代词eachother,oneanother做宾语疑问代词who,whom,what,which,whose,etc.引出疑问句关系代词that,who,whom,whose,etc.连接定语从句不定代词some,any,no,either,neither,all,none,each,somebody,noone,everybody,etc.视情况而定，一般的可做定语、主语、宾语等下面举例说明，其中疑问代词见“句子种类”，关系代词见“定语从句”。一人称代词的用法1作主语，用主格。作宾语用宾格。SheteachesusEnglish.2在句中作表语，常用宾格。Whoisit?It’sme.但有时用主格。IfIwereshe,Iwould’tgothere.ItwasIwhotoldhimaboutit.二物主代词的用法1．形容词性物主代词——只作定语：Thisisourclassroom.Hisfatherisanengineer.2．名词性物主代词所作成分例句1作主语Thisishercoat.Mineisoverthere.2宾语Somethinghasgonewrongwithmybike.MayIuseyours?-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan3表语Thisbookisn’tmine;it’sTom’s.说明：①英语中必须有形容词性物主代词，而汉语中往往省略不译。如：Jacktookoffhiscoatandwenttobed.杰克脱掉外套就上床睡觉了。②“of+名词性物主代词”可用作定语。如：Somefriendsofminewillattendmybirthdayparty.我的一些朋友要出席我的生日晚宴。三反身代词所作成分例句1宾语动宾TomtaughthimselfChinese.介宾Shelovesmeformyself,notformymoney.2表语Sheisnotquiteherselftoday.（beoneself:身心自在）3同位语Imyselfcanrepairthebike.Thetableitselfhasonlythreelegs.四指示代词的用法1.时空的差别e.g.Thereisthisseathere,nearme,orthereisthatoneinthefourthrow.Whichwillyouhave,thisorthat？2.This和that在行文叙述上的差别。E.g.Ishallsaythistoyou:heisapoorman.Hewasill.That’swhyhedidn’tcome.3.that和those用于表比较的结构。TheweatherofZhanjiangisbetterthanthatofmyhometown.TVsetsmadeinNanjingarebetterthanthosemadehere.4.打电话时this表示我,that表示你.五不定代词的用法可数one,each,many,both,another,either,neither,(a)few不可数much,(a)little可数不可数none,any,other,all,some复合不定代词anyone,anybody,anything;someone,somebody,something;everyone,everybody,everything;nobody,nothing1．none,noone,nothing的用法区别1）none既可指人，也可指物，且一定是特指概念，常用来回答howmany/much引导的疑问句；noone只能指人，且只能是泛指概念，常用来回答who引导的疑问句；nothing“什么也没有”，否定一切，常用来回答what引导的疑问句。如：—Howmanypeoplearethereintheroomnow?—None.—Whoisintheroom?—Noone/nobody2)none后面可加of引导的介词短语，而something/anything/everything/nothing;someone/anyone/everyone/noone却不能。2.each和every1)each强调“个体”，起代词和形容词作用；every强调“全体”，只能作定语。Each-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan作同位语时，不影响谓语动词的数，不可用noteach来表示部分否定，而notevery表示部分否定。如：Theticketseachcosttendollars.这些票每张十美元。（each作同位语，不能用costs）2)every还可表示“每……的；每……中的”，如下列说法中只能用every。everyyearortwo每一两年everynowandthen时常everyotherday每隔一天Chooseoneoutofeverytenboys.每十个男孩中选一个。onecartoevery20people每20人乘一辆车3.another,other,theother,others,theothers的用法一览表不定代词意义用法说明another任何一个，另一个指三者或三者以上中的任何一个，用作代词或形容词。如：Idon’tlikethiscoat.Showmeanother,please.other另外的只作定语，常与复数名词或不可数名词连用；但如果前面有the,this,thatsome,any,each,every,no,one及my,your,his等时，则可与单数名词连用。如：anyotherplant,everyotherday。theother两者中的另一个常与one连用，构成：one…theother…一个……另一个……；作定语修饰复数名词时，表示“全部其余的”others泛指别的人或物是other的复数形式，泛指别的人或物（但不是全部），不能作定语，构成some…others…theothers特指其余的人或物是theother的复数形式，特指其余的人或物。4．Both,all,either,any,neither,none的用法都任何都不两者botheitherneither两者（以上）allanynone如：1)IhadtobuyallthesebooksbecauseIdidn’tknowwhichonewasthebest.2)Itiseasytodotherepair.Allyouneedisahammerandsomenails.3)IinvitedJoeandLindatodinner,butneitherofthemcame.4)—Whichofthethreewaysshalltaketothevillage?—Anywayasyouplease.5)Wehadthreesetsofthegardentoolsandweseemedtohavenouseforany.5.one,ones,theone,theones,that,thoseone用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念相当于a/an+单数名词；ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词，有时可用that代替（尤其在有后置定语的情况下）。Theones用来代替前面的特指的复数名词，有时可用those代替（尤其在有后置定语的情况下）。that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于the+单数/不可数名词。如：Mr.Zhanggavemeaveryvaluablepresent,one(=apresent)thatIhaveneverseen.Mr.Zhanggavememanyvaluablepresents,ones(=manypresents)thatIhaveneverseen.Thebookonthedeskisbetterthanthat/theoneunderthedesk.Thebooksonthedeskarebetterthanthose/theonesunderthedesk.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan6.it的用法用法说明例句1用作人称代词，指代前面提到的事物Thisisnotmybook.ItisMary’s.2用来代替指示代词this或that①—What’sthis?—Itisadictionary.②—Whosejacketisthat?—Itishers.3指人①—Whoisknockingatthedoor?—It’sme.②Thebabynomorecriedassoonasitsawitsmother.4指时间、距离、天气、环境等①—What’sthetimenow?—It’stenpasteight.②It’sgettingcolderandcoldernow.③It’sabouttenminutes’walkfrommyhometotheschool.④Itwasveryquietatthemoment.5指代前面整个句子的内容Ourteamwonthefootballmatch.Haveyouheardaboutit?6表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词，后面跟上it然后再跟从句，其从句作it的同位语①Iwillappreciateitifyoucangivemeahand.②Ihateitwhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.③Ilikeitinautumnwhentheweatherisclearadbright.7（未指明但谈话双方心里都明白的）那件事、那种情况①Howisit(=youlife,work)going?②—Doyoulikeithere?—Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.8it还可用作形式主语、形式宾语以代替主语从句、宾语从句。①It’simpossibletogetthereintime.②Ifinditstrangethatshedoesn’twanttogo.II、实战演练一、用适当的代词填空．使其意思和结构完整：1.Wecouldn"teatinarestaurantbecauseofushadmoneyonus.2.Ihopethereareenoughglassesforeachguesttohave3.Althoughheiswealthy,hespendsonclothes.4.--CanyoucomeonMondayorTuesday?--I"mafraiddayispossible.5.Ifyouwanttochangeforadoubleroomyou"llhavetopay15dollars.6.--ShallIsitatthisendoftheboatortheotherend?--Ifyoukeepstill,youcansitatend.7.Theseplantsarewatered(每两天).8.Ifwehadfollowedhisplan,wecouldhavedonethejobbetterwith______moneyand______people.9.Therearealotoftreesonsideofthesquare.10.Youwillnotseetheanimalsinwinter.二、用适当的关系代词或副词填空，使其意思和结构完整:1.Theweatherwasverysunnythefollowingday,waswhatwehadexpected.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan2.Ihavefinishedreadingallthebookswereborrowedfromtheschoollibrary.3.IsthisthesecondtimeyouhavebeentoGuangzhou?4.isreportedinthenewspaper,thewarbetweenthetwocountrieshascometoastop.5.Canyouthinkofanotherexamplethisphrasecanbeused?6.Thetrainonheistravelingislate.7.DoyoustillrememberthehappydayswespenttogetherinBeijing?8.Ihaveboughtthesameskirtsheiswearing.9.Isthisthereasonheislateagain?10.Herparentswouldn"tlethermarryanyonefamilywasverypoor,11.l,amyourbestfriend,willhelpyouout.12.Thedam"willcomethepeopleallovertheworldwillwinliberation.13.Thestudentsaretalkingaboutthestrangepeopleandstoriestheymetintheadventure.14.HeistheverymaninpocketIfoundmylostmoney.15.Ihaveapicturebvafamouspainterwassenttomeformybirthday.三、语法填空：用适当的代词填空。Oneday,asZengZi’swifewasgoingout,herchildbegantocry,beggingtogowith1.“Stayhome,”themothersaidtohim.“When2return,we’llkillapigfor3dinner!”Whenshecameback,4foundZengZipreparingtoslaughterapigforthechild’smeal.Shehurriedovertostop5:Whatareyoudoing?You’renotreallygoingtokillapig,areyou?Iwasjustkiddinghim!”“Howcan6lietochildren?”ZengZireplied.“7learneachand8movementfrom9parents.If10deceiveyourchildwithlies,youareteachingthechildtolie.Onecannoteducatechildrenthisway.”Intheend,ZengZikilledthepig.答案：一．用适当的代词填空．使其意思和结构完整：1.none;any2.one3.little4.neither5.another6.either7.everyotherday8.less;fewer9.every10.all二．用适当的关系代词或副词填空，使其意思和结构完整:1.which2.that3.that4.As5.where6.which7.that/which8.as9.why10.whose11.who12.when13.that14.whose15.that/which三、1.her2.I3.your4.she5.him6.we7.They8.every9.their10.you专题四数词I、重点难点解析数词是用来表示事物和数量的顺序的词，分为基数词和序数词两种。功能做主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan基数词读法三要点A．记31个词：基数词1~19，20~29整十位数和hundred,thousand,million,billionB．会读个、十、百位数C．由右向左每三位数前的逗号分别读做thousand,million和billion,逗号之间的按百位以内的数读注意A．表示“几百”、“几千”时，hundred,thousand等词不加sB．hundred,thousand等词为复数时做名词，表示“数量很多”的意思序数词构成A．一般的基数词后+th，多位数的基数词只变最后一位。如：ten→tenthB．整几十的基数词，去掉词尾的y再加ieth，如：thirty→thirtiethC．几个不规则词：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth功能做定语，前面加the；年、月、日中的日；表示“第几”时；分数中的分母一基数词：表示数目的词为基数词，它的构成如下表：范围特点实例1~12无规律one,two,www.ks5u.comthree,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve13~19以teen为结尾thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen20~90以ty结尾twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety21~99十位与个位之间要加连字符“-”twenty-five,sixty-five,ninety-nine101~999百位与十位之间通常用andthreehundredandtwenty-five（美语中常将and省略）千以上6275—sixthousandtwohundredandseventy-five；1200—twelvehundred二序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词，它的构成如下表：范围特点实例1~19各基数词尾加th其中七个例外：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth,其余，如：four—forth,six—sixth,nineteen—nineteenth20,30~90把y变i后加ethtwentieth,fortieth,ninetieth21以后多位数最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词21st—twenty-first,110th—onehundredandtenth三数词的用法：1.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式列表汉语示例英语表示法时间表达2001年6月30日June30,200130June,200130thJune,2001七点二十五分（7：25）seventwenty-five/twenty-fivepasteven十二点五十四分（12:54）twelvefiftyfoursixtoone九点十五分（9：15）ninefifteenaquarterpastnine-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan二点半（2：30）twothirtyhalfpasttwo二十一点五十分（20：50）twenty-onefifty9:50p.m.数字表达第二十一twenty-first第一百二十三onehundredandtwenty-third二分之一ahalf二又五分之二twoandtwo-fifths百分之二十20percent20percent编号表达第七路公共汽车BusNumber7第201房间Room201人民路153号153RenminRoad第三中学No3MiddleSchool算式表达4+8=12Fourpluseightistwelve11－7=4Elevenminussevenisfour.6×5=30Sixtimesfiveisthirty.20÷5=4twentydividedbyfiveisfour.A＞BAismorethanB.A＜BAislessthanB.A≈BAisapproximately(近似地,大约)equaltoB.A≠BAisnotequaltoB.2.约数表示法列表含义英语表达例句大于某数morethanHehaslivedhereformorethantwentyyears.oversheisoverfifty.ormoreThere"rethirtypeopleormoreinthemeeting-room.小于某数lessthanIhavelessthan(notmorethan)fiftydollars.underChildrenundersevenarenotallowedtoenter.belowHewouldnotsellitforbelowahundredfiftydollars.orlessThecoatmightcosthimsixtydollarsorless.大约（某数）高.考.资.源.网高.考.资.源.网nearlySheisnearlyfiftynow.almostItsalmostthreeo"clock.uptoUptotenmencansleepinthistent.orHespentfourorfivedayswritingthearticle.orsoThedistanceistwentymilesorso.aboutIvisitedthatvillageaboutthreeyearsago.someTheirteamhassomefourorfiveplayers.moreorlessThecontainercanholdmoreorlesstwentypoundsofwater.around/roundLet"smakeitround/aroundeighto"clock.3.不定数量词“多”的表示法列表-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan被修饰名词的数英语表达汉译修饰可数名词dozensof几十、许多scoresof许多Many/agood(great)many,manya(饰单数可数名词)许多、大量hundredsof数以百计thousandsof/thousandsuponthousandsof成千上万millionsof数百万billionsof亿万修饰不可数名词much,agreat(good)dealof,alargeamountof,largeamountsof许多、大量修饰可数名词或不可数名词alotof/lotsof,plentyof,　alargequantityof,largequantitiesof许多、大量II、实战演练根据句意将括号内的汉语译成英语1.Itisnotrare________________（在九十年代）thatpeopleintheirfiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.2.______________（三分之二）ofthelandinthatdistrictiscoveredwithtreesandgrass.3.Americanseat__________________（两倍多的）asmanyvegetablesperpersontodayastheydidin1910.4.Theearthis______________(49倍)thesizeofthemoon.　5.Thegrainoutputofthisyearis___________________（高8%）thanthatoflastyear.6._______________（几百万）peopleintheworldaresendinginformationbyE-maileveryday.7．Theheroofthestoryisanartist____________________（三十多岁）．8．MrSmithaskedmetobuy_____________（两打）eggsforthedinner．9．—Tellmewhereyoulive，please．—Ilive____________________（在和平路123号）．　10.About______________________(三千人)tookpartinthedemonstrationagainstthewaronIraq.11.Thericeproductionhas__________________________(增加了5.8%)thisyear.12.TherewerefifteenpresidentsbeforeAbrahamLincoln,sohewas_____________(第十六任)president.13.Itwilltakeme____________________________(一年半的时间)tofinishthecourse.14.IstheYellowRiver___________________________(第二大河)inChina?15.______________________(开始的三个部分)ofthetextareratherdifficultforusbeginners.16.Iwillstayherefor_________________(一两天).17.Helivedin_________________________________(五楼506房).18.Theclasswasover.Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom__________________(三三两两地).答案：1.inthe90s2.Twofifths3.morethantwice4.49times5.8percenthigher6.Severalmillion7．inhisthirties8.severaldozen9．at123HepingStreet　10.threethousandpeople11.increasedbyfivepointeightpercent12.thesixteenth13.oneandahalfyears’time14.thesecondlargest15.Thefirstthreeparts16.oneortwodays17.Room506onthefifthfloor18.intwosorthrees-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan专题五形容词和副词I、重点难点解析形容词、副词比较级和最高级的常用句型及用法。系动词后接形容词作表语和一些常用副词(seldom,even,enough,never,hardly)也是高考热点之一。一形容词、副词比较级和最高级的常用句型名称句型例句相等1.as+原级+asThetraintravelsasfastasthe3：55train．2.as+原级+a/an+单数名词+asHeisashonestamanasyou.3.asmany+名词复数+asasmuch+不可数名词+asIhaveasmanybooksasyou.4.倍数+as+原级+名词+asMyroomistwiceasbigasmybrother’s.不及notas/so+原级+asSheisnotas/sobeautifulashersister．超越1．比较级+thanHealthismoreimportantthanwealth．2．the+比较级+ofthetwo两者中较……的一个Heisthetallerofthetwo．用于否定no+比较级+than和……一样不HeisnoricherthanI．他和我一样不富有。用于否定再……不过（可译为“非常，十分”）Hisworkcouldn’tbeworse．他的工作再糟糕不过了。程度递增-erand-er，moreandmore+多音节词原级(越来越……)higherandhigher;moreandmoreimportant两种情况同时变化the+比较级，the+比较级(越……，越……)Thequickeryougetready，thesoonerwe"llbeabletoleave．三者或三者以上比较the+最高级+of／in+比较范围(…之中最…)Ofallthingsintheworld，peoplearethemostprecious.二比较级结构的修饰语1用于原级之前almost,nearly,just,quite,half,twice,threetimes,etcTheriveristhreetimesaslongasthatone.2用于比较级前1)many,afew(用于“more+可数名词复数”前)Ittakesmanymorehourstogotherebytrainthanbyplane.2)alot,much,even,still,far,agreatdeal,rather,twoyears,5%,twice,etc.Mydeskmateisevenfatterthanme.3用于最高级前thevery,muchthe,byfarthe,thefirst/secondThiscakeisbyfarthelargestintheworld.1hardhardlyhard劝告；刻苦地；猛烈地；困难地Hestudiesveryhard.他学习非常努力。hardly几乎不；简直不Wehardlyhadtimetoeatbreakfast.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan我们简直没时间吃早饭。2highhighlyhigh高高地；地位高；声音高Theplaneflieshigh.飞机飞得很高highly高度地；非常(常和praise,speak等动词连用)Theyspokeveryhighlyofhim.他们称赞他。3deepdeeplydeep修饰具体动作时，往往两个词可换用，但多用deepTheyhadtodigverydeep(deeply)inordertofindwater.他们必须挖得很深，才能发现水。表示静止状态时只用deep(此时多与介词、副词连用)。Themeetingcontinueddeepintothenight.会议持续到了深夜。deeply修饰形容词或过去分词只能用deeply。Iamdeeplygratefultoyou.我非常感谢你。deeply可与hate,dislike,regret,admire,love,value等动词连用，但不能与动词like连用。Ideeplyregrethisdeath.我对他的去世深感遗憾。4latelatelylate迟；晚。Thebusarrived5minuteslate.公共汽车迟到了五分钟。lately最近；不久前(同recently)。Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?最近你在做什么?aslateas与aslatelyas都有“近至；直到”之意，用法相同。Isawhimaslate(lately)asyesterday.直到昨天我才看见他。5nearnearlynear近；临近；在附近。Thetraincamenearerandnearer.火车越来越近了。nearly几乎；差不多；将近。Itisnearlyteno"clock.差不多十点钟了。6closecloselyclose靠近；挨近；接近。ComeclosesothatIcanseeyou.走近点以便我能看清你。closely紧密地；紧紧地；秘密地；仔细地；严密地。Wefollowedcloselyafterhim.我们紧紧地跟在他后面。三两种形式的副词，一个与形容词同形，一个以ly结尾。四以ly结尾的形容词：1表示时间的形容词hourly,daily,nightly,weekly,monthly,quarterly,yearly,early,timely及时的。Thistheatregivesanightlyperformance.2表示人的形容词manly男子气的，womanly女人气的，wifely妻子似的，fatherly父亲般的，childly孩子般的，comradely同志式的Whatarewifelyduties?什么是做妻子的责任?3表示人的外貌、特征、性格、心理等的形容词lovely,friendly,ugly,lively,lonely,friendly,unfriendly,kindly,sickly,poorly,elderly年长的，homely不漂亮的、朴实的。Childrenareusuallylively.4表示事物特征、环境、情况、状态的形容词likely可能的，orderly整齐的，costly花费大的，deadly致命的，mannerly有貌的，chilly凉的，disorderly乱七八糟的,unlikely不可能的。Pleaseleaveourclassroominanorderlyway.让我们的教室整整齐齐的。五senior,junior,superior,inferior等词与to连用1superiorThisrestaurantissuperiortotheonewe-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan能与to连用，但不能与than连用优秀的，高级的(反义词inferior)。wenttolastweek．这家饭馆比我们上周毒的那家好。senior年长的，地位高的，资格老的(反义词junior).Sheisseniortoeveryoneelseinthecompany.她在公司里比其他人资格都要老。2既不能与than连用，又不能与to连用的major主要的minor次要的，表示不太重要或较次要。Theyoungactresswasgivenaminorpartinthenewplay．年轻的女演员在这部新戏里被分配担任一个小角色。Theinfectionisfairlyminor,nothingtoworryabout．感染不严重，用不着担心。六某些以a开头的表语形容词以a-开头的只能作表语的形容词还有afraid,alone,asleep,alive,alike等。特殊用法1)alive“活着的，活的”是表语形容词，既可指人又可指物，有时可与living互换。　Heisdead,buthisdogisstillalive/living.他死了，但他的狗仍然活着。2)alive作定语一般放在所修饰的名词后：Whoisthegreatestmanalive?谁是当今活着的最伟大的人？3)alive可作宾语补足语：Let"skeepthefishalive.让鱼活着的吧。4)这类形容词一般都不能用very修饰，但可用much或verymuch等修饰。不能说：Iamveryalone，只可以说Iammuchalone或verymuchalone。七多个形容词修饰一个名词的排列顺序大致为：限定词(冠词/代词)→数词→描绘形容词→大小→形状→新旧→年龄→颜色→国籍→材料＋名词asmallroundwoodentable;anoldChinesestonebridge;theman’sfirsttwofamoussmallredFrenchoilpaintingsII、实战演练填入适当的形容词、副词或用所给词的正确形式填空1.Thenumberofthetreesthatthevillagersplantedlastyearreachedas__________as6,000,000.2.Therewasso_________smokethattheycouldn’tseeacrossthehallway.3.Mylittlebrotherisnotold___________togotoschool.4.Inthatcase,thereisnothingyoucando__________thanwait.5.Imustbegettingfat－Ican____________domytrousersup.6.Theyare__________littleinsectsthatwecannoteasilyseethemwithoureyes.7.Therewas__________littlefoodleftthenthatwehadtoturntothelocalpeopleforhelp.8.Marykeptweighingherselftoseehowmuch___________shewasgetting.9.Ihaven’tseenthemovieandmybrotherhasn’t_____________.10.Heisalwaystellinglies,soIwill________believehim.11.Johnisverylazy.Hefalls________behindinhisstudies.12.Twopassengersfellintothesea.______________,neitherofthemcouldswim.13.Wetalked___________intothenightandIwas___________movedbyhiswords.(deep)-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan14.Ifoundhistalkvery_____________andIwasreally_____________init.(interest)15.Whoisthegreatestpoet____________(live)?16.Themorewordsyouknow,the______________(easy)youcanread.17.Davidhaswonthefirstprizeinsinging;heisstillveryexcitednowandfeels_____________(little)desiretogotobed.18.Wehavea__________(month)rainfalloffourinchesinwinterhere.19.Heisbyfarthe___________(good)studentinhisclass.20.Ihavetwobrothersandbothofthemare___________thanme.My__________brothersarefriendlywithme.(old)答案：1.many2.much3.enough4.other5.hardly6.such7.so8.heavier9.either10.never11.far12.Unluckily/Unfortunately13.deep,deeply14.interesting,interested15.alive16.themoreeasily17.theleast18.monthly19.best20.older,elder二、语法填空用括号中所给词语的正确形式填空。Afathersatathisdesklookingatandcarefullystudyinghis1(month)billswhenhisyoungsonrushedinandannounced,“Dad,becausethisisyourbirthdayandyou’re55yearsold,I’mgoingtogiveyou55kisses,oneforeachyear!”Butthefatherexclaimed,“Oh,Andrew,don’tdoitnow;I’mtoobusy!”Theyoungsterimmediatelyfell2(silence)astearsflewdownfromhisbigblueeyes.3(Apologetic)thefathersaid,“Youcanfinishlater.”Theboysaidnothingbut4(quiet)walkedaway,5(disappoint).Thateveningthefathersaid,“Comeandfinishthekissesnow,Andrew!”Buttheboydidn’trespond.6(fortunate),theboyhadanaccidentandwasdrowned.Hisheartbrokenfatherwrote…“IfonlyIcouldtellhimhowmuchIregretmy7(thought)words,andcouldbeassuredthatheknowshowmuchmyheartisaching.”Loveisatwo-waystreet.Anylovingactmustbe8(warm)acceptedoritwillbetakenas9(reject)andcanleaveascar.Nothingismore10(importance)thanrespondingwithlovetothecryforlovefromthosewhoarenearandprecioustous.Becausetheremaybenochanceatallasinthecaseofthelittleboy.答案：1.monthly2.silent3.Apologetically4.quietly5.disappointed6.Unfortunately7.thoughtless8.warmly9.rejection10.importantManypeoplethinkteachersgivepupilstoomuchhomework.Theysaythatitis1(necessary)forchildrentoworkathomeintheirfreetime.2theyarguethatmostteachersdonot3（proper）planthehomeworktaskstheygivetopupils.Theresultsarethatpupilshavetorepeattaskswhichtheyhave4doneatschool.5(Recent)RecentlyinGreecemanyparentscomplainedaboutthe6(difficulty)homeworkwhichteachersgavetotheirchildren.Theparentssaidthatmostofthehomeworkwas7(use),andtheywantedtostopit.SpainandTurkeyaretwocountrieswhichstoppedhomeworkrecently.InDenmark,GermanyandseveralothercountriesinEurope,teacherscannotsethomeworkatweekends.InHolland,teachersallowpupilstostayatschooltodotheirhomework.Thechildrencan8(free)helponeanother.SimilararrangementalsoexistsinsomeBritishschools.Mostpeopleagreethathomeworkisnotfair.Apupilwhocandohishomeworkinaquietand9-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan（comfort）roomisinamuch10(good)positionthanapupilwhodoeshishomeworkinasmall,noisyroomwiththetelevisionon.Someparentsarereadytohelptheirchildrenwiththeirhomework.Butotherparentseventakenointerestatallintheirchildren’shomework.答案：1.unnecessary2.Moreover3.properly4.already5.Recently6.difficult7.useless三、完形填空阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21-30各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Onedayapoliceofficermanagedtogetsomefreshmushrooms(蘑菇).Hewasso21thathecookedthemandofferedtosharewithhisfellowofficers.“Letthedogtryapiecefirst,”suggestedone22officerwhowasafraidthatthemushroomsmightbe23.Thedogseemedtoenjoyhismushroom,andtheofficersthenbegantoeattheirmeal,sayingthatthemushroomshadaverystrangebutquite24taste.Anhourlater,however,theywereall25whenthegardenerrushedinandsaid26thatthedogwasdead.Immediately,theofficersjumpedintotheircarsandrushedtothe27hospital.Pumps(洗胃器)wereusedandtheofficershadavery28timegettingridofthemushroomsthatremainedintheirstomachs.Whentheyreturned,theycalledthegardenertotellhowthedogdied.“Diditsuffermuchbeforedeath?”askedoneoftheofficers,feelingverypleasedthathehadescapeda29deathhimself.“No”,thegardenerlookedrather30.“Itwaskilledthemomentacarhitit.”21.A.sureB.carelessC.pleasedD.disappointed22.A.frightenedB.shyC.cheerfulD.careful23.A.dangerousB.poisonousC.harmfulD.smelly24.A.specialB.deliciousC.pleasantD.bitter25.A.gladB.curiousC.satisfiedD.astonished26.A.cruellyB.curiouslyC.seriouslyD.finally27.A.animalB.biggestC.bestD.nearest28.A.hardB.busyC.excitingD.unforgettable29.A.strangeB.painfulC.peacefulD.natural30.A.happyB.interestedC.surprisedD.excitedCDBCDCDABC专题六介词I、重点难点解析介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语在句中可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。一介词从结构上分类一览表介词的分类-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan简单介词只有单独一个词的介词after,at,on,in,during,since,till等(时间介词);across,over,through,past,near,to,above等(方位介词);by,for,down,from,of,off,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,up,with,about,against,along,among,around...复合介词由两个单一词合成的介词into，inside，onto，outside，throughout，towards，upon，within，without…短语介词(1)形容词，分词或副词+介词accordingto,awayfrom,downto,insideof,nearto,oppositeto,owingto...(2)连词+介词asfor，asto，becauseof…(3)介词+介词(又称双重介词)fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween...(4)介词+名词+介词bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,onaccountof,withregardto……(5)其他(名词十介词)thanksto由其他词类转用(1)分词concerning(关于)，considering(就……而论)，including(包括)，regarding(关于)(2)形容词或副词like(像)，near(接近)．opposite(在……对面)，unlike(不像)，round(围绕……)，next(和……邻接)(3)连词than，but(除……之外)(4)名词despite(不顾；不管)二主要介词区别1．表示时间的at，in，on：at表示片刻的时间，如：at8a.m.常用词组有：atdawn,atnoon，atnight，atmidnight，attheendof，atthattime，atChristmas，atNewYear等。in表示一段的时间，如：inthemorning/afternoon/evening，inOctober，in1998，inthe21stcentury,insummer,inthepast,inthefuture等。on指特定的日子，时间：onMonday，onChristmasEve,onMayDay，onawarmmorning,onSeptember12,onthatday等。2．表示时间的since和from：since“自从…以来”，常与现在完成时、现在完成进行时连用。from“自…起”，一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday./Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995．3．表示时间的in和after：in+时间段，一般用于将来时。如：We"IIbebackinthreedays.after+时间段，一般用于过去时。如：Aftertwomonthshereturned.注意：after+时间点,可用于过去时和将来时。如：Afterseventherainbegantofall./Whatshallwedoaftergraduation?-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan4．表示方位的in，on，to：in表示“在…内”，BeijingisinthenorthofChina.on指“与…接壤，在河/江畔”，KorealiesontheeastofChinato指在境外某方向，只强调方向JapanliestotheeastofChina．5．表示“在……上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，如：Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper.in表示占去某物一部分，如：Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper./Hedugaholeinthewall.6．表示“穿过……”的through,over和across：through指在内部穿过，across则指在表面上的横穿，over指在上方过去，跨越。如：TheGreatWallwindsitswayfromwesttoeast,acrossdeserts,overmountains,throughvalleys,tillatlastitreachesthesea.7．Intheend，attheendof，bytheendofintheend意为“最后”、“终于”；如：Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafetyattheendof表示“在…末梢”，“到…尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体；如：Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden.TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek.bytheendof作“到…末为止”解，只能指时间，如：Bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.8．between，among：between一般表示两者之间。如：Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandmeamong用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：.Thegirlquicklydisappearedamongthecrowd.注意：有时虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调两两相互间接关系，仍用between。如：Agreementsweremadebetweenthedifferentcountries.在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。如：Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,oatsandbarley．9．besides，except，but，exceptfor：besides指“除了……还有”。如：TwoforeignteacherswerepresentatthemeetingbesidesSmith．；except指“除…外”，不能放在句首。如：WegotoschooleverydayexceptSunday．but与except意思相近,常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything,no等词和其他疑问词后面。如：Whobutafoolwoulddosuchathing?exceptfor表示“如无……就，只是”表明理由细节。如：Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.10．表示用工具和手段的by,in,with：by表用工具(bytrain/land/hand/email…)或手段(byreading…)，其后的名词前不带冠词；with表用工具(withapencil/oureyes)，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词修饰；in表示用材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等(inpencil/English/alowvoice…)11．as，like：as指身份、资格，意为“作为”。如：Letmespeaktoyouasafather.(事实是父亲)like作“象……一样”解。如：Letmespeaktoyoulikeafather．(事实上不是父亲)。12．as,with都有“随着…”之意。as为连词，后接从句。如：Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworsewith为介词，后接名词或代词。.如：Withspringcomingon,theweathergetswarmer.II、实战演练一、介词比较精练，用适当的介词填空1.1)__________thenightofMay4th,mygoodfriendleftforCanada.2)__________nightyoucanseethestarstwinkleinthesky.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan3)__________Sundaymorning/acoldmorningMariewaswokenupbyaloudnoise.4)__________themorningsheoftenhasmilkandsomebreadforbreakfast.5)__________the1970swehadahardtime.2.1)Kateiswriting__________afriendofhers.2)Kateiswriting__________apieceofpaper.3)Kateiswriting__________blueink.4)Kateiswriting__________apieceofchalkontheblackboard.5)Kateiswritingaletter__________anoldmanwhocan’twrite.3.1)Weallpassedtheexam________theend.2)Wehadfinishedlearningfivebooks__________theendoflastterm.3)Wewillholdaparty___________theendofthisterm.4.1)Theapples________thetreeareripe.2)Thebirds_________thetreearesingingmerrily.3)ThereisamapofChina_________thebackwall.4)Thereisasmallhole____________thewall.5.1)Chinalies__________thewestofJapan.2)Canadalies_________thenorthoftheUSA.3)Canadalies_________thenorthofNorthAmerica.6.1)Hecandoeverything__________cooking.2)Hecanspeaktwootherlanguages__________English.3)Hedidnothing_________watchTVallday.4)Theroadwasempty__________________severalcarsatthattime.7.1)Themantriedtowalk__________thebigrock.2)Themanwalked__________theroadandgotonabus.3)Themansawsomebeautifulbirdswhenwalking__________thewoods.8.1)Thereisnosecret_________youandme.2)Youarethetallest___________myfriends.3)Thereisabreak____________classes.9.1)________timepassed,thingsseemedtogetworse.2)_______timegoingby,heknowsmoreandmore.10.1)HewillleaveforKorea_________threedays.2)HewenttoBeijingandreturned___________threedays.3)Hewillbeback___________3p.m.4)HehaslivedinParis__________threeyearsago.5)Itkeptrainingheavily___________Monday_________Wednesday.二、语法填空阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后选用适当的介词填空ItwassoniceanafternoonthatIdecidedtogoforalittlewalk1mynewboots---theonesI’dseenadvertisedonTV2“theworld’sbestboots”.Well,3theory,yes,theywereverycomfortablebootsbutIsoonfoundthatinfacttheygavemeblisters.IngeneralIdoenjoywalking,butatthatmomentallIwantedwasrestandrefreshment,inotherwords,Ineededtositdown,haveadrinkandgohome4thebus.ThelastbushomewasinhalfanhourandIwasfar5thebusstopsoIwouldhavetogetthere6ahurry.AtlastIgottothebusstopjustintime7adrinkatthepubbeforethebuscame.Ilimpedtothe-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susanbusstopinthehope8gettingon.ButIwasoutofluckbecausethebuswasfullup---notevenstandingroom!IknewI’dnevermakeithomeonfootandIwas9thepointofreturningtothepubtodrownmysorrowswhenanotherbuscameroundthecorner,completelyempty.Igoton,satbymyselfatthebackandstartedtofeel10peacewiththeworldagainasItookoffmyboots!答案：1.On,At,On,In,In2.to,on,in,with,for3.in,by,at4.on,in,on,in5.to,on,in6.except,besides,but,exceptfor7.over,across,through/in8.between,among,between9.As,With10.in,after,at,since,from…to1.in2.as3.in4.on5.from6.in7.for8.of9.on10.at专题七情态动词I、重点难点解析情态动词的高考命题导向：情态动词表示说话者的情感和态度，有一定的含义，但是不能单独做谓语，必须与其他动词连用。注意区别具有相同功能的，意思相近的情态动词的用法。一情态动词基本用法一览表情态动词用法例句注意事项cancould1表许可(和may可互换)、能力2表怀疑、猜测、可能性（用于否定和疑问句中）3could可表比can更委婉的语气及用于虚拟语气。1Youcan/maysithere./Hecanswim.2Hecan’tbesixty.3Couldyoucomeagaintomorrow?can和beableto都可表能力，但beableto可表达“某事终于成功”，有更多的时态。maymight1表可以（问句中表请求，might更婉转）2表可能，或许（might语气更加不肯定）3表祝愿（用于倒装句中）1May/MightIuseyourbike?2Hemay/mightbeathome.3Mayyousucceed!1回答May…do…?的否定用mustn’t/can’t2回答May/Might…do…?的否定用can’t/mightnotmust1表必须，应该（表主观要求）2表推测（用于肯定句），译为“准是，一定”1Youmuststudyhard.2Shemustbetired.否定式mustn’t表不准，禁止；否定回答用needn’t/don’t/doesn’thaveto(不必)haveto只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化）Withouthelp,Ihadtodoitmyself.must表主观意识。haveto有多种时态。oughtto应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用shouldYououghttoobeylaws.否定用oughtn’t疑问句用Ought…todo…?shall1用于一三人称的疑问句，表征询意见2用于二三人称,表示许诺、命令、警告等1Shallwegonow?2Thesigntherereads,“Nopersonshallsmokehere.”should1表建议或劝告，译为“应该”1Youshouldlearn-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan2本该（含有责备意味）fromeachother.2Youshouldhavegivenhimhelp.willwould1表意志或决心2疑问句中用于第二人称表请求，would比较委婉1Hepromisedhewouldneversmokeagain.2Will/Wouldyoulikesometea?would表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在;usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯.dare敢（常用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中）Hedarenot/daren’tsleepalone.Dareyoutouchit?过去式dared；可作实义动词need需要,必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）Youneedn’tdotheworknow.Need…do…?的肯定回答：Yes,…must.可作实义动词usedto过去常常（现在已不再）Heusedtoplayfootball.否定式usedn’t/usen’ttodo/didn’tusetodo;疑问Used…to…do…?Did…usetodo…?二“情态动词+不定式进行式”和“情态动词+不定式完成式”用法一览表句式说明例句can+不定式进行式can+不定式完成式表示“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句（could也可能有此用法，只是语气更委婉）Hecan’tbetellinglies.他不可能在说谎。Hecan’thavetoldlies.他不可能说过谎话。could+不定式完成式指过去没实现的动作，表“本来可以”It’stoolate.Youcouldhavetoldhimearlier.你本来能早点告诉他的。may+不定式进行式may+不定式完成式表示“可能，也许”，用于肯定句Hemaybedoinghomework.他也许在做作业。Hemayhavemissedthetrain.他可能错过了火车。must+不定式进行式肯定句表示“一定在干某事”Thelightison.Hemustbeworking.灯亮着，他一定在工作。must+不定式完成式用于肯定句，表示“准是干了某事”Heissad.Hemusthavefailedtheexam.他准是考试不及格。needn’t+不定式完成式“本来不必做”，只用于否定句Youneedn’thavelentthebooktohim.Heboughtitalready.你本来不必把这本书借给她，他已经买了一本。should/oughtto+不定式完成式肯定句表示“本应该做而实际没做”；否定句表示“不应该做而实际却做了”Ishouldhaveboughtit.我应该把它买下来的。Youshouldn’thavescoldedhim.你不应该这样粗心大意。-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语SusanII、实战演练填入情态动词的恰当形式或根据括号所提供的词填入情态动词恰当的结构。1.Ishouldhavebeenthere,butI____________findthetime.2.Helen_______goonthetripwithus,butsheisn’tquitesureyet.3.Tom,you___________notleaveallyourclothesonthefloorlikethis!4.Youcan’timaginethatawellbehavedgentleman_____________besorudetoalady.5.Ithasbeenannouncedthatcandidates_____________remainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.6.---Lucydoesn’tmindlendingyouherdictionary.---She____________.I’vealreadyborrowedone.7.John,lookatthetime._______________youplaythepianoatsuchalatehour?8.---__________thisbookbeyours?---No,it____________notbemine.It___________behis.9.Asagirl,she____________getupatsixeveryday.10.__________hetocleantheclassroomafterschool?11.You____________betiredafterthelongtrip,aren’tyou?12.---What’sthename?---Khulaifi.__________Ispellthatforyou?13.You_____________________(see)thefilm,haven’tyou?14.You_____________________(talk)onthephoneatthattime,forIcouldn’tgetthrough.15.They_____________________(miss)theplane,orperhapstheyhavebeenpreventedfromcomingforsomereason.16.______________youpassthecollegeentranceexaminations!17.Hehadknownthematterbeforeyoutoldhim,soyou_____________________(nottell)ittohim.18.IdidnotcalltomakeanyairlinereservationbutI________________.19.Thelightisout.They_______________________(notwork)now.20.---Mycatisreallyfat.---You_____________________(notgive)hersomuchfood.答案：1.couldn’t2.may3.mustn’t4.should5.shall6.needn’t7.Must8.Can;can’t;must9.would10.Ought11.must12.shall13.musthaveseen14.mustbetalking15.might/mighthavemissed16.May17.needn’thavetold18.shouldhave19.can’tbeworking20.shouldn’thavegiven专题八非谓语动词I、重点难点解析非谓语动词的高考命题导向：非谓语动词是高考的重点，考查立意较低，主要考查非谓语动词的一般用法和含义，但是题目的设计注重了情景化，结构较为复杂。一非谓语动词的分类、构成及功能一览表非谓语形式构成特征和作用-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式todo,tobedoing,tohavedonetohavebeendoingtobedone,tohavebeendone在to,动名词及分词前+not/neverforsb.todosth.具有名词、副词和形容词的作用，在句中作主语、定语、表语、宾语、状语、宾补（在let,make,see,feel,notice等动词后做宾补时不带to）分词现在分词doing,havingdonebeingdone,havingbeendone具有副词、形容词的作用，在句中作定语、表语、状语、宾补（常用在see,find,feel,keep,get,have等动词之后）过去分词done动名词doing,havingdonebeingdone,havingbeendonesb.’sdong具有名词的作用，在句中作主语、定语、表语、宾语、二作宾语的非谓语动词比较情况常用动词只接不定式作宾语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接动名词作宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto,adaptto两者都可以意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need,want,require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regrettodo（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regretdoing（指动作已经发生）goontodo（接着做另外一件事）goondoing（接着做同一件事）trytodo（设法，努力去做，）trydoing（试试做，）meantodo（打算做，企图做）meandoing（意思是，意味着）can’thelp(to)do（不能帮忙做）can’thelpdoing（忍不住要做）三非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别类别常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成1)Iexpectthemtowinthegame.2)Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make现在分词notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel（即：感官动词和使役动词）主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.过去分词动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.四现在分词和过去分词的用法对比分类项目现在分词过去分词例句意义表示主动意义表示被动意义1Icanhearhimsinging.2IcanhearthesongsunginEnglish.动作所表示的动作一般在进行中所表示的动作多已完成ChinaisadevelopingcountrywhileAmericaisadevelopedone.语义意思为“令人…”意思为“感到…”Itisanexcitingmatch,soweareexcited.五特别提示1.关于不定式1）不定式作介词宾语时，如前面有实义动词do（各种形式），则不定式不带to；否则不能省to。HedidnothingallthemorningbutwatchTV.Hesaidnothingbuttosleep.2）不定式作定语时，如果不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且不定式的动词是不及物动词，记住别漏掉介词。Iwantasmallroomtolivein./Ineedanicepentowritewith.3）不定式作感官动词和部分使役动词(let,make)的宾补，动词不定式不带to，但句子变成被动语态时，要带to。Isawhimgointotheroom.→Hewasseentogointotheroom.2.关于分词1)现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，不定式作补语表示动作发生的全过程。Isawhimwalkingacrosstheroad.(正在穿过马路)Isawhimwalkacrosstheroad.(看到全过程，过了马路)2）及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的一般被动式(beingdone)都有被动意义，前者表示动作完成，后者表示动作在进行。Thepicturefixedonthewallwaspresentedbyafriend.(已经被订在墙上了)Thepicturebeingfixedonthewallwaspresentedbyafriend.(正被订在墙上)注意：不定式有表将来之意。Thepicturetobefixedonthewallwaspresentedbyafriend.(将要被订在墙上)-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan3)分词的独立主格结构：如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，需用一个独立结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)或者由一个with/without引导的介词短语表达。Timepermitting,we’lldoanothertwoexercises.Hisworkfinished,hepreparedtogohome.Withhisworkfinished,hepreparedtogohome.3.关于动名词1）动名词作定语表所修饰词的用途，而现在分词表动作或状态、特征。2）动名词的复合结构作宾语，动名词的逻辑主语可用宾格代词或不带所有格。但作主语不行。Doyoumindmy/me/Tomsmokinghere?My/Tom’ssmokinghereannoyedhim.3）动名词作主语还可用于“Therebeno+动名词”结构和“布告形式的省略结构中。Thereisnoknowingwhathewilldonext.不知道他下一步会做什么。Nosmoking.禁止吸烟。II、实战演练I用所给动词的适当形式填空1.1)___________totheleft,andyou’llseethebusstop.2)___________totheleft,you’llseethebusstop.(turn)2.1)___________manytimes,hestillcouldn’tunderstandthequestion.2)___________methebadnews,hewentoutoftheroomsadly.(tell)3.1)Nothingcouldmakeus_________upthehope.2)Crusoemadeacandle__________light.(give)4.1)Iwant__________yourbag.2)Youreyeswant___________.3)Iwantmyeyes________thisafternoon.(examine)5.1)What’sthewaySmiththoughtof_________enoughmoneytobuythenewhouse?2)I’mthinkingof_________Tomtorepairmybike.(get)6.1)Wedon’tallow_________intheofficebecauseofthepublichealth.2)Wedon’tallowanyone_________intheofficebecauseofthepublichealth.(smoke)7.1)Mylittlebrotherenjoysnothingbut__________tomusic.2)Mylittlebrotherdoesnothingalldaybut__________tomusic.3)Mylittlebrotherhadnochoicebut____________tome.(listen)8.1)Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehimself______________.(hear)2)Theteacherraisedhisvoiceinordertomakehisstudents___________whathesaid.3)ThechildrentalkedsoloudlyatdinnertablethatIhadtostruggle_______________.9.1)Theproblemisworth__________________again.2)Theproblemisworthy_________________again.3)Theproblemisworthyof__________________.(discuss)10.1)Itpassesrightthroughtheirbodies,only______(get)alittlethickerandsweeter.2)Heworkedharderonly______(fail)again.11.1)Noonecanstopus_______________questions.2)Westopped____________aschoolboythewaytotheteachers’office.(ask)-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan12.1)_____________withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.2)NearlyeverygreatbuildinginBeijingwasbuilt_____________south.(face)13.1)Theparents’meeting________________nextSaturdayisveryimportant.2)The29thOlympicGames_____________inBeijingwasagreatsuccess.3)Theparents’meeting__________________inourschoolnowisimportant.(hold)14.1)____________thiscake,youneed2eggs,175gsugarand175gflour.2)________________thecake,shegotdowntocookingsomemilk.3)Ilostmywayincompletedarknessand,_________________mattersworse,itbegantorain.(make)15.1)TheroomissodirtythatIcan’thelp_____________________it.2)I’mtoobusy,soIcan’thelp_________________theroom.3)Theroomistoodirty.Ican’thelpbut________________it.(clean)16.1)IknewIwouldbebusytoday,soIhadmypaper_______________lastnight.2)Ican’tgowithyou.Ihavesomepapers________________.3)Doyouhaveanypapers_____________________,sir?(type)17.1)Withmanyproblems________________,thepresidentwillhaveahardtime.2)Withtheproblem_______________,hehadagoodsleeplastnight.3)Withthesecretary______________theproblem,heisreadingthenewspaperleisurelyintheoffice.(settle)18.1)“Ieversawhim_____________anoldmanof500yuan,”hesaidtothepolice.2)Hewasseen________________anoldmanof500yuaninthestreetyesterday.3)Unluckily,thepolicemansawhim_______________anoldmanaroundthecorner.(cheat)19.Thefilmwas________________andallofuswerevery_________________.(disappoint)20.Atthebeginningofclass,thenoiseofdesks__________________(openandclose)couldbeheardoutsidetheclassroom.答案：I1.Turn;Turning2.Havingbeentold/Told;Havingtold3.give;togive4.toexamine;examining/tobeexamined;tobeexamined/examined5.toget;getting6.smoking;tosmoke7.listening;listen;tolisten8.heard;hear;tobeheard9.discussing;tobediscussed;beingdiscussed10.getting;tofail11.asking;toask12.Faced;facing13.tobeheld;held;beingheld14.Tomake;Havingmade;tomake15.cleaning;(to)clean;clean16.typed;totype;tobetyped17.tosettle;settled;settling18.cheat;tocheat;cheating19.disappointing;disappointed20.beingopenedandclosed二、语法填空阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后用括号中的词的适当形式填空Astudy1(publish)inSeptembersuggeststhereisa2(surprise)waytogetpeople3(avoid)unhealthyfoods:changetheirmemories.ScientistElizabethLoftusoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvineaskedvolunteers4(answer)somequestionsontheirpersonalitiesandfoodexperiences.“Oneweeklater,”Lotussays,“5(feed)thepeople,wetoldthemtotypetheiranswersintooursmartcomputeranditcameupwithanaccountoftheirearlychildhoodexperiences.”Someaccountsincludedonekeyadditionaldetail.6(tell)thattheyhadgotsickafter7(eat)strawberryice-cream,theresearchersthenchangedthisdetailintoamanufactured(人为促成的)memorythrough8(lead)questions---Whowereyouwith?Howdidyoufeel?Bytheendofthestudy,upto41%ofthose9(give)afalsememorybelievedstrawberryice-creamoncemakethemsick,andmanysaidthey’davoid10(eat)it.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan答案：1.published2.surprising3.toavoid4.toanswer5.havingfed6.Havingbeentold7.eating8.leading9.given10.eating专题九动词和动词短语I、重点难点解析对动词和动词短语主要考查词义辨析，动词的用法与搭配及一词多义；在具体语境中正确使用动词短语。要特别注意一些最常用的词汇，如get,make,have,take等。一动词分类一览表动词的分类行为动词(实义动词)及物动词(vt.)＋宾语Hesangasongforus.不及物动词(vi.)后不加宾语Hearrivedlate.＋介词HearrivedinBeijingat10a.m.系动词表人或事物的特征和状态：be,feel,appear,seem,look,sound等Heisafarmer.Heseemsangry.表状态变化：become,get,go,turn,grow,fall等Thefishwentbad.Hebecameadoctor.表状态的延续或持续：keep,remain,stay等Itkeepswarm.Heremainedsilent.助动词(不能独立作谓语，须与动词原形或分词构成合成谓语)：be,have,do,shall和will的各种形式Docometomorrow.Ihaveboughtacar.情态动词can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would),must,need,dare等Hemaycometomorrow.Wemuststudyhard.注：有些动词是兼类词。如：Wehavelunchat12.(行为动词)/WehavebeentoJapan.(助动词)二动词短语构成一览表三高中常用动词短语：动词短语构成动词＋副词breakoutTheSino-JapaneseWarbrokeoutin1937.动词＋介词AgreewithIagreewithyouonthatpoint.动词+副词＋介词ComeupwithIcameupwithagoodidea.动词+名词＋介词MakeuseofYoushouldmakefulluseofyourtime.动词+名词TakeplaceGreatchangesaretakingplaceinourlife.常用动词come,go,keep,look,make,put,take,turn的搭配1.come-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susancomeabout发生，造成；comeacross越过某处；被理解；偶然发现,　偶然遇到comeafter　跟在…后面，追踪；寻找comealong　来到；一道走；赶快；再加把劲儿comeat　向...扑过来,向...袭击comeback　回来；东山在起；重新流行；回想起；还嘴（常与此同时连用）comefrom由…造成；出身于；来自于comeintobeing／existence　出现，开始形成，建立comein进来；（蔬菜、水果等）到成熟期，上市；涨潮；火车进站，船进港口；（比赛中）得…名次（comeinsecond得第二名）-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susancomeon跟随；上台；（工作等）进展；赶快；骑（马等）；comeout出来;出发；出版；名列…；（总数等）达到（+at/to）cometo(oneself)苏醒;总共;达到;碰到cometoanagreement达成协议cometoaclose/anend终止，结束cometolife活过来；活跃起来；栩栩如生cometolight泄露（真相）；被发现cometomind想起，回忆起cometothepoint（讲话、写文章等）切中要害cometothe/one"srescue帮助cometrue实现，变成现实comeup升起；走进；种子生长发育；被提出-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susan2.go-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susangoabout四处走动；（故事、消息等）传开；在…地方来回走动goafter追赶；追捕；追求goahead前进；开始干某事；说吧,走吧,做吧(口语)；走在前面goallouttodosth全力以赴去做某事goaround/round绕道；（在某一地方）四处走动；（故事、消息等）传开；在头脑中盘旋gobeyond超出；超出…的能力goby从…经过/通过；（时间）流逝过去；顺便走访gobackto追溯到；返回；恢复到；回顾godown（温度等）下降；（价格等）下跌；倒下；（太阳、月亮等）降到地平线下goinfor参与，参与（竞赛等）；从事（某项工作）；爱好，酷爱gointo进入；撞在…上；调查gooff离开某地；放弃；（口）变坏，变酸（水、电、煤气等）被切断goover越过；超过（期限等）；审阅或审查，核对；仔细查看；复习goout(火)熄灭,过时了,罢工gothrough穿过；进过；议案、决议等被通过；遭受，经受(痛苦/困难),审阅；完成gotoofar太过分,走太远了gowith相配（同义词match/goalongwith）gowellwith协调gowrong出错;发生故障-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susan3.keep-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susankeepaway(使)不靠近，（使）远离；不沾keepback往后站，后退；阻止；对…保守秘密；（从工资等中）扣压，扣下；留给keepinmind把…记在心里；记住keepinorder（使）保持整齐，使井井有条；维持秩序keepintouchwith与…保持联系keepoff（使）不接近，（使）保持距离；挡开，避开；回避（避开）某话题keepone’searsopen（口）留心细听；倾听keepone’seyesopen留心看着，注意留神，提防keepout（使）不让入内，不要进来；留出来keepoutof将…置身于…之外；（使）不参与；不牵涉进去；不要惹事/麻烦keepquiet保持安静，别吵闹；保守秘密，隐瞒某事（+aboutsth.）keepupyourcourage保持勇气，别泄气keepupwith跟上-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susan4.look-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susanlookabout/around向四周看；仔细查看lookafter照料；寻找lookahead向前看；展望未来;lookat看；察看；大致浏览lookback回顾；回过头看；回忆lookdownone’snoseat傲慢;看不起;轻视某人lookdownupon/onsb轻视某人；鄙视某人/某物lookforwardtodoing/sth.（殷切地，愉快地）期待，希望；预计有…情况lookintosth注视…的内部或深处；（=investigatesth.）调查；浏览(书报等)looksb.in/intotheeye/face镇定勇敢地面对looklike／asif似乎是；看起来像lookon/uponsb./sth.as把...看作.lookout小心,当心；向外看lookover对…审阅；粗略地看；翻阅lookthrough透过…看（尤指空隙或透明物体等）；（从头到尾）初略地翻阅lookup仰视；(从词典，电话本等中)找出lookuptosb尊敬某人-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susan5.make-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susanmakeout（勉强地）看出；辩认出；理解；makeup构成makeupfor补回失去makeupone"smind（s）决定,下决心-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susanmakeanefforttodo努力，尽力makeoneselfheard使自己被别人听到makegood/nosense有意义/没意义makefunof嘲笑，和某人开玩笑makeupof由...组成makeone’slivingbydoing通过做…maketea/coffee泡茶/咖啡-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susan6.put-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susanputaway放好；收起来；把…放在原位；储藏放弃putaside放在一边；抛弃；暂时不做；留出(时间),省出(钱)putback放在原处；推迟,延期putdown放下；让（乘客）下车；压下去；写下来putforward提出（计划/建议等）；拨快钟点；推荐putoff推迟,延期；打消,关上putintouse投入使用putoff脱掉（衣服等）；推迟，延期puton穿上,带上；长高；上演putout扑灭,吹灭；生产；出版putup举起；张贴；留某人过夜；建造；提出（建议等putupwith和某人住在一起；忍受，忍耐putthrough做成，完成；接通电话使通过考试；使经历（难受的事）putone"sheartinto全心全意投入-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susan7.take-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susantakeaway拿走,挪开，拿开；（使）离开，把某人带走takeback拿回来，退回；送回某人；（同意）收回（退货）takeAforB把A误认为是Btakesb./sth.forgranted认为…是必然情况，视为当然takepartin参加takepridein=beproudof引以为自豪takeadvantageof利用；占…的便宜takecareof照看，照顾takechargeof开始负…的责；看管；控制takeachance碰运气takeholdof抓住；掌握takenoticeof对…注意／留心；认真地听taketheopportunityof抓住机会；利用（机会）taketheplaceof代替taketheriskof冒…的险takeoff拿开；去掉；（飞机）起飞；脱下（衣、帽等）takeonanewlook呈现新面貌takeup占据(时间,地方)；从事于takein吸收（气、水等）；接纳（工作人员等）；收集；骗takeinturn依次-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susan8.turn-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语Susanturnagainst背叛；（使）事情对…不利；（使）攻击turnaround/round转过身去，将…转过来；使（船、飞机等）返航turndown拒绝；音量调低；向下翻；turninto把...变成...；把...翻译成...turnin上交turnleft向走转turnoff关掉（开关等）；关闭，断开turnon打开（开关、水、电等）turnout制造出，生产出，培养出；结局是，结果是；原来是turnover移交，把...打翻turnto转向，求助于，翻到第几页turntosbforhelp求助于-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语SusanII、实战演练圈出划线部分的正确答案，使句子完整正确。1.Thequestionthatisremained/remains/remainingis:canLuoPeng,theyoungstar,belikeJordanandleadtheBullstoanNBAchampionship?2.Asthepopularsayingsays/tells/goes,“Laughandthewholeworldlaughwithyou.Cryandyoucryalone.”3.Withtheweatherworsening,theycalledoff/calledfor/calledinthevoyagefromLondontoAustralia.4.“Goodbye,then,”shesaid,withoutevenlookingaway/lookingup/lookingatfromherbook.5.Whydon’tyoujustcare/mind/consideryourownbusinessandleavemealone?6.Hardlycouldhegetthrough/getdown/getintothisamountofworkinsuchashorttime.7.Thecomputersystembrokeout/brokeup/brokedownsuddenlywhilehewassearchingforinformationontheInternet.8.Don’tbetakenin/takenoff/takenawaybyproductspromisingtomakeyouloseweightquickly.9.Doesthismealcost$50?Iexpect/prefer/supposesomethingfarbetterthanthis?10.Someonewholacksperseveranceisunlikelytoturn/make/growagoodresearcher.11.---Juliasaidshesentyouabirthdaycardyesterday.Haveyougotit?-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan---Oh,really!Ihaven’texamined/tested/checkedmymailboxyet.12.Ican’tfindmywatch.Imusthaveleft/forgotten/putitinthehotel.13.LeiFengwasalwaysreadytohelpotherswhentheywereintroubleandheneverturneddown/turnedover/turneduptheirrequest.14.Ifnoonereplies/answers/receivesthephoneatthehome,ringmeatwork.15.Youwillaccept/receive/getawarmwelcomewhenyoucometoChina.16.Theclothescost/spent/tookme500yuan.17.Theterriblenoisefromtheman’sroomsimplycaused/turned/drovememad.18.Itdoes/feels/makesgoodtolieinthesunorswiminthecoolseainsummer.19.Ibuiltup/setup/tookupthehobbyoffishingasachild.20.Inmyopinion,allMr.Tomdoesdoesdo/doesdodo/diddodoesgoodtohisstudentsinhisclassatpresent.答案：1.remains2.goes3.calledoff4.lookingup5.mind6.getthrough7.brokedown8.takenin9.expect10.make11.checked12.left13.turneddown14.answers15.receive16.cost17.drove18.feels19.tookup20.doesdoesdo专题十动词的时态I、重点难点解析高考中通常是把时态和语境结合起来考查。题干中往往没有明确的时间状语，需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。英语有16种时态，中学阶段常用的是10种。一动词的基本形式一览表形式变化规则构成方法例词原形see,finish,teach现在时第三人称单数形式一般情况加-slook→looks,write→writes以ch,sh,s,x结尾加-esteach→teaches,finish→finishesguess→guesses,mix→mixes以o结尾加-esdo→does,go→goes以“辅音字母＋y”结尾变y为i，加-estry→tries,cry→cries过去式过去分词规则变化一般情况加-edstay→stayed,look→looked以不发音e结尾直接加-ddecide→decided,hope→hoped以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这个辅音字母再加-edstop→stopped,admit→admitted以“辅音字母＋y”结尾变y为i，加-edcarry→carried,try→tried现在分词一般情况加-inggo→going,read→reading以不发音e结尾去e，再加-inghave→having,write→writing以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这个辅音字母再加-ingcut→cutting,run→running二常用10种动词时态的构成及其常用时间状语一览表时态构成常用时间状语-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan一般现在时动词原形（第三人称单数+s等）always,usually,often,sometimes,every…,etc.一般过去时动词过去式yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday,last…,…ago,etc.一般将来时will（shall）+动词原形tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,next…,intwodays,etc.begoingto+动词原形过去将来时would+动词原形多用于间接引语的宾语从句中将来进行时will（shall）+be+现在分词ateight（thistime）tomorrow,etc.现在进行时am（is,are）+现在分词now,duringthesedays,etc.过去进行时was（were）+现在分词ateight（thistime）yesterday,etc.现在完成时have（has）+过去分词already,just,yet,since,for…,etc.过去完成时had+过去分词by…,before,etc.现在完成进行时have（has）+been+现在分词for…,since…,etc.三注意以下几种时态的区别1.一般过去时和现在完成时1）一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，常和表过去的时间状语连用，即仅谈过去，不关现在。Iwrotealetterthismorning.(只说明写了一封信的事实)2）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态，但和现在有联系，可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。不能和表过去的时间状语连用，译成汉语时可加“已经”。Ihavewrittenaletterthismorning.(我已经写了一封信，有继续写第二封的可能，现在还是早上。)2.一般过去时和过去进行时1）一般过去时侧重于说明发生某动作的事实。Itrainedheavilylastnight.昨晚雨下得很大。(强调下雨，并不强调持续时间)2）过去进行时侧重于强调某动作的持续过程或表示动作在进行。Itwasrainingcatsanddogslastnight昨晚整整一夜都在下倾盆大雨。(强调没停，一直持续)3.现在完成时和现在完成进行时1)现在完成时在含义上着重表示动作的结果。Ihavereadthatbook.(已读完)2）现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.(还没读完)II、实战演练用所给动词或根据中文提示填入动词的正确形式1.1)---Rememberthefirsttimewe____________________(meet)?---Ofcourse.You_____________________(study)inBeijingUniversitythen.2)CathyistakingnotesofthegrammaticalrulesinclassatSunshineSchool,whereshe_________________________(study)Englishforayear.2.1)Thegovernment__________________(build)twofactoriesinthisregionsincetheendoflastyear.2)Thegovernment____________________(build)twofactoriesinthisregionbytheendofthisyear.3.1)It___________(be)tenyearssinceweleftschool.2)It____________(be)twoyearsbeforeweleaveschool.4.They_______________________(work)ontheprogramforalmostoneweekbeforeIjoinedthem,andnowwe____________________(stillwork)onitasnogoodresultshavecomeoutsofar.5.ThepenI____________(think)I_____________(lose)isonmydesk,rightundermynose.6.Iftheirmarketingplanssucceed,they_______________(increase)theirsalesby20percent.7.Shesaidthatit___________(be)thesecondtimeshe_______________(see)thefilm.8.Idon’treallyworkhere.I_________________(justhelp)outuntilthenewsecretaryarrives.9.Lookatthetimetable.Hurryup!Flight2039_____________(take)offat18:40..10.---Howareyoutoday?---Oh,_________________(notfeel)asillasIdonowforaverylongtime.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan11.1)Mygoodfriend_______________(come)fromGuangdong.(是广东人)2)Mygoodfriend_______________(come)fromGuangdonglastweek.(从广东来)12.1)Where_____________(be)you?(你在哪儿)2)Where____________you____________?(be)(你去了哪)3)Where_____________he____________(go)?(他去哪了)13.1)Mr.John______________(teach)EnglishinChinafortwoyears.(不在中国了)2)Mr.John______________(teach)EnglishinChinafortwoyears.(也许仍在中国)14.1)I_____________________(read)thatbook.(读过那本书了)2)I_____________________(read)thatbookallthemorning.（一直在读那本书）15.1)WhenIgotthere,he__________________thework(做完那工作了)2)WhenIgotthere,he__________________theworkcarefully(在认真地做工作)3)WhenIgotthere,he__________________thework(才要做工作)答案：1.met,werestudying;hasbeenstudying2.hasbuilt;willhavebuilt3.is;willbe4.Hadbeenworking;arestillworking5.thought,hadlost6.willincrease7.was,hadseen8.amjusthelping9.takes10.haven’tfelt11.comes;came12.are;havebeen;hasgone13.taught;hastaught14.haveread;havebeenreading15.haddone;wasdoing;wasabouttodo语法填空Whenhewasalittleboy,ChristopherCockerelloncewatchedhismotherturningthewheelofhersewing-machinewithherhand.“Wouldn’titworkquicklyifamachine1(turn)thewheelforyou?”heasked.“Isupposeitwould,”saidhismother,withoutpayinghimanyattention.Christopher2(know)shealwayshadalotofwork,andhewantedtohelp.Upinhisbedroomtherewasatoysteam-enginewhichhisfather3(buy)himasagift.“I4(make)betteruseofit,”littleChristophersaidtohimself.So,whenhismother5(notuse)hersewing-machine,hefixedthetoysteam-engineontoit.Whenthejob6(finish),hewasquitepleased,thinkinghismother7(like)it.“Veryclever,”hismothersaid,whenshesawit.Thenshesatdownandwentonturningthewheelbyhand.“I8(work)likethisfortoomanyyears,”sheexplained.ThistaughtChristopherthelessonthatanyonewho9(try)toimproveanything10(have)tolearn:Manypeopledon’tlikenewideas.答案：1.turned2.knew3.hadbought4.will/shallmake5.wasnotusing6.wasfinished7.wouldlike8.havebeenworking9.tries10.has三、完形填空Severalyearsago,awell-knownwriterandeditorNormanCousinsbecameveryill.Hisbodyachedandhefeltconstantlytired.Itwasdifficultforhimtoeven__21__around.Hisdoctortoldhimthathewouldlosetheabilitytomoveandeventuallydiefromthedisease.Hewastoldhehadonlya1in500chanceofsurvival.Despitethediagnosis(诊断),Cousinswas__22__toovercomethediseaseandsurvive.Hehadalwaysbeeninterestedinmedicineandhadreadabook,which__23__theideaofhowbodychemistryandhealthcanbe__24__byemotionalstressandnegativeattitudes.ThebookmadeCousins__25__thepossiblebenefitofpositiveattitudesandemotions.Hethought,“Isitpossiblethatlove,hope,faith,laughter,confidence,andthewillto1ivehavepositivetreatmentvalue?”Hedecidedto__26__positiveemotionsasawaytotreatsomeofthesymptomsofhisdisease.Inadditiontohistraditionalmedicaltreatment,hetriedtoputhimselfinsituationsthatwould__27__positiveemotions.“Laughtherapy”becamepartofhistreatment.He__28__timeeachdayforwatchingcomedyfilms,readinghumorousbooks,anddoingotheractivitiesthatwoulddrawoutpositiveemotions.Withineightdaysofstartinghis‘‘laughtherapy”programhispainbeganto__29__andhewasabletosleepmoreeasily.Hewasabletoreturntoworkinafewmonths’timeandactually__30__completerecoveryafterafewyears.21.A.runB.passC.moveD.travel22.A.devotedB.determinedC.plannedD.forced23.A.discussedB.explainedC.presentedD.demonstrated24.A.killedB.ruinedC.damagedD.influenced-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan25.A.remindofB.learnfromC.refertoD.thinkabout26.A.concentrateonB.pickupC.absorbinD.careabout27.A.makeupB.setaboutC.putupD.bringabout28.A.arrangedB.appointedC.offeredD.afforded29.A.escapeB.decreaseC.recoverD.end30.A.receivedB.soughtC.reachedD.recognized答案：21---25CBACD26---30ADABC专题十一动词的语态I、重点难点解析高考中通常是把时态和语态结合起来考查的。动词的语态有两种：主动语态(theactivevoice)和被动语态(thepassivevoice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态示主语是动作的承受者。如：PeoplespeakEnglishallovertheworld.(theactivevoice)Englishisspokenallovertheworld.(thepassivevoice)一动词的被动语态构成一览表（以ask为例）常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时will/shallbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9过去将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/may…beasked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动语态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动语态。如：Wearenotallowedtosmoke./Heisoftenmadefunofbyhisclassmates./Newspaperusedtobesenthereat10a.m.据说类动词，如：Itissaid/believed/supposed/reportedthat…,Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…,Itiswellknownthat…等，及Itmustbeadmitted/pointedoutthat…等结构常以被动形式出现。以下主动形式常表被动意义：Thebikeneeds/wants/requiresrepairing./Thefilmisworthseeing./Thedoorwon’tshut/open./Theplaywon’tact./Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell./Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.以下词或短语没有被动态：happen,appear,become,last,cost,occur,lack,fit,mean,join,equal,fail,enter,have,contain,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,consistof,loseheart,keepupwith等。二被动语态和系表结构的区别：1.被动语态表示动作，而系表结构表状态；Thecupwasbrokenbyaboy.(被动语态)Thecupisbroken.(系表结构)2.前者可有多种时态，而后者只有一般现在时和过去时；Mybikeisbeing/willbe/wasrepaired.Heis/wasinterestedinhiswork.3.被动语态可跟by短语，表动作的执行者；Thedresswasmadebymymother.II、实战演练-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan用所给动词的适当形式填空1.Astheyearspassed,manyoccasions---birthdays,awards,graduations_______________(mark)withDad’sflowers.2.Customersareaskedtomakesurethatthey__________________(give)therightchangebeforeleavingtheshop.3.Greatchanges_________________(takeplace)inthecity,andalotoffactories________________(setup).4.Thepolicefoundthatthehouse____________________(breakinto)andalotofthings____________(steal).5.Thediscussion_______________(come)alivewhenaninterestingtopicwasbroughtin.6.Theheadteachersaysthatallthepreparationsfortheparty__________________________(complete)byFriday.7.Thewetweatherwillcontinuetomorrowwhenacoldfront________________(expect)toarrive.8.Thecarelessdriveris______________(blame)forthetrafficaccidentthat____________(happen)yesterday.9.Flowersusually_______________(sell)wellonValentine’sDay,sotheirflowers______________(sell)innotimethatday.10.IwanttobuythatkindofclothbecauseI_______________(tell)thecloth_______________(wash)well.11.LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)___________________(say)tohaveboughtbirdskeptincagesinordertohavethepleasureofsettingthemfree.12.---Haveyouhandedinyourschoolworkyet?---Yes,Ihave.Iguessit______________________(grade)now.13.IfNewtonlivedtoday,hewouldbesurprisedbywhat________________________(discover)inscienceandtechnology.14.Theworkneeds_________________(complete)by6p.m.15.Thenumberofdeathsfromheartdisease__________________(reduce)greatlyifpeoplearepersuadedtoeatmorevegetables.答案：1.weremarked2.havebeengiven3.havetakenplace;havebeensetup4.hadbeenbrokeninto,stolen5.came6.willhavebeencompleted7.isexpected8.toblame,happened9.sell,wassold10.havebeentold,washes11.issaid12.isbeinggraded13.hasbeendiscovered14.completing/tobecompleted15.willbereduced专题十二句子种类I、重点难点解析一、句子种类：分类句子种类例句按使用目的陈述句肯定句Heissixyearsold.否定句Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.疑问句一般Dotheylikeskating?特殊Howoldishe?选择Ishesixorsevenyearsold?反意Marycanswim,can’tshe?祈使句Becareful,boys.Don’ttalkinclass感叹句Howclevertheboyis!Whatacleverboyheis!按结构简单句HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.并列句（由并列连词and,but,Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susanor等或分号把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起）复合句（含有一个或以上从句）TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.二、简单句的五种基本句型句型例句1、主语+系动词+表语Heisastudent.2、主语+不及物动词Wework.3、主语+及物动词+宾语Henryboughtadictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）Tommadethebabylaugh.三、并列句分类常用并列连词例句联合并列句and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.转折并列句but,still,however,yet,while,when等Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.选择并列句or,either…or…,otherwise等Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.因果并列句so,for,therefore等Itwaslate,sowewenthome.四、感叹句1、感叹句用法：表示说话人的强烈的感情。讲解句型例句WhatWhat引导的感叹句的中心词是名词What＋(a/an)＋形容词＋名词＋（主语＋谓语）！1)Whatacoldday(itis)!今天天气真冷啊！2)Whatanoldhouse(itis)!这间房子真老啊！3)Whatniceair(itis)!空气真好啊！HowHow引导的感叹句的中心词是形容词或副词。How＋形容词／副词＋（主语＋谓语）！6)Howcold（itis）today!今天天气真冷啊！7)Howhappy（thechildrenare）!孩子们真愉快啊！8)Howhard（thestudentworks）!这个学生学习多努力啊！2、注意点：在复数可数名词和不可数名词之前不可用“how+形容词”构成感叹句，而应用“what+形容词+复数可数名词或不可数名词”。也就是说how+形容词可置于带不定冠词的单数名词之前构成感叹句。1)Whatgreatchangeswehavehadtheseyears!这些年我们的变化真大呀!不可说成Howgreatchangeswehavehadtheseyears!2)Whatgoodnewsitis!多么好的消息呀!不可说成Howgoodnewsitis!五、祈使句表示请求或命令的句子是祈使句。谓语动词无时态与数的词形变化，与动词原形同形。祈使句一般用降调，为使祈使句听起来比较婉转，可用低升调，祈使句句末用句号或感叹号。一、祈使句有两种类型：含有第二人称和带有第一、三人称主语的祈使句。每种类型又有肯定形式和否定形式。用don"t：否定时，只能用其缩略式。1含有第二人称的祈使句Besuretocomeontime．请务必按时来。Don"teverdothatagain．请不要做那事了。2Let"shavearest．咱们休息一会儿。Letustryagain．让我们再试试。-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan带有第一、三人称主语的祈使句(通常以let为引导词)Don"tlet"sopenthewindow．咱们别开窗户了。(非正式)3其他形式的祈使句1)以no开始的禁止性祈使句：Noentry．禁止入内。Noparking．禁止停车。Nosmoking．禁止抽烟。2)固定短语Outwithit说出来吧。Faster．快点。Begpardon．请原谅。二、注意点：1）第二人称主语通常不表示出来，有时为了强调指明向谁提出要求或发出命令，主语也可表示，这时主语需重读：2）第一人称祈使句可在1et前面加do，表示强调，第三人称祈使句不可：Doletmehaveanothertry．请务必让我再试试。注意以下两句的区别：Don"tletthechildrenmakemuchnoise．不要让孩子发出大的噪声。．Letthechildrennotmakemuchnoise．让孩子不要发出大的噪声。3）为了使祈使句听起来比较客气，婉转，除了用低声调外，还可用下列方法：a．加pleasePleasegivemeahand．请帮一下忙。Lendmeyourdictionary，please．请把字典借给我使一下。b..加willyouReadthetext，willyou?读一下课文好吗?Comeinandsitdown，willyou?进来坐下，好吗?c．please和willyou同时运用Becareful，please，willyou?小心些，行吗?：d．用wouldyou则更加客气Shutthewindow，wouldyou?关上窗户，行吗?e,加won"tyou，can"tyou，whydon"tyou：Turndowntheradio，won"tyou?关闭收音机，好吗?Takeitaway，can"tyou?拿走，不行吗?Bepatient，whydon"tyou?耐心点，难道不行吗?六、反意疑问句构成：陈述句　+　简略问句肯定　　　　否定否定　　　　肯定简略问句的主语与陈述句保持一致，只能用人称代词(there除外)，简略问句的谓语动词也与陈述句保持一致，如果是否定，一定要用简写。如：Jimisn"tastudent,ishe?/Therearesomebooksinit,aren"tthere?解说例句1陈述部分I"m...结构，疑问部分一般用aren"tI,I"mlate,aren"tI?2陈述句中有little,few,no,never,nothing,nobody,hardly等词表示否定时，简略问句用肯定。3陈述句中有指物的不定代词nothing,something,anything时，简短问句中用代词it,陈述句中有指人的不定代词everyone,noone,someone,everybody,nobody,anybody时，简短问句中用代词he或they，Everyoneishere,aren"tthey/isn’the?4陈述句的主语是指示代词this,that等时，疑问部分的主语在形式上与前者不同，但在逻辑上却与前者一致Thisisveryimportant,isn"tit?55陈述部分如果是“I(don"t)think(believe,suppose...)+宾语从句”时，疑问部分中的动词和主语应与宾语从句中的主语和动词保持一致Idon"tbelievesheknowsit,doesshe?-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan66含有情态动词must的句子表示猜测时，疑问部分与must后面部分一致，不能用mustn"t,如：Youmustbetired,aren"tyou?当must表示“有必要”时，疑问部分用needn"t,如：Youmustgohomerightnow,needn"tyou?当mustn"t表示禁止时，疑问部分一般用mustYoumustn"twalkongrass,mustyou?77祈使句的反意疑问句肯定祈使句+willyou/won"tyou?否定祈使句+willyou?Let"s...+shallwe?(包括对方)Letus...+willyou?(不包括对方)88感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式，并用be的一般现在时Whatalovelygirl,isn"tshe?99前面否定后面肯定的反意疑问句在回答时，需根据其实际情况，实际情况是肯定的，则用Yes+肯定结构，实际情况是否定的，则用No+否定结构—Youcan"tspeakEnglish,canyou?—Yes,Ican(不，我会的).110关于“"dbetter”，“"drather”和“"s”He’dlikeacupoftea,wouldn’the?You’dbettergonow,hadn’tyou?He’sneverlateforschool,ishe?He’sneverbeenthere,hashe?七、复合句：复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语、定语从句和状语从句等。（见专题讲解）II、实战演练1.完成下列反意疑问句1．Catherineisagirl"sname，　_________?2．Iamateacher,　______?3．There"slittlewaterintheglass,　_________?4．Don"ttakethebookoutofthelibrary,　_________?5．He"llneverforgetit,　_________?6．Let"shavearest,　　_________?7．IthinkKatespeaksEnglishwell,　_________?8．ThatboymustbeTom,　_________?2.填连词完成下面的感叹句(根据需要可以加上a或an)1.__________nicemusicitis!2.__________thatboymissedhismother!3.__________greatfunitistohike!4__________beautifulparksthereareinShanghai!5.__________goodthesouptastes!6.__________usefulsubjectChineseis!7.__________badweatheritistoday!8.__________happylifewe"relivingtoday!9.________lovelydeertheyare!10.__________badcoldyou"vegot!3、翻译下面的句子1）请务必按时来。2）请不要做那事了。3）请你安静一会儿。4）让我告诉你答案吧。5）不要让任何人打扰你。6）请务必让我再试试。7）不要让孩子发出大的噪声。．-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan答案：1.完成下列反意疑问句1．　isn"tit2．aren"tI3．isthere?4．willyou?5．　willhe?6．shallwe?7．doesn"tshe?8．　isn"the?2.填连词完成下面的感叹句1.What2.How3.What4.What5.How6.Whata7.What8.Whata9.What10.Whata3、翻译下面的句子1）Besuretocomeontime．2）Don"teverdothatagain．3）Youbequietforamoment．4）Letmetellyoutheanswer．5）Don"tletanyonedisturbyou．6）Doletmehaveanotherrtry．7）Don"tletthechildrenmakemuchnoise．专题十三名词性从句I、重点难点解析名词性从句是历年高考的重点和难点也是热点。名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主高考资源网句的主语、宾语、表语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句（见下表）。主语从句做主语，用that，whether，what（＝thethingthat）等连接词（原疑问词）引导宾语从句做宾语，用that（可省略），if，whether（ornot），what（＝thethingwhich）等连接词（原疑问词）引导表语从句用that（一般不省略），whether，what（＝thethingwhich）等连接词（原疑问词）引导同位语从句用that（常用在news，thought，idea等词后），whether等连接词（原疑问词）引导一、主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。如：Whowillgoisnotimportant.Itdoesn’tmattersomuchwhetheryouwillcomeornot.Thathesuddenlyfellilllastweekmadeussurprised.1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.（主语从句）Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot.（主语从句）Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace.（强调句）ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.（强调句）2.用it作形式主语的结构：句型例子1Itis＋名词＋从句Itisafactthat…事实是…/Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识2Itis＋形容词＋从句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…/Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…3Itis＋不及物动词＋从句Itseemsthat…似乎…/Ithappenedthat…碰巧…Itappearsthat…似乎…4It＋过去分词＋从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…/Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语SusanItissaidthat…据说…3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：情况说明例句1if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。Ifhewillcomeornotisunknown（误）.Whetherhewillcomeornotisunknown（正）2Itissaid/reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前ItissaidthatJiangwillvisitourschool.（正）Jiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.（误）3Ithappens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.（正）Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.（误）4Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.（正）Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.（误）5含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?（正）Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?（误）二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。情况说明例句1作动词的宾语由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略)Iheard(that)hejoinedthearmy.由what,whether(if),when,where等引导的宾语从句Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.2作介词的宾语Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother.3作形容词的宾语Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.4it可以作为形式宾语Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.5否定的转移（若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式）Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。注意：that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。三．表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。例如：1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四．同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。情况说明例句1对于名词进一步解释，Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan同位语从句的功能（一般由that引导）说明名词的具体内容，Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2同位语从句在句子中的位置有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，被别的词隔开HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.五．whether,if引导名词性从句的区别：情况说明例句1在句首引导主语从句时，只能用whetherWhetherwewillgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.2if不能引导表语从句Whatthedoctorreallydoubtiswhethermymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.3if不能引导介词后的宾语从句Everythingdependsonwhetherwecanmakeaplanthattheywillagreeto.4如果宾语从句是否定句只能用ifIaskedPaveifhehadn’tdecidedwhathewouldsayatthemeeting.5discuss后的宾语从句只能用whether引导Wediscussedwhetherthemedicinewillcausesideeffect.注意：doubt作“怀疑”解，后接宾语从句时，如主句是肯定的，宾语从句用whether或if引导；如主句是否定，宾语从句只能用that引导。(1)Idoubtwhether/ifheisfitforthejob.(2)Idon’tdoubtthathecandoitverywell.II、实战演练用适当的连词填空：1.Ican’tdecide____________dictionaryIshouldbuy.2.That’s____________herefusedmyinvitation.3.Iamveryinterestedin____________hehasimprovedhispronunciationinsuchashorttime.4.____________weneedismoretime.5.Thefact____________shehadnotsaidanythingatthemeetingsurprisedeverybody.6.____________and____________theywillmeethasnotbeendecidedyet.7.Pleasetellme____________youarewaitingfor.8.Isthat____________youarelookingfor?9.Wouldyoupleasetellme____________thenearestpostofficeis?10.Idon’tknow____________hewillagreetotheplanornot.11.______isdonecannotbeundone.12.Takecare______youdon’tmakemistakesinthecomingexam.13.Tohissurprise,theumbrellawasnot______hehadput.14.______wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan______wehave.15.______we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.16.______theyaremostinterestedinis______theycanproducemoreandbettercars.17.Itdoesn’tmatter______Irestornot.18.______Ihavewillbeyourssoonerorlater.19.Ithinkitis______you’reeatingtoomuch.20.Canyoumakesure______Alicehasputthegoldnecklace?21.——Doyouremember______hecame?——Yes,Ido.Hecamebytrain.22.Motheraskedme______waswrongwithme.23______theyhavewonthegamemadeusexcited.24.______hesaysinhisreportisaveryinterestingquestion.25.Thatishefailedtoarriveontime.答案：1.which;2.why;3.how;4.What;5.that;6.when,where;7.who(m);8.what;9.where;10.whether/if11.What12.that13.where14.what;what15.Whether16.What;how17．whether18．Whatever19．because20．where21．how22．what23．That24．What25．why-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan专题十四定语从句I、重点难点解析定语从句是英语语法中的重点。除了在语法填空中会考到，在基础写作和任务型写作中正确恰当地运用定语从句是作文得高分的关键。另外，在阅读理解中正确理解定语从句也至关重要。常见考点：1.指物时只用that或which的情况2.介词+关系代词3.Whose用法及转换形式4.as与which的区别5.指人时that与who的区别6.如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词7.定语从句中的主谓一致问题一、定语从句的概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句，在句中起定语的作用.被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系代词或关系副词。如：Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.先行词关系代词定语从句二、关系代词和关系副词的用法：关系代词和关系副词又称关系词，用来引导定语从句、代替先行词并在从句中担当一个成分。其用法见下表：定语从句的关系词词例先行词充当成分例句关系代词who人主语Thisisthedoctorwhosavedmylife.whom人宾语Sheisthenewstudent(whom)Iwanttotelltoyou.that人&物主语、宾语（指人相当于who或whom，指物相当于which）which物主语、宾语1.Pleasepassmethebookwhichislyingonthetable.2.Thenovel(which)Tomboughtisveryinteresting.as物主语、宾语Theearth,asisknowntoall,isround.whose=ofwhomofwhich人&物定语TheprofessorwhosedaughterteachesyouEnglishisDr.Williams关系副词when=atinonduringwhich时间状语We’llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.where=atintowhich地点状语Thisisthehousewherehelived.why=forwhich原因状语Iknowthereasonwhysheworkssowell.三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整标点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关系代词指人who(that)whom指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）指物which(that)指物which人和物的whose人和物的whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个词也可修饰整个主句-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子四、关系词的选用1只能用that做关系代词的情况：只能用that做关系代词的情况例句1当先行词是all,everything,anything,nothing,much,little,none,one等不定代词时(something除外)PayattentiontoeverythingthatIdo.2当先行词被All,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时Hehaslittletimethathecanspare.3当先行词被序高考资源网数词或形容词最高级修饰时Thisisthebestnovel(that)haveread.4如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时Theyweretalkingaboutthepersonandthingsthattheyrememberedinschool.5当先行词被theonly,thelast,theway,thesame等等修饰时ThisisthelasttimethatIIwanttoseeyou.6.在疑问词who,which,what开头的特殊疑问句中,为了避免重复只用thatWhichofthestudentsthatknowssomethingabouthistory.7当定语从句为therebe句型时，关系代词只能用that,也可以省略Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoBeijing.8当指人或物的关系代词在定语从句中做表语时，关系代词只能用that,也可以省略Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.2指物只能用which不用that的情况:只能用which不用that的情况:例句1在非限制性定语从句中StPetersburg,whichwasoncecalledLeningrad,isaverybeautifulcity.2在介词后面Thisistheroominwhichwelivedlastyear.3指人时只能用who不用that的情况:只能用who不用that的情况例句1先行词为one,ones，those，anyone，he时Thosewhobreakthelawmustbepunished.4as与whichas与which均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as:多用as的情况:例句1与such或thesame连用时，一般用asSuchbooksasyoureadareinterestingSuchmoneyasheearnedwasspentonbooks.2as引导的从句可以放在句首,as表“正如…..正象…”之意Asweallknow,theearthisround.五、定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致:1.Iamnotonewhoisafraidofdifficulty．2.Don’tchooseme,whoamnotfitforthisjob．II、实战演练用恰当的关系代词或关系副词填空：1.Becauseofmypoormemory,all____youtoldmehasbeenforgotten.2.Doyourememberthosedays____wespentalongtheseashoreveryhappily?3.Those____wanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.4.Whoisthewoman____issweepingtheflooroverthere?-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan5.Theman____youaregoingtomakefriendsismyfather’sneighbour.6.Finally,thethiefhandedovereverything____hehadstolentothepolice.7.Thisistheveryletter____camelastnight.w。w8.Thisisthefactory____weworkedayearago.9.Jackispleasedwithwhatyouhavegivenhimandall____youhavetoldhim.10.Doyouworknearthebuilding____colourisyellow?11.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,____cameasasurprise.12.Iliveinthehouse____windowsfacesouth..13.Theystayedwithmethreeweeks,____theydrankallthewineIhad.14.Theroom____MrWhitelivesisnotverylarge.15.I’vefinishedwritingthenovel,____istobepublishednextmonth.16.Hereturnedhomesafeandsoundafterafiercebattle,____wasunexpected.17.Theoldmanhadthreesons,allof____diedduringWorldWarⅡ.18.Ihaveboughttwopens,bothof____writewell.19.Doyouknowthereason____shehaschangedhermind?20.Hefailedintheexam,____provesthathewasn’tworkinghardenough.21.____wasexpected,hesucceededintheexam.22.Weshouldreadsuchbooks____willmakeusbetterandwiser.23.Heisabsent，____isoftenthecase.24.Itisthefirsttime____Ihavecometoyourcity.25.Who____hasthesameideaasitwilldoitinthisway.26.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears____Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,____hasagreateffectonmylife.27.Thisistheonlybook____Icanfind.28.Thisistheonlyoneofthestudents____handwritingisthebest.29.Youmustshowmywifethesamerespect____youshowme.30.Thisistheprofessor____taughtmechemistryin1980.答案：1.that2.which3.who4.that5.withwhom6.that7.that8.where9.that10.whose11.which12.whose13.duringwhich14.where15.which16.which17.whom18.which19.why20.which21.As22.as23.as24.that25.that26.when,which27.that28.Whose29.as30.who/that专题十五状语从句I、重点难点解析-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan状语从句是由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、www.ks5u.com原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。不同的状语从句所使用的连接词也各不相同。见下表：状语从句名称连接词时间状语从句when,as,while,whenever,after,before,till(until),since,once,assoonas(或themoment),bythetime,nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when,everytime等地点状语从句where和wherever条件状语从句if,unless,so(as)longas,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if)原因状语从句because,since,as,nowthat（既然）结果状语从句sothat（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that,such…that目的状语从句so,sothat（从句谓语常有情态动词）,inorderthat,incase（以防，以免）让步状语从句although,though,as,evenif(though),however,whatever,whether…or,nomatterwho(when,what,…)等比较状语从句than,so(as)…as,themore…themore方式状语从句as,asif(though),theway,ratherthan等一、时间状语从句w。1、当while,when,as引导时间状语从句时的区别：(1)while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while的这些用法可用when代替。E.g.Pleasekeepquietwhile(when)othersarestudying；(2)when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于“atthetime”，也就是说when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。E.g.WhenIwentintothelab,theteacherwasdoinganexperiment.（when不能换成while）HeoftenmakesmistakeswhenheisspeakingEnglish.（when可换成while）(3)as常可与when，while通用，但强调“一边、一边”。E.g.As(when,while)Iwaswalkingdownthestreet,Inoticedapolicecarinfrontofnumber37.(4)when有时代替if，引导条件句，意为“如果”、“假如”E.g.I’llcomewhen(if)I’mfree.2、till,until引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为not…until(till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到…才…”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示“到…为止”。E.g.Theyplayedvolleyballuntil(till)itgotdark./Theydidn’ttalk（延续性动词）until(till)theinterpreter（译员）came./Hedidn’tgotobed（非延续性动词）until(till)thehisfathercameback.；until可以放在句首，till则不行，E.g.Untilthelastminuteofthematchwekeptonplaying./Notuntilhefinishedhisworkdidhegohome.（倒装）；till,until只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：Wewalkedtilltheedgeoftheforest.（要用asfaras或to）。二、地点状语从句-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。E.g.Sitwhereveryoulike.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.三、条件状语从句条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if,unless,so(as)longas,onconditionthat,so(as)faras,ifonly(=if)。注意：条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。E.g.Ifheisnotintheoffice,hemustbeoutforlunch.Youmayborrowthebooksolongasyoukeepitclean.SofarasIknow（据我所知）,hewillbeawayforthreemonths.Youcangoswimmingonconditionthat(=if)youdon’tgotoofarawayfromtheriverbank.Ifhehadcomeafewminutesearlier,hecouldhaveseenher.四、原因状语从句because,since,as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：1.如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because,因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子，一定用because回答。E.g.Hehadtostayathomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.；2.如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或since。since比as更正式些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。E.g.Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest./Sinceeveryoneishere,nowlet’sbegin.五、结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由sothat（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that,such…that等引导。E.g.Shewasill,sothatshedidn’tattendthemeeting.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotsayaword.Sheissuchagoodteacherthateveryoneadmiresher.六、目的状语从句引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so,sothat（从句谓语常有情态动词）,inorderthat,incase（以防，以免）等。E.g.Speakclearly,sothattheymayunderstandyou.ShehasboughtthebookinorderthatshecouldfollowtheTVlessons.Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthetrain.七、让步状语从句让步状语从句可由although,though,as,evenif(though),however,whatever,whether…or,nomatterwho(when,what,…)等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语SusanE.g.Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.Childasheis,heknowsalot.Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)yousay,I’llneverchangemymind.八、比较状语从句比较状语从句常用than,so(as)…as,themore…themore等引导。E.g.Ihavemadealotmoremistakesthanyouhave.Hesmokescigarettesasexpensiveashecanafford.Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.九、方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as,asif(though),theway,ratherthan等引导。E.g.YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.Heactedasifnothinghadhappened.十、使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。E.g.We’llgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow.I’llwritetoyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。E.g.When(hewas)stillaboyoften,hehadtoworkdayandnight.If(youare)askedyoumaycomein.If(itis)necessaryI’llexplaintoyouagain.3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。E.g.Youaretofinditwhereyouleftit.（地点状语从句）Tellmetheaddresswherehelives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）Idon’tknowwherehecamefrom.（宾语从句）Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.（主语从句）Thisplaceiswheretheyoncehid.（表语从句）4、as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。（1）as引导时间状语从句，意为“当…时”。例如：As(hewas)ayoungman,hewasastorekeeperandlaterapostmaster./Hesangasheworked.高.考.资.源.网（2）as引导方式状语从句，意为“象…一样”。例如：WemustdoasthePartyteachesus.　（3）as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”，例如：Asyouaretired,youhadbetterrest.　-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan（4）as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”Childasheis,hecandoitwell.(=Althoughheisachild,hecandoitwell.)另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：Ihavethesamebookasyou.II、实战演练用适当的连词填空：1.Dr.Bethune(白求恩)cametoChina__________hewasfifty.2.Hebegantowork__________hegotthere.3.Let"sbeginourmeeting__________everyoneishere.4.IliketheEnglishpeople,__________Idon"tliketheirfood.5.__________yougoinChina,youcanseesmilingfaces.6.Hedidn"tcometothelecture,__________hewasverybusy.7.__________wehadenoughtime,wewalkedtothecinema.8.Theywillhelpyou__________youmeetwithdifficulty.9._________wecametotheuniversity,wehavelearntquitealot.10.Ididn"tjointhemyesterdayevening__________Ihadtogotoanimportantmeeting.11.Wewouldtrytogetacar__________wecouldalltraveltogethermoreeasily.12.Shewouldn"tforgethermother"sbirthday__________sheseldomwrotetoherfamily.13.We"redoingeverythingwecantomakethingsaseasyforyou___________wecan.14.Themeetingbecamesodisorderly__________thespeakerhadtoshouttheaudiencedown.15.Hewasangrier__________everbefore.16.__________youlockallthedoors,hecanstillmanagetogetin.17.Theboywassotired__________hefellasleeponthebus.18.Hard_________hetried,hecouldn’tforcethedooropen.答案：二、1.when;2.assoonas;3.as;4.though;5.Wherever;6.because;7.Since;8.whenever;9.Since;10.because;11.sothat;12.though;13.as;14.that;15.than;16.Evenif;17.that;18.as专题十六倒装句和省略句I、重点难点解析倒转句的考查主要从以下几个方面入手：1）含有否定意味的词置于句首，部分倒装；2）only＋状语/状语从句置于句首，部分倒装；3）so/such…that句型中，so＋形容词/副词提前，部分倒装；4）表示方位的副词或介词短语放在句首，要完全倒装。一倒装句用法一览表-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan分类倒装条件句型结构例句完全倒装Therebe…句型Therearemanystudentsinourschool.表地点的介词短语置于句首：地点状语+谓语(be,lie,sit等)+主语Neartheriveris/standsapinetree.here,there,now,then(只用过去式),up,down,away,out等副词位于句首Outrushedtheboy.Thencametheteacher.直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首，主句倒装。结构：“,”said/askedsb.“Youhadbetterstayathome,”saidmymother.强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Fastenedtothepoleisthenationalflag.Wesawahouse,infrontofwhichstoodatalltree.部分倒装主谓宾结构的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?/Whydidyoubuyit?seldom,never,little,hardly,nowhere,bynomeans,innotime等表否定意义的副词或短语置于句首。SeldomdoeshewatchTV.BynomeanswillIgiveuptrying.Only+状语置于句首Onlywhenyouhavegrownupcanyouunderstandyourparents.notonly…butalso…连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒Notonlydoeshedowellinstudy,butalsoheisreadytohelpothers.neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so/such…that中such/so的修饰成分置于句首时前倒后不倒SofastdidhespeakthatIdidn’tfollowhim./Suchgoodplayersaretheythattheyoftenwin.as引导的让步状语从句Childasheis,heknowsalot.so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事Hecanplaythepiano.SocanI.wedidn’twin.Neitherdidthey.表示祝愿的祈使句Mayyouhaveagoodtrip.省略if的虚拟条件句：结构：Were/Had/Should+主语+谓语动词WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitthisway.二特别提示1.Therebe结构的倒装句型中，there后还可接lie,live,seemtobe等。例如：Therelivedanoldmaninthevillagelonglongago.2.here,there,now,then(只用过去式),up,down,away,out等副词位于句首，主语为代词时不倒装。例如：Outherushed.3.直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首，主句倒装。但是主语为代词时不倒装。“Youhadbetterstayathome,”shesaid.4.So位于句首不倒装的情况：主语与前句相同，表赞同,译为“确实如此”。例句：---Mikestudieshard.---Sohedoes.（确实是。)比较:（---SodoI.我也是。）5.表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事，前句如果列举了两种事实以上，用“Soitis/waswithsb/sth.”回答。---Tomiskindandoftenhelpsthoseintrouble.---Soitiswithhisfather.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan省略句高考命题导向：省略是一种避免重复，保持简洁的语法手段。缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分，但在一定语境中能够独立存在，意义明确，并且能发挥交际功能的句子叫做省略句。高考主要是考查省略在固定结构中的运用。省略句用法一览表分类说明例句句子成分的省略省略主语(It)Doesn"tmatter．没关系。省略谓语IwonthefirstraceandTom(won)thesecond．我赢了第一场比赛，汤姆赢了第二场。省略宾语Idon"tknow(it)．我不知道这件事。省略表语Isheastudent?Yes，heis(astudent)．他是一名学生吗?是的，他是。省略定语Partofthemoneybelongstomymotherandtherest(ofthemoney)belongstomyfather．一部分钱属于我妈妈，其余的钱属于我爸爸。省略状语Hewasnothurt．(How)Strange!他没有受伤。真奇怪!省略从句Iwouldaccepttheinvitation(ifIwereyou)．(如果我是你)我会接受邀请的。省略整句WillyouteachEnglishtothestudents?Yes．(IwillteachEnglishtothestudents．)你要教学生英语吗?是的。小品词的省略省略介词Heisbusy(in)doinghishomework．他正在忙着写作业。省略连词thatIamsure(that)wewillsucceed．我确信我们会成功。省略关系代词Thisisthedress(which)IboughtinShanghai．这是我在上海买的裙子。固定结构中的省略强调句型强调疑问词时，常省略强调句型中的thatWhenwasit(that)youreceivedhise-mail?你收到他的电子邮件是什么时候?在if，when，though，asif等连词引导从句时，如从句中的主要动词是be，常将主语和be动词省略If(itis)necessary，wewillgotherebyair．如果有必要，我们会乘飞机去那里。Henrylookedaboutasif(hewere)insearchofsomething．亨利向四周环视，似乎在寻找什么。在口语中，为了避免重复，不定式可以省去和前面句子相同的动词，只保留不定式符号toYoumaygohomeifyouwishto(gohome)．如果你愿意，你可以回家了。由固定词组引导的疑问句Howaboutplayingfootball?去蹋球怎么样?Whynotgotherewithus?为什么不和我们一起去?用so，not等来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句义Canhefinishtheworkontime?Ithinkso．(Ithinkhecanfinishtheworkontime．)他能按时完成工作吗?我认为他能。并列复合句中一些相同的成分可以省略Wetriedtohelpherbut(wetried)invain．我们试着帮助她，但是没有用。Thisclockworkswellbutthatonedoesn"t(work-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susanwell)．这个钟表运行得很好，但是那个不行。II、实战演练根据括号中的提示完成句子。1.Notuntil__________________(I;shout)atthetopofmyvoice________________(he;turn)hishead.2.Iwontheprizeatlast.Neverinmylife___________________(I;feel)sohappy.3.Hardly_____________________(thethief;see)thepolice___________heranaway.4.---Hurryup!There_______________________(thebell;go).---Mygoodness!HasMrsLicomeyet?---Look!Here___________________(he;come)5.Notonly___________________(he;like)singing,but__________________(he;have)agoodvoice.6.---Davidhaspassedthefinalexamsmoothly.---So_________________(he;have),and___________________(I,have).7.So____________________(he;befrightened)inthedarknessthathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.8.Up_________________________(theballoon;go)intotheair.9.Atthefootofthemountain_________________________(avillage;lie)10.I’vtriedveryhardtoimprovemyEnglish.Butbynomeans_______________________(theteacher,besatisfied)withmyprogress.11.IfJoe’swifedoesn’tgototheparty,neither______________________.(他也不去)12.Should_________________________(如果明天下雨),wewouldhavetoputoffthesportsmeet.13.Child__________________(尽管只是孩子),heshowsgreatconsiderationtowardstheothers.14.---Mikehadn’tpassedtheexamandwasafraidofbeingscolded.---________________________.(我也一样)15.________________________________(我们一听到铃声)thanwerushedintotheclassroom.16.---Hehasn’tfinishedtheworkyet.---Well,he_________________.(本该完成)17.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif_______________(see)whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.18.---Isyourmotherateacher?---No,butshe__________________.(过去是)19.---DoyouknowAnna’stelephonenumber?---_______________.(恐怕不知)Asamatteroffact,Idon’tknowanyAnna,either.20.---Whoshouldberesponsiblefortheaccident?---Theboss,nottheworkers.Theyjustcarriedouttheorder____________(按被告诉的).答案：1.Ishouted;didheturn2.haveIfelt3.hadthethiefseen;when4.goesthebell;hecomes5.doeshe;hehas6.hehas;sohaveI7.frightenedwashe8.wenttheballoon9.liesavillage10.istheteachersatisfied11.willhe12.itraintomorrow13.as/thoughheis14.Soitwaswithme.15.Nosoonerhadweheardthering16.should/oughttohave17.tosee18.usedtobe19.I’mafraidnot20.astold专题十七强调句I、重点难点解析高考命题导向：“It-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susanis/was…who/that…”强调句型是重要的句型之一，是高考考查的重点之一。此句型可强调主语、宾语、状语。如果强调谓语时，用do/does/did+动词原形。高考通常考查强调句与几个易混句型连词的使用和强调句的问句。强调句型注意事项一览表强调句型注意事项说明例句1强调主语，其后的谓语动词和主语在人称和数上保持一致。Itishewho/thatoftendoesgooddeeds.ItisIwho/thatamlookingforyou.2强调部分除了指人可用who/whom,其他只能用thatItisthebookthatIwant.3notuntil…句型的强调句ItwasnotuntilyoutoldmethatIrealizedmymistake.可转换为以下句型：1)NotuntilyoutoldmedidIrealizemymistake.2)Ididn’trealizemymistakeuntilyoutoldme.4与主语从句(Itis/was…that-clause）的区别1)Itistrue/afactthattheywonthegame.(it是形式主语)2)ItwasinXiamenthatIfirstmethim.(强调句的特点：去掉Itwas…that后句子仍成立。5与“Itbe…before(时间过多久才…)/since(自…以来多长时间了)句型的区别1)Itwastwohoursbeforeheworkedouttheproblem.(两个小时后他才算出这道题)2)Itistwoyearssincehejoinedthearmy.(他参军两年了)6与“Itbe…when/where定语从句的区别1)Itwasin1919thathewasborn.((强调句)Itwas1919whentheMay4thMovementtookplace.(定语从句)2)ItwasinBejingthatImethim.((强调句)ItwasBeijingwhereImethim.(定语从句)II、实战演练填入适当的连词或疑问词1.ItwasalongtheMississippiRiver______________MarkTwainspentmuchofhischildhood.2.Itistheabilitytodothejob___________matters,notwhereyoucamefromorwhatyouare.3.---Whatwasthepartylike?---Wonderful.Itisyears___________Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch.4.ItwasOctober__________theyfinallycamebacktotheirhometown.5.ItwasinthelabthatwastakenchargeofbyProfessorLi____________theydidtheexperiment.6.Itwillbemorethan100years____________thecountrybeginsonceagaintolookasitdidbefore.7.___________isitthathasmadePeterwhatheistoday.8.I’vealreadyforgotten_____________itwasthatyouputthedictionary.9.Ihavealwaysbeenhonesandstraightforward,anditdoesn’tmatter__________itisIamtalkingto.10.Itwas_____________hedid______________frightenedme.答案：1.that2.that3.since4.when5.that6.before7.what8.where9.who10.what;that专题十八虚拟语气I、重点难点解析虚拟语气的高考命题导向：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不是表示客观存在的事实。真实语气与虚拟语气的区别主要在谓语动词的形式上。在做题时，要根据语境，判断出是与那种时态相反的虚拟语气。一虚拟语气在从句中的用法和构成一览表类别用法例句if引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式（be用were）；主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词；主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式；主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.其他状语从句asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.evenif/though引导的从句,与现在将来/事实相反:从句动词用过去式,主句动词用should/would+动词原形。与过去事实相反:从句动词：had+过去分词；主句动词：should/would+have+过去分词Eveniftheyweretofail,theywouldn’tlosecourage.宾语从句demand,suggest,order,insist等表命令、建议、要求后的从句中动词（should）+动词原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的从句中分别用过去式、过去完成式和could/would+动词原形表示与现在、过去和将来情况相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.主语从句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中，谓语动词用（should）+动词原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.表语从句和同位语从句作idea,advice,order,demand,request等表命令、建议、要求的词的表语从句和同位语从句，其谓语动词用（should）+动词原形Myadviceisthatyou(should)finishyourhomeworkfirst.Theideathatyou(should)goisright.其他句型中Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形It’shightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!二其他要注意的事项1.虚拟语气中出现be的过去式，只能用were。2.suggest表“暗示、表明”和insist表示“坚持认为”,其后的宾语从句用陈述句语气。例如：Youpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill./Heinsistedthathewasright.3.if虚拟语气条件句中如有had,should,were，可省略if,将其提前引起倒装。例如：WereIyou,Iwouldremain./Hadyoutoldmeearlier,Iwouldn’thavemissedit.4.可用with,butfor代替虚拟语气条件句。例如：Butforyourhelp.Iwouldhavefailedtheexam.Withoutairtherewouldbenolife.1.asif/though,evenif/though也可以不用虚拟，表示真实的情况。例如：Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.II、实战演练用所给动词的适当形式填空1.---Ifhe________________(warn),he________________(nottake)thatfood.---Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.2.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit_________________(break).3.Iwouldratherthey_________________(nothear)ofthenews.4.IwishI_______________(have)aroomofmyownwhenIwasachild.5.Tothesurpriseofthepublic,theidentificationofthecauseofsuchasimpleevent___________________(take)morethanayear.6.Withoutairtoholdsomeofthesun’sheat,theearthatnight_______________(be)freezingcold,toocoldforustostay.7.IfIhadworkedharderatschool,I_____________________(sit)inacomfortableofficenow.8.Herpalefacesuggestedthatshe_____________(be)ill,andhercolleaguessuggestedthatshe_____________(have)amedicalexamination.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan1.Iinsistedhe____________(go)toseeadoctor,butheinsistednothing__________(be)wrongwithhim.2.Heasksthathe_______________(give)anopportunitytoexplainwhyhe’srefusedtogothere.3.Itishightimewe_____________(get)downtodiscussingthisplan.4.Ifitwerenotforthefactthatyou___________(be)toobusy,Iwouldaskyoutohelpmedothisrightnow.5.Whodoyousuggest__________________(send)toworkthere?6.Iwouldhavecomeearlier,butI________________(notknow)thatyouwerewaitingforme.7.Ifit_______________(rain)tomorrow,theoutingwouldbecancelled.答案：1.hadbeenwarned;wouldn’thavetaken2.werebroken3.didn’t4.hadhad5.shouldhavetaken6.wouldbe7.wouldbesitting8.was;have9.go;was10.begiven11.got12.are13.besent14.didn’tknow15.should/weretorain专题十九主谓一致I、重点难点解析主谓一致的高考命题导向考点主要分布在：语法结构对主谓一致的影响；充当主语的词汇意义对主谓一致的影响；复合句中的主谓一致等。主谓一致是指主语和谓语要保持人称和数上的一致，主语的“人称”和“数”决定谓语动词的变化。一主谓一致原则一览表原则概念例句语法一致原则指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式SteveEmberisagoodplayer．Childrenliketoys.意义一致原则指主语形式上为单数．但表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数．但表示单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式Myfamilyarehavinglunchnow．Newsistravellingfastnowadays．就近一致原则谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式取决于最靠近它的主语Thereisaknifeandtwoforksonthedesk．Eitheryouorheistogo．二概念归纳：1.表时间，距离，金额，重量，数字等的复数名词作“整体”看时，谓语常用单数。Twohoursisquiteenough.2.以-s结尾的名词作主语时，根据其意思来决定谓语动词的单复数。1)表学科的名词(physics)、书报名(theTimes)、国名(theUnitedStates)或组织名称(theUnitedNations)及news－单数2)单复同形的名词，如：means,works等。Everymeanshasbeentried./Allmeanshavebeentried.3)theOlympicGames－复数3.集体名词作主语时，视其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数：1)people,police,cattle等名词－复数2)clothing,furniture,equipment等名词－单数3)family,class,government等名词表示整体时单数，表单位成员时复数。4.anumberof/avarietyof＋复数名词，the＋形容词指“一类人”时作主语，谓语用复数thenumberof/thevarietyof＋复数名词，the＋形容词指抽象的“事物”时，谓语用单数如：Thebeautifulislovedbyall.（表抽象的概念）5.以and连接的两个名词作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式，但名词有each,every,no修饰时,谓语动词用单数。Walkingandridingaregoodexercises.Eachboyandeachgirlwantstohaveaholiday.注意：当and连接的两个单数名词在意义上指的是同一人，物或概念时，仍用单数。-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语SusanTheteacherandwriterispopularwithhisstudents.(区别：Theteacherandthewriterare…)6.动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语用单数。但what引导的主语从句视后面的表语而定。Whatweneedistime./Whatweneedarebooks.7.主语后接with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,but,except,besides,like,ratherthan,inadditionto等短语时，谓语根据主语用单复数。8.在“oneof＋复数名词＋who/that”引导的定语从句中的动词用复数，但当one之前有等the(only/very)修饰语时，从句中的动词则用单数。Thisisoneofthegirlswhowerelateforschoolthismorning.Thisistheonlyoneofthegirlswhowaslateforschoolthismorning.9.glasses,shoes,trousers等复数名词若其前有pair/kind/type/boxof等量词修饰时，谓语根据量词的单复数而定。10.由“alotof/lotsof/plentyof/halfof/therestof/mostof+名词/代词或分数/百分数＋名词”作主语时，谓语视其所接的名词决定单复数。Three-fifthsofthebooksareintendedforthepoorstudents.Therestofthemoneybelongstoyou.11.由or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso等连接的名词/代词作主语及therebe结构，谓语与靠近的主语一致。NotonlywebutalsotheteacherlikeslisteningtoMP4.Thereisabookandtwopensonthedesk.12.不定代词(all指人除外)，manya＋名词单数,morethanone作主语时,谓语用单数。Allhasbeenfinished./Allarelateforthemeeting.II、实战演练一用BE动词或所给动词的正确形式填空1.TheUnitedStatesofAmerica__________oneofthemostdevelopedcountriesintheworld.2.Everymeans__________tried,butinvain.3.NotonlymysisterbutalsoI________goodatpainting.Bothofus_________goodpainters.4.Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearly___________agoodhabit.5.I,who_________yourteacher,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.6.“All________presentandall_________goingonwell,”thechairmansaid.7.Theold_________takengoodcareofinourcountry.8.Anironandsteelworks,withsomeotherfactories_________tobebuilthere.9.Thenumberofpeopleinvited__________fifty,butanumberofthem_________absentfordifferentreasonsyesterday.10.Iaswellasthey__________readytohelpyou.11.Whatweneed___________enoughwater,butwhattheyneed__________houses.12.Herfamily__________largerthanmineandherfamily_________watchingTVnow.13.There________abigtableandsixchairsinthedinningroom.14.Therestoffood__________(leave)fortherestofthestudentswho__________(have)gonetothelibrary.15.Weneedoneofthestudentswho__________atthemeeting.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho__________(speak)Englishfluently.16.Manyastudentsinourclass___________popmusicwhilemanystudentsintheirclass__________(like)classicmusic.17.Eachofthem__________Chinesefood.Theyeach__________(enjoy)Chinesefood.18.Theworkerandwriterreferredto___________(go)towriteacomedy.19.Thiskindofcartoons__________wellinthebookstorewhilecartoonsofthatkind__________(sell)badly.20.Noboyandnogirl_________________(prevent)bytheheavyrainfromtakingpartintheactivity.答案：1.is2.hasbeen3.am,are4.is5.am6.are,is7.are8.is9.was,were10.am11.is,are12.is,are13.is14.isleft,have15.speak,speaks16.likes,like17.enjoys,enjoy18.isgoing19.sells,sell20.wasprevented.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan专题二十直接引语和间接-62-语法与练习四维教育·高中英语SusanI、重点难点解析一、直接引语和间接引语的区别：直接引语直接引述别人的话，用“”间接引语转述别人的话，不用“”二、直接引语改为间接引语时，如引述动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应的变化。遵循下列规律：在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词thisthatthesethose时间状语nowThentodaythatdayyesterdaythedaybeforelastweektheweekbeforetomorrowthenextdaynextyearthenextyeartwodaysagotwodaysbefore地点状语herethere动词时态（以work为例）一般现在时（work）一般过去时（worked）现左进行时（is/areworking）过去进行时（was/wereworking）现在完成时（has/haveworked）过去完成时（hadworked）一般过去时（worked）过去完成时（hadworked）过去完成时（hadworked）（不变）（hadworked）一般将来时（willwork）过去将来时（wouldwork）动词变化can/maycould/mightmusthadtocomegobringtake三、各种句型的直接引语改成间接引语时的相应变化：各种句型变化要领例句陈述句连接词用that，在口语中可省Shesaid:“Hewillbebusy.”→Shesaidthathewouldbebusy.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan一般疑问句用if或whether，改为陈述语序ShesaidtoTom,“Canyouhelpme?”→SheaskedTomif/whetherhecouldhelpher.特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词，改为陈述语序Theteacherasked,“howdidyourepairit?”→TheteacheraskedmehowIhadrepairedit.祈使句用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构Themothersaid,“Tom,getupearly,please.”→ThemotheraskedTomtogetupearly.四、直接引语变间接引语时，几种不变的特殊情况：不变的情况例句1．直接引语是客观真理，谚（习）语Theteachersaid,“Theearthgoesroundthesun.”→Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.2．被引述的部分是反复出现的，习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在Hesaid,“Wearestillstudents.’→Hesaidtheyarestillstudents.3．引语中有明确的表示过去的时间状语，时态不变Hesaidtome,“Iwasbornin1978.”→Hetoldmethathewasbornin1978.4．引述部分含有insist,suggest,demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句，变间接引语时，引语中的主从句时态都不变Shesaid,“Hedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.”→Shesaidhedemandedthatthegirlleaveatonce.5．引述动词是现在时，则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变Shesays,“I’llneverforgetthemoment.”→Shesaysthatshe’llneverforgetthemoment.II、实战演练每空填一个单词，将下列直接引语变为间接引语。1.Myfathersaid,“Practicemakesperfect.”→----Myfathersaidpractice_____perfect.2.Theboysaidtous,“Iusuallygetupatsixeveryday.”→----Theboytoldusheusually_____________atsixeveryday.3.Theengineersaid,“Iwasatcollegein1967.”→----Theengineersaidhe_____atcollegein1967.4.Myunclesaid,“Isowedmycarrotseedyesterday.”----Myunclesaidcarrotseed.-62-语法与练习 四维教育·高中英语Susan5.Thefarmerssaid,“Wepickedthesecabbagesthreedaysago.”----Thefarmerssaidthatcabbages`.6.Heskedme,“What"stheweathergoingtobeliketomorrow?”----Heaskedmetheweathertobelike.7.Theteachersaidtous,“Lighttravellsmuchfasterthansound.”----Theteacherlight.8.Shesaidtome,“I"veleftmyforkinyourroom.”----Shethatforkin.9.Hesaid,“Iwillcomeheretonight.”----Hesaidthat.10.“Didyouplantricelastweek?”hesaidtous.----Heplantedrice.11..“Areyouready,children?”askedMrsLi.----MrsLiaskedready.12..“Whereisyourbrotherploughingnow?”heasked.----Heaskedbrotherploughing.13.Shesaid,“Howmanytimesdoyouharvestcropseveryyear,Mike?”----Sheaskedhowmanytimescropseveryyear.14.“CanIborrowthisbookofyours,MissGao?”askedtheboy.----TheboyaskedMissGaoborrowof.15.“Howlongdidittakeyoutoremovetheweeds?”heaskedthefarmers.----Heaskedthefarmershowlongtheweeds.16.“Pleasehavearest,”thefarmersaidtous.----Thefarmerarest.17.Oneofthestudentssaid,“Letmegoonwiththefarmwork,UncleWang.”----OneofthestudentsUncleWangwiththefarmwork.18..“Don"ttakeoffyourblouse,”LilysaidtoLucy.----LilyaskedLucyblouse.答案：1makes2.getsup3.was4..thathehadsowedhis,thedaybefore5.theyhadpickedthose,threedaysbefore6.what,wasgoing,thenextday7.toldus,travelsmuchfasterthansound8.toldme,shehadlefther,myroom9.hewouldgotherethatnight10.askedusif(whether)wehad,theweekbefore11.herchildrenif(whether)theywere12.mewheremy,was,then13.Mike,heharvested14.if(whether)hecould,thatbook,hers15.ithadtakentoremove16.askedustohave17.asked,tolethimgoon18.nottotakeoffher-62-语法与练习