《英语语法总结》word版 35页

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羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇薂螇袆肆蚅羂膄肅莄螅肀肅蒇羀羆膄蕿螃袂膃蚁薆膁膂莁螁膇膁薃薄肃膀蚆袀罿腿莅蚂袅腿蒈袈膃膈薀蚁聿芇蚂袆羅芆莂虿袁芅蒄袅袇芄蚆螇膆芄莆羃肂芃蒈螆羈节薁羁袄芁蚃螄膃莀莃薇聿荿蒅螂羅莈薇薅羁莈莇袁袇莇葿蚃膅莆薂衿肁莅蚄蚂羇莄莄袇袃蒃蒆蚀膂蒂薈袅肈蒂螀蚈肄蒁蒀羄羀肇英语常用语法讲与练第一节动词时态的典型用法（Tenses）英语中动词时态常见的有16种,参见下表:体时间一般体进行体完成体完成进行体现在1)一般现在时do/does5)现在进行时am/is/aredoing9)现在完成时have/hasdone13)现在完成进行时have/hasbeendoing过去2)一般过去时did6)过去进行时was/weredoing10)过去完成时haddone14)过去完成进行时hadbeendoing将来3)一般将来时shall/willdo7)将来进行时willbedoing11)将来完成时willhavedone15)将来完成进行时willhavebeendoing过去将来4)过去将来时should/woulddo8)过去将来进行时wouldbedoing12)过去将来完成时wouldhavedone16)过去将来完成进行时wouldhavebeendoing就其用法各举一例如下：1）Waterboilsat100℃.2）HewenttoBeijingtentimesin2000.3）Iwillgobeforehecomes.4）ShewouldnotleaveuntilIreturned.5）Iwillthinkitoverwhileyouarecollectingmaterials.6）Shetoldmetowakehimupifhewassleeping.7）IwillbesittinginfrontoftheTVsetthistimetomorrow.8）HepromisedthathewouldbelookingaftermydogwhenIlefthere.9）Wehaven’theardfromeachotherforthreeyears.10)JanehadlearnedChinesebeforeshecametoChina.11)Bytheendofthisterm,Iwillhavetaughtathiscollegefor10years.12)YesterdayMr.Lisaidhewouldhavebeeninthiscollegefor10yearsbytheendoftheterm.35 13)Hehasbeenwritingletterssincehismorning.14)Afterdrivingforalongtime,shesuddenlyrealizedthatshehadbeendrivinginthewrongdirectionalltheafternoon.15)Bythetimethesunsets,theywillhavebeenworkingonthefarmfor6hours.16)YesterdayMr.Lisaidhewouldhavebeenteachinginthiscollegefor10yearsbytheendoftheterm.1一般现在时(thesimplepresenttense)1)经常发生或反复发生的动作:Hesmokesalot.Howoftendoyougoswimming?2)现时的情况与状态:Iknowyouarebusy.Howdoyoulikethiscity?3)永恒的真理:Summerfollowsspring.Thesunrisesintheeast.ⅰ还常常用于静态动词(表示一种状态的动词),代替使用进行时态:如mean,seem,hate,surprise,guess,feel,hope,sound,need,know,understand,wish等.ⅱ表示现在时刻发生的动作:运动解说,演示说明,动作描述,剧情介绍,舞台动作说明,用来指引道路,图片说明.ⅲ表示将来情况:表示规定,时间表,计划或安排要发生的事情,这时有一个表示未来时间的状语,只限于少数动词,如arrive,be,begin,close,come,depart,dine,end,finish,go,leave,open,return,sail,start,stop.另外在由if,unless,evenif,when,after,before,assoonas,aslongas,as等引导的时间或条件从句中,一般只能用一般现在时表示将来的动作.Turnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.Ifwehurry,wemaycatchthebus.35 ⅳ表示过去动作的用法,只限于少量动词,如hear,say,tell等.Yes,youanswerquitewell.Oh,Iforgetwhereshelives.此外,故事性读物中戏剧性的描绘,报纸标题中,小说章节的题目中,引用书面材料时.ⅴ常常和一般现在时一道用的副词和状语.如now,today,often,usually,normally,generally,weekly,seldom,never,ever,atthemoment,onceamonth,nowandthen等.2.现在进行时(thepresentcontinuoustense)1)表示现在正在进行的动作:Theyaretalking;theyaren’tworking.Myheadisaching.2)表示现在这个阶段正在发生的事(但说话的一刻不一定在进行):Areyoustayingatthehotel?What’syourdaughterdoingthesedays?ⅰ在进行时用于表示将来动作的用法:如果主语是表示事物的名词作主语,动词都以一般现在时表示将来动作,如果以人为主语,表示是安排要进行的动作,一般用现在进行时.ⅱ另外,还有begoingto这个结构经常用来表示未来的情况,一是表示准备,打算干什么,二是表示即将发生的情况.I’mgoingtobuysomecassettetapes.Ohdear!It’stentonine.I’mgoingtobelate.ⅲ有在时间或条件从句中,有时会用现在进行时表示未来动作.Whileyouaretravelingthere,youmustvisittheseplaces.ⅳ表示经常性动作的用法,这时都表现某类情绪.这类句子常带有always,constantly,forever,continually,perpetually这类副词.Sheisforevercomplainingaboutherjob.Youarealwaysleavingyourclothesonthefloor!ⅴ至有一些静态动词也用于现在进行时.35 I’mhopingyouwillcome.ⅵ除了以上这些,还可用于戏剧式的描绘,解说词,暂时的情况,新闻标题等.3.现在完成时(thepresentperfecttense)现在完成时是一个把过去和现在联系起来的时态.谈的都是已经发生的事,但和现在都有某种关系,就是指从过去某时到现时,某事已完成或已经发生.如:I’velostmypassport.Hashefoundhercarkey?这个时态经常和just,already,yet,ever,always,before,sofar,for,since,howlong等词连用.I’vealreadypostedyourletters.有时表示从过去到现在这一段时间内发生的事.I’vebeentheretwicethisyear.有时表示持续到现在的状态.I’vewaitedaweekforyouranswer.havegoneto/havebeento和time连用的情况havegotto=haveto4.现在完成进行时(thepresentperfectcontinuoustense)现在完成进行时表示一个由过去某时起一直持续的动作,这动作可能刚刚停止,也可能正在进行.如:Thegroundiswet.Ithasbeenraining.You’reoutofbreath.Haveyoubeenrunning?用这个时态经常有一个表示现在之前这一段时间的状语,如allday,forsomeyears,since,recently,howlong,long,all等.有时表示在持续的一段时间中动作的多次重复(而动作不一定在持续):JimhasbeenphoningJerryeverynightforthepastweek.35 第二节动词语态的典型用法(Voices)英语语态有两种：主动语态(activevoice)和被动语态(passivevoice)。一般来说，被动语态的主语是动词的承受者，即动作的对象。被动语态的形式是：be+过去分词。常用的被动语态构成形式如下：一般时态进行时态完成时态现在1）am/is/aredone5）am/is/arebeingdone7）have/hasbeendone过去2）was/weredone6）was/werebeingdone8）hadbeendone将来3）shall/willbedone_________9)shall/willhavebeendone过去将来4）should/wouldbedone_________10）should/wouldhavebeendone举例：1)Acarispoweredbygasoline.1)Alleyeswereturneduponhim.2)Otherprocesseswillbediscussedbriefly.3)Themanagersaidthatthematterwouldbediscussedatthenextmeeting.4)Whoisbeingoperatedon?5)Atthattime,Ididn’tknowwhowasbeingoperatedon.6)Nodecisionhasbeenmadeaboutthematteryet.7)IwasinformedthatthemeetinghadbeenpostponedtillnextFriday.8)Hurryup,ortheticketswillhavebeensoldoutbythetimewegetthere.9)Hehidhimselfinapileofdryweeds.Otherwisehewouldhavebeendiscovered.除了以上这些,不定式,分词,动名词也可有被动态.如:Theobstaclehastoberemovedinthepath.（不定式的被动式）Beingattackedbycriminals,hecriedoutforhelp.（分词被动式）Hetriedhisbesttoavoidbeingmisunderstood.（动名词被动式）Thebuildingcanbecompletednextweek.（带情态动词的被动式）35 ★特别提示：①有些动词以主动形式出现，却有被动含义。Theknifecutswell.Theclothfeelssmooth.②短语动词构成的被动语态中，介词或副词不可省略。Moreschoolsandhospitalswillbesetupinthenearfuture.Timemustbemadegooduseof.③主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词(see,hear,watch,make,let)后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动语态中带to。Shewasseentopassbythewindow.Hewasheardtosingmidnight.④主动形式表被动意义的几种情况。a.某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以用主动表示被动意义，如look,smell,taste,feel,sound,prove,wear等。Theflowersmellssweet.Hervoicesoundsbeautiful.b.在want,need,deserve,require和worth后，可用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。Thehousewantsrepairing.(=toberepaired)Thenovelisworthreadingtwice.(=tobereadtwice)c.在某些做表语的形容词后用不定式的主动形式表被动意义。Heishardtoplease.Thepassageisdifficulttoread.⑤有少数动词的进行时可以表示被动意义。Thebreakfastiscooking.Thebookisprinting.⑥被动语态除用“be+过去分词”表达外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构表达。Hegotpunishedforhiswrongdoing.Hegotscoldedbyhisparents.35 ⑦不及物动词不能用于被动语态，如appear,die,happen,belongto等。及物动词大多数都能用于被动语态，但某些表示静态意义的及物动词不能，如fit,cost,lack,suit,contain等。Thebookcosts10Yuan.Thehatdoesn’tsuitme.35 第三节句子与从句(SentencesandClauses)1.英语的句子按使用目的可分为四类：陈述句(DeclarativeSentences)疑问句A．一般疑问句(GeneralQuestions)B．特殊疑问句(SpecialQuestions)C．选择疑问句(AlternativeQuestions)D．反意疑问句(DisjunctiveQuestions)祈使句(ImperativeSentences)感叹句(ExclamatorySentences)1)陈述句用来陈述一个事实或者观点.Maryarrivedquiteearlythismorning.2)一般疑问句以助动词(do,does,did,have,had,be,will,would,shall,should),情态动词(can,could,may,might,must,oughtto)开始,通常要求以Yes或No回答。DidMaryarriveearlythismorning?3)特殊疑问句通常以一个疑问词开始,语序要倒装:who,what,which,when,where,how(howlong,howsoon,howoften).WhendidMaryarrivethismorning?4)选择疑问句一般用or来连接两个选择部分,不能用Yes或No回答。Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffeeorshallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?5)反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后,加一个简短问句,对前面事实加以订正,确认或反诘的一种问句形式.Maryarrivedquiteearlythismorning,didn’tshe?6)祈使句上无主语句,表示请求,叮嘱,命令,号召等.OpentheclassroomforMary,please.7)感叹句用来表示强烈的感情或情绪,句首由what或how引导,句末加感叹号.HowearlyMaryarrivedthismorning!Whatahard-workinggirlMaryis!35 2.英语的句子按结构分，可分为三类：简单句(SimpleSentences)并列句(CompoundSentences)复合句(ComplexSentences)A.名词性从句(NounClauses)a.主语从句(TheSubjectClauses)b.表语从句(ThePredicativeClauses)c.宾语从句(TheObjectiveClauses)d.同位语从句(TheAppositiveClauses)B．定语从句(TheAttributiveClauses)C．状语从句(TheAdverbialClauses)1)简单句:句子各成分都只是由单词或短语表示,而且句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子.其中主语可以是并列主语,谓语可以是并列谓语.Maryisagoodstudent.Herose,putonhiscoatandwalkedoutoftheoffice.Mr.SmithandMr.Bankwitnessedacaraccidentlastevening.2)并列句:包括由对等连接词连接的两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子.连接词可以是and,or,but.SarahandKathyweregoodfriends,buttheirfriendshipbrokeupintheend.Environmentpollutionisaworldwideproblemandit’shardtohandle.Hurryuporwe’llmissthetrain.3)复合句:由一个主句和一个或几个子句(从句)构成的句子.句中主谓结构不止一个,但它们是有主从这种层级差别的.从句是主句的一个句子成分,可以担当主句的主语,表语,宾语,同位语,定语,状语.ⅰ主语从句(TheSubjectClauses)：①Thathewonthefirstprizeisknowntousall.②Whichteamhaswonthegameisnotknownyet.③Whoeverleavestheroomlastshouldturnoffthelight.④Whether(ornot)Peterwillattendthelecturehasn’tbeendecidedyet.⑤Whathesaidistrue.⑥Whowillchairthemeetinghasnotbeendecidedyet.⑦Whateverisworthdoingshouldbedonewell.35 ①Wheretogoforapicnichasnotbeendecided.②Itisstillaquestionwhetherhewillcometohelp.ⅱ表语从句(ThePredicativeClauses)：③Theproblemisthatwe’velostourway.④Thequestionishowwecangetintouchwithhim.⑤Thisiswhathesaidtome.⑥Thequestioniswhetheritisworthtrying.⑦Itseemsthatitisgoingtosnow.⑧ThereasonwhyIwasangryisthathehadrepeatedthesamemistake.⑨Itisbecausethattheplanshouldbecarriedoutimmediately.ⅲ宾语从句(TheObjectiveClauses)：⑩Hesaid(that)hedidn’tlikeher.⑪Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcome.⑫HeaskedwhomIborrowedthemoneyfrom.⑬Wedidn’tknowwhyshedidn’tcome.⑭ThepictureremindedmeofwhatIhadeverseennearalake.⑮Pleasetellmewhenweshalldiscussourworkplan.⑯Wethoughtapitythatyouwereunabletoattendourmeeting.⑰Iamafraidthatmyfatherwillbebacksoon.⑱Idon’tthinkhecandoitbetterthanme.⑲Idoubtthatshewillstaythere./Idoubtwhether(if)shewillstaythere.ⅳ同位语从句（TheAppositiveClauses）：⑳Thenewsthatapartyistobeheldmakesusveryexited.21Therearosethequestionwherewecouldgoforthecoldnight.22Ihavenoideawhathashappenedtoher.23Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewaslate?35 ⅴ定语从句(TheAttributiveClauses)关系代词that在从句中作主语/宾语指物指人1)Thisisthefarmthatbelongstohisfather.2)ThebookthatIboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.1)Theboythatyousawjustnowismykidbrother.2)Whoisthegirlthatistalkingintheroom?which在从句中作主语/宾语指物1)Passmethebookwhichisonthedesk.2)Wouldyouletmehavealookatthebookwhichyouboughtyesterday?Who,whom在从句中作主语和宾语指人1)Thisistheprofessorwhogaveusaninterestinglectureyesterday.2)Thisisthecouncilorwhomyoucanturntoforhelpatanytime.whose在从句中作定语指物/人1)Thisistheboywhosefatherisalawyer.2)I’dlikethatroomwhosewindowsfacesouth.关系副词When时间IstillrememberthedaywhenIenteredcollege.where地点ThephotoremindsmeoftheparkwhereImetMaryforthefirsttime.why原因Sheavoidedtalkingaboutthereasonwhyshewaslateagain.⑴that可以替代物和人,但有时和which,who(whom)不能通用.★只能用that的情况:①当先行词是everything,anything,something,nothing,all等不定代词时Youcantakeeverythingthatyoufinduseful.②当先行词被all,only,little,much等不定代词修饰时ThatistheonlythingthatIcandonow.③当先行词被形容词的最高级,序数词(first,second)以及last,next等顺序词修饰时Sheisoneofthemostremarkablewomenthateverlived.④当先行词既有人又有物时Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyhadvisited.当句子中已出现了which,who(whom)时,为了避免重复Whichwasthehotelthatherecommendedtoyou?35 ★不能用that的情况:①在非限制性定语从句中Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.Which引导的非限制性定语从句,有时可以代表主句中的一部分:JohncanwritealetterinFrench,whichMarycannot.②当关系代词作从句介词宾语时,如果介词前移而关系代词紧跟其后时Thisisthebookwhich/thatyouaskedfor.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.⑵as连接定语从句①主要用在thesamen./pron…as,so…n./pron.as…,such…n./pron.as…,as可替代先行词是人或物的名词.thesamen…结构中,可用as也可用that.Thisisthesamewatchas(that)Ihavelost.②as引导非限制性定语从句,可代替整个句子,对其进行说,意为”正如/正像…”,从句和主句用逗号隔开,其位置可在主句前,中,后.HeisaChinese-American,asisshowninhisaccent.③常见的as引导的结构有:asiswellknown,asisoftenthecase,asmaybeimagined,ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenpointedout,asishoped,asisusualwithsb.,asisnatural.⑶but只可用于限制性定语从句,同具有否定意义的主句连用.Therewasnoonebutknewthesecretalready.⑷定语从句中关系代词的省略,主要指which,that,who,whom作宾语时,或作介词宾语时,该介词不处于句首时.Thisisthebook(that/which)Iboughtyesterday.Thisisthegirl(whom)heworkedwith.35 ⅵ状语从句(TheAdverbialClauses)类别引导词时间when,while,as,before,after,since,till/until,assoonas,whenever地点where,wherever因果because,since,as,for,inthat目的sothat,inorderthat结果that,sothat,so…that,such…that条件If,unless,so(as)longas,sofaras让步though,although,nomatter,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever比较as,as…as,notas(so)…as,than行为方式as,asif,asthough相反意义while35 第四节主谓一致与代词一致(TheSubject-verbAgreement)主谓一致有三大原则:语法一致原则:即形式上的一致.主语为单数形式,谓语动词也用单数形式,反之亦然.概念一致原则:即意义上的一致.从意义上考虑,主语为单数形式但意义上是复数(如集合名词),谓语动词要用复数形式,反之亦然.邻近原则:谓语动词的数和最临近的主语部分保持一致.1.语法一致原则1)以单数名词或代词以及不可数名词作主语时,单.2)动词不定式,动名词短语或从句作主语时,单.Toworkhardisnecessaryinone’ssuccess.2.概念一致原则1)一个国家,机构名称,书刊名称等作主语时,单.Theunitedstateswasformedin1976.2)表示时间,距离,重量,度量,价值等的复数形式作主语表示一个概念时,单;数学运算中,单.Anothertwoweeksistoolong.Fivetimesfivemakestwentyfive.3)表示学科名称的词形式上是复数,但表述的是一门学科,单.Economics,electronics,ethics,linguistics,mathematics,phonetics,politics,statistics.4)有些名词形式是复数,但意义是单数,单.News(新闻),chaos(混乱),means(方法,手段),works(工厂),species(种类),series(系列)5)由any,every,no,some与thing或body,one构成的合成代词和either,neither,each,one,another等不定代词/副词作主语时,单.Everythingisready,isn’tit?6)集合名词作主语表示整体概念时,单.(government,audience,club,committee,crew,group,staff,police)35 Hisfamilyisnotverylarge.7)由and连接的单数名词若表达一个整体的事物或概念时,单.Timeandtidewaitsfornoman.8)由each,every,manya等词修饰的名词哪怕是以来连接的词组,其意义都是单数,单.InChina,everyboyandgirlhastherighttocompulsoryeducation.9)noneof结构作主语时,正式时用单,非正式时用复.Noneofthedrivershas/haveturnedup.3.邻近原则1)有时谓语动词的数与最靠近的主语保持一致,主要出现在由either…or,neither…nor,whether…or,notonly…but(also)…,or等连接的并列主语情况下和therebe句型中NeitherhenorIamgoingtoleaveforBeijing.2)alotof(lotsof),plentyof,partof,restof,someof,themajorityof…等表示数量的词组以及表示几分之几或百分之几的概念与名词连用作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于该名词的单复数.Lotsofdamagewascausedbythefire.3)用连接的并列主语,一般情况谓语应用复数形式.但当以下短语修饰主语时,谓语动词的单复数不受其影响.(也就是说,这种情况并不是联合作主语,只有前者是主语.如:accompaniedby,alongwith,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,but,except,besides,with,togetherwith,like,including,inadditionto等.Mybrother,togetherwithJaneandJames,isgone.4)theadj.或分词表示一类人或事物时,谓语动词用复数.Thericharenotalwaysselfish.5)不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数,但如果不可数名词前有表示复数的数量词修饰时,则应该用复数.Threemilliontonsofcoalwereconsumedeveryyearinthiscollege.6)作主语时,尽管意义上是复数,谓语动词习惯上用单数.Morethanonestudenthasbeeninfectedwithsuchdisease.35 第五节虚拟语气(TheConjunctiveMood)英语中有三种语气：陈述语气，祈使语气，虚拟语气。1.陈述语气用来陈述事实；2.祈使语气用来表述请求，命令：3.虚拟语气表示对过去或现在某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况的假设，或表达说话者的主观愿望（往往实现的可能性较小或根本不可能实现），建议，命令，劝告，要求。从句主句与现在的事实相反did(一般过去时)woulddo与过去的事实相反haddone(过去完成时)wouldhavedone将来不大可能发生Should/woulddo(或wereto)dowoulddo1.介词短语或转折连词含蓄地表示,如burfor,without,otherwise,or,intheabsenceof等Withoutteachers’help,hewouldn’thavemadesuchagreatprogressinhisstudy.2.在非真实条件从句中的if有时可省略，这时从句中的主语与谓语部分要倒装。HadIalotofmoney,Iwouldbuythishouse.Wereshenotill,shewouldhelpagreatdeal.Shouldhecomeearly,tellhimtowaitforme.3.在动词wish后的宾语从句中IwishIwereasstrongasyou.IwishIrememberedhisaddress.IwishIhadn’tmadethatmistake.Iwishhewouldn’tcometomorrow.4.在“愿望，请求，建议，命令”等意义有关的名词性从句中这些可以是宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，构成形式：（在书面语中往往省略），用以表达说话人对某事的态度或看法，如“应该”，“最好”，“必须”等。35 ①动词类：commanddirectorder（命令）decide（决定）demandrequestrequire（要求）desire（希望）proposesuggestrecommend（建议）urge（敦促）maintain（坚持说）insist（坚持）②名词类：advice/decision/desire/order/proposition（建议）/request/requirement/suggestion/proposal等。③形容词类：(Itis)advisable/desirable/necessary/essential/important/urgent/vitalthat…等形式中。注：当suggest作“暗示，表明”解时，而insist表示“坚持认为”的内容不是“建议，命令，希望，愿望”等主观看法而强调其是事实时，其后的从句用陈述语气。5．在asif/asthough引导的方式状语从句中Heactedasifnothinghadhappened.Thetworivalsgreetedeachotherasiftheywereoldfriends.Hetreatedherthatwayasifshewerehissister.当主句的谓语是appear/feel/look/seem/taste/smell等感官系列动词的现在时态时，句子是表示一种接近事实的推测或趋势，从句也可不用虚拟语气。Itlooksasifastormwillsooncome.Thismeattastesasifithasalreadygonebad.Itseemsasifwe’llhavetogohome.Itsoundsasifhedoesn’tknowwhattodo.6．在wouldrather/wouldsooner/hadrather/wouldjustassoon后面的宾语从句中，用V-ed/haddone表示虚拟，意思是“宁愿，希望”。Iwouldratherthatyouwentatonce.（动作未发生）He’dratherthathehadnotdoneit.（动作已发生）I’dratherthatyouhadnotmarriedher.I’djustsoonthatyoudidn’tspeakrudelytoher.7．在Itis(high/about)time(thatwedid…)句型中，用V-ed或should+V.表示虚拟（但我们经常使用V-ed形式）。Itistimethatwewenthome.35 Itishightimethatweshouldputanendtothisdiscussion.8.lest/forfearthat/incase引导的状语从句中（表示“以防，万一”，用should+V.表示。Shetookherumbrellawithherlestitshouldrain.Takearaincoatincaseitshouldrain.9.ifonly句子中，表示强烈的希望或遗憾，意为“但愿”，“要是…该多好”。Ifonlywehadarrivedintime!IfonlyIwerestillyoungandbeautiful!Ifonlytherainwouldstop!Ifonlyyouwouldtryharder!10．在表示祝福或愿望以及诅咒的感叹句中Longliveourmotherland!(May)yousucceed.(May)hedieimmediately.35 第六节反意疑问句(Disjunctive/TagQuestions)反意疑问句是在陈述句后再附加一个简短问句，进行反问或诘问。构成方式是：“助动词+主语+问号”。构成基本原则是：1）陈述句是肯定的，问句用否定属动词；陈述句是否定的，问句用肯定助动词。2）问句的主语和助动词要与陈述句的主语在人称，数，性，时态等方面保持一致。一.陈述句谓语动词为have的反意疑问句：1.Hehasn’tanysisters,hashe?Doesn’thaveanysisters,doeshe?Youhavenoquestionstoask,haveyou?2.Youallhadagoodtime,didn’tyou?Youoftenhaveheadaches,don’tyou?3.Shehastolookafterthebaby,doesn’tshe?Theyhadtotaketheearlytrain,didn’tthey?二．含有情态动词的反意疑问句：1.Youmustworkhardnextterm,mustn’tyou?Youmustgohomerightnow,needn’tyou?Youmustn’twalkongrass,mustyou?YoumusthavebeentoBeijing,haven’tyou?Tommustbehungry,isn’the?2.Sheoughttogobyplane,oughtn’tshe/shouldn’twe?3.Youneedn’thandinyourpaper,needyou?Hedoesn’tneedtogothere,doeshe?Hedaredoit,daren’the?Hedoesn’tdaretoasktheteacher,doeshe?4.Heusedtogetupearly,usedn’the/didn’the/usedhenot?Thereusedtobeapeachtreeinthegarden,wasn’tthere?5.Hecan’tbeadoctor,ishe?Theworkerscan’thavefinishedtheirwork,havethey?35 一．谓语动词含有hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldlike的反意疑问句：You’dbettergonow,hadn’tyou?You’drathergothereearly,wouldn’tyou?He’dliketogo,wouldn’the?二．陈述部分主语是代词的反意疑问句：1.Thisisournewheadmaster,isn’tit?ThoseareJapanese,aren’tthey?2.Oneshouldbereadytohelpothers,shouldn’tone?Onecan’tbetoocareful,canyou?3.Eachofthestudentshasadictionary,hasn’the?Eachofthestudentspassedtheexamination,didn’tthey?4.Noneofhismoneyisleft,isit?Noneofhisfriendsareinterested,arethey?Noneofhisfriendshascome,hashe?5.Somethingwillhavetobedoneabouttheprice,won’tit?Everybodyiskindtoyou,aren’tthey?Noonelefthereyesterday,didthey?Someoneturnedthatradiodown,don’tthey?Neithersidecouldwin,couldthey?Everythingthathesaysisfalse,isn’tit?6.Iamolderthanyou,aren’tI?Iamworkingnow,ain’tI/amInot?7.Iwishtoseethemovienow,mayI?IwishIwereyou,mayI?三．含有宾语从句的反意疑问句：Heneversaidshewouldcome,didhe?Youdidn’ttelluswhyyouwerelateforthemeeting,didyou?Idon’tthinkhecanfinishthework,canhe?Ididn’texpectthatshewouldcome,wouldshe?Idon’tbelievesheknowsit,doesn’tshe?35 Iimaginethatpeoplelikeher,don’tthey?IsupposeHenry’ssinging,isn’the?六．含有主语从句、表语从句的反意疑问句：Whathelacksiscourage,isn’tit?That’swhereyouarewrong,isn’tit?Thingswerenotasyouimagined,werethey?Itisn’tsurprisingthathewastheonlymanqualifiedforthejob,isit?Howyouwillhandlethematterisforyoutodecide,isn’tit?七．陈述句中出现表示否定意义的词的反意疑问句：Hehasfewgoodreasonsforstaying,hashe?Shehardlywritestoyou,doesshe?Nothingcanstopusfrommovingforwardnow,canit?cf::Hewasunsuccessful,wasn’the?八．祈使句中的反意疑问句：1.Let’shaveameeting,shallwe/shan’twe?Letmehaveatry,willyou?Letmedoitforyou,mayI?2.Readthetext,willyou?Openthewindow,won’tyou?Waitforme,canyou?Comehere,wouldyou?3.Don’tmovethechair,canyou?Don’tmakeanynoise,willyou?九．含有并列连词的反意疑问句：NeitheryounorIamwrong,arewe?Hecanneitherreadnorwrite,canhe?BothTomandSmithareEnglish,aren’tthey?十．陈述部分主语是the+adj.Thepoorhadnorighttospeakatthattime,didthey?Theagedarewelltakencareof,aren’tthey?35 第七节强调句型(TheEmphaticPatterns)1．Itis/was…that(who)…句型主要用来强调主语，宾语，状语这些谓语动词以外的成分，但不可以强调定语或单独强调中心词。Itwashethat(who)metyoursisterinthezooyesterday.Itwasinthezoothathemetyoursisteryesterday.Itwasyesterdaythathemetyoursister.Itwasbecauseherbrotherwasillthatshedidn’tgowithus.2.Itwasnotuntil…that…句型主要用来强调表示时间的名词或时间状语，意为“直到…才…”。Itwasn’tuntillastnightthatIrealizedthatIhadbeenwrong.Itwasnotuntillateintheeveningthatwearrivedatthedestination.3.用do(did)强调谓语动词Docometoourparty,please.Ididseehimjustnow.Idohavefinishedmyhomework.1.OnlybypracticewillyoubeabletoimproveyourspokenEnglish.Onlyatcollegecanyouimproveyourselfquickly.Howbeautifultheflowersare!Howfastheisrunning!35 第八节倒装句(Inversion)英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。一、倒装的类型类型例句说明完全倒装Outrushedthestudentstowelcometheforeignfriends.学生们涌出去欢迎外国友。整个谓语移至主语之前。部分倒装Seldomdoeshegotoschoollate.他上学很少迟到。只把系动词，情态动词，助动词或表语放在主语之前。二、倒装结构的基本用法1、由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装情况例句说明疑问句中Haveyougotadictionary?你有一本字典吗？WheredidhegolastMonday?上星期一他去什么地方了？Areyoulisteningtotheradio?你在听广播吗？Whotoldyouthenews?谁告诉你那个消息的？用完全或部分倒装，但以疑问词或疑问词修饰的名词作主语的疑问句要用正常语序。therebe结构中Therearethreewellsinourvillage.我们村里有三口水井。Therestandsabigpapermakingfactorybytheriver.河边有座大型造纸厂。　在以here,there,now,then,in,upaway,down等副词开头的句子中Hereisaletterforyou.这儿有你一封信。Theregoesthebell.铃响了。Nowcomesyourturntoplay.现在轮到你玩了。Awaywentthecrowdonebyone.人们一个一个地离去。Look,therehecomes!看，他来了。Downshewent她下来了。使用完全倒装结构。但如果主语是代词则用正常语序。在以neithernor或nomore开头的句子中Ican’tswim,nor(neither)canshe.我不会游泳，她也不会。Hehasn’tbeentothecountryside;neitherdoeshewanttogothere.他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。Hedidnotturnup.Nomoredidhiswife.他没有来，他妻子也没有来。表示也不这样，neither和nor意思相同,可以替换用nomore表示动作的程度并不比面提到的稍强.意为也不…。用在as（尽管）引导的让步状语从句中Proudasthenoblesare,heisafraidtoseeme.尽管这些贵族很傲慢，他却害怕见我。Youngasheis,heknowsalot.虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。从属连句as用于特殊语序，含义与though,although相同，但“as”这种结构可表示非常强烈的对照，必须用倒装2、为了加强语气而使用的倒装。（使句子更加流畅，更加生动）35 情况例句说明含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时Neverbeforehaveweseensuchasight.以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。LittledidIthinkthathecouldbebackalive.我没有想到他竟能活着回来。NotuntilNewYear’sDayshallIgiveyouagift.我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。Notonlywaseverythingthathehadtakenawayfromhim,butalsohisGermancitizenship.不仅他所有的一切被没收了，而且连他的德国公民权也被剥夺了。常用否定词有：never,not,hardly,scarcelyseldom,little,notuntil,notonly…butalso,nosooner…than,hardly(scarcely)…when等。一般主句用部分倒装结构。副词only放在句首时Onlythendidherealizehismistakes.只有在那时，他才认识到自己的错误。Onlyinthiswaycanyoulearnmath’swell.只有用这种方法，你才能学好数学。OnlyMothercanunderstandme.只有母亲最理解我。Onlythreeofusfailedintheexam.我们中只有三个人考试不及格。only起强调作用，其句型为“only+状语+部分倒装”。如置于句首的only修饰主语，则不用倒装结构。虚拟语气条件从句中Weretheyhere,theywouldhelpus.他们要是在这儿，他们会帮助我们的。HadIbeeninformedearlier，Icouldhavedonesomething.我要是早得到通知，我就能干事了。Shouldyoufail,takemorepainandtryagain.万一你失败了，就要更加刻苦，重新再干。把从句中if省略将were，had或should放在主语的前面。直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时“Heisacleverboy”saidtheteacher.老师说：“他是个聪明的孩子。”“Go,Dick,go!”criedTom,“Gohomeandgethelp”“走，狄克，走！”汤姆呼喊着，“快回家去求援”“Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?”heasked.他问“你认为这部电影怎么样？”“I’mleavingforHongkongnextmonth”Marytoldmeyesterday.玛利告诉我“我下月要去香港”。主句主语和谓语次序颠倒，用完全倒装。但如果主句主语为代词时或谓语部分比主语长，一般不用倒装。表示祝愿的句子中Mayyousucceed!祝你成功。LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina.中国共产党万岁！谓语动词或谓语的一部分放在主语的前面。副词so在句首Heisinterestedinpop-songs,andsoamI.他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。Theywilllearnchemistrynextterm,sowillI.他们下学期学化学，我也学。Icandriveacar,socanmyyoungerbrother.我会开汽车，我弟弟也会开车。表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人或另一事物的肯定句中。　—TomwonthefirstprizefortheEnglish35 competition.－Sohedid.英语竞赛汤姆获得了一等奖。确实如此。Itwascoldyesterday.Soitwas.昨天天气冷。的确冷。如果后面的句子只是单纯重复前句的意思，不表示也适用于另一人或事，则不用倒装结构。在频度状语often,always,manyatime等开头的句子中Oftendidwewarnthemnottodoso.我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。ManyatimehasshehelpedmewithmyEnglish.她不止一次地帮助或学习英语。　在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首Thusendedhislife.这样结束了他的生命。Soloudlydidhespeakthatevenpeopleinthenextroomcouldhearhim.他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋里的人都听得见。　介词短语作状语，放在句首Inthemiddleoftheroomstoodalittlegirl.在房间中央站着一个小女孩。Inthedistancewasahorse.马在远处。　在强调表语的句子中SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplemanofgreatachievements.阿尔伯特·曼因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个纯朴而又取得巨大成就的人。Suchislife.生活就是这样。Nearbyweretwocanoesinwhichtheyhadcometotheisland.附近有两只他们来这个岛乘坐的独木船。表语提前，不仅为了强调，而且为了使句子结构达到平衡协调，或使上下文紧密衔接。第九节非谓语动词和独立主格1.动词不定式to+V一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。2.动名词V-ing一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。35 3.过去分词V-ed一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。（一）动词不定式(Infinitive)(1)：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等afford,agree,aak,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,claim,consent,decide,demand,desire,endeavor,expect,fail,fear,hate,help,hesitate,hinder,intend,learn,manage,neglect,offer,plan,pledge,prefer,prepare,pretend,refuse,resolve,start,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,wantHepledgednevertocomebackuntilhehadmadegreatsuccess.Ihesitatetospendsomuchmoneyonclothes.我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。(2)：在下列情况下常用不带（或省略）to的动词不定式：1).感官动词后面：feel,listen,hear,lookat,notice,see,watch,observe,perceiveIsawamanentertheshop.2)表示使役意义的动词，如：have,let,makeTheteacherhasuswriteacompositioneveryweek.3).一些情态动词后面：hadbetter,wouldrather…than…，wouldsooner…than…，ratherthan,maywelldo，mayaswelldo(还是…好了)，cannotbut…，cannothelpbut…Ratherthanwaitanyone,Idecidedtogohomebytaxi.Wemightaswellputupherefortonight.4).在do(did,does,done)nothing(anything,everything)but(except)do句型中Icandonothingbutfollowyouradvice.如果but或except之前没有do，其后的to不能省略。Thereisnochoicebuttowaitandsee.5).由all,what引导的主语从句或者主语被only,first,one,least或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。WhatIhavetodoistakearest.TheonlythingIcoulddowasdoitmyself.6).由并列连词and，except,but,than,or35 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。I’dliketostaywithyou,helpyouandlearnfromyou.Shetoldustostayathomeandwaittillshecameback.Totryandfailisbetterthannottotryatall.尝试而失败也比不尝试好。注意：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比，则不能省略to。Hehasn’tdecidedweathertoquitortostay.他还没有决定是去还是留。Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion.是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。 (3)：有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider,discover,discuss,explain,guess,know,inquire,observe,show,teach,understand,wonder等。Iwonderwhotoinvite.我不知请谁。Askmybrotherwheretoputthecar.问一下我哥车停在哪儿。（二）动名词(Gerund)(1)：直接接动名词做宾语的动词和词组admit,avoid,advise,allow,anticipate,appreciate,consider,delay,deny,dislike,dread,encourage,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,feellike,finish,forbid,forgive,imagine,involve,mind,miss,permit,postpone,practise,prevent,propose,recall,recollect,resent,resist,risk,stop,giveup,can’thelp,can’tstand,suggestForbidsmokingontrains.火车上禁止吸烟。Wehavetopostponesendingouranswertotherequest.我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。注意：上述动词中allow,advise,forbid,permit,recommend在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语。如：allowsomebodytodosomethingIrecommendedgoingbysubway.我建议坐地铁去。Thedoctorrecommendedmetotakeafewdays’rest.医生劝我休息几天。(2)：下列短语中to为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。keeptoapplytoindifferencetolookforwardtowithaneyetoamounttocommit…tobefamiliartostanduptowithregardto35 taketoowe…tobefaithfultoputone’smindtowithaviewtoturntoresign…tobesuperiortogetdowntobeopposedtosucceedtoattribute…tobesensitivetoliveuptoinrelationtoadmittodedicate…tobedevotedtoowingtoaidtopointtolimittobecommittedtothankstoobjecttoNowomancouldsucceedtothethrone.妇女不能继承王位。Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.我盼着再见到你。 (3)：在demand,deserve,need,require,want,worth等词后面接动名词表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。Mysockswantmending/tobemended.Thisgrammaticalruledeservesmentioning.Thatnoveliswellworthreading.(4)：在下列it作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。Itisnouse（nogood,nopoint,nosense,awasteoftime等名词）+doingsth.Itisgood(nice,interesting,useless等形容词)+doingsth.;Thereisnopoint(use,sense,good等名词)+doingsth.It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.后悔没有用。It’ssimplyawasteoftimeandmoneyseeingthatmovie.Thereisnopointinmygoingouttodatesomeone.现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。Ifinditnogoodadvisinghimtogowithus.我发现建议他和我们一起去没什么好处。 (5)：在“havedifficulty(trouble,problem,pleasure,adifficulttime)(in)doingsth.”结构中，后接动名词；但注意takethetroubletodosth.,havenotimetodosth.后接不定式。Theteachershavehadsomeproblemsdecidingwhentheyshouldreturnthefinalpaperstothestudents.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus. (6)：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。例如：35 ⅰremembertodosth.记得将要去做某事Pleaseremembertotakethemedicine.（还没吃）rememberdoingsth.记得已经做过某事Iremembertakingthemedicine.（已经吃过）ⅱforgettodosth.忘记了该做的事情Iforgottomailtheletter.(没有发信)forgetdoingsth.忘记了已经做过了的事情Iforgotmailingtheletter.(忘记曾经发过信)ⅲstoptodosth.停止手中的事去做另一件事Westoppedtohavearest.stopdoingsth.停止正在做的事情Ireallymuststopsmoking.ⅳgoontodosth.继续做另一件事情Thepresidentwelcomedthenewstudentsandthenwentontoexplainthecollegeregulations.goondoingsth.继续作正在做的事Peterwentonsleepingdespitethenoiseoutside.ⅴtrytodosth.努力，试图去做某事Hetriedtoclimbthetree,buthecouldnot.他试图爬树，可爬不上去。trydoingsth.尝试，试着做某事Shetriedcookingthemeatinwineinsteadofwater.她曾试验把肉用酒煮而不用水煮。ⅵmeantodosth.打算做某事Idon’tmeantoberude,butcouldyoustopsmoking?meandoingsth.意味着做某事Jumpingfromjobtojobmeanslosingsomebenefit.ⅶregrettodosth.对某事感到遗憾Iregrettotellyouthatyoufailedthetest.regretdoingsth.后悔做过某事Iregretlendinghimsomuchmoney.Heneverpaidmeback.(7)：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，所表达的意义无太大的差别。考试中一般很少涉及到,这些动词有：begin,continue,commence,discontinue,attempt,intend,plan,decline,dislike,fear,hate,like,love,neglect,omit,can’tbear(stand,endure),prefer（三）非谓语动词其它(1)：独立主格结构35 分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾，常常在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语（一般为名词），它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系，就用现在分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。至于分词的时态则要看它与句子的谓语动词的关系，如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，则用完成式，即havingdone或havingbeendone。其他情况下，通常用分词的一般式。分词的独立结构前也可以有with，without或there。with本身没有词义，there实际上是引导词，being后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。Weatherpermitting,we’llbegoingfishingtomorrow.Thestudentshavingfinishedreadingthetext,theteacherwentontoaskthemsomequestions.Allthemoneyhavingbeenspent,westartedlookingforwork.Withherhairbeautifullydone，thecustomerleftthehair-dresser’shappily.Withnightcomingon,theywenthome.天晚了，他们回家了。Helefthome,withoutasinglewordsaid.没说一句话，他就离开了家。Therebeingnothingtodo,weplayedgames.没什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。(2)：非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构tobedone不定式的被动态表示将来的动作beingdone用来表示动作的正在（被）进行或者表示原因、条件等done(havingbeendone)表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态Areyougoingtoattendthemeetingtobeheldnestmeeting？Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.DidyouattendthepressconferenceheldinBeijinglastweek?Allflightshavingbeencancelled,theyhadtotakethetrain.(3)：分词短语的固定表达方式，通常作句子状语，一般不受句子主语的限制。如：35 accordingto…(根据),judgingfrom…（从……判断）,talkingof…（谈到）,owingto…（由于）,takingeverythingintoconsideration…（全盘考虑）,allowingfor…(考虑到…),leaving…ononeside…(抛开……不谈),generallyspeaking(总的说来),franklyspeaking(坦率地说),roughlyspeaking(粗略地说),honestlyspeaking(老实说),strictlyspeaking(严格地说),theoreticallyspeaking(从理论上说)(四)不定式作句子成分的用法举例：Tohaveacarhaslongbeenmydream.（主语）Toberichovernightisnotpossible.（主语）Idon’tmeantogothere.（宾语）Wedecidedtomovetothenewhouse.（宾语）WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.（表语）Ourtasktodayistopaintthebuildingwhite.（表语）Irecommendyoutodowhathesays.（宾补）I’llgetsomebodytorepairthemachine.（宾补）Isthereanythingmoretosay?（定语）Youhavenotingtoworryabout.（定语）Inordernottobelate,wetakeabus.（目的状语）Wearenotrichenoughtoaffordthathouse.（结果状语）2.动名词作句子成分的用法举例：Takingthisjobinvolveslivingabroad.（主语）Seeingisbelieving.（主语）Idon’tfeellikedoinganything.（宾语）Wouldyoumindclosingthewindow?（宾语）Ifyoupersistinbreakingthelaw,you’llgotoprison.（介词宾语）Whoisresponsiblefororganizingtheparty?（介词宾语）Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.（表语）Ourpurposeisgettingwhatyouoweus.（表语03.分词作句子成分的用法举例：35 developingcountries（定语）developedcountries（定语）Hearingthenews,sheburstintotears.（原因状语）Singingandlaughing,theywalkedby.（伴随状语）Givenchances,he’lldoanexcellentjob.（条件状语）Ihaveacarwaitingatthedoor.（补语）Iheardhimcomplaining.（补语）WhenIarrived,Ifoundhimseriouslyinjured.（补语）Hecan’tbeathome.JustnowInoticedhisdoorlocked.（补语）词类35 句子是由单词组成的,单词根据词义及在句子中的作用可分为下面十大类,称为词类.词类英语名称作用例词名词Nouns(n.)表示人或事物的名称boy,flower代词Pronouns(pron.)用来代替名词或数词等they,some动词Verbs(v.)表示动作或状态等.work,know形容词Adjectives(a./adj.)用来修饰名词或代词等pretty,useful副词Adverbs(ad./adv.)用来修饰动词,形容词或副词slowly,very介词Prepositions(prep.)用在名词,代词等前面,表示与别的词的关系for,from冠词Articles(art.)用在名词前帮助说明其词义a,the数词Numerals(num.)表示数目或顺序two,third连词Conjunctions(conj.)用来连接词与词或句与句but,if感叹词Interjections(interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气oh,ah词尾名词词尾:-er(fighter)–or(sailor)–ist(scientist)–ant(assistant)–ee(employee)–ian(librarian)–tion(action)–ment(government)–dom(freedom)–ness(dryness)–ism(socialism)–ship(friendship)–ure(failure)–ty(safety)–ence(difference)动词词尾:-ize(modernize)–en(strengthen)形容词词尾:-ful(careful)–less(homeless)–ish(selfish)–ive(active)–ous(dangerous)–able(agreeable)–ible(sensible)–y(rainy)–ant(ignorant)–al(cultural)–ent(different)–ese(Japanese)副词词尾:-ly(happily)–ward(backward)–wise(likewise)数词词尾:-teen(sixteen)–ty(fifty)–th(fifth)一个词可以用于不同词类,如名词用作动词,动词用作名词,形容词用作动词,只有在上下文中才能决定一个词的词类.英语的五种基本句型:35 1.主语+不及物动词:S+VIThelittlegirlsmiled.2.主语+及物动词+宾语:S+VT+OSheknowsEnglish.3.主语+(双宾)动词+间接宾语+直接宾语:S+VT+O1+O2Hetoldusastory.4.主语+系动词+表语(补语):S+V+CShelookeddelighted.5.主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语:S+V+O+CThenewsmadeussad.35 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