【5A版】英语语法大全.ppt 621页

EnglishGrammarUnitTwoNoun 1、可数(countable)与不可数(uncountable)名词的转换；2、名词的单(singular)、复数(pluralform)；3、名词作定语(复合名词)；4、名词的搭配;5、名词的属格；6、词语辨析。Importance 专有名词(ProperNouns)普通名词(CommonNouns)个体名词(IndividualNouns)集体名词(CollectiveNouns)物质名词(MaterialNouns)抽象名词(AbstractNouns)不可数名词(UncountableNouns)可数名词(CountableNouns)名词的种类 可数名词与不可数名词countablanduncountable Q1：Hegainedhis_____byprinting_____offamouswriters.A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中wealth为不可数名词，works作“作品”解，属单复数同形的可数名词。otherun.（consultConP.13）ThendoEx.A,onP14. 名词的可数与不可数之间的转化 1.Ineed______cloth,forI"mhopingtomake______clothes.A.alotof;many   B.much;much C.many;many D.many;alot2.Wewaited______forthebus.A.longtime   B.alongtime   C.thelongtime   D.somelongtime3._____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople‘slivingstandard.A.ManyB.AgreatmanyC.Alargenumberof  D.Agreatdealof4.Theyoungdancerslookedsocharmingintheirbeautifulclothesthatwetook______picturesofthem.A.manyof    B.massesof  C.thenumberof  D.alargeamountof5.Wehaveonlyasofa,atableandabedinournewapartment.Weneedtobuy______morefurniture.A.any      B.many          C.little            D.someABDBD 6.Ihear_______boysinyourschoollikeplayingfootballintheirsparetime,thoughotherspreferbasketball.A.quitealot  B.quiteafew         C.quiteabit       D.quitealittle7.Wealwayskeep________sparepaper,incaseweranout.A.toomuch        B.anumberof          C.plentyof        D.agoodmany8.Manypeopleagreethat____ofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.A.aknowledgeB.knowledgesC.knowledgeD.theknowledgeBC1.有些物质名词表示不同种类时可以有复数形式。如，fishes,fruits,teas,allweathers。2.有些抽象名词表示具体的事物时，是可数名词。如,shame/pity(憾事),interest(乐事),pleasure(乐事),surprise(意外事),disappointment(令人失望的人或事),success(成功的人或事),difficulty(难事),help(帮手)等。A不可数名词与可数名词的转换 3.表示“一场/段/件/种……”时，要用a或an，此时多有形容词或of短语修饰。如，afinerain(一阵细雨),aheavysnow(一场大雪),alongtime(很长一段时间)。4.表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea,coffee,drink,beer等，可以用a(n)或数词修饰，也有复数形式。如twoteasandacoffee(两杯茶和一杯咖啡)；5.有的名词可数与否由意思而定。如：paperglasstimeexerciseexperienceroom见下页 有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass(玻璃)copper(铜)tin(锡)paper(纸)iron(铁)wood(木头)gold(金子)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系）aglass(玻璃杯)acopper(铜币／板)atin(罐头)apaper(报纸，证件，论文)aniron(熨斗)awood(树林)agold(金牌)ayouth(年青人)apower(大国)abeauty(美人，美的东西)apleasure(使人感到愉快的事)arelation(亲戚） 英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。apoem(一首诗)amachine(一台机器)ajob(一件工作)alaugh(一个笑声)apermit(许可证)agarment(一件衣裳)abag(case)(一件行李)aloaf(一只面包)ahair(一根头发)poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发)DoEx2onP16 名词的单复数singularandplural Question1：---Howmanydoesacowhave?---Four.A．stomachesB．stomachC．stomachsD．stomachies以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的名词变复数时加–es；但如果以–ch结尾的名词发音为[k]时，只加–s。另外，以辅音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，需将y变成i，再加-es；以元音字母+y结尾的则直接加-s。以辅音字母加y结尾的专有名词变复数时，也直接加-s。 Question2：The______ofthebuildingarecoveredwithlotsof______.A．roofs;leavesB．rooves;leafsC．roof;leafD．roofs;leafs以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a.加s，如：serf---serfsbelief---beliefsroof---roofschief---chiefssafe---safesgulf---gulfs；b.去f,fe加ves，如：half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolveswife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves；c.均可,如：handkerchief---handkerchiefs/handkerchieves Question3：Whenthefarmerreturnedhomehefoundthree______missing.A．sheepsB．sheepesC．sheepD．sheepies当sheep;deer;fish表示数量时，单复数同形；如果表示不同种类，则需加–s或–es。单复数同形的名词有：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese,Swissworks,means,head Question4：Some______visitedourschoollastWednesday.A．GermanB．GermenC．GermansD．Germens国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：1、单复数同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形：English-Englishman3、加–s或-es：German–Germans详见下表。 6.不同国家的人的单复数名称　　总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermanstwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes Question5：1.Theparticularcattle______visitedbyourschoollastWednesday.A．isB.areC．WasD．were2.This_____mustbetakenimmediately.A．meansB.meanC．meaningD．meanings3.单复数同形的名称：antelope羚羊，bison野牛，buffalo水牛，crab螃蟹，deer，fish鱼，reindeer驯鹿，sheep绵羊；Burmese缅甸人，Cantonese广东人，Chinese中国人，counsel法律顾问，kin亲属，Japanese日本人，Swiss瑞士人；aircraft飞机，craft飞机，spacecraft太船；score二十；series系列；species种类；means方法,brace(双；对), head(牛羊等的头数),précis(文章梗概), series(丛 书；系列), species(物种), works（工厂,工事）bellows(风箱)等。ReadtherelatedcontentsonP.16-18.ThendoEx.3andA,Ex.4. 4.只有复数形式的名词trousers，pants裤子，shorts短裤 ，glasses，compasses圆规，scales天平，pliers钳子，clips剪子,traffic lights交通灯，sports,people,police,cattle,fireworks,goods,belongings,earnings,savings,surroundings,valuables,outskirts.[]5.单数形式和复数形式的词义不同的名词如：air(空气)---airs(气派,架势)       arm(手臂)---arms(武器)ash(灰)---ashes(骨灰；废墟) authority(权利)---authorities（当局）cloth(织物)---clothes(衣服)              content(含量)---contents(目录)custom(习惯)---customs(海关；关税)    damage(损害)---damages（赔偿金）force(力量)---forces(武装部队)         glass(玻璃)---glasses(眼镜)good(利益)---goods(货物)               green(绿色)---greens(青菜)letter(字母)---letters(文学)             manner(方式)---manners（举止，仪态）minute(分钟)---minutes(记录)         pain(痛苦)---pains(劳苦)paper(纸)---papers(文件)              quarter(1/4)---quarters（住处，岗位）spectacle(光景)---spectacles(眼镜)          spirit(精神)--- spirits(烈性酒) DoB,Ex6onP20. 名词作定语CompoundNouns复合名词 Lookat2)复合名词的复数onP21,andthendoThefollowingexercise:复合名词的复数：1.forget-me-not2.dinning-room3.grown-up4.commander-in-chief5.womandriver Q1:The______isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon’tmissit.A.bicycle’sshopB.bicycleshopC.bicyclesshopD.bicycles’shop名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。　　如：sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。　　如：goodstrain(货车)armsproduce武器生产customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷 Q2:Ittookusquitealongtimetogethere.Itwas________journey.A.three-hourB.athreehourC.athree-hourD.threehours“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：aten-milewalk；afive-yearplan但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’s_____walk.A.afourhourB.afourhour"sC.afour-hoursD.afourhours" 名词的属格GenitiveCase 1.MissSmithisafriendof________.A.Mary"smother"s   B.Mary"smotherC.Mother"sofMary   D.Marymother"s2.－Where’syourbrother?－At_____.A.Mr.Green’s      B.Mr.Green  C.theMr.Green’s D.theMr.Green3.—Iwonderwhosebicycleitis.—Itmightbemy________A.neighbour"s    B.dearneighbour C.neighbour     D.neighbours名词的所有格AAA名词的所有格有两种形式：’s式和of式。一般说来，表示有生命的名词和表示时间、国家、距离等的名词的所有格用’s，如Mary’smother,today’snews;表示无生命的事物名词的所有格用of,如thecoverofthebook。但还须注意以下几点： 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：Thisisnotmypen,butMary’s.有时某些’s结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等：WecanmeetatMary’s.Hewenttohissister’sfordinneryesterday.Ihadthedressmadeatthetailor’satthecornerofthestreet.LastweekwevisitedSt.Paul’s. 属格形式应用场合举例用在表示有生命的名词后TomandMike"sroom(两人共有)Tom"sandMike"srooms(两人分别所有)用在时间名词后threeweeks"leave,today"spaper"s属格用在距离,长度名词后twentymiles"journey用在地点名词后China"sindustry用在天体名词后theearth"ssurface用在价格名词后adollar‘sworth详见2）onP.23anddoEx.8of属格用在表无生命事物名词后thedoorofourclassroom双重属格名词前有a,some,any,few,no,several等词修饰时afriendofmybrother"sseveralclassmatesofhis 注1：“of＋名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。afriendofmywife’s（我妻子的一个朋友）anovelofthewriter’s（那位作者的一部小说）注：该名词必须是特指的，不能是泛指的 注2：双重所有格与of所有格的区别如果双重所有格中of前面的名词是portrait,picture,printing,statue,photograph等时,是指有关的人所收藏的肖像或照片等,而不是他本人的肖像或照片。eg：apictureofMary"s玛丽（所拥有）的一张照片apictureofMary玛丽的一张照片 注3：双重所有格若用this,that,these,those修饰of短语前面的名词，以表示爱憎、褒贬等情感Eg:Lookatthosedirtyhandsofyours!IreallyappreciatethisideaofHenry’s.TurntoP.26,anddoEx.10. 名词所有格(ThePossessiveCaseofNouns)somepatterns:I’lltaketheriskforfriendship’ssake.Shewasatherwit’send.Nowtheycouldsingattheirheart’scontent.Weshouldgetthechildrenoutofharm’sway.Wehadbestkeepthematarm’slength.Forgoodness’sake,stoparguing.Janegotthemoney’sworthoutofthecoat.(为了友谊）（黔驴技穷）（尽情地）（不受损害）（保持距离）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算） 历年四级考试名词词语辨析选 1.Thesebooks,whichyoucangetatanybookshop，willgiveyou____youneed.A)alltheinformationB)alltheinformationsC)allofinformationD)alloftheinformations1.[译文]这些书会提供你所需要的所有信息，它们可以在任何书店买到。[解析]information是不可数名词，没有复数形式，故B)、D)本身是错误的。又因为allof后面接不可数名词时，名词前须有定冠词，C)也不可选。只能选A)。 2．Theclothesapersonwearsmayexpresshis______orsocialposition.A)CuriosityB)statusC)determinationD)significance2.[译文]一个人的衣着可以表示他的身份或社会地位。[解析]A)curiosity好奇心，求知欲；B)status身份，地位；C)determination决心；D)significance意义，重要性。根据题意应选B)。另外，or后面的socialposition实际上是对前面并列的status的解释，也是一个重要的选项线索。 3.NiagaraFallsisagreattourist______,drawingmillionsofvisitorseveryyear.A)attentionB)attractionC)appointmentD)arrangement3．[译文]尼亚加拉瀑布是一个令人向往的旅游胜地，每年都吸引数以百万的游客。[解析]A)attraction意为“注意；B)attraction意思是“具有吸引力的人或物”，可引申为“胜地”；c)appointment意为“约会；D)arrangement意为“安排”。根据句意，正确的答案是B)。尼亚加拉瀑布是一处“旅游点”，而不是一种“出游安排”。故不能选D) 4．Alotofantsarealwaysinvadingmykitchen.Theyareathorough______.A)nuisanceB)troubleC)WorryD)anxiety4．[译文]大量的蚂蚁老是进入我的厨房，蚂蚁是非常令人讨厌的东西。[解析]A)nuisance意为“令人讨厌的人（东西，情况等）”（aperson，thingorsituationthatannoysyouorcausesproblems）；B）trouble意为“麻烦，苦恼”（problemsthatmakesomethingdifficult,spoilyourplan,makeyouworry，etc．)；C)worry意为“担心，发愁”；D)anxiety意为“焦虑”，与worry意义相近。蚂蚁是“令人讨厌的东西”，而不是“问题，难题(problem)”，更不是“担忧”，“焦虑”等。故A)是正确答案。 5．Whenpeoplebecomeunemployed,itis_______oftenworsethanlackofwages.A)lazinessB)povertyC)idlenessD)inability5．[译文]当人们失业时，无所事事比失去工资更糟糕。[答案］C)idleness[解析]A)laziness懒惰；B)poverty贫穷；C)idleness无事可干，闲待；D〕inability无能力，无办法。失业引起的什么状况比失去工资更糟糕呢？不可能是poverty，更不可能是laziness或inability，因为失业本身就可能意味着贫穷，而懒惰和无能是某些人的本性，不是失业引起的。所以是C)idleness。 6．SomepeoplewouldliketodoshoppingonSundayssincetheyexpecttopickupwonderful______inthemarket.A)batteriesB)bargainsC)basketsD)barrels6．[译文]有些人喜欢星期天去购物，因为他们希望在市场买到物美价廉的货物。[解析]A)batteries电池；B)bargains便宜的东西，廉价货；C)baskets篮子，筐；D)barrels桶。根据句意：“人们喜欢星期天去购物，”自然是希望买到好的、便宜的东西，便宜的东西是泛指。A)、C)、D)均指具体的物品，与原句句意不符。正确答案是B)。 7．单句改错1．Everyone of us is working hard in the factory.2.  I have caught a bad cold for a week and I can‟t getrid of it.3.  This is the steel plant where we visited last week.4.  Following the road and you will find the store.5.  This is all what Dr. Smith said at the meeting.6.  He promised to come and see us after the supper.7.  John had been here to see you, but he left fiveminutes ago.8.  My mother is busy preparingforsupper.9.  I‟ve heard him but I never know him.10. We got on the school bus and which took us straightto the People‘s Park.1. Everyone-Every one/each    2.caught-had3.  where-which/that    4.  Following-Follow5. what- that; or drop “all”       6.drop “the”.  had beencame   8. drop “for”      9. heard of             10.which-it 7．作文An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点：1）车祸发生的时间及地点2）你所见到的车祸情况3）你对车祸原因的分析要求：字数150个左右。 7．作文An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident（2003年6月）假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点：1）车祸发生的时间及地点2）你所见到的车祸情况3）你对车祸原因的分析[1] My name is Li Ming. [2] I am an English major at Peking University. [3] A week ago, I saw a traffic accident on a rainy day,which still sticks in my mind.  [4] It was at about 9:00 on Saturdaymorning, June 15th. [5] I was talking to my friends on the sidewalk near our universitywhen I heard a sudden noise of clash of metalon metal. [6] It happened just at the crossingnearby. [7] A motorbike was hit by a taxi. [8] I went up and found that the motorbike wasbadly damaged. [9] The driver was groaning on the ground, blooding. [10] The street turned chaotic.  [11] From the stopping track on the road, it is clear that the motorcyclist failed to seethe car coming from behind a truck.  [12] Onthe other hand, the taxi driver was driving too fast on such a rainy day. [13] Anyway, I believe accidents may be reduced or avoided if everyone drives slowly. GrammarPronoun代词 1、人称代词的替代和转换;2、物主代词；3、反身代词；4、不定代词的用法;5、else的用法；6、it的用法。Importance 人称代词和物主代词PersonalandPossessivePronoun 人称代词的指代问题Q1：Itwas____whodidit,butitwas____thatwearetalkingabout.A.he…sheB.him…herC.him…sheD.he…her解析：人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或表语，例如：Johnwaitedawhilebuteventuallyhewenthome.约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作表语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：Isawherwiththem,atleast,Ithoughtitwasher.问题中前后两个分句都是强调句，前面的代词作didit的主语，而后面的代词作talkingabout的宾语。D 2）在使用人称代词时，要注意其人称、数和格的一致。如：JimandIsawthemanpassingby.Betweenyouandme,hestolealotofmoneyfromsomewhere.(私下跟你说吧，不知他从哪里偷了一大笔钱呢。)Heaskedthreeofus,John,Joanandme,tohavedinnerwithhim.Meatandfisharemoreexpensivethantheyusedtobe.不定代词anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，noone，在正式场合使用时，可用he,his,him代替。Nobodycame,didhe?谁也没来，是吗? 3）人称代词的次序1.______allsatsilentunderthetree.A.You,heandIB.I,heandyouC.He,youandID.He,Iandyou2._____aretoblame.YouandIB．B.Iandyou连续使用两个以上的人称代词时，通常单数you放在第一位，I放在最后；复数we放在第一，they放在最后。如果表示责备，则把第一人称放在句首。AB 2.人称代词之主、宾格的替换Q2：—Susan,goandjoinyoursistercleaningtheyard.—Why?Johnissittingtheredoingnothing.A．himB．heC．ID．me解析：在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not后，多用宾格。----IlikeEnglish.--我喜欢英语。----Metoo.--我也喜欢。----Havemorewine?--再来点酒喝吗?----Notme.--我可不要了。D Q3：---MayIspeaktoJohn?---Thisis_____speaking.A.heB.hisC.himD.himself解析：a.在介词but，except后，有时可用主格代替宾格。Allbut_____totheconcerttomorrow.A.heandIamgoingB.heandIaregoingC.heandmearegoingD.hisandmeamgoingb.在电话用语中常用主格。----IwishtospeaktoMary.---我想和玛丽通话。----Thisisshe.---我就是玛丽。DoEx.2onP.30.AB 3.物主代词的性Q4：---IsthiscameralikeBill’sandAnn’s?---No,butit’salmostthesameas______.A.herB.yoursC.themD.theirB解析：形容词性的物主代词修饰名词，不能独用;名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-’s所有格结构，例如：Thatismybook.Thatbookismine.Theirsisaverylargeuniversity.另外，在动名词前常加上形容词性的物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如：Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow? 反身代词(ReflexivePronoun)人称分类第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfthemselvesherselfitself反身代词用法口诀：反身代词表自身，句中可作三成分：表示强调同位语，宾语表语回自身。 反身代词通常作宾语、表语和同位语。a.作宾语：有些动词需有反身代词absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave,help,dress,,…Weenjoyedourselvesverymuchlastnight.Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish.b.作表语；beoneself:Iamnotmyselftoday.我今天不舒服。c.作同位语Thethingitselfisnotimportant.事情本身并不重要。 反身代词构成的词组反身代词在实际运用中可构成许多常用词组：byoneselfforoneselfcalloneselfteachoneselfhelponeselfspeaktooneselfloseoneselfenjoyoneself亲自为自己称自己自学随便吃自言自语=talktooneself迷路自得其乐 靠自己过得愉快自学请随便吃…心里想独自为自己不要客气陶醉／沉浸于自己穿衣服照顾自己ononeselfenjoyoneselfteach/learnoneselfsth.helponeselftosth.saytooneselfbyoneselfforoneselfmakeoneselfathomeloseoneselfin…dressoneselflookafteroneself makeoneselfunderstoodexpressoneselfdevoteoneselftoofoneselfbesideoneselfbetweenourselvesinoneselftooneselfbenotoneselfamongthemselves()Havingdressed____,thegirlhelped____tosomemilk.A.her;herB.her;herselfC.herself;herD.herself;herselfD让别人听懂自己的话表达自己的思想献身于……自发地失常，发狂只限你我之间只限你我之间就其本身而言独自占用或享用身体不舒服他们相互之间 用反身代词短语填空Thedooropened______________.Hehadaflat_____________.Canyoufinishthetask_____________.Goandsee_______________.Playingcardsisnotbad_____________.Butsomepeopleuseittogamble.Thechildrendividedthecake__________________.Allthisis_____________________.Tomisnotlivingwithhisparentsanylonger.Heis__________________now.Hewas__________________withjoy.ofitselftohimselfbyyourselfforyourselfinitselfamongthemselvesbetweenourselvesonhimselfbesidehimself 1.Isaw___playinginthestreetatthattime.A.themB.theyC.theirD.theirs2.Thepenishers.Passitto____,please.A.herB.sheC.hersD.herself3.We____atthepartylastSunday.A.enjoyedmyselfB.enjoyedourselvesC.enjoymyselfD.enjoyedthemselves4.LetTonydoitby____.HeisnolongerakidA.himB.hisC.himselfD.he5.Ourroomisbig,but____isbiggerthan____.A.their;ourB.their;oursC.theirs;oursD.theirs;ourExercisesAABCC 6.Only____knowit.A.IandheB.heandyouC.heandID.Iandyou7."Make____athome."hesaidtohisfriends.A.yourselfB.yourselvesC.youD.yours8.Couldyouhelp___with___English?A.I,myB.me,meC.me,myD.my,I9.Wecan’tleavemygrandparentsby____.A.theyB.themC.themselvesD.their10.Mary,pleaseshow____yourpicture.A.myB.mineC.ID,meExercisesCBCCD 不定代词的用法 A、some/any1.There’s______cookingoilleftinthehouse.Wouldyougotothecornerstoreandget______?A.little;someB.little;anyC.alittle;someD.alittle;any2.Iaskedhimforsomeoil,buthehadn’t___.A.anyB.someC.noD.anythingAA 说明：some“一些”，一般用于肯定句中。1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2)当做“某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。(=acertain)Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.Acertain(some)personhasseenyoubreaktherule.注意：some用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。Wouldyoulike句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：Ifyouneedsomehelp，letmeknow. c.some位于主语部分,Somestudentshaven’tbeentherebefore.d.当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：Ihaven’theardfromsomeofmyoldfriendstheseyears.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信any“一些”，多用于否定句和疑问句和条件句中。　当表示“任何一个”的意思时，any可用于肯定句。Herearethreenovels.Youmayreadany.这有三本小说，你可任读一本。 B.one/that/those/it代词功能例句oneone：单数，ones：复数，泛指前面提及的人或物。one之前有形容词修饰时可以与不定冠词、定冠词、基数词、物主代词或名词所有格连用。①Abridgebuiltofstonesisstrongerthanonebuiltofwood.②Idon"tlikethisgreenapple.Pleasegivemearedone/theredoneonthetable.③Thegirlsinourclassaremoreactivethanthoseinyourclass.④ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofAmerica.⑤Ourrulesarequitedifferentfromthoseofotherorganizations.⑥Ileftmypenonthedesk.Butnowitisgone.That/thosethat、those＋后置定语，特指替代同类中的人或物(that一般不指人)。不可数名词只能用thatit代替前文出现的同一事物，即指同类同物 one，thatandit1：Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,_____Iwillalwaystreasure.Ａ．thatＢ．oneＣ．itＤ．what2：TheParkersboughtanewhousebut_____willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.A.theyB.itC.oneD.which3：IpreferaflatinInvernessto_____inPerth,becauseIwanttolivenearmyMom’s.A.oneB.thatC.itD.this4：Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems—infactfarmoreserious_______thanmobilephonesdo.A．oneB．onesC．itD．thoseBBAB 说明：one表示泛指，that和it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it与所指名词为同一个。Ican’tfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。Ican"tfindmyhat.Idon"tknowwhereIputit.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了 3：Wehaven’tenoughbooksfor;someofyouwillhavetoshare.A．somebodyB．anybodyC．everybodyD．nobody4：---Oneweek’stimehasbeenwasted.---Ican’tbelievewedidallthatworkfor.A.somethingB.nothingC.everythingD.anythingCB注意：some,any,every所构成的合成不定代词不能与of连用，只有分开才可接of短语。如：someoneofus;everyoneofthem但要注意：noneofthem(noone后不接of短语) C：不定代词Pron.Adj.含义数量关系作定语时名词的数作主语时动词的数both两者都=2复数复数either两者中的任何一个=2单数单数neither两者都不=2单数单数all三者或三者以上都≥3单数或复数单数或复数none三者或三者以上都不≥3○单数或复数each每一个≥2单数单数Everyadj.每一个≥3单数单数 eacheveryeach(常与of连用)every两者或以上的每一个人或物三者或以上每一个人或物everyother…每隔…Eg:everyotherday每隔一天=everytwodays①Igavethem__anapple.A.everyB.eachC.eachof②Thereisalineoftreeson___sideofthestreet.A．everyB．eachC．both③Shegoesshopping__fivedays.A.everyB.eachC.eachof④他隔天来这里。Hecamehere__________day.everyother nonenoonenonenoone没有什么人/物“没有人”,只能指人回答howmany问句回答who问句noneof+复数名词/them/us谓语用单数/复数Howmanypeoplearethereintheroom?—___.A.NoneB.NooneC.Lucy②Whoisintheroom?—___.A.NoneB.NooneC.one③Noneofthem___China.A.comefromB.isfromC.iscomefrom eitherof两者之一+复数名词/them/us谓单neitherof两者都不谓单bothof两者都谓复①___ofthegirls___him.Theyaskedhimfornamecard.A.Neither;knowB.Either;knowC.Neither;knows②Bothofhisparents___teachers.A.isB.areC.was③Bothofhisbrothers___inthishospital,butneitherofthem___adoctor.A.works;isB.work;isC.work;areeitherneitherboth eitherneitherboth①EitherTomorthetwins__thewaytotheshop.A.knowB.knowsC.finds②NeitheryounorI___ascientist.A.isB.areC.am③BothTomandMary___hard.A.studiesB.studyC.studyingeither…or…或者…或者…就近原则neither…nor…两者都不both…and…两者都谓语用复数 ThestudentsareallfromFoshan.They___liketheircity.A.bothB.allC.eitherLucyandLily___agreewithus.A.allB.bothC.neitherHowareyourparents?Theyare____fine.A.bothB.allC.no ①Ididn’tseeit,___.A.tooB.aswellC.either②Hecouldn’topenthedoor._______.A.NeithercouldIB.SocouldIC.Neithercouldn’tIThey__ingoodhealth, andthey___there.A.areboth;willbothgoB.bothare;willgobothC.areboth;bothgoeseither否定句末“也”neither倒装句表否定neither+助动词/be/情态动词+主语both助动词/be/情态动词+bothboth+行为动词 1.______ofthemknewabouttheplanbecauseitwaskeptasecret.A.EachB.AnyC.NooneD.None2.Wecouldn’teatinarestaurantbecause______ofushad______moneyonus.A.all;noB.any;noC.none;anyD.noone;any3.Thereisatreeon_______sideofthestreet.A.everyB.allC.eitherD.both4.8.Theywereallverytired,but______ofthemwouldstoptotakearest.A.anyB.someC.noneD.neither5.—WhichsidecanIsitontheboat?—Ifyousitstill,youcansiton_______.A.everysideB.allsidesC.bothsidesD.eitherside6.Itissaidthat_______ofhisparentshavegonetoBeijing.A.allB.everyC.bothD.either7.Somestudentsareabsent-minded,______ofthemheardwhattheteachersaid.A.allB.noneC.everyD.notall 8：IinvitedJoeandLindatodinner,but____ofthemcame.A.neitherB.eitherC.noneD.both9：---Doyouwantteaorcoffee?---_____.Ireallydon’tmind.A.BothB.NoneC.EitherD.Neither10：---WhichofthethreewaysshallItaketothevillage?---_________wayasyouplease.A．EachB．EveryC．AnyD．Either11：Ihadtobuy_________thesebooksbecauseIdidn’tknowwhichonewasthebest.A.bothB.noneC.neitherD.allACCD D:不定代词all,both,each做主语同位语位置examplescompareBe动词后面Weareallpoorpeople.Allofusarepoorpeople.单个的谓语动词前面Theyeachsufferalot.Eachofthemsuffersalot.复合谓语动词的第一个后面Theymustallrealizethis.Allofthemmustrealizethis.宾语同位语Themajorwasbusytalkingtothestrangers,forgettingusoldfriends.Youdon’tpreferusall(=allofus) E:another,other的用法数种类pron.adj.泛指单数:another另一个another+n另一个Idon’tlikethis.Showmeanother(cup).泛指复数:others另一些；别的；他人other+n(pl.)另一些；别的Hemayfallbehindotherstudents(=others)whenhecomesback.特指单数theother最后一个theother+n(pl.)最后一个Hegotthreebooks:oneisadictionary,anotherisaplay,theotherisagrammar.特指复数theothers其余的，剩下的theother+n(pl.)其余的，剩下的Therearethirtystudentsinourclass.TwentyarefromBeijing.TheothersarefromNanjing. another/other/theother/others/theothers1：Youngpeoplemaygrowquicklyinsomewaysandmoreslowlyin____.A.theotherB.someotherC.othersD.theseothers2：Oneofthesidesoftheboardshouldbepaintedyellow,and____.A.theotheriswhiteB.anotherwhiteC.theotherwhiteD.anotheriswhite3：Noprogresswasmadeinthetradetalkasneithersidewouldaccepttheconditionsof_______.A.othersB.theotherC.eitherD.another4.GrandpaLihasthreesons.OneisinShanghai,___isinGuangzhouand____isinBeijing.A.another,anotherB.theother,theotherC.another,theotherD.theother,anotherCCBC E、anyone/anyone；noone/none；nothing1：Playingtricksonothersis_____weshouldneverdo.A.anythingB.somethingC.everythingD.nothing2：Wehaven’tenoughbooksfor;someofyouwillhavetoshare.A．somebodyB．anybodyC．everybodyD．nobody3：Shedoesn’tknowanyonehere.Shehasgot_____totalkto.A.anyoneB.someoneC.everyoneD.nooneanyone/body,everyone/body,someone/body,none可以+of:Everyoneofushassettledhereinthisway.BCD 1.anyone和anyoneanyone仅指人,不与of连用；anyone既可指人,也可指物。2.noone和nonea)none后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而noone只单独使用，只指人。b)none作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而noone作主语，谓语动词只能是单数。Noneofyoucouldliftit.你们中没有人可举起它。----Didanyonecallmeupjustnow?----Noone.none和nothingnone只指量，指所指的一类人或物中一个都没有；nothing泛指，什么东西都不存在。后面不接of短语。如：---Arethereanyeggsinthefridge?---None.Infact,thereisnothinginthefridge. G、few,little,afew,alittle,abitQ:Althoughhe’swealthy，hespends___onclothes.A.littleB.fewC.alittleD.afewAspend所指的是钱，不可数，只能用little或alittle.本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用little表示几乎不。 (a)few+可数名词,(a)little+不可数名词afew/alittle为肯定含义，还有一点few/little为否定含义，没有多少了。abitof+不可数名词notalittle=much;notabit=notatallHehasafewfriends.他有几个朋友。Hehasfewfriends.他几乎没有朋友。Westillhavealittletime.我们还有点时间。Thereislittletimeleft.几乎没剩下什么时间了。Thereisonlyabitofinkinthebottle.Wearenotalittletiredbecausewehavebeenworkingforalmosttwentyhours.Althoughhehadwalkedalongway,hedidn’tfeeltiredabit. 考题点击：---Didyougoonmanyofthehuntingtrips?---No,_____.A.notmuchB.littleatallC.fewerD.veryfew2)---Areyoufeelingtiredafterthegame?---_____.Infact,Ifeelquiterelaxed.A.NotalittleB.NotabitC.NotlittleD.Notbit3)Tomnevergoesouttoeatbecausehehas____money.A.fewB.littleC.alittleD.afew_____friendsBettyhadmadetherewereallinvitedtoherbirthdayparty.A.FewofB.FewC.ThefewD.AfewDBBC 正误辨析1.［误］Tom"smotheristallerthanmy.［正］Tom"smotheristallerthanmine.［析］形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：mybook，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是mymother,也就是mine。2.［误］Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishthem.［正］Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishit.［析］在应用代词时，要注意人称，格与数的一致性。这里it所代替的是不可数名词homework，所以应用it。3.［误］Heandyoushouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.［正］Youandheshouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.［析］这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you,he,she,I,而复数时为we,you，they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：Heandshe…如果在表示不好意思，承担责任时，单数时用，I,he,she,you,复数时用They,you，we,如：TomandIaregoodfriends.You,heandImustgotoplaythegameforourteamthisafternoon.We,youandtheyhavebeentherebefore.I,heandyouhavetopayforit. 正误辨析4.［误］Heorhisbrotherisdoingtheirhomework.［正］Heorhisbrotherisdoinghishomework.［析］由either…or,neither…nor,or连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Eitherteachersorstudentswanttodotheirbesttohelptheoldman.如是一单一复两名词时，一般将单数名词放在前，复数名词放在后，要用复数代词，如：Theteacherorhisstudentswillcleantheirclassroomtogether.5.［误］Hisbrotheristallerthanhim.［正］Hisbrotheristallerthanhe.［析］than是连词，其后应视为省略句，thanheis.所以要注意区分其主格与宾格的用法。6.［误］Ilikeyouasmuchasshe.［正］Ilikeyouasmuchasher.［析］as…as其后也应看作是省略句。应为asIlikeher.所以应用宾格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。7.［误］Myselfdidityesterday.［正］Imyselfdidityesterday.［正］Ididitmyselfyesterday.［析］反身代词不可作主语，但可以用作主语的同位语。 正误辨析8.［误］Takecareofourselves.［正］Takecareofyourselves.(yourself)［析］祈使句的主语应看作第二人称you.9.［误］Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyourself.［正］Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyou.［析］反身代词不能作介词宾语，除非是由不及物动词与介词组成的动词短语，如：Theoldwomanspoketoherself.10.［误］Makeyourselfhome.［正］Makeyourselfathome.［析］这是英语中的习惯用法，意为“像在家里一样”。这样的用法还有：enjoyoneself玩得开心makeyourselfathome像在家中一样helpyourselftosomething自己拿某物lostoneself迷路seatoneself就坐dressoneself穿衣11.［误］—Who"sthisspeaking.—That"sMary.［正］—Who"sthatspeaking.—ThisisMary.［析］在电话用语中，this指讲话人自己，而that指对方。12.［误］Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthisinwinter.［正］Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthoseinwinter.［析］在比较句中往往为了避免重复，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是单数时用that,复数时用those，如：TheweatherinBeijingishotterthanthatinChangChun. 正误辨析13.［误］Itissoagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.［正］Itissuchagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.［正］Itissogoodabookthateveryonelikestoread.［析］在可数名词单数时可用so+形容词+不定冠词+名词+that从句，也可用such+不定冠词+形容词+that从句。在不可数名词或可数名词复数时，只用such,如：ItissuchgoodweatherthatIwanttogoswimming.TheyaresuchgoodbooksthatIwanttobuythemall.在many,much,few,little这4个词前仅能用so,如：Shehassomuchmoneythatshecanbuyeverythingshewants.而在so与that之间仅存形容词时，则不能用such,如:Sheissosweetthateveryonelikesher.14.［误］Iwanttobuyasamedictionaryasyours.［正］Iwanttobuythesamedictionaryasyours.［析］same与定冠词the是固定搭配不可更改。这样的用法还有allthesame(仍然)。15.［误］—Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.—Idon"thopeso.［正］—Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.—Ihopenot.［析］在作肯定回答时，Ithinkso.Ihopeso.Ibelieveso.但作否定回答时为：Idon"tthinkso.Ihope/believenot. 正误辨析16.［误］—Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Soshedid.［正］—Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Sodidshe.［误］—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soisit.［正］—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soitis.［析］在对话中如果某一动作同时适用于两个主语，这时在答语中要用缩写且要用倒装句。如第一组句，即studiedhard既适用于he,也适用于she.但答语仅仅是对前句的重复，即仅仅是第一句的缩写时则不要用倒装句。如第二组句子为：英语难学。答语为：是的，难学。这时缩写的答语不要用倒装句。17.［误］Everyoneshoulddoone"sbest.［正］Everyoneshoulddohisbest.［析］one作代词时，它的复数形式是ones,所有格形式是one"s，反身代词为oneself.如果讲Oneshoulddoone"sbest.则是对句。如果one与别的词组成其他词，如：someone,anyone,everyone或onlyone则要用his/her，来作其所有格形式。18.［误］—Whowonthegame?—None.［正］—Whowonthegame?—Noone.［析］由who提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是noone,而由Howmany提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是None.如：Howmanybooksarethere?None. 正误辨析19.［误］Therearemanytreesoneithersidesofthestreet.［正］Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet.［正］Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.［析］either作代词时由两个含意，其一是两者中随便哪一个，如：Youcantakeeither.其二是两者中的每一个。但要注意的是either后要加单数名词，如果作主语则谓语动词也要用单数形式。20.［误］EitheryouorIareright.［正］EitheryouorIamright.［析］在either…or,或neither…nor连接两个主语时，其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。21.［误］Ihavethreesisters.Neitherofthemisadoctor.［正］Ihavethreesisters.Noneofthemisadoctor.［析］neither用于两者中无一是，而none则用于多于两者中的人或事物无一是。22.［误］Hedoesn"tlikeBeijingopera.Idon"tlike，too.［正］Hedoesn"tlikeBeijingopera,Idon"tlike，either.［析］either作为“也”讲时，要用于否定句中，而too则用于肯定句中。 正误辨析23.［误］Welikeboththislittleboy.［正］Webothlikethislittleboy.［析］both作同位语时，它在句中的位置有：在be动词之后，如：Wearebothstudents.在实意动词之前，如：Theparentsbothwanttogotothecinema.用于第一助动词之后，如：WehavebothreadtheseEnglishnovels.使用时要注意以下句子的实际含意：Bothofusarenotright.应译为：我们俩不都对。Neitherofusisright.才应译为：我俩都不对。又如：Ican"tgiveyoubothofthebooks.意为：两本书我不能全给你，而Ican"tgiveyoueitherofthebooks.才为：两本书我全不能给你。24.［误］Weeachhasaticketfortheconcert.［正］Weeachhaveaticketfortheconcert.［析］each作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：EachofuswantstolearnEnglishwell，但each作同位语时，则应以原名词的数为准。25.［误］Everyofushastopasstheexam.［正］Eachofushastopasstheexam.［析］every只可作形容词，不可作代词，而each既可作形容词，又可作代词，在作形容词时each侧重强调个体，而every则侧重于全体。 正误辨析26.［误］Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.［正］Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.［析］everyone不可与of结构相连接使用，而everyone则可以这样用。27.［误］IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.［正］IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.［析］要注意的是everyday是“每天”，而everyday则是形容词为“日常的”。如：everydayEnglish日常英语，everydaylife日常生活。28.［误］Therearetreesoneverysidesofthestreet.［正］Therearetreesoneachsideofthestreet.［析］every用于三者或三者以上的每一个，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧，所以只能用each而不能用every.29.［误］Allmyparentsareengineers.［正］Bothmyparentsareengineers.［析］all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both则用于两者的全部。30.［误］Allofstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.［正］Allofthestudentsmightmakesomemistakes.［正］Allstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.［析］非特指的名词前可用all但不可用allof结构，也就是讲allof结构后面的名词前一定要有定冠词。其他与all有关的习惯用法还有：alltheyearround,allweek,allday,allwinter 正误辨析31.［误］Theallvillagewasflooded.［正］Allthevillagewasflooded.［析］all作修饰语时要用在所有修饰词之前。32.［误］Thepostofficeisonanothersideofthestreet.［正］Thepostofficeisontheothersideofthestreet.［析］单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用another,而特指时则要用theother,因街道只有两边，而不在这边必定是在另一边，所以要用特指。33.［误］Therearetenstudentshere,Wherearetheothersstudents?［正］Therearetenstudentshere.Wherearetheothers?［正］Therearetenstudentshere,Wherearetheotherstudents?［析］theothers=theotherstudents.34.［误］Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisateacher,anotherisadoctor.［正］Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisateacher,theotherisadoctor.［析］another用于泛指，如：Isitfarfromheretothestation?I’msorry.Ihavenoidea.Onemaysayitisquitenear;anothermaysayitisfarfromhere.但在特指时则要用theother. 正误辨析35.［误］Somepeoplelikesports.Theotherslikereading.［正］Somepeoplelikesports.Otherslikereading.［析］在泛指的复数名词前用some…others…others…来表示某些人……某些人……某些人……。36.［误］Pleaseremembertowatertheflowerseachotherday.［正］Pleaseremembertowatertheflowerseveryotherday.［析］everyotherday为每隔一天。是习惯用法，不要随意改动。又如：ontheotherhand另一方面。37.［误］Manyknowhim，butfewlikeshim.［正］Manyknowhim,butfewlikehim.［析］few用于可数名词，意为几乎没有，但few作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式，而afew为有一些。38.［误］Youhavefewfriends,haven"tyou?［正］Youhavefewfriends,haveyou?［析］little与few用于句中时，均要按否定句看待。39.［误］Muchofwhatyousaidaretrue.［正］Muchofwhatyousaidistrue.［析］much用于不可数名词，作主语时用单数谓语动词。而many用于可数名词，它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。 正误辨析40.［误］Thisroomisenoughlargeforthestudentstolivein.［正］Thisroomislargeenoughforthestudentstolivein.［析］enough可以用作代词，如：Thereisenoughofthefood.又如：Enoughhasbeendoneforthework，但enough还可以作形容词来修饰名词，这时enough可以放在名词之前，也可放在名词之后，如：moneyenough与enoughmoney都是对的。但当enough作副词修饰形容词时，则只能置于形容词之后了。41.［误］Iwantanybookstoread.Doyouhaveany?［正］Iwantsomebookstoread.Doyouhaveany?［析］按照语法any用于疑问句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。42.［误］Wouldyoulikeanythingtodrink?［正］Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?［析］在由wouldyoulike发出的问句中，表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料，或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时，在疑问句中要用some而不用any。43.［误］Someonewanttomeetyou.［正］Someonewantstomeetyou.［析］不定代词应被看作单数，即使用and连接两个不定代词，也要看作单数，如：Anyoneandeveryonehastheright.任何人，每一个人都有这样的权力。 正误辨析44.［误］NewYorkismuchcolderinwinterthanbefore.［正］ItismuchcolderinNewYorkinwinterthanbefore.［析］it常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象，或用在句中作形式主语或宾语，如：Itisteno"clocknow.(代时间)Itisfarfromheretotheairport.(代距离)Itisveryhot.(代天气)ItisverydifficulttolearnEnglishwell.(作形式主语)Wefounditverydifficulttoanswerthequestion.(作形式宾语)45.［误］Becareful.Don"tdrinktoomany.［正］Becareful.Don"tdrinktoomuch.［析］这里much所代的应是饮料或水，所以应为不可数名词。 例题解析1Theseare＿＿＿books.Yoursareoverthere.AIBmyCmeDmine［答案］B.［析］这里应用形容词性物主代词。2—＿＿＿isshe?—Sheisateacher.AWhatBHowCWhoDWhere［答案］A.［析］这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立，但其意义不同。Whatisshe?应译为“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而Howisshe?应译为“她身体如何?”而Whoisshe?应译为“她是谁?”其答语应为“她叫什么名字。”而Whereisshe?应为“她在什么地方?”由答语决定了这道题的选择。3＿＿＿iswrongwithmywatch.Ithasstopped＿＿＿.ASomething,workingBSomething,toworkCAnything,workingDAnything,towork［答案］A.［析］因为是肯定句所以应用Something,其后由于表停止工作了，则stop后要用动名词。 4Mary,help＿＿＿tothebananas,please.AyouByourCyourselfDyourselves［答案］C.［析］helponeselftosomething为“自己拿某物”。yourself为“你一个人”，而yourselves为“你们”。5—＿＿＿doyougotoschooleveryday?—Bybus.AHowBWhyCWhenDWhere［答案］A.［析］这题的答案是由问句决定的。6Myskirtis＿＿＿popularthan＿＿＿.Amuch,herBmuch,hersCmore,herDmore,hers［答案］D.［析］因句中有than,所以应选用比较级，而than后要选用名词性物主代词。7—CanyouspeakEnglish?—Yes,butonly＿＿＿.AfewBafewClittleDalittle［答案］D.［析］因会讲某种语言的多少要用alittle,把它看作不可数名词对待，此答语为：是的，但仅仅会讲一点。例题解析 例题解析8Mr.Smithisanoldfriendof＿＿＿.AIBmeCmyDmine［答案］D.［析］这里应选名词性物主代词，这也是英语的一种习惯用法，而不要选择my。9“＿＿＿doyouhearfromyourparents?”“Aboutonceamonth.”AHowlongBHowmanyCHowoftenDHowmuch［答案］C.［析］Howoften问的是某一动作发生的频率，即在单位时间内发生多少次。10MrGreenwouldn"tsay＿＿＿atthemeeting.AeverythingBnothingCanythingDsomething［答案］C.［析］在否定句中应用anything11“Mum,Ann"scomingtonight.Let"sgiveher＿＿＿toeat.”“Goodidea!”AanythingniceBniceanythingCsomethingniceDnicesomething［答案］C.［析］肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。 例题解析12—Whenshallwemeet,thiseveningortomorrowevening?—Idon"tmind.＿＿＿timeisOK.ASomeBNeitherCEitherDBoth［答案］C.［析］因如选用both则名词要用复数名词，也要用复数谓语动词，由于答语前有Idon"tmind则决定不能选择neither.13Thisisnotherkite,but＿＿＿.Ahe"sBhimCheDhis［答案］D.［析］要注意“他的”名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词是同形的。14Don"tworry,Mum!＿＿＿newsisgoodnews.I"msuredaddywillcomebacksoon.ANoBManyCThoseDTwo［答案］A.［析］这是一条谚语，即没有消息就是好消息。15Maryhassixapples.Herbrotherhasthree.Shehas＿＿＿applesthanhe.AfewBmanyCmoreDfewer［答案］C.［析］由于是比较级，根据题意应选“多于”而不是“少于”。 例题解析16Thereisn"t＿＿＿intoday"snewspaper.AanythinginterestingBsomethinginterestingCnothinginterestingDinterestinganything［答案］A.［析］由于句子是否定句，应选择anything，而且不定代词的修饰语应放在其后面。17September10this＿＿＿Day?ATeacherBTeachersCTeacher"sDTeachers"［答案］D.［析］教师节Teachers"Day,儿童节Children"sDay,妇女节Women"sDay18—InEngland,peopleeatalotof“takeaway”food.Whataboutpeopleinyourcountry?—＿＿＿ASowedo.BWedoso.CSodowe.DWesodo.［答案］C.［析］在答语中用简略方式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一个主语时，则要采用倒装句，但如果仅仅是对上句的重复则不要倒装。19—Shallwegointothatshopandhavealook?—Sorry.Iwon"t.Ihave＿＿＿todothere.AeverythingBanythingCsomethingDnothing［答案］D.［析］这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内容作出决定。 例题解析20—Oh,dear!Whobroketheglass?—＿＿＿Sam＿＿＿Bruce.Itwasthecat.ABoth,andBNot,butCNeither,norDEither,or［答案］C.［析］neither…nor意为既不……也不……21Thestudentsarehavingagoodtimeinthepark.Somearedrawingbythelake.＿＿＿areclimbingthehill.AOthersBOtherCAnotherDTheother［答案］A.［析］这里因为是代替复数名词，所以应用名词性的复数代名词。22Sheisnotanurse.I"mnot＿＿＿.AalsoBeitherCneitherDtoo［答案］B.［析］在否定句中该用either,而不用too和also.23Ihavetwopencils.Oneisred,＿＿＿isblue.AtheotherBanotherCothersDtheothers［答案］A.［析］两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而another是泛指单数代名词。others是泛指复数代名词，而theothers是特指复数代名词。 例题解析24Sorry,Ican"tansweryourquestion.Iknow＿＿＿aboutthesubject.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew［答案］A.［析］中文讲我对此知道的不多，而英文中要用little。其含意为否定句。25Mysisterdoesn"tlikeskating＿＿＿.ASodoIBSoIdon‘tCNeitherIdon"tDNeitherdoI［答案］D.［析］这是表达上面否定句中的动作，也同样不适合于第二个人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒装句。26Yesterdaymorningtherewereonlythreeboysinourroom,＿＿＿.Ayou,heandIBI,youandheChe,IandyouDyou,Iandhe［答案］A.［析］这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。请参看辨析中的例子。27Allthestudentsarebusy,so＿＿＿ofthemwillgototheconcert.AmanyBlittleCafewDfew［答案］D.［析］student为可数名词。28Theteachergave＿＿＿studentanewbook.AnobodyBbothCeachDany［答案］C.［析］both其后的名词应为复数，而any用于疑问句和否定句中只有each可以修饰单数可数名词。 例题解析29Blackisneitherateacher＿＿＿aworker.AorBeitherCnorDand［答案］C.［析］neither…nor为“既不……也不……”的固定搭配。30Ourteachergaveus＿＿＿onstudying.AmanyadvicesBsomeadvicesCanadviceDsomeadvice［答案］D.［析］advice为不可数名词。some可用于可数或不可数名词之前。31Therearetwoforeignfriendsinthepark.One＿＿＿isfromJapan,isfromAmerica.AotherBothersCtheotherDtheothers［答案］C.［析］因为是两者中的一个，所以另一个应用单数特指代词。32Arethere＿＿＿onthetable?AsomecupsBanycupCsomecupDanycups［答案］D.［析］此句是疑问句，应用anycups,因提问时的be动词用的是are。 例题解析33I"vejustboughtfivestamps.OneisaGermanstamp,＿＿＿areAmericanstamps.AtheotherBtheothersCotherDothers［答案］B.［析］此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定，所以应选特指的代名词。theother只能用作单数，而others是泛指复数代名词，故只能选B。34Itwas＿＿＿finedaythattheywenttothepark.AasoBsoaCsuchaDasuch［答案］C.［析］在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法，即such+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数形式，如：suchagoodday，或者用so加形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数，如：sogoodaday.35Atthattimethetrainwasslowandnoisy.So＿＿＿peoplelikedtakingtrains.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew［答案］C.［析］这是英文的表达法与中文不同之处。中文讲只有少数人喜欢坐火车，英文要选用“few”。36Wemusthelpandunderstandeach＿＿＿.AotherBanotherCothersDtheother［答案］A.［析］eachother意为“互相”，是习惯用语。 例题解析37＿＿＿isdifficulttowalkonthemoon.AManBOneCThatDIt［答案］D.［析］这里的真正主语应为不定式towalkonthemoon.而形式主语只能用it.38Janehassentseveralletters,but＿＿＿ofthemhavebeenanswered.AallBbothCeitherDnone［答案］D.［析］severalletters意为“若干信件”，应看作多于两者，则在A、D中作选择，仅D符合句意。39Idon"tknow＿＿＿aboutthenewheadmaster.AsomethingBeverythingCnothingDanything［答案］D.［析］否定句中应用anything.40＿＿＿ofthestudentsinthewholeclasscoulddothisphysicsquestion.ANoBNoneCNotDNeither［答案］B. 41.Mary,pleaseshow________yourpicture.A.myB.mineC.ID.me答案：D。［析］该提考查的是人称代词和物主代词的用法。在本题中，动词show的后面要跟双宾语，空白处缺少一个间接宾语，所以应选me。42.---What’sonTVtonight?Isthere_________interesting?---I’mafraidnot.A.somethingB.anythingC.nothingD.everything答案：B。［析］该提考查的是不定代词的用法。这是一个疑问句。在疑问句中，通常用anything。43.________ofthemhashisownopinion.A.BothB.SomeC.EveryD.Each答案：D。［析］该题考查的是不定代词用法。因为谓语动词是单数形式，所以Both和Some都不对。Every不能作主语，所以只有Each合适。44.---Whereismypen?---Oh,sorry.Ihavetaken_______bymistake.A.yoursB.hisC.mineD.hers答案：A。［析］该题考查的是物主代词的用法。根据题干的背景，我们可以判断出错拿的钢笔应该是对方的，所以选yours。例题解析 课时训练1.TheweatherinsummerinBeijingiscoolerthan_________inShanghai.A.thisB.itC.thatD.one2.Pass_________theknife,please.Mypencilisbroken.A.IB.meC.myD.mine3.Tellhimnottoplaywiththeknife.Hemayhurt_________.A.himB.himselfC.yourselfD.myself4.—Whosepaintingisthis?It"sreallywonderful!—Oh,it"snot_________.It"s_________.A.hers,yourB.mine,Elsa"sC.your"s,he"sD.his,my5.—CanIcomethiseveningortomorrowmorning?—_________isOK.I"mfreetodayandtomorrow.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.NoneCBBBA 课时训练6.Wegohome_________sixdays.A.allB.eachC.bothD.every7._________oftheteachersarekindinourschool.A.EveryB.EachC.EitherD.All8.—_________hatisthis?—It"s_________.A.Whose,meB.who,mineC.Whom,hisD.Whose,mine9.Ifyouneed_________money,I"lllendyou_________.A.one,oneB.any，someC.some，anyD.any，any10.Hehas_________totellus.A.somethingimportantB.importantsomethingC.anythingusefulD.usefulnothingDDDBA 课时训练11.NeitherInorhe_________fromUSA.A.beB.areC.amD.is12.Everyonecanhaveapieceofbread,_________?A.can,everyoneB.can"ttheyC.can"titD.can"tshe13.Whydon"tyouget_________toreadwhileyouareonholiday?A.anythingB.everythingC.somethingD.nothing14.LiLeiistallerthan_________inhisclass.A.anybodyB.anybodyelseC.elseanyoneD.somebodyelse15.Thisdictionaryisn"t_________.Itis_________.A.yours,hisB.you,himC.hers,youD.mine,himDBCBA 16.YoulikethisbutIlike_________.A.thisB.themC.itD.that17.ShewillgoskatingandI"lldo_________.A.suchB.sameC.thesameasD.thesame18.Thesentence_________iswrong.A.himselfB.herselfC.itselfD.it19.Heisateacher_________Ilikeverymuch.A.whatB.whoseC.whomD.which20.There"remorethantwentystudentsinourschool,but_________ofthemarefromFrance.A.noneB.allC.neitherD.both.课时训练DDCCA 用所给代词的适当形式填空1.Thisisnotmypencil-box._______(I)isinthebag.2.Treesareplantedin______(we)countryeveryyear,whichmakesourcountrymoreandmorebeautiful.3.---IsthatbikeMissGao’s?---Yes,itis______(she).Beautiful,isn’tit?4.Help______(you)tosomefruit,Jack.5.---Whotaughtyourbrothertosurf?---Nobody.Helearntallby_______(he).6.TheirEnglishteacherisfromAmerica,but______(we)isfromEngland.7.Mary’sanswerisdifferentfrom________(I).8.---Mywatchkeepsgoodtime.Whatabout_______(you)?---Mine?Oh,twominutesslow.9.Samismybrother.Doyouliketoplaywith______(he)?10.Didyouenjoy_______(you),MaryandKate?课时训练mineourhersyourselfhimselfoursmineyourshimyourselves 课时训练用适当的代词填空1.Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisaworker,_______isateacher.2.Studentsareusuallyinterestedinsports.Somelikerunning;somelikeswimming;_______likeballgames.3.Let’sgoandhaveadrink.We’vegot_______timebeforethetrainleaves.4.Wewereallverytired,but_______ofuswouldliketohavearest.5.______ofthetwinsareinourclass.6.Boys,don’ttouchthemachines,oryoumayhurt_______.7.Itissaidthereisgoingtobe________importantintheCCTVnews.8.Wecouldn’tbuyanythingbecause_______oftheshopsopenedatthattime.9.Theydidn’tlearn_______newinthislesson.10.---Whyis______easyforsuchayounggirltolearnthreeforeignlanguagessowell?---BecauseBritain,GermanyandFranceareallverynear______country.theotherothersalittlenonebothyourselvessomethingnoneanythingither 课时训练用适当的疑问代词和关系代词填空1.______isthepopulationoftheworldtoday?2._______jumpedthelongestofallinthelongjump?3.---_______colourisyourmother’sdress?---It’sblack.4.---______isyourcar?---Theredoneinfrontofthetree.5.---______ofthefollowingcanyouoftenfindonamedicinebottle?---Iknow,sir.It’sinstruction.6.Thenecklace______sheiswearingisbeautiful.7.Doyouknowtheperson_______losthisbike?8.Mostpeople_______liveinlessdevelopedcountriesarequitepoor.9.Theboy______ishelpingtheoldmanisJohn’sbrother.10.People______usecreditcardstobuythingsonlineshouldbeverycarefulwhatwhowhatwhichwhichthat/whichwhothat/whothat/whothat/who 1---Victorcertainlycarestoomuchabouthimself.---Yes.He’sneverinterestedinwhat______isdoing.A.nooneelseB.anyoneelseC.someoneelseD.nobodyelseelse常与不定代词连用，用来表示“别的……人或物”.nooneelse=nobodyelse，表示“没别的人”，someoneelse表示“别的某个人”,anyoneelse表示“别的任何人”。 2Ifthisdictionaryisnotyours，_____canitbe?A．whatelseB．whoelseC．whichelse’sD．whoelse’s除了不定代词外，另一种可以与else连用的词就是疑问词。else结构的所有格是在else后加-’s。 1.it作人称代词,代替前面提到的事物.2.it指代时间,季节,距离.3.it作形式宾语,常用在6123结构中.(think,find,make,believe,…)4.it作形式主语.当动名词,不定式,从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语.5.Itis…that….的强调句型.内容提要 1．代替上文中提到过的人或事物。指代人时，一般用于小孩或身份不十分明朗的人。例如：－Whoisthebaby?－It’smyteacher’sson．－Whoisthatgentleman?－It’smyfriend,Tom．He(不可用It)wantstoseeyou．【典型例题】(NMET2001)TheParkersboughtanewhousebut_____willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.A.theyB.itC.oneD.whichB 2．用于表达天气、环境、时间、距离、季节等。◆It’shalfanhour’swalkfromheretoourschool．◆It’sniceandwarmhere．Butit’stwoo’clocknow,andit’stimeforustogotoschool．注意下列几种表示时间的句型 ①.Itistime(abouttime,hightime)that...◆It’shightimethatweleft.②.Itisthefirst(second...)timethat...◆It’sthefirsttimethatIhavebeenpraised.③.Itis....since...◆It’sthreeyearssincetheygotmarried.④.Itis/was...when...◆Itwas1949whenthePRCwasfounded.⑤.Itis/was...before...◆Itwillbetwoyearsbeforewemeetagain. 3.Wethinkitimportanttolearnaforeignlanguage.该句型中的it作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“6123结构”。6指主句中常用的动词：think,believe,make,find,consider,feel；1指的是形式宾语it；2指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词；3指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短语,动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。 4.Itisnecessary(forsb.)todosth.此句型中的真正主语是不定式短语，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的形容词，常见的形容词有：①important,necessary,natural②easy,safe,common,normal,hard,difficult,dangerous,unusual,rare,impossible,pleasant在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写，如：Itisimportantforhertocometotheparty.=Itisimportantthatshe(should)cometotheparty It作形式主语时的几个常见句型:①.Itiskind(ofsb.)todosth.该句型中的不定式如果须要逻辑主语，则须要前置介词of,而句型中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词，常见的有：bad,brave,careless,clever,cruel,foolish,good（好心的）,honest,horrible,kind,lazy,modest,naughty,nice（有教养的）,polite,rude,silly,stupid,wise,wrong这个句型可以改写为：sb.iskindtodosth. ②.Ittakessb....todosth.“做…要花某人…”◆Ittookmeagestorepairmycomputer.③.Itisnogood(use)doingsth.该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是nogood,nouse,novalue,noimportance…◆It’snousecryingoverthespiltmilk.④.Itdoesn’tmatterwhether(if)...＂不论（是否）…没关系…◆Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheisformyplanornot. ⑤.Ithappens(seems,appears)that...◆IthappenedthatIhadseenthisprobleminsomebook.⑥.Itissaid(reported,learned....)that... “据说”（据报道，据悉．．．）◆ItissaidthathehasgonetoNewYorktoattendamedicalmeeting.⑦.Itisapity(ashame...)that...◆Itisapitythatwehavelostthematchwithaclosescore. ⑧.Itisimportant(necessary,right,strange,natural...)that...记住that后的从句应用虚拟语气（should+动词原形），should可以省去．⑨.Itissuggested(ordered...)that... that后的从句要用虚拟语气（should+动词原形），should可以省．常译为＂据建议；有命令…） ⑩.Itisuptosb.todosth.该句型为“该由某人做…”。该句型中up后的to是介词。◆Itisuptohimtocleanourclassroomtoday.今天应由他做教室清洁。◆Itisuptoparentstoteachtheirchildrenmanners.该由父母教孩子礼貌。 5.Itis+被强调部分+that...将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后．被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语．强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用．如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子．这也是与其它从句区别判断的方法．注意:Itisnotuntil+被强调部分+that...强凋“直到…才…”，需将not置于until之前 Itwasabout600yearsago______thefirstclockwithfaceandanhourhandwasmade．(NMET97，单项填空)A．thatB．untilC．beforeD．when____computersplaysuchanimportantpartinourdailylife?A．WhyitisthatB．WhyisitthatC．WhywasitthatD．WhyisitBA 3.ItwasonlywhenIrereadhispoemsrecently____Ibegantoappreciatetheirbeauty．A．untilB．thatC．thenD．so4.Itwashowtheyoungmanhadlearnedfiveforeignlanguages______attractedtheaudience’sinterest.A.sothatB.thatC.whatD.inwhichBB 主谓一致 1、用and连接两个并列成分；2、介词with伴随主语；3、就近原则；4、各种代词的主谓一致;5、短语和从句作主语；6、定语从句中的主谓一致。考点分析 问题1：Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory____yet.（1991NMET）A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided这个句子看上去是and连接的两个并列短语充当主语，本应用复数形式的谓语，但这两个短语表达的是同一事件的两个方面，可以看成是一个整体，因此使用单数的谓语动词；而从句意可判断此句谓语动词需使用被动语态， 归纳一：1．两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接，谓语用复数．TomandDickaregoodfriends.但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。Asingeranddancerwaspresentattheparty.Theworkerandwriteristalkingtothestudents。Breadandbuttertastesgood.类似的表达式有：(aneedleandthread,ahorseandcart,awatchandchain,acoatandtie,truthandhonesty,medicalhelpandcure) 2．用and连接的两个名词若被no,each,every,manya修饰，则谓语动词用单数。Nobirdandnobeastisseeninthebareisland.Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasmadesuchafunnyexperiment.AtChristmaseachboyandeachgirlisgivenapresent.3.如果and后面加no或not,谓语也用单数形式，Myfriend,andnothers,ischosentojointhearmy.AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy. 问题2：Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks____tothenationasagift.（1990NMET）A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered主语后有aswellas,like,with,togetherwith,but,except,besides,等，谓语应于前面主语保持一致．Aprofessor,togetherwithsomestudents,wassenttohelpinthework.Noonebuttheteachersisallowedtousetheroom. 问题3：NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary___tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.(1989)A.isB.areC.amD.be以连词or,either…or,neither…nor,therebe,notonly…butalso连接的复合主语，其谓语与其相邻的那个名词的数保持一致。Eg.YouorIamtobeinvited. 问题4：NobodybutJane_____thesecret.(1986)A.knowB.knowsC.haveknownD.isknowneither,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词都作单数看待。Eachofushasanewpen.Everythingaroundusismatter. 问题5：Thenumberofpeopleinvited_______fifty,butanumberofthem________absentfordifferentreasons.(1996NMET)A.were,wasB.was,wasC.was,wereD.were;were.anumberof表示“很多”的意思，修饰可数名词的复数。Thenumberof表示“数量，号码”作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式。 问题6：_____ofthesouthernhemisphere(南半球)_____withwater.A.Four-five;iscoveredB.Four-fifths;iscoveredC.Four-fifth,arecoveredD.Four-fifths,arecovered.由“alotof,(lotsof,plentyof,therestof)+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数＋名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。Three-fourthsofthesurfaceissea. 问题7：Allbutone_____herejustnow.(1997NMET)A.isB.wasC.havebeenD.werewhat,who,which,any,more,most,all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要依意思而定。Whichisyourpen?哪是你的笔？Whichareyourpens?哪些是你们的笔？B)Allcanbedonehasbeendone.Allhavegonetothepark. 问题8：Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho____awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.(02上海春)A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeenwho,which,that作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词。Thosewhowanttogoshouldsignyournameshere.Heisoneofthestudentswhohavepassedtheexam.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohaspassedtheexam. 问题9：Mathematics____thelanguageofscience.(1978)A.isB.aregoingtobeC.are以-ics结尾的学科名词，如“mathematics,politics,physics以及news,等，形式上为复数，实际为单数，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。另外：复数名词用作书，电影、戏剧、报刊、国家等名称时，谓语动词用单数。His“selectedPoems”____firstpublishedin1965.(78)A.wereB.wasC.hasbeen 问题10Hisfamily___allfootballfans.A.isB.hasbeenC.arebeingD.are一些集体名词做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中的成员，谓语用复数．但people,police,cattle等只能用复数．Myfamilyisabigfamily.Myfamilyarelisteningtotheradio.Thepolicearetryingtocatchthethief. 问题11Therich___notalwayshappy.A.isB.hasC.haveD.are形容词加定冠词the表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。Whatalifethepoorwereliving!Theyoungarehappytogivetheirseatstotheold. 问题121.Growingvegetables____constantwatering.A.needB.areneededC.isneededD.needs2.WhatIsayandthink____nobusinessofyours.A.isB.areC.wereD.bothAandB当动名词短语、不定式短语和从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如果用and连接两个从句或短语作主语，则需看是表示一个整体还是不同的两件事。题（2）中的“WhatIsayandthink”既可理解为同一件事也可理解为不同的两个动作。（注意：从句作主语时有时需根据表语来定。） 2010年高考语法复习定语从句 1.定语从句考点1、关系代词that–which;whose;which–as的用法比较；2、关系代词和关系副词的用法比较；3、介词加关系代词引导的定语从句；4、定语从句与并列句的区别。 1、关系代词的用法比较问题1：1、Jimpassedthedrivingtest,______surprisedeverybodyintheoffice.（05浙江卷）A．whichB．thatC．thisD．it2、Luckily,we’dbroughtaroadmapwithout______wewouldhavelostourway.（04北京春季）A.itB.thatC.thisD.whichA当先行词为物时，关系代词可以用that也可用which，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which，不能用that。D 但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：①当先行词是all,alot,(a)little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。如：Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.②当先行词被all,any,no,much,little,few,every等限定词所修饰时。如：Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid. ③当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.④当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：Isthatthebestthatyoucando?That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread. ⑤当先行词被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修饰时。如：ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.⑥当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren’sPalace.Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.⑦当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy? 问题2：1)Lastmonth,partofSoutheastAsiawasstruckbyfloods,from_______effectsthepeoplearestillsuffering.（05天津卷）A.thatB.whoseC.thoseD.what2)GeorgeOrwell,______wasEricArthur,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.(04北京）A.therealnameB.whathisrealnameC.hisrealnameD.whoserealnameBD“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如题2），又能作宾语（如题1）。whose的先行词常用来指人（如题2），但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念（如题1），这时可以与ofwhich结构互换，词序是：“名词+ofwhich”。题1可变为：fromtheeffectsofwhich… 问题3：1、_____isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.（04江苏）A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As2、Johnsaidhe’dbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,_______wastrue.（01北京春季）A．heB．thisC．whichD．whoD非限制性定语从句一般采用which或as来引导。使用这两个词时要注意三点：（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象……那样、正如所……的”。（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用which，而不用as，C 问题4：Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuthesaidit.（04湖北）A．thewayB．inthewaythatC．inthewayD．thewaywhichA该句的意思是“使我感到惊奇的不是他说了些什么，而是他表达的方法。”句中“whathesaid”和“thewayhesaidit”是并列结构作表语。假如theway在从句中作状语，其中的关系词有三种不同的表达方式。1)theway+that;2)theway后省略关系词;3)theway+inwhich。根据句意可以排除B、C；答案Dwhich前缺少介词in，所以答案为A。 2、关系代词和关系副词的比较问题1：1、Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_____wevisitedthreemonthsago?（05北京春季）A.whereB.whenC.thatD.what2、Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers______shehadwipedherhands.（04全国II）A.whereB.whichC.whenD.thatCA当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构。如果缺少主语或宾语，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where。题1中的farm作visited的宾语，故选C；题2中的trousers作wiped的地点状语，故选A。 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1、关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when=on(in,at,during…)+which;where=in(at,on…)+which;why=forwhich.如：IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit. 2、当先行词是表时间和表地点的词时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.3、when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。 3、介词加关系代词引导定语从句问题1：1、Theplace____thebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbe___thecross-rivertrafficistheheaviest.(05江苏卷)A.which;whereB.atwhich;whichC.atwhich;whereD.which;inwhich2、Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,____hewentontoCambridge.（05山东卷）A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthisCC题1中theplace在定语从句中作tobebuilt的地点状语，此处的atwhich相当于where;后面是表语从句，表示建在某地。题2表示读完当地的语法学校后去剑桥深造，故选C。 介词加关系代词引导定语从句是近几年高考中的热点，复习中需注意以下几个问题：关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.2.要确认关系代词前用什么介词，需根据从句中的动词与先行词的关系来确定。所以解题时需分析从句与主句之间的关系。 巩固练习：Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone_____theycantalkfrequently.（04上海）A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom2.TheEnglishplay______mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.（04全国I）AforwhichBatwhichCinwhichDonwhich3.Therearealtogetherelevenbooksontheshelf,______fivearemine.（04全国IV）AonwhichBinwhichCofwhichDfromwhich4.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,_____thesailingtimewas226days.（04广西）A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhichADCC 4.非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别问题1：Therearetwobuildings,standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.（04湖北）A．thelargerB．thelargerofthemC．thelargeronethatD．thelargerofwhich要区别是并列句还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个句子之间是否有连词，若有表示并列关系的连词或分号破折号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就是非限制性定语从句，此时就需考虑使用适当的关系代词或关系副词了。D 巩固练习：Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%aresoldabroad.（04辽宁）A．ofwhichB．whichofC．ofthemD．ofthat2.Ihavemanyfriends,somearebusinessmen.（05全国卷1）A．ofthemB．fromwhichC．whoofD．ofwhomAD题2也可以改为：someofwhomarebusinessmen.如果在之前加上连词and，就只能用someofthem，而且不能倒装。 5、注意thesame…as/such…as的使用问题当先行词被thesame所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。如：ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave. 这里要注意的是：(1)使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.(2)在“thesame…that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.=ThisisthesameinstrumentIusedyesterday.=ThisistheinstrumentIusedyesterday.但在“thesame…as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。 (3)当“thesame…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。如：HelivesinthesamebuildingthatIlive.=Helivesinthesamebuildingas/thatIlivein.Shallwemeetatthesameplacethatwelastmet?=Shallwemeetatthesameplacethat/aswelastmetat? (4)当先行词前有such,so,as时，关系词应当用as。如：Awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesn’tunderstand.HespokeinsucheasyEnglishaseverybodycouldunderstand.Atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.Itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.Let’sdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely. 另需注意：ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasbeginnerscanunderstand.（定语从句）ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstandit.（结果状语从句） 2010年高考语法复习虚拟语气 1.虚拟语气的考点1、条件句中的虚拟语气的用法；2、条件句中虚拟语气的倒装；3、名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；4、几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；5、虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定。 1、陈述语气与虚拟语气典型例题1)Thevolleyballmatchwillbeputoffifit_____.A.willrainB.rainsC.rainedD.israined2)---Wouldyouhavecalledherup_____possible?---Yes,butI_____busydoingmyhomework.A.haditbeen…wasB.ifitwas…wereC.ifithadbeen…hadbeenD.ifitwere…wouldbeB该句为陈述语气，因为主句用的是willbeputoff。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时代将来时。问句中用的是虚拟语气，主句用wouldhavecalled,从句中与过去相反的动词形式为haddone；答句中表示的是真实的情况，所以该用陈述语气。A 2、条件句中的虚拟语气时间If条件句主句过去haddonewouldhavedone现在did/werewoulddo将来shoulddoweretododid/werewoulddo 高考题点击1)Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwe____inturn,you____sotired.（96N）A.drove…didn’tgetB.haddriven…wouldn’thavegotC.drove…wouldn’tgetD.weredriving…wouldn’tget2)ItishardformetoimaginewhatIwouldbedoingtodayifI_____inlove,attheageofseven,withtheMelindaCoxLibraryinmyhometown.(02上海)A.wouldn’thavefallenB.hadnotfallenC.shouldfallD.weretofall前句用的是陈述语气，表示过去发生的事；后句是虚拟语气，表示与过去相反。BB该句主句中用的是与现在相反的虚拟语气，而从句中使用的是与过去相反的虚拟语气。全句意思为“如果我不在七岁时迷上了我们家乡的MelindaCoxLibrary，我真不能想象我今天会做什么。” 3、条件句中虚拟语气的特殊情况虚拟倒装句Whatwouldhavehappened,_____asfarastheriverbank?(01上海)BobhadwalkedfartherB.ifBobshouldwalkfartherC.hadBobwalkedfartherD.ifBobwalkedfarther2)错综条件句Ifyou_____himyesterday,you_____whattodonow.asked…wouldknowB.hadasked…wouldhaveknownC.askedhim…knowD.hadasked…wouldknowCD 3)介词短语表条件Butforyourhelp,wecouldn’thavesucceeded.Theywouldn’thavereachedtheagreementsoeasilywithoutthatcommonground.4)情境中提供虚拟语气Supposetherewerenogravitationalforce,objectswouldnotfalltothegroundwhendropped.Shewasn’tfeelingverywell.Otherwiseshewouldn’thaveleftthemeetingsoearly.高考题点击：Jack____yet,otherwisehewouldhavephonedme.(N97)A.mustn’thavearrivedB.shouldn’thavearrivedC.can’thavearrivedD.needn’thavearrivedC 5)比较ifonly与onlyifonlyif表示“只有”；ifonly则表示“如果……就好了”。Ifonly也可用于陈述语气。Iwakeuponlyifthealarmclockrings.只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。Ifonlyhecomesearly.但愿他早点回来。 4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气A、宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词suggest,order,demand,request,desire,insist,require,decide,determine,advise,recommend,deserve(值得提及)后需用should型的虚拟语气。考题点击：Theteacherdemandedthatthework_____before4o’clock.A.finishedB.befinishedC.shouldfinishD.finish2.---Whatdidthedoctorsayaboutyourmother’sillness?---Hesuggestedthatshe_____anoperationatonce.A.musthaveB.hadC.haveD.hadhadBC B、主语从句中的虚拟语气基本句型：Itissuggested,ordered,proposed,required,demanded,requested,insisted；+(should)doItisimportant,necessary,natural,desirable,strange,advisable,imperative…Itisapity,ashame,nowonder考题点击：1.Isitnecessarythathe_____theexamination?A.takesB.hastotakeC.musttakeD.take2.Itisstrangethathe_____youthis.A.wouldtellB.shouldtellC.hadtoldD.hastoldDB C、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。Myideaisthatwe(should)getmorepeopletoattendtheconference.Imakeaproposalthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.考题点击：Hissuggestionthatyou_____oncemoresoundsreasonable.A.tryB.triesC.musttryD.cantryA 5.虚拟语气在其它情况下的使用1)wish后的虚拟语气：高考题点击：HowIwisheveryfamily_____alargehousewithabeautifulgarden!(02上海)A.hasB.hadC.willhaveD.hadhad2)asif从句：高考题点击：Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit____.(95N)A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbrokenBC 3)It’stime从句：Itis(high)timethat后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。Itistimethatthechildrenwenttobed.Itishightimethatthechildrenshouldgotobed.类似的结构为wouldrather从句：Iwouldratheryouattendedthemeetingthisafternoon.考题点击：---DoyoumindifIleavethewindowopen?---Well,I’dratheryou_____.A.don’tB.didn’tC.won’tD.mustn’t2.It’shalfpasteleven.It’shightime_____home.A.we’llB.we’dC.we’regoingD.wewentBD 2010年高考语法复习形容词和副词 考点分析1、形容词和副词的基本用法；2、形容词和副词的位置；3、形容词和副词的级别；4、常见形容词和副词的用法比较。 形容词的基本用法 1、形容词的词义问题1：---I’mvery________withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.---Mm,itdoeshavea________smell.(2002北京)A.pleasant,pleasedB.pleased,pleasedC.pleasant,pleasantD.pleased,pleasantD高考中关于形容词的词义的题考得不少，复习时需密切关注。该句中pleased表示“感到满意（高兴）的”；pleasant表示“令人满意（高兴）的”。根据句意不难发现答案为D。 问题2：Theircheerfulvoiceshowedthattheywerehavinga____discussion.(1997上海)A.noisyB.seriousC.completeD.friendly问题3：Ifitisquite_______toyou,IwillvisityounextTuesday.（05天津卷）A.convenientB.fairC.easyD.comfortableD该句中cheerful是重要的提示词，意为“欢快的”。noisy;serious以及complete显然都与题义无关。是形容词，意为“友好的”，只有它符合题义。Itisconvenientforsb.todosth.该句型意为：“某人方便（适合）做某事”；一般不说“sb.isconvenienttodosth.”其它三个词显然不符合句义。A 2、后置定语问题问题4：Allthepeople_____atthepartywerehissupporters.(02北京)A.presentB.thankfulC.interestedD.important解析：形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是下列情况要后置：proper(本身),present(在场的，出席的),involved(有关的), concerned(相关的),left(剩下的),objecting(反对的), mentioned(提及的),selected(当选的)等。如thestudentspresent(出席的学生)thecostinvolved(所需费用)A f.下列情况也要后置：a.some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词的修饰语要后置．如：somethingnew;nothingserious;anythinginteresting b.else修饰不定代词和疑问代词时，要后置。如：Nobodyelseissosillyasyouare. c.不定式短语，动名词短语，分词短语，介词短语做定语要后置。如：Doyoustillremembertheafternooninthefirstyearatcollegewhentheprofessorgaveusachemistrylesson? d.以a-开头的形容词做定语要后置．如：alike,alive,alone,asleep,afraid,awake…如：Heistheonlymanawakeatthattime. 巩固练习：Ican’tgetagoodpictureonmyTVset.Theremustbesomething____withit.A.badB.matterC.thematterD.thewrong2._____totakethisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.A.BraveenoughstudentsB.EnoughbravestudentsC.StudentsbraveenoughD.Studentsenoughbrave3.Thereis_____toholdthewater.A.nothingbigenoughB.nothingenoughbigC.bigenoughnothingD.enoughbignothingCCA 3、以-ly结尾的形容词问题5：Whathesaidsounds________.(1993上海)nicelyB.pleasantlyC.friendlyD.wonderfully解析：1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，manly,timely,worldly(老于世故的)仍为形容词。改错：(错）Shesanglovely.（对）Hersingingwaslovely.（错）Hespoketomeveryfriendly.（对）Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.2）有些以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，earlyTheTimesisadailypaper.Itispublisheddaily.C 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 问题1JohnSmith,asuccessfulbusinessman,hasacar.（04辽宁）A．largeGermanwhiteB．largewhiteGermanC．whitelargeGermanD．Germanlargewhite多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--出处--材料性质，类别--名词根据这个公式，就不难排列出：大小+颜色+出处，故选择B。B 问题2:This_______girlisLind’scousin.(05北京卷)A.prettylittleSpanishB.SpanishlittleprettyC.SpanishprettylittleD.littleprettySpanish问题3：Onedaytheycrossedthe____bridgebehindthepalace.A.oldChinesestoneB.ChineseoldstoneC.oldstoneChineseD.Chinesestoneold由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)--性质--名词”的公式可知，描绘词+大小+出处的顺序，最符合答案。根据排列顺序：大小、形状+年龄+颜色+来源+质地+用途+名词可选择AAA 常见形容词的比较 1).worth---worthy---worthwhile2)alike---like---likely3)dead---deadly---deathly4)historic---historical5)live---lively---alive---living6)possible---probable---likely7)valueless---priceless8)respectable(可敬的、高尚的)---respectful(表示敬意的)Arespectablemanisrespectfultoothers.9)healthy(健康的)---healthful(有益于健康的)Theairatseasideishealthfultous.Soallofusarehealthy. 巩固练习：TheWorldCupinFrancewasthebiggest_____footballmatchintheworld.A.aliveB.liveC.livelyD.living2.Anyonewhohasspenttimewithchildrenknowsthedifferenceinthewayboysandgirlsrespond(反应)tothe_____situation.A.likelyB.sameC.alikeD.similar3.It’s_____torainbutnot_____beforeevening.A.possible…probableB.probable…possibleC.possibly…probablyD.probably…possiblyBDA 副词的基本用法 问题1：______,somefamousscientistshavethequalitiesofbeingbothcarefulandcareless.（04上海春季）A.StrangelyenoughB.EnoughstrangelyC.StrangeenoughD.Enoughstrange问题2：Canyoubelievethatin_____arichcountrythereshouldbe_____manypoorpeople?(1995N)A.such,suchB.such,soC.so,soD.so,suchAB副词enough要放在形容词和副词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。A:基本句型：such+(a)+adj.+n.;so+adj.+a+n.B:such后可加各种名词，而so后面只能加单数名词；C:so可加many,much,few,little等，而such不能。 问题3：Wedon’tcareifahuntingdogsmells____,butwereallydon’twanthimtosmell_____.(1995上海)A.well,wellB.bad,badC.well,badlyD.badly,bad问题4：Allenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_____tocarryallthewayhome.（03全国卷）A．muchtooheavyB．toomuchheavyC．heavytoomuchD．tooheavymuchCAsmell有双重词性，作“闻起来”解是系动词，后接形容词作表语；作“嗅”解是形为动词，后接副词。该题的干扰项是B，“smellsbad”表示闻起来很臭，不可能同时放入两个空格。muchtoo是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词；toomuch是名词或形容词，可单独使用或修饰名词。 问题5：Johnisverylazy.Hefalls______behindinhisstudies.(05(广东卷)A.veryB.farC.moreD.still问题6：—MustIturnoffthegasaftercooking?—Ofcourse.Youcanneverbecarefulwiththat.(05江西卷)A．enoughB．tooC．soD．veryBB副词的修饰关系是现今高考的热点之一，复习中应予以足够的重视。“farbehind…”表示“远远地掉在后面”。“canneverbetoo…”是一种固定的表达方式，意为“越……就越好” 常用副词的比较 问题1：Itwasrainingheavily.LittleMaryfeltcold,soshestood______tohermother.(2002北京)A.closeB.closelyC.closedD.closing问题2：Wedecidednottoclimbthemountainsbecauseitwasraining_______.(1996N)A.badlyB.hardlyC.stronglyD.heavilyADcloseto离……近，此处close是副词；closely表示“密切地”，与题意无关。表示“雨下得大”可用rainhard;rainheavily等，不用badly或strongly。表示“刮大风”可用strongwind。hardly是否定词，与句意无关。 注意下面兼有两种形式的副词close与closelyclose意思是“近”；closely意思是“仔细地”Heissittingclosetome.Watchhimclosely.late与latelylate意思是“晚”；lately意思是“最近”Youhavecometoolate.Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?3)deep与deeplydeep意思是“深”，表示时间和空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.Heoftenworksdeepintothenight.Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm. high与highlyhigh表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于muchTheplanewasflyinghigh.Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.5)wide与widelywide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”Heopenedthedoorwide.Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.6)free与freelyfree的意思是"免费"；freely的意思是"无限制地"Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike. 另外注意下列各组副词的用法区别1)just---justnow2)rather---fairly3)yet---still---already4)hard---hardly---rarely---scarcely5)sucha+adj.+n.---so+adj.+a+n.6)most---mostly---almost7)especially---specially8)everyday---everyday9)sometime---sometimes---sometime 巩固练习：It’salwaysdifficultbeinginaforeigncountry,_____ifyoudon’tspeakthelanguage.A.ExtremelyB.naturallyC.basicallyD.especially2.Wouldyoube_____domeafavor?A.kindenoughB.sokindastoC.sokindtoD.kindasto3.Theguidetoldusthathewouldorganizesomebusinessmenfromabroadtohaveatour_____thenextmonth.A.sometimeB.sometimeC.sometimesD.sometimes4.Itis____thathisEnglishis_____perfect.A.sure…veryB.right…ratherC.exact…fairlyD.certain…quiteDBBD 形容词和副词的级别 1、as…as…结构问题1：Johnisthetallestboyintheclass,_______accordingtohimself.（05安徽卷）(B)A.fivefooteightastallasB.astallasfivefooteightC.asfivefooteighttallasD.astallfivefooteightas问题2：Whatatable!I’veneverseensuchathingbefore.Itis______itislong.（05湖北卷）A．halfnotaswideasB．widenotashalfasC．nothalfaswideasD．aswideasnothalfBCastallas“高达…”,fivefooteight=fivefeeteightinchesaswideas是比较，所以倍数词应放在前面。 说明：1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so…as。Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.2）当as…as中间有名词时采用以下格式。as+形容词+a+单数名词as+many/much+名词Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan..3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine. 4)倍数+the+n+of<=>倍数+as+adj.+asThisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.5)数量词+senior/junior+toHeissevenyearsseniortohiswife.Iamthreeyearsjuniortomyeldersister. ２、morethan结构问题1：－Isyourheadachegetting______?－No,it’sworse.（05全国卷3）A．betterB．badC．lessD．well问题2：Mr.Smithowns______collectionofcoinsthananyoneelseIhaveevermet.（05山东卷）A.largerB.alargerC.thelargerD.alarge问题3：Thenumberofpeoplepresentattheconcertwas_______thanexpected.Thereweremanyticketsleft.（04福建）A．muchsmallerB．muchmoreC．muchlargerD．manymoreABA 问题4：Thedictionarygavemeabetterofferthan____.(1999上海)A.thatofDick’sB.Dick’sC.hegaveDickD.thoseofDick问题5：You’restandingtoonearthecamera.Canyoumove_____?(2000上海)A.abitfarB.alittlefartherC.abitoffartherD.alittlefar问题6：Inthatcase,thereisnothingyoucando______thanwait.(2001北京春季)A.moreB.otherC.betterD.anyCBB 1）要避免重复使用比较级。(错)Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.(对)Heisclevererthanhisbrother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错)ChinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.(对)ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.4）程度词abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even等词可修饰比较级。除外，还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。以上词(除byfar)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。而byfar一般置于比较级之后和最高级之前。 ３、ofthetwo结构问题1：Ofthetwoshirts,I’dliketochoose_____one.(94上海)A.thelessexpensiveB.themostexpensiveC.lessexpensiveD.mostexpensive问题2：Ifthemanagerhadtochoosebetweenthetwo,hewouldsayJohnwas________choice.(95上海)A.goodB.thebestC.betterD.thebetter说明：在ofthetwo结构中，比较级前要加the，但如果不在ofthetwo结构中，要注意冠词的使用。后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有冠词。　比较：Whichislarger,CanadaorAustralia?Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?Sheistallerthanhertwosisters.Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters.AD 4、the+最高级+比较范围问题1：Davidhaswonthefirstprizeinsinging;heisstillveryexcitednowandfeels________desiretogotobed.(05江苏卷)A.themostB.moreC.worseD.theleast问题2：Greenland,________islandintheworld,coversovertwomillionsquarekilometers.(2000上海)A.itisthelargestB.thatisthelargestC.isthelargestD.thelargestDD 1)形容词最高级前必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。Theshortestboyrunsfastestinthe100-meterrace.形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。(错)Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers.(对)Tomisthetallestofthethreebrothers.2)下列词可修饰最高级，byfar,far,much,mostly,almostThishatisnearly/almostthebiggest. 注意：a.very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。Thisistheverybest.Thisismuchthebest.b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.3)句型转换：Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass.Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentinhisclass.4)“否定词语+比较级”，“否定词语+so…as”结构表示最高级含义。Nothingissoeasyasthis.=Nothingiseasierthanthis.=Thisistheeasiestthing. 5、和more有关的词组1)themore…themore…越……就越……Theharderyouwork，thegreaterprogressyou‘llmake.2)moreBthanA与其说A不如说BlessAthanBHeismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.3)nomore…than…与……一样(不)……，不比……多TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.noless…than…与……一样……Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.4)morethan不只是，非常Sheismorethankindtousall. 2010年高考语法复习情态动词 1.情态动词的考点1、can;may;mustshould;need等表示判断及推测；2、shall;should的特殊用法；3、情态动词的应答策略；4、对过去的判断或推测；5、dare;need的用法特点。 2.情态动词的用法特点1）情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2）情态动词除ought和have外，后面只能接不带to的不定式。3）情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4）情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。 f.3.情态动词表示推测的用法A.对现在状态和动作的推测高考题点击：Helen______goonthetripwithus,butsheisn’tquitesureyet.（05安徽卷）A.shallB.mustC.mayD.canC说明：must加动词原形表示“必须做”；may加动词原形表示“可能会做”；can加动词原形表示“能够做”；can表示“可能性”时一般用在问句和否定句中。该句的关键在于“butsheisn’tquitesureyet”。 说明：needn’t表示“不必”；mustn’t表示“不准”；shan’t用在二、三人称中表示“坚决不准”，含有强烈的警告和命令的语气。shouldn’t表示“非常不可能”或“应该不会”。2.There_________beanydifficultyaboutpassingtheroadtestsinceyouhavepracticedalotinthedrivingschool.（05上海卷）A.mustn’tB.shan’tC.shouldn’tD.needn’tC 3.It’snearly7:00.Jack__behereatanymoment.(N1995)A.mustB.needC.shouldD.can4.Johnny,you_____playwiththeknife,you_____hurtyourself.(N1996)A.won’t,can’tB.mustn’t,mayC.shouldn’t,mustD.can’t,shouldCBmust+be表示“肯定会”；need+be表示“需要在”；should+动词原形表示“非常有可能”；can表示可能性只用在否定和疑问句中。前句表示“你不能玩刀”，此处的“不能”并非表示“能力”，而是表示“允许”，所以只能用“mustn’t”；后句表示“可能会伤着你自己”，故用may。 5.----AreyoucomingtoJeff’sparty?----I’mnotsure.I___gototheconcertinstead.(N2000)A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might6.Mr.Bushisontimeforeverything.How_____itbethathewaslatefortheopeningceremony?(2001上海春季)A.canB.shouldC.mayD.mustDA此句的关键在于“I’mnotsure”，既然不能肯定，只能是一种“可能性”。此句的意思为：“Bush先生总是很守时，他怎么可能在出席开幕仪式时迟到呢？“can在否定句或疑问句中表示“可能性”。 7.---IsJohncomingbytrain?---Heshould,buthe______not.Helikesdrivinghiscar.(N2002)A.mustB.canC.needD.may8.---Iheardtheywentskiinginthemountainslastwinter.---It_________truebecausetherewaslittlesnowthere.(N2002北京)A.maynotbeB.won’tbeC.couldn’tbeD.mustn’tbeDC此句的关键是“Helikesdrivinghiscar.”can和may都可用于否定句中，can’t表示“根本不可能”，语气很强；maynot表示“也许不可能”，语气较弱。couldn’t的语气比can’t弱。 B.对过去动作或状态的推测Tomoughtnotto_______meyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm.(N1993)A.havetoldB.tellC.betellingD.havingtold2.ItoldSallyhowtogethere,butperhapsI______forher.(N1994)A.hadtowriteitoutB.musthavewrittenitoutC.shouldhavewrittenitoutD.oughttowriteitoutACoughtto相当于should；此句的关键是“Hemeantnoharm”，显然指的是过去的事。shouldhavewritten意指“本该写但实际上并没有写”。 3.---Therewerealready5peopleinthecarbuttheymanagedtotakemeaswell.---It________acomfortablejourney.(N1995)A.can’tbeB.shouldn’tbeC.mustn’thavebeenD.couldn’thavebeen4.Susan_______writtenareportlikethis.(1995上海)A.canhaveB.mustn’thaveC.can’thaveD.oughttonothaveDC此句谈论的是过去的经历，故A、B不合题意；must表示判断和推测只能用在肯定句中。该句的意思为Susan不可能写出这样的报告来。oughttohavedone的否定式为oughtnottohavedone。 5.Jack____yet,otherwisehewouldhavephonedme.(N97)A.mustn’thavearrivedB.shouldn’thavearrivedC.can’thavearrivedD.needn’thavearrived6.---IstayedatahotelwhileinNewYork.---Oh,didyou?You______withBarbara.(N1998)A.couldhavestayedB.couldstayC.wouldstayD.musthavestayedCA此句的关键是后半句，“otherwisehewouldhavephonedme”，此处为省略了条件句的虚拟语气，表示“如果到了他会打电话给我的”，由此可见，他肯定没到。此句并不表示判断，而是一个虚拟语气。 4.shall;should的特殊用法1.Ithasbeenannouncedthatcandidates_______remainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.(2002上海)A.canB.willC.mayD.shall2.It’snearly7:00.Jack___behereatanymoment.(N95)A.mustB.needC.shouldD.canDC该句的意思为：“通知说所有的考生必须坐在位置上直到考卷收完了才能离开。”考生坐在位置上不能用“能够、将要、可以”来表示。而shall在第二、三人称里面表示一种“命令、警告、承诺”等。 3.---WhencanIcomeforthephotos?Ineedthemtomorrowafternoon.---They__________bereadyby12:00.(N1998)A.canB.shouldC.mightD.need4.Youcan’timaginethatawell-behavedgentleman_____besorudetoalady.(2001上海)A.mightB.needC.shouldD.wouldBC此句应是店主对顾客的承诺。should与how;why等表示疑问或否定的词连用时，用来表示一种惊奇的心情，意思为“居然、竟然” 5.情态动词的应答1.---ShallItellJohnaboutit?---No,you______.I’vetoldhimalready.(N1994)A.needn’tB.wouldn’tC.mustn’tD.shouldn’t2.---CouldIcallyoubythefirstname?---Yes,you__________.(1998上海)A.willB.couldC.mayD.mightAC此句的关键是“I’vetoldhimalready”，由此可见，你就不必再对他说了。在回答“CouldI…”这类婉客气的请求时，只能回答“Yes,youcan或may”。不能用could或might。 3.---Willyoustayforlunch?---Sorry,____.Mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.(N1999)A.Imustn’tB.Ican’tC.Ineedn’tD.Iwon’t4.----Writetomewhenyougethome.----__________.(2001北京春季)A.ImustB.IshouldC.IwillD.IcanBC此句的关键是“Mybrotheriscomingtoseeme.”所以我不能在这儿吃饭。在回答对方的请求或命令时，应该用“Yes,Iwill.”而不能使用would或should。 6.情态动词的其它一些用法Iwonderhowhe_______thattotheteacher.(1996上海)A.daretosayB.daresayingC.notdaresayD.daredsay2.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone______getout.(N1997)A.hadtoB.wouldC.wasabletoD.could3.Whenhewasthere,he_______gotothatcoffeeshopatthecornerafterworkeveryday.(1996上海)A.wouldB.shouldC.hadbetterD.mightDCA注意比较dare和need的两种词性的不同用法。注意比较could与wasableto的用法区别。would在此处表示过去惯常的动作。 2010年高考语法复习状语从句 状语从句考点1、各种从属连词的含义及用法比较；2、nomatterwh-与wh-ever引导的从句的区别；3、状语从句的时态问题；4、状语从句的倒装问题；5、状语从句与其它从句的区别。 1、时间状语从句问题1：Don’tbeafraidofaskingforhelpitisneeded.（03全国卷）A．unlessB．sinceC．althoughD．when根据句意，此处只能为时间状语从句，故答案为D。unless引导条件状语从句，意为“除非”；although引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”；since虽引导时间状语从句，但意思为“从…以来”，这些都与题意无关。引导时间状语的引导词很多，复习when时要注意比较它与while与as的区别。D when,while,as三者的具体用法关键在于动作发生的时间及从句的动词。while表时间，从句需用延续性动词，不用瞬间动词；when表时间，从句既可用延续性动词，又可以用瞬间动词；as表时间，与when相似，但侧重强调主、从句动作同点或同段进行，可用延续行动词的一般过去式表式过去进行时。when,while后还可以接分词短语。when作并列连词，表示一个动作在发生时，另一个动作接着发生，这时就不能用while、as。Iwaswalkingonthestreetwhensuddenlysomeonepattedmeontheshoulder.while作并列连词，表示两种情况对比。HewasplayingtheguitarwhilehissisterwaswatchingTV. 问题2：1)—Washisfatherverystrictwithhimwhenhewasatschool?—Yes.Hehadneverpraisedhimhebecameoneofthetopstudentsinhisgrade.（03北京春季）A．afterB．unlessC．untilD．When2)Simonthoughthiscomputerwasbroken________hislittlebrotherpointedoutthathehadforgottentoturniton.（05北京春季）A.untilB.unlessC.afterD.becauseCAuntil/till“直到……止”(肯定句，主句是延续性动词);not…until“直到……才”(否定句，主句是终止性动词);until可用于倒装句和强调句，till不用于句首。NotuntilIreturneddidshefinishherhomework.ItwasnotuntilIreturnedhomethatshefinishedherhomework. 问题3：1、TheAmericanCivilWarlastedfouryears______theNorthwonintheend.(05广东卷)A.afterB.beforeC.whenD.then2、Hemadeamistake,butthenhecorrectedthesituation______itgotworse.（03北京）A.untilB.whenC.beforeD.asBbefore从句是高考中的一大热点，从时间概念上不难作出判断。注意它的翻译：在肯定句中一般翻译成“…（主句的动作）才…（从句的动作）”，如题1；或“还没有…（从句的动作）就…（主句的动作）”，如题2。C 问题4：—DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?—Yes,Igaveittoher_______Isawher.（01北京春季）A．whileB．themomentC．suddenlyD．onceBthetime（当……的时刻）,themoment/minute/second/instant(一…就…),nexttime(下次),thefirsttime(第一次…的时候),thelasttime(上次…的时候)，immediately（一…就…）,instantly（一…就…）,directly（一…就…）等词或词组可引导表示时间的状语从句；还有一些表示习惯性动作的词如：everytime（每次）,eachtime（每次）,whenever（每当）等也可引导表示时间的状语从句。 2、条件状语从句问题1：1、TheWTOcannotliveuptoitsname____itdoesnotincludeacountrythatishometoonefifthofmankind.（2000全国）A．aslongasB．whileC．ifD．eventhough2、Itisknowntoallthat_____youexerciseregularly,youwon’tkeepgoodhealth.（05重庆卷）A.unlessB.wheneverC.althoughD.ifCAunless相当于ifnot，意思是“除非…”“如果不…就…”。这也是高考的热点之一。复习时也应给予高度重视。 问题2：1、_____Icansee,thereisonlyonepossiblewaytokeepawayfromthedanger.（04北京春季）A.AslongasB.AsfarasC.JustasD.Evenif2、IalwaystakesomethingtoreadwhenIgotothedoctor’s________Ihavetowait.（05全国卷3）A．incaseB．sothatC．inorderD．asifBAaslongas与asfaras都可引导条件状语从句，aslongas表示“只要…”，asfaras表示“就…而论（而言）”。题1根据题意应该选用B。incase表示“以防”，根据题2的句意，不难作出选择。 3、让步状语从句问题1：1、_____Iacceptthatheisnotperfect,Idoactuallyliketheperson.（04江苏）A.WhileB.SinceC.BeforeD.Unless2、Allowchildrenthespacetovoicetheiropinions,____theyaredifferentfromyourown.(05湖南卷）(B)A.untilB.evenifC.unlessD.asthoughABwhile是高考中的高频词，它既可引导时间状语从句，又可引导并列句，还可引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”。evenif等于eventhough，表示“即使、尽管”。asthough等于asif，引导方式状语从句，表示“好像、似乎”。 问题2：1、Hetriedhisbesttosolvetheproblem,___difficultitwas.（05天津卷）A.howeverB.nomatterC.whateverDalthough2、Theoldtowermustbesaved,______thecost.（05浙江）A．howeverB．whateverC．whicheverD．whereverABnomatterwh-与wh-ever的联系及区别：nomatterwh-只引导让步状语从句，此时与wh-ever通用。如:Nomatterwhen/Wheneverhecomesback,heshouldbeinvitedtotheparty.wh-ever又可引导名词性从句，Nomatterwh-不能。如：WhateverIcandoforyouwillbenothingbutpayingadebt.Whoevercanhelpuswillbewelcome 4.状语从句的时态问题问题1：1、Thehousecouldfalldownsoonifnoone______somequickrepairwork.（04全国IV）AhasdoneBisdoingCdoesDhaddone2、Itisalmostfiveyears_______wesaweachotherlasttime.（05北京春季）A.beforeB.sinceC.afterD.when在条件，时间和让步从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时，用现在完成时表将来完成时，用一般过去时表过去将来时。在since引导的时间状语从句中，动词一般都用一般过去时，而主句常用现在完成时。CB 5、状语从句的倒装问题问题1：1、Sodifficult_____ittoliveinanEnglish-speakingcountrythatIdeterminedtolearnEnglish.(01上海)A.IhavefeltB.haveIfeltC.IdidfeelD.didIfeel2、Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver,_____howseriousthepollutionwas.(95NMET)A.didthevillagersrealizeB.thevillagersrealizedC.thevillagersdidrealizeD.didn’tthevillagersrealize状语从句的倒装一般有下面几种情况：①否定词开头；②so加adj.开头；③as/though引导的让步状语从句。DA 特别注意：Hardly…when…Nosooner…than…Childasheis,…Hardlyhadhegottothestation,thetrainleft.Nosoonerhadhegottothestation,thetrainleft.Childasheis,hecanspeaksevenforeignlanguages. 6、状语从句与并列句的区别问题1：1、Thoughheisinhissixties,______heworksashardasayoungmanA.yetB.butC.andD.andyet2、Excusemeforbreakingin,_________Ihavesomenewsforyou.(NMET02)A.soB.andC.butD.yet题1是主从复合句，所以中间不能使用并列连词and;or;but;so等。yet是副词，只有yet可以与though连用。题2为并列句，而“Excuse…,but…”为一固定搭配。在复习中需要细心的分析句子结构和成分。AC 主谓一致 （一）谓语动词常用复数的情况1）主语为复数名词或代词Theteachersarerespectedintheworld.2)当people,police,cattle等集体名词作主语，形式上为单数而意义却是复数，谓语用复数Thepolicearelookingforthemissingchild.Thecattlearekeptinhisfarm.3）山脉、群岛、瀑布、运动会等s结尾的复数名词作主语。TheOlympicGamesareheldonceeveryfouryears.TheRockymountainsstandinthewestofthenorthAmerica4）the+adj.表示一类人或物做主语时如the+blind,deaf,living,dead,wounded,poor,richold,young等 Thedeadaresoonforgotten.Thericharenotalwayshappy.Generallyspeakingtheyoungareeagerforsuccess.5)the+姓的复数形式表一家人TheWhitesaregoingtomakeatriptoLondon.TheGreenswerewatchingTVwhenafirebrokeout.（二）谓语动词常用单数的情况1）可数名词的单数及不可数名词作主语时。2）表示时间、距离、金钱、长度、重量等复数名词作主语，表达一个整体概念时。Twentyyearsisonlyashorttimeinhumanhistory.3)主语从句、动词不定式、动名词形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Lookingafterthechildrenismyfulltimejob.Todieforthepeopleisaworthydeath.Whenandwheretoholdthemeetingisunknown.Whateverwasleftwastakenaway.4)以-S结尾的单数名词，形式为复数而意义为单数如表示学科、国家、机构、书籍、报刊等名称作主语,(news,physics,maths，politics)谓语用单数。TheUnitedstatesismadeupof50states.TheTimesisanewspaperfortheBritishgovernmentGreatExpectationswaswrittenbyCharlesDickensin1860.5)clothing,furniture,traffic,jewellery,baggage,equipment,luggage等无生命的集合名词作主语。Clothingisbadlyneededinthisfloodedarea. eachneithereither+of+the+复数名词或代词Eachofushasadictionary.Eitherofthebooksonthetablebelongstome.Neitherofthemisfitforthejob.7)manya/each/everyeither/neithermorethanone+单数名词Manyastudenthasseenthefilm.Neitherstoryistrue.当each放在主语后作同位语时，不决定谓语单复数Theyeachhaveadictionary.=Eachofthemhasadictionary.Morethanonestudenthasseenthefilm.Morestudentsthanonehaveseenthefilm. 8)everyeachnomanya+名词单数＋and+everyeachnomanya+名词单数作主语时谓语用单数Everydeskandeverychairismadeofwood.Manyaboyandgirlhasmadethesamemistake.9）由some,any,no,every+one/thing/body所构成的复合代词做主语时，谓语用单数Nobodywantstogothere.Somethinghasbeendonetoendthestrike.10）man(人类)和theworld(世人)作主语时Manhascreatedmanyusefulthings.Theworldknowsthattheearthisround. （三）其它情况1）用and或both…and…连接的两个名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但是如果and连接的两个名词作主语，指同一个人或事或整体概念，谓语动词用单数（如果是可数名词的单数这时and后面的名词一般没有冠词）。用is/are填空EnglishandChinesequitedifferentlanguages.Waterandairbothimportant.Ayoungmanandagirltogothere.Thesingerandthewriterfamoustomanyyoungpeople.areareareare ThemanagerandsecretaryasbusyasabeealldayThesingerandwriterfamoustoeveryone.Warandpeace（战争与和平）aconstantthemeinhistory.Aknifeandfork（刀叉）neededforawesternmeal.Breadandbutter(黄油面包)servedforbreakfast.Earlytobedandearlytorise（早睡早起）agoodhabit.isisisisisisironandsteel钢铁lawandorder治安awatchandchain一块带链的表Aneedleandthread(针线)acoatandtie配有领带的上衣 2）单、复数同形的名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则。作单数意义时，谓语动词用单数，反之谓语动词用复数。这类名词有：sheep,fish,deer,means(方法),species(种类),works(工厂),Chinese,Japanese等。选择填空has/haveEverymeansbeentriedoutwithoutmuchresult.Allmeansbeentriedoutwithoutmuchresult.hashavewas/wereThisshoeworkssetupin1980.Thoseshoeworksallsetupin1980.waswere 3)表示成双成套的名词，如：chopsticks(筷子),compasses,clothes,glasses,jeans,scissors,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves,shorts等，作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；但如与akindof,apairof,thepairof,aseriesof连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Thiskindofbooksisuseful.=Booksofthiskindareuseful. 4)某些集体名词（如family,team等）作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式；如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数。类似动词还有：class,club,company,crowd,enemy,government,group,party,public,team等。1)Hisfamily____(be)abigfamily2)Hisfamily______(be)listeningtomusicwhenhecameback3)ThepopulationinChina______(be)verylarge,andeightyofthepopulationinChina_____(be)farmers.iswereisare 5)就近原则下列连词连接两个主语时，及therebe句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最靠近的主语保持一致。AorBeitherAorBneitherAnorBnotonlyAbutalsoBtherebeA,BandCnotAbutB动词与靠近的主语一致1）Eitherthegirlortheboy______inCanada.(is/are)is2）NeitherhenorI_________theanswer.(knows/know)know3）NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMary_______tiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.are 5）Youorhe_______toblame．你或他有一人要受责备。_____youorhetoblame?受责备的是你还是他？A．is，IsB．are，AreC．is，AreD．are，Is6)_____eitherheoryouright?(be)(注意就近原则在疑问中的使用)Is4)You,heorIright.am7)Eitheryouortheheadmaster______theprizetothosegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.(NMET1994)A.ishandingoutB.aretohandoutC.arehandingoutD.istohandoutD 6)就前原则,当主语后面跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等词组时，其谓语动词的单复数按主语的单复数而定。2）NobodybutJohnandHelenabsent.I,ratherthanyou，responsiblefortheaccident.wasam1)Theteacher,with6girlsand8boysofherclass,______visitingamuseumwhentheearthquakestruck.(NMET2004北京卷)A.wasB.wereC.hadbeenD.wouldbeA 7)Noneof+n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可Noneof+n（单数）作主语，谓语用单数Noneofthecarswas/weredamaged.这些车都没有受损。Noneofthefoodhasgonebad.食物没有变质。8)anumberof+n（复数）作主语，谓语用复数thenumberof+n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数Thenumberofthepeopleinvited______fifty,butanumberofthem______absentfordifferentreasons.(NMET1996)A.were,wasB.was;wasC.was;wereD.were;werealargequantityof+c/u+谓语单数largequantitiesof+c/u+谓语复数Alargequantityofpeopleisneededhere.Largequantitiesoffoodhaverottenaway.C 9）关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。HeisoneofthefewpersonswhoagoodknowledgeofItalian.他是精通意大利语的少数人之一。havewasHeistheonlyoneoftheboyswhogivenaprize.他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。当one之前有theonly修饰时，one是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。agreatdealof/alargeamountof+u+谓语单数但largeamountsof+u+谓语复数 10)倒装句中，必须认准哪是主语。如：1)Betweenthetwobuildings(stand)amonument.2)Ontheship(be)over2,200people.3)Morethan1,500peoplelosttheirlives.Amongthose(be)theyoungwoman.standswere/arewas11).such,thesame起指示代词作用，应根据其所指的内容来确定单、复数。如：Suchisourplan.Sucharemyhopes.12).all做主语表示人时，谓动用复数；若表物，谓动则用单数。Alliswellthatendswell.Allareeagertoreachanagreement. 13)partof/halfof/…percentof/onethirdof+名词，谓语动词要与of后面的名词保持一致。 RevisionoftheAdverbialClauses状语从句复习 九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句目的状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句 九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词时间状语从句when,while,as,before,after,assoonas,till,until,not…until,thefirst/second…/lasttime,themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…thanwhere,whereverbecause,since,as,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthatif,unless,now(that),as(so)longas,incase,onconditionthat,suppose/supposing,provided/providingalthough,though,eventhough/if,as,while,nomatterwhich/what/when/where/who/how,whichever,wherever,whatever,whoever,whenever,however,whether…or；地点状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句 九种常用的状语从句及其常用的连接词结果状语从句sothat,so…that,such…thatsothat,incase,forfearthat,lesthow,as,asif/asthoughthan,as…as,notso/as…as,the+比较级…,the+比较级…目的状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句 九种常用的状语从句时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句目的状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句状语从句有九种，时地原因条状补，目比结果方让步，连词引导各不同；主句通常前面走，连词引导紧随后，从句若在主前头，主从之间有个逗。 WhileIwaswonderingatthis,ourschoolmastertookhisplace.()2.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.()3.Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.（）4.I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.()5.Socleverwasheastudentthathewasabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.()6.Aslongasyoudon’tloseheart,you’llsucceed.()7.Tryashemight,hecouldnotfindajob.()8.Theoldladytreatstheboyasifhewerehisownson.()时间地点原因目的结果条件让步方式状语从句的分类 考点与难点归纳 考点与难点归纳1、各种从属连词的含义及用法比较；2、nomatterwh-与wh-ever引导的从句的区别；3、状语从句的时态问题；4、状语从句倒装及紧缩问题；5、状语从句与其它从句的区别。考点难点 1.时间状语从句问题1:1.(04北京春)Wewereswimminginthelake______suddenlythestormstarted.A.whenB.whileC.untilD.before2.(02上海)Hewasabouttotellmethesecret______someonepattedhimontheshoulder.A.asB.untilC.whileD.when3.(05上海)Hetransplantedthelittletreetothegarden______itwasthebesttimeforit.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.until4.(05福建)－DidJackcomebackearlylastnight?－Yes.Itwasnotyeteighto’clock____hearrivedhome.A.BeforeB.whenC.thatD.until5.(06辽宁)Hewasabouthalfwaythroughhismeal______afamiliarvoicecametohisears.A.whyB.whereC.whenD.whileADBBC 连接词when的用法小结1.when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是可延续的，也可以是表短暂性动作的动词，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。如：Whenthefilmended,thepeoplewentback.WhenIlivedthere,IusedtogototheseashoreonSundays.2.可用作并列连词，其意义为“那时，这时”，相当于andatthis/thattime。常用于下列句式：Somebodywasdoingsomething/wasabouttodosth./wasonthepointofdoingsth.when…(刚要……这时突然……)3.还可以表示原因“既然”，相当于since;consideringthat。如：Itwasfoolishofyoutotakeataxiwhenyoucouldeasilywalkthereinfiveminutes. 问题2:6.(06天津)ThecostoflivinginGlasgowisamongthelowestinBritain,______thequalityoflifeisprobablyoneofthehighest.A.sinceB.whenC.asD.while7.(04年江苏)______Iacceptthatheisnotperfect,Idoactuallyliketheperson.A.WhileB.SinceC.BeforeD.Unless连接词while的用法小结1.while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。如：Pleasedon’ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.2.while作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。3.while可表示尽管，相当于although。DA 连接词when,while,as的用法区别：1．while引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是可延续的，而when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词是可延续的，也可以是表短暂性动作的动词。如：When/Whilehewaseatinghisbreakfast,heheardthedoorbellring.WhenIstoppedmycar,amancameuptome.(不可用while)2．从句动作发生在主句动作之前时，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。如：Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.3．表示“随着……”，连词用as，不用when或while。如：Astheelectionapproached,theviolencegotworse.4．如果主句表示的是短暂动作，而从句用延续性动作的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when,while与as可互换使用。如：When/While/AsIwaswalkingdownthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine. 问题3:1.(01北京春)－DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?－Yes.Igaveittoher______Isawher.A.whileB.themomentC.suddenlyD.once2.(1998上海)Ithoughtherniceandhonest______Imether.A.firsttimeB.forthefirsttimeC.thefirsttimeD.bythefirsttime3.______enteredtheofficewhenherealizedthathehadforgottenhisreport.A.HehardlyhadB.HadhehardlyC.HardlyhadheD.HardlyhehadBCC 小结：1．一些词，如themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…than等也可引导一个时间状语从句，相当于assoonas的意思。Ididn’twaitamoment,butcameimmediatelyyoucalled.2．一些含有time的名词短语，如everytime,eachtime,nexttime,bythetime等，以及theday,theyear,themorning等，也可引导一个时间状语从句。Thedayhereturnedhome,hisfatherwasalreadydead.Nexttimeyoucome,pleasebringyourcomposition.3.如果hardly或nosooner或scarcely置于句首，句子必须用部分倒装结构。HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain. 问题4:1.(03北京春)－Washisfatherverystrictwithhimwhenhewasatschool?－Yes.Hehadneverpraisedhim______hebecameoneofthetopstudentsinhisgrade.A.afterB.unlessC.untilD.when2.(03上海)Agoodstorytellermustbeabletoholdlisteners’curiosity______hereachestheendofthestory.A.whenB.unlessC.afterD.until3.Itwasnot______shetookoffherdarkglasses______Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.A.when;thatB.until;thatC.until;whenD.when;thenCDB 小结：till,until和not…until：1.until/till引导时间状语从句用于肯定句时，主句的动词是延续性动词，表示动作或状态一直持续到until/till所表示的时间，意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。如：Wewaiteduntilhecame.2．用于否定句时，主句谓语动词是非延续性动词，从句为肯定，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。如：Hewon’tgotobedtill/untilshereturns.3．till不可以置于句首，而until可以。如：UntilyoutoldmeIhadnoideaofit.4．not…until句型中的强调和倒装说法：ItwasnotuntilyoutoldmethatIhadanyideaofit.NotuntilyoutoldmedidIhaveanyideaofit. 问题5:1.(03年北京)Hemadeamistake,butthenhecorrectedthesituation______itgotworse.A.untilB.whenC.beforeD.as2.(04福建)Scientistssayitmaybefiveorsixyears______itispossibletotestthismedicineonhumanpatients.A.sinceB.afterC.beforeD.when3.(06四川)－Whydidn’tyoutellhimaboutthemeeting?－Herushedoutoftheroom____Icouldsayaword.A.beforeB.untilC.whenD.after4.(05北京春)Itisalmostfiveyears______wesaweachotherlasttime.A.beforeB.sinceC.afterD.becauseCCAB 连接词before的小结：一、含义1．Wehadsailedfourdaysandfournightsbeforewesawland.2．Wehadn’trunamilebeforehefelttired.3．Pleasewriteitdownbeforeyouforgetit.4．BeforeIcouldgetinaword,hehadmeasuredme.“……才”“不到……就”“趁……”“还没来得及”二．Before从句中谓语不用否定式。如：Beforetheyreachedthestation,thetrainhadgone.三．1）句型Itwillbe/was＋段时间＋before…“还要过多久才……”如：Itwillbetwoyearsbeforeheleavesthecountry.2）句型Itwillbe/wasnot＋一段时间＋before…“不多久就……”如：Itwasn’ttwoyearsbeforeheleftthecountry.3）句型Itis＋段时间＋since…时间的计算一律从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时算起。如：Itisthreeyearssinceshewasinthearmy.Itisthreeyearssinceshejoinedthearmy. 2、条件状语从句问题1：1、TheWTOcannotliveuptoitsname____itdoesnotincludeacountrythatishometoonefifthofmankind.（2000全国）A．aslongasB．whileC．ifD．eventhough2、Itisknowntoallthat_____youexerciseregularly,youwon’tkeepgoodhealth.（05重庆卷）A.unlessB.wheneverC.althoughD.ifCAunless相当于ifnot，意思是“除非…”“如果不…就…”。这也是高考的热点之一。复习时也应给予高度重视。 问题2：1、_____Icansee,thereisonlyonepossiblewaytokeepawayfromthedanger.（04北京春季）A.AslongasB.AsfarasC.JustasD.Evenif2、IalwaystakesomethingtoreadwhenIgotothedoctor’s________Ihavetowait.（05全国卷3）A．incaseB．sothatC．inorderD．asifBAaslongas与asfaras都可引导条件状语从句，aslongas表示“只要…”，asfaras表示“就…而论（而言）”。题1根据题意应该选用B。incase表示“以防”，根据题2的句意，不难作出选择。 3、让步状语从句问题1：1、_____Iacceptthatheisnotperfect,Idoactuallyliketheperson.（04江苏）A.WhileB.SinceC.BeforeD.Unless2、Allowchildrenthespacetovoicetheiropinions,____theyaredifferentfromyourown.(05湖南卷）A.untilB.evenifC.unlessD.asthoughABwhile是高考中的高频词，它既可引导时间状语从句，又可引导并列句，还可引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”。evenif等于eventhough，表示“即使、尽管”。asthough等于asif，引导方式状语从句，表示“好像、似乎”。 问题2：1、Hetriedhisbesttosolvetheproblem,___difficultitwas.（05天津卷）A.howeverB.nomatterC.whateverDalthough2、Theoldtowermustbesaved,______thecost.（05浙江）A．howeverB．whateverC．whicheverD．whereverABnomatterwh-与wh-ever的联系及区别：nomatterwh-只引导让步状语从句，此时与wh-ever通用。如:Nomatterwhen/Wheneverhecomesback,heshouldbeinvitedtotheparty.wh-ever又可引导名词性从句，Nomatterwh-不能。如：WhateverIcandoforyouwillbenothingbutpayingadebt.Whoevercanhelpuswillbewelcome. 4.状语从句的时态问题问题1：1、Thehousecouldfalldownsoonifnoone______somequickrepairwork.（04全国IV）AhasdoneBisdoingCdoesDhaddone2、Itisalmostfiveyears_______wesaweachotherlasttime.（05北京春季）A.beforeB.sinceC.afterD.when在条件，时间和让步从句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时，用现在完成时表将来完成时，用一般过去时表过去将来时。在since引导的时间状语从句中，动词一般都用一般过去时，而主句常用现在完成时。CB 5、状语从句的倒装问题问题1：1、Sodifficult_____ittoliveinanEnglish-speakingcountrythatIdeterminedtolearnEnglish.(01上海)A.IhavefeltB.haveIfeltC.IdidfeelD.didIfeel2、Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver_____howseriousthepollutionwas.(95NMET)A.didthevillagersrealizeB.thevillagersrealizedC.thevillagersdidrealizeD.didn’tthevillagersrealize状语从句的倒装一般有下面几种情况：①否定词开头；②so加adj.开头；③as/though引导的让步状语从句。DA 特别注意：Hardly…when…Nosooner…than…Childasheis,…Hardlyhadhegottothestationwhenthetrainleft.Nosoonerhadhegottothestationthanthetrainleft.Childasheis,hecanspeaksevenforeignlanguages. 6、状语从句与并列句的区别问题1：1、Thoughheisinhissixties,______heworksashardasayoungmanA.yetB.butC.andD.andyet2、Excusemeforbreakingin,_________Ihavesomenewsforyou.(NMET02)A.soB.andC.butD.yet题1是主从复合句，所以中间不能使用并列连词and;or;but;so等。yet是副词，只有yet可以与though连用。题2为并列句，而“Excuse…,but…”为一固定搭配。在复习中需要细心的分析句子结构和成分。AC 对比训练与巩固 ____heheardthis,hegotveryangry.2.ImetLucy____Iwaswalkingalongtheriver.3.____achild,helivedinthecountryside.A.whenB.whileC.as对比训练1ABC 1.Wewereabouttoleave____itbegantorain.2.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherson,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmyson.3.HardlyhadIfinishedmycomposition____thebellrang.A.whenB.whileC.asD.during对比训练2ABA 1.Child____sheis,sheknowalot.2.Hedidtheexperient____hewastold.3.Thepianosintheothershopwillbecheaper,butnot____good.A.duringB.asC.soD.thoughE.bothBandC对比训练3EBB 1.Hewouldhavealookatthebookstores____hewenttotown.2.Wedecidetofinishtheworkontime,____happens.3.Ifweworkwithastrongwill,weovercomeanydifficulty,____greatitis.4.I’llgivethebookto____likesEnglish.A.wheneverB.whoeverC.whateverD.however对比训练4ACDB 对比训练51.Itwillbeyears____wemeetagain.2.Itistenyears____Icametothistown.3.Itistenyearsago____Icametothistown.A.whenB.thatC.beforeD.sinceCDB 对比训练6DBA1.____itrains,thegamewillbeplayedontime.2.____Iwastwenty,Ihadneverbeenawayfrommyhometown.3.____hewerethere,hecouldn’thelpus.A.EvenifB.UntillC.TillD.Unless 对比训练7Goandgetyourcoat.Itis____youleftit.2.Youarefreetogo____youlike.A.thereB.whereC.whereverD.whenBC 对比训练81.ThearticleiswritteninsucheasyEnglish____allofuscanreadit.2.ThearticleiswritteninsucheasyEnglish____allofuscanread.A.thatB.whichC.asD.sothatACA 对比训练91.Ifweworkhard,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,nomatter____greatitis.2.Ifweworkhard,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,____greatitis.3.Ifweworkhard,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,____difficultyitis.4.Ifweworkhard,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,nomatter____difficultyitis.A.whatB.howC.howeverD.whateverBCDA Grammar非谓语动词非谓语动词功能比较todo的复合结构-ingform的复合结构非谓语动词的否定式-ingform与pp的区别byliuxiaoyu 动词不定式的基本形式主动语态todo被动语态一般式进行式完成式tobedonetobedoingtohavedonetohavebeendone 1.Heistooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.2.ThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoRussian.3.Come,Iamsupposedtobecallingyoutolunch.4.Youaretooyoungtobemeetingyoungman.不定式与谓语同时发生进行式不定式比谓语先发生完成式 ing-form的基本形式doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone主动语态被动语态一般式完成式 4.Allanrepentedhavingshotthebird.5.Havingnoteddownhername,themanwentaway.1.GoingdowntownImetafriend.2.Martininsistedongoingtoworkinspiteofhisillness.3.IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.ing-form与/比谓语的动作同时、先发生、后发生一般式ing-form比谓语的动作先发生完成式（强调先后关系）同时后先先先 主语表语宾语定语补语状语todo-ingformpp非谓语动词功能比较 eg.Ilikeskating,butIdon’tliketoskatetoday.Playingwithfireisdangerous.Lookout！Toplaywithfireisdangerous.eg.Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.主语、表语、宾语1.todo表示具体的动作，-ingform表示泛指的动作。2.“thereisno+主语”句型中，多用-ingform. eg.Heattendsthemeetingbeingheldintheroomnow.Heattendedthemeetingheldyesterday.Hewillattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.2.表示被修饰词的内容时，用todo.eg.Shehasastrongwishtogotocollege.1.从时态上看，-ingform表示正在进行的动作pp表示已经完成的动作，todo表示将来的动作。定语 eg.Ifoundhimcookingsupper.IfoundsuppercookedwhenIgothome.Itistrue—IsawHenrycooksupper.-ingform与宾语为主动关系，强调动作正在进行；pp与宾语为被动关系，强调动作已经完成；todo只单纯表示一个事实，强调动作的全过程。补语 作状语时的区别：-ingform,pp表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况等等,eg.theyworkedhardtopayforthenecklace.Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.Iamgladtoseeyou.todo表示1.目的;2.结果—表示出人预料的情况或结果。常用only强调。3.原因—表示造成情感变化的原因。目的结果原因 非谓语动词的否定形式Not+todo/-ingformHedecidednottodoit.Shewishednevertoseehimagain.Ifancyithasdoneyoualotofgoodnotgoing.NotseeingJohn,Iaskedwherehewas.Nothavingdoneitright,Itriedagain. -ingform与pp的区别-ingform表示主动，正在进行,pp表示被动，已经完成作表语时或定语时，-ingform表示“令人”,pp表示“感到”，常见的有下列感官动词：move,surprise,astonish,delight,comfort,disappoint,puzzle,frighten作宾补时，比较对象为宾语作定语时，比较对象为被修饰词作状语时，比较对象为句中主语 1.Thestorywas___,wewereall____.A.moving,movingB.moved,movedC.moving,movedD.moved,moving2.Thereisa___expressiononhisface.Maybetheproblemistoodifficultforhim.A.puzzledB.puzzlingC.puzzleD.topuzzle3.Withhissontoo___,thefatherwassad.A.disappointedB.disappointing4.Sheletouta___voiceandwerantoherhurriedly.A.frightenedB.frightening 1.Icouldfeelthewind___onmyfacefromanopenwindow.A.toblowB.blowingC.blownD.tobeblowing2.We’llmeetMr.Black,___asafamousscientist.A.knowingB.tobeknownC.knownD.beingknown3.___moretime,wecoulddoitbetter.A.GivingB.TogiveC.GivenD.Tobegiven4.Ayoungman__novelscametousyesterday.A.towriteB.writingC.writtenD.wrote5.Allthethings___,hisproposalisofgreatervaluethanyours.A.consideredB.consideringC.considerD.toconsider6.__Sunday,thestudentsareathome.A.BeingB.TobeC.ItisD.Itbeing todo的复合结构1.forsb.todosth.常见的形容词有：good=nice/bad,kind/cruel=rude,clever=wise/stupid=silly,right/wrong，sensible2.ofsb.todosth.→sb.is/areadj.todosth.ingform的复合结构1.形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+ingform2.代词宾格/名词+ingform↗主语→表语↘宾语→宾语 1.Todothejobisimpossible.2.Itisnecessarytostudyaforeignlanguage.3.Todosuchathingisstupid.=Itisstupidtodosuchathing.4.Itiswrongtotellalie.—Forachildtodothejobis…=Itisimpossibletodothejob.—Itisnecessaryforstudentstostudya…—Itisstupidofyoutodosuchathing.—Itiswrongofhimtotellalie.—Youarestupidtodosuchathing.—Heiswrongtotellalie.说出Todo动作的执行者时，须用复合结构 1.Doyoumindopeningthedoor?2.Goingtheresavedusagooddealoftrouble.3.Beinglateagainmadetheteacherangry.→Doyoumindme/myopening…→Tom’sgoingtheresavedusagood…→Hisbeinglateagainmade…说出-ingform动作的执行者时，须用复合结构 1.Crossingthestreet,hewasknockeddownbyabus.2.BeingsickIstayedathome.3.Seeninthelight,itisnotasseriousaspeoplesuppose.4.Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.5.Hesatinthearmchair,readingthenewspaper.6.Thetrainspenttoomuchtimestopped,waitingfortheothertrains.时间原因条件让步伴随伴随 -edform—usedasanadjectiveoradverbGrammarandusage 一、The-ingform—usedasAttribute（-ing形式作定语）Thesefemalepigsarecloned.Sowecallthem______pigsThesefemalepigsarecloned.Sowecallthempigs________________that/whichareclonedcloned Thekidnapperswereusinga______car.(steal)Thename________intheletterwasunknowntome.（mention)Thefiremenwererescuingthepeople_____inthefire.(trap)stolenmentionedtrappedScientificexperimentswhicharecarriedoutbystudentscanbedangerous.Scientificexperiments____________bystudentscanbedangerous.carriedout Afewverb-edsbeforenounscanexpresspastmeaningsinsteadofpassivemeanings.boilingwater比较boiledwaterfallentrees/leavesescapedanimalsaretiredpresidentalostenvelopefallingleavesanescapingcriminalaretiringpresident比较 Wecanalsoputanadverborsomethingelsebeforeaverb-edtoformacompoundverb-edform.广泛运用的技术训练有素的工人手写的信件欠发达地区受过良好教育的市民倍受尊敬的教授awidely-usedtechniquewell–trainedworkershand-writtenlettersunderdevelopedregionswell-educatedcitizensawell-respectedprofessor Rewritethefollowingsentenceswithverb-edform.Ithinkcloningthatisdonebyscientistsisdangerous.Theproblemsthatarecreatedbycloningwillbeclear.Ithinkcloningdonebyscientistsisdangerous.Theproblemscreatedbycloningwillbeclear. Wedon’twantbeaststhatarecreatedbyscientiststoreplaceusoneday.Theonlythingthatisneededisacellfromyouroldpet.Wedon’twantbeastscreatedbyscientiststoreplaceusoneday.Theonlythingneededisacellfromyouroldpet. 二．Theverb-edformcanalsobeusedaspredicativeofasentence.eg.MygrandfatherwasdelightedtohearIhadpassedexamsTheproblemstayed______________after3days’discussion.(unsettle)unsettled注意：getverb+ed.de结构eg.getpaid/injured/hurt…….AswejoinedthebigcrowdIgot_________frommyfriends.（01全国）（A）A.separatedB.sparedC.lostD.missed Sarah,hurryup.I’mafraidyouwon’thavetimeto______beforetheparty.（04全国I）AgetchangedBgetchangeCgetchangingDgettochange工人们都是按月计酬的Mary终于从那次受伤中恢复过来了Workersgetpaidbythemonth.Maryfinallygotrecoveredfromtheinjury.Weneedtofurtherdiscusstheproblem__unsolved.remainedB.toremainC.remainingD.toberemained 三．Theverb-edformcanbeusedasobjectcomplementofasentence.eg.1).AsheknowsverylittleEnglish,hefindsitdifficulttomakehimself__________.(understand)2).I________________________yesterday.(寄信）3).Youmustmakeyourself＿＿＿＿whenyoutalkinfrontoftheclass.（hear)4).Aftertherobbery,theyfoundthewindows________.(break)5).Youmustn’tmakethesecretbetweenus________tothepublic.(know)understoodhadmyletterdeliveredheardbrokenknown Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_______thenextyear.A．carryoutB．carryingoutC．carriedoutD．tocarryoutHelenhadtoshout_____abovethesoundofthemusic.(2004高考广西卷)makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard 四．Theverb-edformcanbeusedasadverbialofasentencetoexpress1).TimeWhentakentothehospital,theboybegantocrySeenfromthespace,theearthlooksblue.Whenhewastakentothehospital,theboybegantocryWhenitisseenfromspace,theearthlooksblue. Itshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhen___atthemeetingbymyboss.（04全国IV）AquestioningBhavequestionedCquestionedDtobequestionedintroduceWhenfirst_____________tothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.Whenfirst____________myselftomyparents-in-law,Ifeltabitnervous.introducedintroducingWheneverIamintrouble,Iwilllockmyselfaloneathome,always_______________myselfmanywhys.(question)questioning 2).ReasonShockedbythearticle,thewomanwrotealettertothenewspaper.Becausehewasshockedbythearticle,thewoman…..Digitally_________(record)inthestudio,thedisccancarrymuchmoreinformationthannormalones.recordedBecauseitwasdigitallyrecordedinthestudio,thedisc…. 1).＿＿＿＿bythebeautyofnature,thegirlfromLondondecidedtospendanothertwodaysonthefarm.（04辽宁）2)._______alargenumberofpeople,theshowwasindeedagreatsuccess.A．AttractingB．AttractedC．TobeattractedD．HavingattractedBA 3).ConditionTreatedwithelectricity,thecelltissuewillsplitintoseveralparts.Ifitistreatedwithelectricity,thecelltissuewillsplitintoseveralparts.Ifitistakenthreetimesaday,themedicinewillworkbetter.Takenthreetimesaday,themedicinewillworkbetter._____time,he’llmakeafist-classtennisplayer.A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given Thisisso________alessonthatsomanystudentsare_______ofit.(bore)相似动词总结：tire/disappoint/move/exciting/frustrate/touchsatisfy/amaze/convince/encourage/exhaust……..boringbored aninterestingcrosstalk有趣的相声BecauseofinterestingperformancesgivenbyFenggongandNiuqun,Ihavebecomeinterestedincrosstalk. Weuseverb-ingformstodescribesomeone/somethingthatcausescertainfeelings,andtheyareusuallyactiveinmeaning;whileweuseverb-edformstosayhowwefeelaboutsomeoneorsomething,andtheyareusuallypassiveinmeaningastheydescribehowsomeone/somethingisaffectedbyanaction.小结： Thisisan____________winoverthebestteaminthisregion.(encourage)Hewasso_____________inthisexamthathisinstructorwas____________.(disappoint)Theywereall______________(move)bythe____________story.(touch)Withsomany________evidences,thepolicearenow_________thathehascommittedthecrime.(convince)encouragingdisappointingdisappointedmovedtouchingconvincingconvinced Mr.Smith,_____ofthe_____speech,startedtoreadanovel.（03北京春季）A．tired;boringB．tiring;boredC．tired;boredD．tiring;boring 六．Averb-edcanfollowaverb,suchasstand,sitandliewhenthetwoactionsarehappeningatthesametimeoritcanbeusedonitsownorfollowedbyanadjective/adverbial.(伴随状语）Shelaytrappedunderthebuildingforthreedays.Shelaythereandwastrapped.改写：Thepop-starstoodthereandwassurroundedbyhisfansforhalfanhour.Thepop-starstoodsurroundedbyhisfansforhalfanhour. Afterhisjourneyfrontabroad,RichardJonesreturnedhome,_____exhausting          B.exhaustedC.beingexhausted    D.havingexhaustedShelefttherestaurant,disappointed.Shelefttherestaurantandwasdisappointed.他度假回家，累的要死Hearrivedbackhomefromvacation,deadtired. 几个特殊的过去分词的运用：lost/given/dressed/seatedlost:Icannotfindmylostwallet.Whenhecameintomyroom,Iwaslostinthought.Heisnotunderstoodbyhisfriends,soheoftensitsalone,feelingextremelylostgiven:鉴于，考虑到;指定的,规定的Givenhishealth,wewillhavetosendforadoctor.Givenmoretime,Iwilldothejobbetter.Wearetofinishthetaskatthegiventime相当于considering ________thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.（2000北京春季）GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven_____inawhiteuniform,helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.（05湖南卷）DressedB.TodressC.DressingD.Havingdressed Thepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtoremain_____astheplanewasmakingalanding.（04上海春季）A.seatB.seatingC.seatedD.tobeseating________inthemountainsforaweek,thetwostudentswerefinallysavedbythelocalpolice(05江苏卷)A.HavinglostB.LostC.BeinglostD.Losing 倒装结构inversion 英语句子的自然语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序被称为“倒装”。谓语全部放在主语之前，为全部倒装；只把助动词，连系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，为部分倒装。倒装的原因，一是语法结构的需要（如某些疑问句）；二是为了强调；三是保持句子的平衡或是上下文紧密相接。 一、全部倒装（谓语全部放在主语之前）此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时 1.therebe句型,其中be动词有时可exist,live,stand,lie,seem,appear,remain,happen等词代替(全部倒装）1)Thereisanexperiencedteacherandmanylovelystudentsintheclassroom.2.方位词in,out,there,here,inside,outside,up,down,away,off,downstairs,upstairs等以及now,then放在句首时，谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run等，并且句子的主语是名词。（全部倒装）注意：主语是人称代词时，仍用自然语序。Awaytheywent.(=Theywentaway.)2)Therelayawindingbrookinfrontofanoldhouse.2)Nowcomesyourturntosweepthefloor.1)AwayflewthebirdwhichIboughtyesterday. 3.直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，有时用倒装。（全部倒装）“What’sup,Tom?”askedMother.“Thecarismine,”saidTom.注意：主语是代词时，不倒装。“Thecarismine,”hesaid.4.为了平衡句子结构的需要,或为了强调状语(常为介词短语)，或为了使上下文紧密衔接时，将状语提前（全部倒装）1)Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.2)Nearbywerethecanoesinwhichtheyhadcometotheisland. 5.主语太长，表语太短，为了平衡句子结构的需要,将表语提前。（全部倒装）1.Insidethepyramidaretheburialroomsforthekingsandqueens.2.Gonearethedayswhenweareenslaved.3.Presentatthemeetingaretenfamouswriters.such和be连用作表语时，也常用倒装语序，如：1.Suchwasnothisintention.4.Amongthechildrenwasanoldman.2.Sucharethefacts. 二、部分倒装把助动词，连系动词或情态动词放在主语之前 1.用于疑问句。（部分倒装）Shalleverythingbereadybeforeyouarrive?WhatcanIdoforyou?注意：疑问词做主语或修饰主语时，主谓不颠倒.Whocanworkitout?Howmanystudentshavereadthisbook?2.用于省略if的虚拟条件从句中，should/were/had被放在句首。（部分倒装）1)HadInotadoptedmyclassteacher’sadvice,Iwouldhavemadesuchaseriousmistake.2)Weresheyou,shewouldtellherparentsthetruth.3)ShouldIearnmoney,Ishouldlivebetter. 3、so,as,neither,nor,nomore位于句首，表示前面的情况也适合于另一人或物时。（部分倒装）TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.Ifyouwon"tgo,neitherwillI.--DoyouknowJimquarrelledwithhisbrother?--Idon"tknow,_____.A.nordon"tIcareB.nordoIcareC.Idon"tcareneitherD.Idon"tcarealso注意：若只是表示对前面所述内容的肯定，确认，主谓不倒装TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.“It"sraininghard.”“Soitis.” 4.含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首，如hardly,rarely,seldom,scarcely,barely,never,not,few,little,neither,nor,notonly,hardly…when,innocase,bynomeans,nosooner…than,manyatime,often等。（部分倒装）1)Notuntilthe19thcenturywasthewrittenexaminationprobablyknown.2)Notonlywaseverythinghehadtakenawayfrom,butalsohisGermancitizenship.3)Notasinglemistakedidhemade.4)HardlyhadIreachedthebusstopwhenthebusstarted. Hardlyanyonebelievethattoday.NotonlyyoubutalsoshehasbeentoBeijing.NeitherthegirlsnorJohnistoblame.1.Notonlyissheagoodsinger,butalsosheisagooddancer.2.NeitherdidhewatchTVnordidhegotothecinema.3.Notuntilitisdarkwillwecomehome.注意1：修饰或连接主语时，主谓不倒装Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance.注意2：如否定词不在句首不倒装，例如： 5.only+状语（副词、介词短语、状语从句）放在句首时。（部分倒装）1)OnlythendidIrealizethevalueofreadingaloudeverymorning.2)Onlybymeansoftalkingcanweavoidmisunderstandingeachother.3)Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1918washeabletogethappilybacktowork. 6.“so/such+表语/状语+that从句”结构中的so或such引导的表语/状语放在句首时。（部分倒装）1）Sofrightenedwassheinthedarknessthatshedidn’tdaretomoveatall.2）Suchalovelychildishethatallofuslovehim.3）Sohurriedlydidsheleavethatsheforgottoswitchoffthelights. 7.用于形容词（名词/动词）+as/though的让步状语从句中。（特殊倒装）1)Proudastheyare,theyareafraidtoseeus.2)Childasheis,heknowsalot.(Asmallchildasheis,heknowsalot.)3)Tryhardastheywould,theycouldnotliftthebox.4)Youngestasheisinourclass,hispronunciationisthebest. 8.用于表示祝愿和祝福之类的句子中。（部分倒装或全部倒装）1）Mayyousucceed/behappy!2)LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina! Exercises:1.Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver_____howseriousthepollutionwas.A.didthevillagersrealizeB.thevillagersrealizeC.thevillagersdidrealizeD.didn’tthevillagersrealize2.Itwasnotuntil1920____regularradiobroadcastsbegan.A.whileB.whichC.thatD.since3.IfinallygotthejobIdreamedabout.Neverinallmylife_____sohappy.A.didIfeelB.IfeltC.IhadfeltD.hadIfelt 4.—Whycan"tIsmokehere?—Atnotime_______inthemeeting-room.A.issmokingpermittedB.smokingispermittedC.smokingisitpermittedD.doessmokingpermit5.Nosooner_______thanitbegantorainheavily.A.thegamebeganB.hasthegamebegunC.didthegamebeginD.hadthegamebegun6.—DoyouknowTomboughtanewcar?—Idon"tknow,_______.A.nordon"tIcareB.nordoIcareC.Idon"tcareneitherD.Idon"tcarealso 7._____canyouexpecttogetapayrise.A.WithhardworkB.AlthoughworkhardC.OnlywithhardworkD.Nowthatheworkshard8.Now____Sally’sturntokeepguard.A.thereisB.isgoingC.hascomeD.comes9.Notonly_____pollutedbut_____crowded.A.wasthecity;werethestreetsB.thecitywas;werethestreetsC.wasthecity;thestreetswereD.thecitywas;thestreetswere 10.So___thatnofishcanliveinit.A.thelakeisshallowB.shallowthelakeisC.shallowisthelakeD.isthelakeshallow11.Little_____abouthisownsafety,thoughhewasingreatdangerhimself.A.doeshecareB.didhecareC.hecaresD.hecared12.Wasitin1969_____theAmericanastronautsucceeded____landingonthemoon.A.when;onB.that;onC.when;inD.that;in 13.______forthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetothefilmssooften.A.IfitisnotB.WereitnotC.HaditnotbeenD.Iftheywerenot14.---Davidhasmadegreatprogressrecently.---_____,and______.A.Sohehas;soyouhaveB.Sohehas;sohaveyouC.Sohashe;sohaveyouD.Sohashe;soyouhave15.Here____thegoodnewsforeverymanandeverywomanwho____inthetown.A.is;liveB.is;livesC.are;liveD.are;lives -ingform—usedasanadjectiveoradverbGrammarandusage sleepingstudentsaboringlessonasmilingface一、The-ingform—usedasAttribute（-ing形式作定语） boilingwaterflyingkites adancinggirltherisingsun (1)aswimmingman(2)aswimmingpool (2)awalkingstick(1)awalkingman=amanwhoiswalking=astickforwalkingWhat’sthedifferencebetween(1)and(2)? 小结1-ing形式作定语既可表示动作正在进行（如例（1）），此时相当于一个定语从句；又可表示所修饰名词的性质或用途（如例（2））。 arunningmanThemanrunninginthepictureisLiuXiang.attributeThemanwhoisrunninginthepictureisLiuXiang.相当于： Rewritethefollowingsentenceswithattributiveclauses.TheteacherteachingusEnglishisMr.Qi.=TheteacherwhoisteachingusEnglishisMr.Qi. Thepeoplesittingbehindusareallteachers.TheexpertcomingfromHuai’anisaladycalledMsCai.=Thepeoplewhoaresittingbehindusareallteachers.=TheexpertwhocomesfromHuai’anisaladycalledMsCai. Translatethefollowingphrases.areadingroomawashingmachineanexcitingeveninganinterestingcrosstalk阅览室洗衣机激动人心的夜晚有趣的相声 单个的-ing形式作定语，放在所修饰的名词前面；-ing短语作定语则放在所修饰的名词之后。小结2 asleepingcarasmokingroomlisteningpracticeanopeningspeechabookingofficerunningwater卧铺车吸烟室听力练习开幕词售票处自来水 Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.Inoticedalongqueueoutsidethebankwaitingforittoopen.2.The-ingform—usedasObjectComplement（-ing形式作宾语补足语）Thebabywatchedhisdadshavinghisfacewithgreatinterest.Wehavethefireburningallday. 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。小结3 能跟-ing形式作宾语补足语的常见动词有：“五让、三看、两听、一注意、一发现、一感觉”。简单又好记！make,let,have,keep,leave,lookat,see,watch,hear,listento,notice,find,feel等。怎么记？ 1.Ourtripwasdisappointing.Wedidnotfindanyunusualplants.2.Theprogrammefortheweekendlooksexciting.Iamlookingforwardtoit.3.The-ingform—usedaspredicative(-ing形式作表语) 4.Thenewswasshocking.Allthethreeboatshadsunkinthestorm.5.ThereportfromCookwasencouraging.Thecaptaindecidedtoattackthefollowingnight.6.Itwasastonishingtoseetheanimalsandplantsthatarefoundnowhereelseintheworld. 1.Sixtymillionpeople_____(live)inruralareasaremovingtothecitieseveryyear.2.Thebottle_________(contain)thepoisonwassenttothelaboratory.PracticelivingcontainingFillintheblankswiththeverbgiveninitsproperform. 3.Theman_____(sit)ontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.4.Whoisthatgirl_______(walk)alongtheriver?5.Thechildren_________(practise)playingtheviolinovertherewillgiveaperformancenextweek.sittingwalkingpractising 6.Themanwithsun-glasses________(stand)nearacarisadetective.7.Theoldlady______(talk)tothechildrenisafamousmusician.8.Theperson_________(translate)thesongscanspeaksevenlanguages.standingtalkingtranslating 9.Isawthem______(force)thedooropenwithahammer.10.Weheardthem_________(quarrel)aboutmoneyaftertheconcert;theylookedveryangry.11.Iheardhim________(drop)lotsofcoinsintothecollectingtin.forcingquarrelingdropping 12.Youcanseethem__________(perform)everynightthisweekattheNewTheatre.13.Icouldhearthem__________(whisper)toeachotherduringthefirstpartoftheplay.14.Wewatchedthearmy_______(march)downthestreettowardsthepark.performingwhisperingmarching 15.Isawthepeople_______(enter)thetheatre,andtherewere286ofthem.16.Wewatchedthreeoldmen_______(share)theirfoodwitheachother.17.Wewatchedthechildren______(dive)intothewaterfromthetopdivingboard.18.Inoticedyou_______theperformerswiththeticketsales.Thatwaskindofyou.enteringsharingdivinghelping Havingworkedsidebysidewithmanyenvironmentalists,Iknowthatahealthyenvironmentandstableeconomyshouldbepossibleatthesametime.Averb-inghasperfectform,e.g.,havingworked 1.Shegaveheropinionaboutthenewbuilding.Thensheleftthemeeting.Havinggivenheropinionaboutthenewbuilding,sheleftthemeeting.2.Shemadeonelastefforttoseeherhusband.Thenshereturnedhome.Havingmadeonelastefforttoseeherhusband,shereturnedhome.Rewritethefollowingsentences. 3.Iadmiredherwritingformanyyears.ThenIfinallymether.Havingadmiredherwritingformanyyears,Ifinallymether.4.IwasinterestedintheKooriesformanyyears.ThenIdecidedtolearntheirlanguage.HavingbeeninterestedintheKooriesformanyyears,Idecidedtolearntheirlanguage. A.Thisisalettertotheeditorofanewspaper.Puttheverbsinbracketsinthecorrectformsusingthegrammarrulesyouhavelearnt.DearSir/Madam,Iamdelightedbyyournewspaper’sdecisiontostartacampaignforprotectingtheenvironment.Iamglad thatyouhaveaskedreaderstowriteinwiththeirsuggestions.Thestateofourparksisvery(1)________(shock),withrubbisheverywhere.Iusedtofindatriptotheparkvery(2)_______(relax).NowIjustfindit(3)_____(tire)becauseIhavetopickuptherubbishwhereIshockingrelaxingtiring amgoingtosit.Thegrassiscoveredinplasticbagsandfood,andIamsadthattheyoungpeopleoftodaydonotcleanupafterthemselveswhentheyhavebeentothepark.Itis(4)____________(disappoint)thatnoneoftheschoolsasktheirstudentstodoparkclean-upsaspartoftheirScienceclass.Perhapstheydisappointing couldstartdoingthis.Therearesomany(5)__________(interest)animalsandinsects(6)_____(live)inourparks.Itwouldbeashameiftheyweredestroyedbecauseofpeople’sactivitiesinthepark.Yours,WangQianginterestingliving B.Readthisnewreportandfillintheblankswithwordsfromtheboxbelow.followingsleepingpleasingexcitingwalkingmovingfallingkeeping(1)_______NewsforAnimalLovers!TwopeoplewerearrestedyesterdayataParisairportforbringinganimalsintoExciting EuropefromSouthAmericaillegally.Oneofthecustomsofficerswaswatchingthearrivalsveryclosely.Hecouldseeawoman(2)_______infrontofagroup.Thenhesawfeathers(3)______fromunderhercoat.Havingseenthis,thecustomsofficeraskedthewomantocomewalkingfalling overtohisdesk.Hewassurprisedtofindtenbirdsinsidehercoat.Therewasashortfatgentleman(4)________her.Anothercustomsofficercalledhimoverwhenitseemedhehada(5)_______stomach.Ontakingoffhisjacket,a(6)_______tortoisewasfoundonhisfollowingmovingsleeping stomach.Apparentlyhehadtraveledontheplanelikethis,(7)_______thetortoisehiddeninablanket.Sucharrestsarevery(8)_______forParisofficers.keepingpleasing 二、-ing形式作状语-ing短语在句子中可作状语，来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。-ing短语作状语一般表示一个次要的动作，一般都可以变为相应的状语从句或并列句。 1.作时间状语-ing短语作时间状语要置于句首。如：Hearingthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.=Whentheyheardthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。 Havingreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowriteback.=AfterIhadreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowriteback.收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。2.作原因状语-ing短语作原因状语置于句首。如：Beingsoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep. =Becausehewassoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.因为太生气了，他不能入睡。HavingbeentotheGreatWallmanytimes,hedidn’tgolastweek.=Because(As)hehadbeentotheGreatWallmanytimes,hedidn’tgolastweek.因为他已经去过长城许多次，上周他就没去。 3.作条件状语-ing作条件状语置于句首或句末。如：Workinghard,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。Beinggivenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter. =Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.如果对这些树再多注意些，它们可能长得更好。4.作让步状语-ing短语作让步状语，可置于句首或句末，常与evenif,though连用。如： Thoughworkingfrommorningtillnight,hisfatherdidn’tgetenoughfood.=Althoughhisfatherworkedfrommorningtillnight,hedidn’tgetenoughfood.虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是他还是挣不到足够的吃的。 5.作伴随状语置于句首或句末。如：Theycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughing.=Theysangandlaughed;theycameintotheclassroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。 Whenworkinginthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.=Whenheworkedinthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.注意：1.-ing短语与when,while,though,until,if等连词连用时，相当于这些连词引导的一个从句。如： Thoughwillingtoattendtheparty,herefusedtheinvitation.=Thoughhewaswillingtoattendtheparty,herefusedtheinvitation.WhilestayinginBeijing,hecametoseemetwice.=WhilehewasstayinginBeijing,hecametoseemetwice. Ifplayingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.=Ifyouplayallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.Thoughrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.=Thoughitwasrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon. 2.动词-ing形式在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语与主句的主语保持一致。如：Hetraveledontheplanelikethis,keepingthetortoisehiddeninablanket.=Whenhetraveledontheplanelikethis,hekeptthetortoisehiddeninablanket. 1.a.Hearingthenews,tearsrandownherface.b.Hearingthenews,shecriedoutsadly.2.a.Enteringtheclassroom,Ifoundnobodyinit.b.Enteringtheclassroom,nobodywasfoundinit.Choosethecorrectsentence. 3.a.Lookingoutthroughthewindow,thegardenwasbeautiful.b.Lookingoutthroughthewindow,wesawabeautifulgarden.4.a.Readingtheeveningnewspaper,adogstartedbarking.b.Iwasreadingtheeveningnewspaperwhenadogstartedbarking. 5.a.Beingfine,wewillhavethesportsmeetingnextweek.b.Itbeingfine,wewillhavethesportsmeetingnextweek.-ing形式的否定式为在其前面加not。如：Hesatthere,notknowingwhattosay. 1.Theircarwascaughtinatrafficjam,thus____thedelay.A.tocauseB.causingC.causedD.cause2.OnebyonePetersoldhisbitsandpieces,____onlyamiteoftheirworth.A.gettingB.gotC.togetD.getExercise 3.Afterseeingthemovie,_____.A.thebookwasreadbyhimB.thebookmadehimwanttoreaditC.hewantedtoreadthebookD.thereadingofthebookinterestedhim 4.Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying5.Therewasterriblenoise____thesuddenburstoflight.A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed 6.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,____alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing 7.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid____tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing 8.Heworkeddayandnight,____histaskaheadoftime.A.finishedB.finishingC.finishD.tofinish9.Iwasinthebathroom,not___theknockatthedoor.A.hearB.tohearC.hearingD.heard 10.___areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived 11.Whatworriedtheboymostwas___tovisithisfatherinthehospital.A.hisnotallowingB.hisnotbeingallowedC.havingnotbeenallowedD.hisbeingnotallowed 12.Theyapologizedfor____toattendthemeeting.A.theirnotbeingableB.theirbeingnotableC.themnotableD.thembeingablenot Readthisconversationandchangethehighlightedsentencesintoverb-ingclauses.JamesLong:Well,(1)afterIlistenedcarefullytoyoutwo,Iwassurprisedthatyouagreedwitheachother.Havinglistenedcarefullytoyoutwo,Iwassurprisedthatyouagreedwitheachother. QianLiwei:(2)WhenIlookback,IfindIdidn’tlikesomeofthequestionstheaudienceaskedthough.Itwasasifpeoplewerenotlistening.LinShuiqing:Ithinktheaudiencewasinterestedinwhatyousaid.IlikeditwhenyoutoldthatLookingback,IfindIdidn’tlikesomeofthequestionstheaudienceaskedthough. joke.Iheardtheaudiencelaughing.Ithinktheyreallylikedyouafterthat.(3)WhenIheardwhatyousaidabouttheenvironmentandtheeconomyneedingtoworktogethermore,Iwasveryimpressed.Hearingwhatyousaidabouttheenvironmentandtheeconomyneedingtoworktogethermore,Iwasveryimpressed. Readthisconversationandchangethehighlightedsentencesintoverb-ingclauses.QianLiwei:Icertainlythinkweneedtouseallourresourcesinthebestpossibleway.Afterthat,theyarelimited.Wealsoneedtocleanupthemesswe madeinthepast.Iliketheideaoftaxingfactoriesthatpollutealthoughgettingthemtoagreewouldbedifficult.LinShuiqing:Also,youarerightaboutmanybusinesspeopletryingtoprotectthe environmentandbuildtheeconomyatthesametime.(4)Youmadethatstatementforcefully.Asaresult,youimpressedtheaudience.Theyclappedsohard.QianLiwei:EnvironmentalistshavebeenseenasheroeswhileHavingmadethatstatementforcefully,youimpressedtheaudience. economistshavebeenseenasbadboys.Thatimpressionneedstobechangedand(5)afterItalkedtoyoutoday,Ithinkweshouldworkonsomeprojectstogether.LinShuiqing:Goodidea.Havingtalkedtoyoutoday,Ithinkweshouldworkonsomeprojectstogether. 2010年高考语法复习动词的时态 时态和语态的主要考点1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时态为：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进行、过去将来等。2、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态；主从句时态呼应问题。3、持续性动词和终止性动词的用法区别。4、及物动词的被动语态。5、系动词的用法特点。6、某些以主动形式表被动意义的动词的用法。 最常用的几种时态与时间状语的搭配一般现在every…,sometimes,at…,onSunday现在进行now,现在完成for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inthepastyears,always,recently一般过去yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982,justnow过去进行thismorning,thewholemorning,allday,yesterday,fromninetotenlastevening…when,while过去完成…before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas一般将来next…,tomorrow,in…过去将来多用在间接引语中表示发生在谓语动作以后的动作 1、现在时态高考题点击：Monthsagowesailedtenthousandmilesacrossthisopensea,which___thePacific,andwemetnostorms.（05辽宁卷）A．wascalled B．iscalledC．hadbeencalled D．hasbeencalled2.I_____ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.(2001N)A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.playBD说明：本题的干扰源为上下文的过去时，但“被称为太平洋”是客观现状，只能用一般现在时。说明：常识告诉我们，一个人一旦获得某种技能，一般是不会在短期内失去的，所以需用一般现在时。 3.SinceIwonthebigprize,mytelephonehasn"tstoppedringing.People_____toaskhowIamgoingtospendthemoney.（05湖南卷）A.phone B.willphone C.werephoningD.arephoning4.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology_____sorapidly.(2001N)A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange说明：自从我赢了大奖，人们不停地打电话来问我将怎样使用这笔钱。此处的arephoning表示“不停的打电话”。说明：选择移动电话难的原因是由于科技正在飞速发展，所以要用现在进行时；况且进行时态常给人一种情感上的描述，表示说话者的一种“感慨、赞赏、愤怒、斥责”等。DA 5._____mysisterthreetimestodaybutherlinewasalwaysbusy.（05北京春季）A.I’dphonedB.I’vebeenphoningC.I’vephonedD.Iwasphoning6.---Youhaven’tbeentoBeijing,haveyou?---_____.HowIwishtogothere!(98N)A.Yes,IhaveB.Yes,Ihaven’tC.No,IhaveD.No,Ihaven’t说明：此题的干扰源是后面的wasbusy。今天打了三次电话是用来表示结果的，只能用现在完成时；而每次她都占线是表示过去的动作，所以用一般过去时。说明：从补充的句子“HowIwishtogothere!”可知“我”没到过北京。CD 7.---Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.---Iamtired.I_____thelivingroomallday.(98N)A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted8.Nowthatsheisoutofajob,Lucy______goingbacktoschool,butshehasn’tdecidedyet.（04北京）AhadconsideredBhasbeenconsideringCconsideredDisgoingtoconsider说明：这句话的意思是“我一整天都在刷起居室”，现在完成进行时表示从过去开始的一个动作一直持续到现在，而且还在进行当中。强调的是“一直在做”。CB说明：她“一直在考虑返校”是现在完成进行时，“还没作决定”是现在的结果。 用于现在完成时的句型1）Itisthefirst/secondtime….that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.注意比较It’stimethat…结构：Itishightimethatwewenttoschool.2）Thisisthe…that…结构，that从句要用现在完成时.ThisisthebestfilmthatI’ve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。Thisisthefirsttime(that)I’veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题(1)---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming(2)---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it’sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.（对）Ihaven"treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.BD 2、过去时高考题点击：1.---Nancyisnotcomingtonight.---Butshe_____!(98N)A.promisesB.promisedC.willpromiseD.hadpromised2.Myuncle_____untilhewasforty-five.(2000上海)A.marriedB.didn’tmarryC.wasnotmarryingD.wouldmarry说明：Nancy答应要来这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺。说明：until用在肯定句中时，主句的动词必须是延续性动词，表示该动作一直持续到until后的时间为止；短暂性动词只能用在否定句中，表示直到此时该动作才开始。本题中marry是短暂性动词，所以只能用在否定句中。BB 3.---Youhaven’tsaidawordaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?(N2002)---I’msorryI_______anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit’sprettyonyou.A.wasn’tsayingB.don’tsayC.won’tsayD.didn’tsay说明：本题的干扰源来自上下文中的时态，上文用的是现在完成时，下文用的是一般现在时，所以有些人就误以为此处该用现在时态了。但根据说话人的意思不难发现，没有说出自己的评价是在这段对话以前的事了，所以要用一般过去时。D 4.Asshe____thenewspaper,Granny____asleep.(95N)A.read…wasfallingB.wasreading…fellC.wasreading…wasfallingD.read…fell5.Themanagerhadfallenasleepwherehe______,withoutundressing.（05安徽卷）A.waslayingB.waslyingC.hadlaidD.hadlied说明：一般来说在复合句中的两个动作，延续性的动作大都用进行时，短暂性的动词用一般时，表示在某个动作进行的过程当中另一个动作发生了。说明：该题的意思为“经理躺在那儿睡着了，衣服也没脱”。“躺”是一个不及物动词，其过去式和过去分词为“lay;lain”。lay是及物动词，过去式和过去分词为laid；lied是“说谎”的过去式和过去分词。BB 6.Thelittlegirl____herheartoutbecauseshe____hertoybearandbelievedshewasn’tevergoingtofindit.(02北京)A.hadcried,lostB.cried,hadlostC.hascried,haslostD.cries,haslost7.—Hurryup!AliceandSuearewaitingforyouattheschoolgate.—Oh!Ithoughtthey______withoutme.(05江西卷)A．went B．aregoing C．havegone D．hadgone说明：哭得伤心发生在过去，而丢玩具熊发生在哭之前。两个发生在过去的动作，之前发生的用过去完成时，之后发生的用一般过去时。说明：“他没叫我就走了”这个动作明显发生在“我认为”之前。所以必须用过去完成时。BD 3、将来时高考题点击：1.Ifaman_____succeed,hemustworkashardashecan.(95上海)A.willB.istoC.isgoingtoD.should2.---You’veleftthelighton.---Oh,soIhave._____andturnitoff.(2000N)A.I’llgoB.I’vegoneC.IgoD.I’mgoing说明：此句的意思为“如果一个人想要成功，就必须尽力而为”。If引导的是条件状语从句，不能用将来时。而beto结构虽然表示将来的动作，但它不属于将来时。说明：本句的重点是“并行结构”，关键是看后面的turn，所以B、C、D、都不符合。BA 3.BythetimeJanegetshome,heraunt_______forLondontoattendameeting.(05天津卷)A.willleaveB.leavesC.willhaveleftD.left4.Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe_____officesoon.(93N)A.leavesB.wouldleaveC.leftD.hadleft说明：that引导的宾语从句中的动作“离职”应该发生在“weresurprised”之后，故需用过去将来时。CB说明：bythetime表示“到……为止”“在……之前”，如果主句的动作发生在过去，一般需要用过去完成时；如果是将来，就需用将来完成时。 4、状语从句中的时态问题高考题点击：1.---CanIjointheclub,Dad?---Youcanwhenyou_____abitolder.(94N)A.getB.willgetC.aregettingD.willhavegot2.Insuchdryweather,theflowerswillhavetobewateredifthey_____.(2001上海)A.havesurvivedB.aretosurviveC.wouldsurviveD.willsurvive说明：时间状语从句中没有将来时，需用一般现在时替代一般将来时。说明：条件状语从句中不用将来时，但beto结构不属于将来时态形式。AB 3.HewillhavelearnedEnglishforeightyearsbythetimehe_____fromtheuniversitynextyear.(2002上海)A.willgraduateB.willhavegraduatedC.graduatesD.istograduate4.It____longbeforewe____theresultoftheexperiment.(2002上海春季)A.willnotbe,willknowB.is,willknowC.willnotbe,knowD.is,know说明：bythetime引导的是时间状语从句，故不能使用将来时。D选项虽可考虑，但beto结构大多用来表示“义务、决定、职责、约定”等，与句意不合。说明：before引导的是时间状语从句，无将来时，而主句应该用将来时。CC 5、祈使句中的动词问题高考题点击：1._____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.(98N)A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave2._____someofthisjuice---perhapsyou’lllikeit.(2000北京春季)A.TryingB.TryC.TotryD.Havetried3._____atthedoorbeforeentering,please.(01北京春季)A.knockedB.ToknockC.KnockingD.Knock4._____bloodifyoucanandmanyliveswillbesaved.(2001上海)A.GivingB.GiveC.GivenD.TogiveDBDB 6、几种时态的替代问题A：一般现在时代替将来时：除了在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时外，表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动也用一般现在时来代替将来时。如：Themuseumopensattentomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)B：一般现在时代替完成时：句型“Itis…since…”代替“Ithasbeen…since…”Itis(=hasbeen)fiveyearssincewelastmetC：一般现在时代替进行时：在全部倒装句中都用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如：Look,herecomesMr.Li. 06年高考语法复习被动语态 高考题点击：1.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection_____.(94N)A.hascompletedB.completesC.hasbeencompletedD.iscompleted2.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallyget_____bythehour.(98N)A.payB.payingC.paidD.topay说明：集邮册只能被完成，且在before从句中没有将来时，故只能选D。说明：该句的意思为“在大城市中清洁女工的工资通常是按小时支付的。”很明显该用被动语态。DC 3.Booksofthiskind_____well.(99上海)A.sellB.sellsC.aresoldD.issold4.Hundredsofjobs_____ifthefactorycloses.(01北京春)A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose说明：sell既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，当用作“销售情况如何”时，sell为不及物动词，故没有被动语态。类似的词还有：wash,translate,write等。说明：losejob为“失业”，job只能被失去，且动作应该发生在将来。AB 5.Anewcinema_____here.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.(2001北京春季)A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt6.Thenewsuspensionbridge_____bytheendoflastmonth.(2001上海)A.hasbeendesignedB.hadbeendesignedC.wasdesignedD.wouldbedesigned说明：从后句可知电影院应该正在修建。需要注意的是现在进行时态的被动语态的动词形式。说明：bytheendof短语一般都与过去完成时或将来完成时连用。DB 7.ThisisTed’sphoto.Wemisshimalot.He_____tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.(2002北京春季)A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling8.Ifeelitisyourhusbandwho______forthespoiledchild.(2002上海)A.istoblameB.isgoingtoblameC.istobeblamedD.shouldblame说明：不要被前面使用的现在时所蒙蔽，在地震中抢救小孩并献身的动作只能在过去。说明：betoblame是固定结构，不能用被动语态。该句是一个强调句型。CA 9.Rainforests_____andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.(2002上海春季)A.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut说明：该句的意思为“雨林正在以如此快的速度被砍伐和烧毁以至于在不久的将来它们就会消失。”从语境中可以看出应该使用现在进行时。况且进行时可以表达出说话人的一种特殊的情感。说话人是想呼吁人们停止乱砍乱烧雨林，给人们提出的一种警告。C 2010年高考语法复习非谓语动词 一、非谓语动词的考点1、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别；2、非谓语动词作定语；3、非谓语动词作主语和表语；4、非谓语动词作宾语；5、非谓语动词作宾补；6、非谓语动词作状语；7、非谓语动词的时态语态和被动。 二、非谓语动词的句法功能不定式主语宾语表语宾补定语状语动名词主语宾语表语定语分词表语宾补定语状语 三、谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别高考题点击：1.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid_____tothenotice.(93N)A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing2.Suddenly,atallmandrivingagoldencarriage____thegirlandtookheraway,____intothewoods.（04上海春季）A.seizing..,disappearedB.seized..,disappearedC.seizing,disappearingD.seized,disappearing两个动作之间用and连接称为并列谓语，并列谓语需注意两个动词的形式的一致性，故B、D皆错；不用and连接时称之为状语，只能用非谓语动词作状语，故C错。seized和took是并列谓语，disappearing是伴随状语。此题的关键是and的位置，如果and在disappear前，则三个动词并列。AD 四、非谓语动词作主语和表语高考题点击：1.Fishingishisfavoritehobby,and_____.(01上海)A.he’dliketocollectcoinsaswellB.hefeelslikecollectingcoins,tooC.tocollectcoinsisalsohishobbyD.collectingcoinsalsogiveshimgreatpleasure2.It’snecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview.____theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.(05北京卷)A.TohavehadB.HavinghadC.HaveD.Having在and连接的并列句中，两个主语最好要保持一致的形式。动名词fishing和collectingcoins分别作两个简单句的主语。这句话的意思为“钓鱼是他的爱好，集邮也给他带来极大的乐趣。”DD 非谓语动词作主语时要注意以下两个重要问题：第一是并行结构问题，如：Seeingisbelieving./Toseeistobelieve.第二需要注意一些结构：A)在It’snouse(good;value;importance)等结构中只用动名词作主语。如：It’snousequarrellingwithsuchafellow.注意比较：There’snoneedtotellhimaboutit.B)在It’s+adj.结构中都用不定式作主语。注意两种句型：It’seasy(difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenough)后加forsb.todoIt’skind(nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的))后加ofsb.todo 3.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_____itmoredifficult.(99N)A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmakeB动词不定式短语tomakelifeeasier及nottomakeitmoredifficult都作purpose的表语。非谓语动词作表语时要特别注意两个问题，一是并行结构问题，二是时间问题。一般来说，不定式作表语都表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的、愿望、梦想、需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式。动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份、职业”等。另外要特别注意现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。 五、非谓语动词作定语高考题点击：1.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.（04上海）A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt2.Amanisbeingquestionedinrelationtothe________murderlastnight.（04江苏）A.advisedB.attendedC.attemptedD.admitted该题的谓语动词是attract，“闻起来很香”用来作定语修饰主语flowers。BC“谋杀”只能被预谋，故该用过去分词作定语表示被动。 3.Thepicture_____onthewallispaintedbymynephew.(00北京春季)A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung4.Therearefivepairs_____,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.(99上海)A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosingBBhang作及物动词用时表示人为的“挂”；作不及物动词用时表示东西挂在某处的状态。本句中的hang为不及物动词，所以用现在分词作定语。动词不定式tochoosefrom和tochoose都可以作定语，问题是tochoose作定语时该名词是choose的对象；tochoosefrom作定语时，该名词是choose的范围。该题指的是范围. 非谓语动词作定语时要注意以下区别：分词作定语时与其所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系；动名词作定语时只表示用途、场所等意义；不定式作定语时要注意以下一些固定结构：在time,chance,right等名词后；在序数词后；在wish,need,demand,requirement…等词后。D)表示被动意义的非谓语动词作定语时的用法：done表示已经完成的动作tobedone表示尚未开始的动作beingdone表示正在进行之中的动作 六、非谓语动词作宾补高考题点击：Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_____.(95N)A.nottoB.nottodoC.nottoitD.donottoA为了避免重复，常用省略形式to来代替前面的动作。如：Wouldyouliketovisitourschool?Yes,I’dliketo.有些动词后面需要用不定式作宾补，除tell外，常见的还有：adviseallowcauseconsiderencourageforbidforceintendorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireurgewarnaskwishwant等特别注意：hope,agree,demand,suggest等没有宾补。 2.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_____.Healwaysworkshard.(95N)A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning3.Acomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeople___.(99上海)A.haveitdoB.haveitdoneC.havedoneitD.havingitdone使役动词make/have/letsb.dosth.但改为被动语态后，则应为：bemade/lettodo。注意其它不带to的动词不定式的用法。此句中的it指代的是acomputer，what在从句中作do的宾语，表示“人们让计算机所做的事“应该用…peoplehaveacomputerdo…这一结构。需要注意的是have的几个常用结构：havesb./sth.do…;havesb./sth.done…;havesb./sth.doing…;havesb./sth.todoBA 4.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_____thenextyear.(00N)A.carryoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout5.Themissingboyswerelastseen___neartheriver.(94N)A.playingB.tobeplayingC.playD.toplaythat引导的是定语从句，修饰plan，在从句中作see的宾语。因此从句中的结构应为seetheplancarriedout。特别注意现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别。感官性动词后面的宾补若用不定式，则表示一个完整的动作；若用现在分词，则表示正在进行的动作。本句应理解为正在进行的动作。CA 七、非谓语动词作宾语高考题点击：1.Weagreed_____herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.(95N)A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet2.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_____tomynewjob.(00N)A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expectsCB注意1：仅带不定式作宾语的动词有：agree,refuse,offer,promise,decide,determine,intend,manage,fail,hope,expect,long,wish,tend,desire,plan,pretend,等；注意2：动词know,show等常带疑问词加todo作宾语。 3.Ireallyappreciate_____torelaxwithyouonthisniceisland.(01上海)A.tohavehadtimeB.havingtimeC.tohavetimeD.tohavingtimeB仅带动名词作宾语的动词为：admitappreciateavoiddelayenjoyescapeexcusepreventfinishimaginemindpractiseresistrisksuggeststandforgivekeepallowadvisepermitforbid但如果在allowadvisepermitforbid后提到有关的人，就只能用不定式作宾补。在动词want,need,require,demand等词后加动名词作宾语时表示被动意义，相当于tobedone。 4.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.---Well,nowIregret_____that.(95N)A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone5.---Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists.---Don’tyouremember_____methestoryyesterday?(99上海)A.toldB.tellingC.totelltohavetold6.InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_____foranotherhour.(02上海春季)A.waitingB.towaitC.waitD.tobewaitingDBA特别注意带不定式和动名词作宾语时意义不同的动词：remember,forget,regret,try,goon,mean,miss,stop 7.Howaboutthetwoofus___awalkdownthegarden?(93N)A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking8.---Imustapologizefor_____aheadoftime.---That’sallright.(94N)A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow9.Sandycoulddonothingbut_____tohisteacherthathewaswrong.(01上海春季)A.admitB.admittedC.admittingD.toadmitCBA介词的宾语一般都用动名词，但有三个介词but(except)/than/beabout后要接不定式作宾语。 10.Ratherthan____onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers____abicycle.(94N)A.ride…rideB.riding…rideC.ride…torideD.toride…riding注意prefer的几个常用句型：prefertodosth.thandosth.preferdoingsth.todoingsth.prefer+n.to+n.C 11.Mr.Reedmadeuphismindtodevoteallhehadto_____someschoolsforpoorchildren.(01上海春季)A.setupB.settingupC.havesetupD.havingsetup12.---Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?---Thekey_____theproblemistomeetthedemand_____bythecustomers.(02北京)A.tosolving…makingB.tosolving…madeC.tosolve…makingD.tosolve…madeBB要特别注意to的词性，分析其为介词还是不定式。admitto，beaccustomedto习惯于，beusedto，stickto，turnto，devoteoneselfto，bedevotedto，lookforwardto，payattentionto,getdownto等 八、非谓语动词作状语高考题点击：1.---Mum,whydoyoualwaysmakemeeataneggeveryday?---_____enoughproteinandnutritionasyouaregrowingup.(99上海)A.GetB.GettingC.TogetD.Tobegetting2._____lateintheafternoon,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(01北京春季)A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingslept3.Inordertomakeourcitygreen,_____.(02上海春季)A.itisnecessarytohaveplantedmoretreesB.manymoretreesneedtoplantC.ourcityneedsmoretreesD.wemustplantmoretreesCAD 4._____inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.(96N)A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose5._____thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.(00北京春季)A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven6.HesentmeanE-mail,_____togetfurtherinformation.(00上海)A.hopedB.hopingC.tohopeD.hopeloseoneselfinsth.表示“陷入…”，主语he为lose的宾语。given作状语意为“考虑到”，意思相当于considering。注意hoping为伴随状语而非目的状语，真正的目的是后面的toget…。CAB 7.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.(02N)A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun8.Findinghercarstolen,_____.(01上海).A.apolicemanwasaskedtohelpB.theareawassearchingthoroughlyC.itwaslookedforeverywhereD.shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelponce在此处只是副词，后面的分词必须考虑到与句子主语的关系。begin为及物动词，意为“开始、启动”，故该用过去分词。本句要特别注意其逻辑主语。DD 九、非谓语动词的时态语态和被动高考题点击：Iwouldlove_____tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.(97N)A.togoB.havinggoneC.goingD.tohavegone2.Robertissaid_____abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.(99N)A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudyingDAwouldlovetohavedone表示本想去做，但没做成。本题的关键是“whatcountryhestudiedin”，由此可知事情发生在过去。 3.Doletyourmotherknowallthetruth.Sheappears_____everything.(01上海)A.totellB.tobetoldC.tobetellingD.tohavebeentold4.Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains_____whethertheywillenjoyit.(02N)A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen本题中母亲被告知真象显然发生在以前，所以你现在没有必要再隐瞒了。remain后接todo，此处it指代的是后面的主语从句。他们是否喜欢有待于观察，此处应为被动。DB 5._____tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin.(02上海)A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed6._____suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.(01N)A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered7.Tonywasveryunhappyfor_____totheparty.(00上海)A.havingnotbeeninvitedB.nothavinginvitedC.havingnotinvitedD.nothavingbeeninvited该句缺主语，只能用动名词才能作主语。CAD 8.Withalotofdifficultproblems_____,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.(02上海春季)A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettledwith+n./pron.+O.C.构成一个独立主格结构，在句中作状语。用settled表示已经解决了的问题；用beingsettled表示正在被解决的问题；用tobesettled表示将要被解决的问题。而此处的tosettle是用来作定语修饰前面的problems。另外还要注意一下分词的独立主格结构的基本用法。C 2010年高考语法复习系列十四反意问句及倒装句 反意问句 1、祈使句的反意问句；2、Ithink+宾语从句的反意问句；3、主从复合句的反意问句；4、表示判断的情态动词构成的反意疑问句。反意问句考点分析 考题点击：1、Idon’tsupposeanyonewillvolunteer,_______?(01上海)A.doIB.don’tIC.willtheyD.won’tthey2、Briantoldyouthattherewasn’tanyoneintheroomatthattime,________?(02上海春季)A.wasthereB.wasn’tthereC.didn’theD.didhe3、Thereisnolightinthedormitory.Theymusthavegonetothelecture,_______?（04上海春季）A.didn"ttheyB.don"ttheyC.mustn"ttheyD.haven"tthey4、---Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,_________?---ButIfedityesterday.(99NMET)A.doyouB.willyouC.didn’tyouD.don’tyouCCDB 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用aren’tI.I’mastallasyoursister，aren’tI?2)陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may+主语。Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayI?陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。TheSwedemadenoanswer,didhe/she?Someplantsneverblown(开花),dothey? 4)含有oughtto的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn’t/oughtn’t+主语。Heoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn’the?/shouldn’the?5)陈述部分有haveto+v.(hadto+v.)，疑问部分常用don’t+主语（didn’t+主语）。Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrow,don’twe?6)陈述部分的谓语是usedto时，疑问部分用didn’t+主语或usedn’t+主语。Heusedtotakepicturesthere,didn’t(usedn’t)he? 7)陈述部分有hadbetter+v.疑问句部分用hadn’tyou?You’dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn’tyou?8)陈述部分有wouldrather+v.，疑问部分多用wouldn’t+主语。Hewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn’the?9)陈述部分有You’dliketo+v.疑问部分用wouldn’t+主语。You’dliketogowithme,wouldn’tyou? 10)陈述部分有must的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。Hemustbeadoctor,isn’the?YoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haven’tyou?Hemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn’the?11)感叹句中，疑问部分用be+主语。Whatcolours,aren’tthey?Whatasmell,isn’tit? 12)陈述部分由neither…nor,either…or连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。NeitheryounorIamengineer,arewe?13)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词that,everything,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用it。Everythingisready,isn’tit? 陈述部分为主语从句或并列句，疑问部分有三种情况：a.并列句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近分句的谓语而定。Mr.SmithhadbeentoBeijingforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldn’the?b.带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：Heisnotthemanwhogaveusatalk,ishe?HesaidhewantedtovisitJapan,didn’the? c.上述部分如果主句主语是第一人称而谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。Idon’tthinkheisbright,ishe?Webelieveshecandoitbetter,can’tshe?15)陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。Everyoneknowstheanswer,don’tthey?(doeshe?)Nobodyknowsaboutit,dothey?(doeshe?) 16)带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用need(dare)+主语。Weneednotdoitagain,needwe?Hedarenotsayso,dareyou?当dare,need为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do+主语。Shedoesn’tdaretogohomealone,doesshe? 17)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用willyou。Don’tdothatagain,willyou?Gowithme,willyou/won’tyou?注意：Let’s开头的祈使句，后用shallwe?Letus开头的祈使句，后用willyou?Let’sgoandlistentothemusic,shallwe?Letuswaitforyouinthereading-room,willyou? 18)陈述部分是“therebe”结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn’tthere?Therewillnotbeanytrouble,willthere?19)否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。Itisimpossible,isn’tit?Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?20)must在表“推测”时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。Hemustbetherenow,isn’the?Itmustbegoingtoraintomorrow,won’tit? 倒装句 考题点击1：IfinallygotthejobIdreamedabout.Neverinallmylife_____sohappy.(2000北京春季)A.didIfeelB.IfeltC.IhadfeltD.hadIfeltD解析：含有否定意义的词放在句首，句子要采用部分倒装的形式，据此排除B、C两项。句意要求用过去完成时。 考题点击2：______canyouexpecttogetapayrise.(01北京春季)A.WithhardworkB.AlthoughworkhardC.OnlywithhardworkD.NowthatheworkshardC解析：canyouexpect…是倒装句，此处四个选项中只有Only+状语开头的句子才需倒装。以so;such;only加状语或状语从句开头的句子要倒装。 考题点击3：Thedoctoropenedthedoorand_____theroom_____aboywithaballinhishand.A.into…comesB.into…cameC.in…entersD.in…enteredB解析：表示趋向性的介词或副词短语置于句首时，句子要全部倒装，即谓语动词与主语完全倒置。此种倒装需要注意两点：(1)主语必须是名词；(2)动词没有进行时。 另外在复习过程中还需要注意虚拟倒装句及让步倒装句：1、Whatwouldhavehappened,_____asfarastheriverbank?A.BobhadwalkedfartherB.ifBobshouldwalkfartherC.hadBobwalkedfartherD.ifBobwalkedfarther2.______,heseemstoknoweverythinginthecity.A.YoungalthoughtheboyisB.AboythoughheisC.BoyasheisD.YoungasistheboyCC 2010年高考语法复习名词性从句 1.名词性从句考点1、引导词that与what；that与whether；if与whether；what与how等的区别；2、名词性从句的时态和语序问题；3、名词性从句的语气问题；4、同位语从句与定语从句的比较区别。 1、名词性从句的引导词问题问题1：Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthatschool.Itisnolonger______itwas20yearsago,_____itwassopoorlyequipped.（05安徽卷）A.what;whenB.that;whichC.what;whichD.which;thatA前句考查的是that与what的区别。that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，而what可充当名词性的成分。前句的表语从句中还缺少表语，故只能用what。后句是定语从句，修饰20yearsago，所以须用when。 问题2：1)Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis_____mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.(上海2001)A.whenB.ifC.whetherD.why2)Elephantshavetheirownwaytotelltheshapeofanobjectand_______itisroughorsmooth.（05天津卷）A.不填B.whetherC.howD.whatCB在名词性从句中表示“是否”这一概念时，连词if一般只能引导宾语从句，而题1是表语从句，故不能选B；注意doubt的用法，如果是肯定句，用whether，如果是否定句，用that。宾语从句中，以下情况只用whether不用if：①与or连用时；②后接不定式短语时；③在decide;besure等动词后。 问题3：______leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.(MET1988)A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.WhoCwhoever引导名词性从句时表示“无论哪一个”，相当于anyonewho；who引导名词性从句时表示带有疑问的“谁”。根据该题的意思不难作出选择。选项A,B后都缺少了who，而引导定语从句的who是不能省略的。同时还需要注意whoever与nomatterwho;whatever与nomatterwhat等的区别。wh-ever既可引导名词性从句也可引导状语从句，而nomatterwh-只能引导状语从句。 问题4：1)Iwassurprisedbyherwords,whichmademerecognize___sillymistakesIhadmade.（05湖南卷）A.whatB.thatC.howD.which2)Parentsaretaughttounderstand______importanteducationistotheirchildren’sfuture.（04广东）A.thatB.howC.suchD.soABwhat与how引导感叹句时，what后加名词，how后加形容词和副词。其结构为：What+(a)+(adj.)+n.但要注意在what后不能加表示数量的many;much;few;little等词。How+adj.+(a)+(n.)，要注意的是how后的名词只能为单数名词。题1中是复数名词，只能用what；题2中的正常语序是…educationisimportanttotheir…，所以选B。 2、名词性从句中的时态问题问题1：1、Scientiststhinkthatthecontinents_____alwayswherethey_____today.(05北京卷)A.aren’t;are B.aren’t;wereC.weren’t;are  D.weren’t;were2、—Hurryup!AliceandSuearewaitingforyouattheschoolgate.—Oh!Ithoughtthey______withoutme.(05江西卷)A．went B．aregoing C．havegone D．hadgoneCD当主句的动词为现在和将来时态时，名词性从句中的动作根据所发生的时间来定，可以有各种时态；当主句的动词为过去时态时，从句中的动作一般都要使用相应的过去时，除非表示客观真理。 3、名词性从句中的语序问题问题1：1、Someoneisringingthedoorbell.Goandsee____.(全国2000)A.whoisheB.whoheisC.whoisitD.whoitis2、Thephotographswillshowyou____．（MET1989）A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelooklikeD.howourvillagelookslikeDB名词性从句中都用陈述语序，不用倒装语序。题1中的干扰项是B，对想要知道的人提问或应答都用it而不用人称代词he,I,you等。题2只要注意是介词宾语就行了。 4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气A、宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词suggest,order,demand,request,desire,insist,require,decide,determine,advise,recommend,deserve(值得提及)后需用should型的虚拟语气。考题点击：Theteacherdemandedthatthework_____before4o’clock.A.finishedB.befinishedC.shouldfinishD.finish2.---Whatdidthedoctorsayaboutyourmother’sillness?---Hesuggestedthatshe_____anoperationatonce.A.musthaveB.hadC.haveD.hadhadBC B、主语从句中的虚拟语气基本句型：Itissuggested,ordered,proposed,required,demanded,requested,insisted；+(should)doItisimportant,necessary,natural,desirable,strange,advisable,imperative…Itisapity,ashame,nowonder考题点击：1.Isitnecessarythathe_____theexamination?A.takesB.hastotakeC.musttakeD.take2.Itisstrangethathe_____youthis.A.wouldtellB.shouldtellC.hadtoldD.hastoldDB C、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。Myideaisthatwe(should)getmorepeopletoattendtheconference.Imakeaproposalthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.考题点击：Hissuggestionthatyou_____oncemoresoundsreasonable.A.tryB.triesC.musttryD.cantryA 5、it作形式主语或形式宾语的问题问题1：1、_____isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.(NMET1995)A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It2、Ilike______intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.（04全国I）AthisBthatCitDone3、Thechairmanthought______necessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.（05全国卷1）A．thatB．itC．thisD．himDCB主语、宾语从句常用先行词it代替，而将其置于句末。但由whatever,whoever引导的主语从句一般不用it代替。 6、其它需要注意的几个问题在think,believe,suppose,expect,guess等动词后的否定前移问题；2）在hope,believe,imagine,suppose,guess,think,expect,tell,say,fear以及beafraid等词语后，可用so代替一个宾语从句(指代上文涉及之事)。3）记住同位语从句的“先行词”，如：“advice,belief(信念),doubt(怀疑),fact,fear,hope,idea,knowledge,news,order,problem,question,remark(意见),reply,report,suggestion,thought(想法),wish,”等。4）同位语从句与定语从句的区别 2010年高考语法复习冠词 冠词考点及复习要点冠词的考查是当前各地高考考卷中的热点，是我们复习中的重点之一。冠词的考查以固定结构和习惯用语为主，结合考查一些基本规则。所以我们在复习中要注重教材中的语言点的整理，同时对下面的冠词规则也要引起重视。1、不定冠词的用法比较；2、定冠词的习惯用法；3、零冠词的用法；4、在习惯用语中冠词的用法； 不定冠词的用法考题点击1TheWilsonslivein_____A-shapedhousenearthecoast.Itis_____17thcenturycottage.（04浙江）A.the,/B.an,theC./,theD.an,aD该句意为“威尔逊先生一家住在海边的一幢A型房子里，那是一幢十七世纪的屋子。”两处都表示“一幢“，A-shaped是元音开头，该用an；而seventeenth是辅音开头，所以该用a。 考题点击2Mrs.Taylorhas_____8-year-olddaughterwhohas_____giftforpainting—shehaswontwonationalprizes.（05浙江卷）A．a;a B．an;the C．an;a D．the;aC“Taylor夫人有一个在绘画方面极有天赋的八岁的女儿，她已经两次获得全国大奖了。”eight是元音开头，所以该用an；而后面的haveagiftfor为一短语，表示“在…方面有天赋”，故答案为C。 冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（theDefiniteArticle），另一种是不定冠词（theIndefiniteArticle），还有一种是零冠词（ZeroArticle）。　　不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源，是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前，而an则用于元音音素前。1)表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为acertain。AMr.Lingiswaitingforyou. 2)代表一类人或物。Aknifeisatoolforcuttingwith.Mr.Smithisanengineer.3)词组或成语。alittle/afew/alot/atypeof/apile/agreatmany/manya/asarule/inahurry/inaminute/inaword/inashortwhile/afterawhile/haveacold/haveatry/keepaneyeon/allofasudden 定冠词的用法考题点击1Asarule,domesticservantsdoingoddjobsarepaid_______.（04上海春季）A.bythehourB.byhourC.byanhourD.byhoursA“按小时付费”，以及其它用来表示“按…计算”都需用介词by加the加单位名词来表示，如：bytheday;bythejin;bythepound;bythedozen…。但需注意：size;weight;time;length…等名词并不表示单位，所以不需加the。 考题点击2OnMay5,2005,at________WorldTableTennisChampionship,KongLinghuiandWangHaowonthegoldmedalinmen"sdoubleswith________scoreof4:1.(05江苏卷)A.a;aB.不填;theC.a;不填D.the;aD“theWorldTableTennisChampionship”是由普通名词构成的专有名词，用来表示一个机构名称。这类名词前都要加the。“withascoreof4:1”表示“以4:1的比分”，是一个介词短语结构。 考题点击3Thisbooktells________lifestoryofJohnSmith,wholeft______schoolandworkedforanewspaperattheageof16.（05辽宁卷）A．the;the B．a;the C．the;不填D．a;不填C“这本书讲的是JohnSmith的人生故事”，是特指的，所以必须用the。“leaveschool”表示“毕业”，不用冠词。类似的用法还有：finishschool;inclass;atchurch;gotoschool…等。 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1）特指双方都明白的人或物：Takethemedicine.把药吃了。2）上文提到过的人或事：Heboughtahouse.I‘vebeentothehouse.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。3）指世上独一物二的事物：thesun，thesky，themoon，theearth 4）与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：thedollar美元;thefox狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：therich富人;theliving生者。5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only，very，same等前面：Wheredoyoulive?Iliveonthesecondfloor.你住在哪？我住在二层。That‘stheverythingI’vebeenlookingfor.那正是我要找的东西。6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：Theyaretheteachersofthisschool.指全体教师)Theyareteachersofthisschool.(指部分教师) 7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：Shecaughtmebythearm..她抓住了我的手臂。8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：thePeople‘sRepublicofChina中华人民共和国theUnitedStates美国9）用在表示乐器的名词之前：Sheplaysthepiano.她会弹钢琴。10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：theGreens格林一家人(或格林夫妇) 11)用在表示“度量衡”之类的名词前：Applesaresoldbythepound.但要注意在time,weight,length等名词前不加the。12)用在惯用语中：intheday,inthemorning(afternoon，evening)；thedayaftertomorrow；thedaybeforeyesterday；thenextmorning；inthesky(water，field，country)；inthedark；intherain；inthedistance；inthemiddle(of)；intheend；onthewhole；bytheway；gotothetheatre 零冠词的用法考题点击1Ifyougoby______train,youcanhavequiteacomfortablejourney,butmakesureyouget______fastone.（05全国卷3）A．the;the B．不填；aC．the;a D．不填；不填B在由介词by加表示交通方式的名词短语中，不用冠词。但如果by不表示交通方式，而表示地理位置，就需要加冠词了。如：bysea乘船；bythesea在海边 考题点击2Itisoftensaidthat_____teachershave_____veryeasylife.(05北京卷)A.不填；不填B.不填；aC.the,不填D.the,aBteachers是复数名词，用来表示类属，不加冠词。只有在特定范围内的复数名词前才加冠词。“havea…life”是一个习惯短语，表示“过着…的生活”。 考题点击3Thewarmthof_______sweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortof______woolused.（01全国）A.the;theB.the;/C./;theD./;/Bsweater的保暖性能取决于使用哪一种类型的羊毛。the加单数名词sweater表示一种类型；而羊毛是物质名词，表示类属的物质名词不加冠词。 1）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary；2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；Theyareteachers.他们是教师。3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败乃成功之母4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；Mancannotlivewithoutwater.人离开水就无法生存。 5）在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。7）在三餐饭、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词如：havebreakfast，playchess但如果三餐饭的名词前有形容词修饰，则需要加冠词。如：haveabigbreakfast 8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词；Ican‘twritewithoutpenorpencil.没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字。9）当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；bybus，bytrain；10）有些个体名词不用冠词；如：school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义；gotohospital去医院看病gotothehospital去医院(并不一定去看病) 11)不用冠词的序数词；a.序数词前有物主代词b.序数词作副词Hecamefirstintherace.c.在固定词组中at(the)first,firstofall,fromfirsttolast12）在复习过程中注意不带冠词的短语和习惯用语。13）特别注意加冠词和不加冠词的意义区别。如：gotohospital---gotothehospitalattable---atthetableinchargeof---inthechargeofoutofquestion---outofthequestion 不定冠词的位置考题点击1______rolesheplayedinthefilm!NowondershehaswonanOscar.(2002上海春)A.HowinterestingB.HowaninterestingC.WhatinterestingD.WhataninterestingD不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。但位于下列形容词之后：such，what，many，half，如：Ihaveneverseensuchananimal.Manyamanisfitforthejob. 考题点击2Wewerein________whenweleftthatweforgottheairlinetickets.(2003上海)A.arushsoanxiousB.asuchanxiousrushC.soananxiousrushD.suchananxiousrushD当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：ItisaspleasantadayasIhaveeverspent.Soshortatime.Toolongadistance. 还需注意下面三个问题：1、quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可。如：quitealot2、在as，though引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后：Braveamanthoughheis，hetremblesatthesightofsnakes.他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。3、当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。 定冠词的位置考题点击1Hedidit____ittookme.(2003北京)A.one-thirdatimeB.one-thirdtimeC.theone-thirdtimeD.one-thirdthetimeD定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，threetimes等词之后，名词之前。Allthestudentsintheclasswentout.班里的所有学生都出去了。 06年高考语法复习数词 数词考点及复习要点虽然数词并不是近几年的考查重点，但我们在复习时还是需要搞清楚以下几个概念：1、数词的基本用法及比较；2、数词的位置；3、倍数词的表达习惯；4、在习惯用语中数词的用法； 数词的基本用法考题点击1Itisnotrarein_____thatpeoplein____fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.(99上海)A.90s,theB.the90s,/C.90s,theirD.the90s,theirD表示“几十岁”；用inone’s+数词复数，如：Hebegantoworkinhisteens.表示"年代"，用in+the+数词复数； 数词的基本用法考题点击2____ofthelandinthatdistrict_____coveredwithtreesandgrass.(2000上海)A.Twofifth,isB.Twofifth,areC.Twofifths,isD.Twofifths,areC分数和百分数作主语时，关键是看其后的名词来决定其谓语动词的数。该题中的是不可数名词，所以动词需用单数。 数词的基本用法考题点击3Americanseat______vegetablesperpersontodayastheydidin1910.(2002上海春)A.morethantwiceB.astwiceasmanyC.twiceasmanyasD.morethantwiceasmanyD倍数表示法：主+谓+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.(+n.)+asIhavethreetimesasmanyasyou. 其他用来表示倍数的方法：主+谓+倍数(分数)+thesize(weight，length…)of…Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.地球是月球的49倍。2.主+谓+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than…Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。3.主+谓+junior(senior)+toHeisfiveyearsseniortohisyoungerbrother. 2010年高考语法复习动词及动词短语 前言名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词以及它们的短语是各地高考中的热点，其中以动词和动词短语为最。这些虽属语法范畴，但又似乎没有多少规律可循。因此我们更应该把这些知识放到课文复习中去，在课文复习中来整理、归纳和比较，以求达到巩固基础，灵活运用的目的。此处只是借高考试卷来分析一下我们在复习过程中应侧重些什么，应注意些什么。至于这些知识应复习到什么度，那就该应人而宜了。 动词及动词短语考点1、系动词的比较；2、动词的及物与不及物；短暂性与持续性；3、意思相同或相近的动词比较；4、同一动词构成的不同词组的用法比较；5、意思相同或相近的动词短语的比较。 1、系动词的用法比较考题点击：1)Happybirthday,Alice!Soyouhave______twenty-onealready!（04天津）AbecomeBturnedCgrownDpassed2)Onhearingthenewsoftheaccidentinthecoalmine,she_______pale.（04湖北）A．gotB．changedC．wentD．appearedBbecome强调变化过后的持续性；turn表示从某种状态向其对应状态转化的自然现象，其后接名词不用冠词；go往往表示情况变坏或恶化；fall表示一下子进入一种状态fallasleep/ill/silent；come表示向好的方面转化；get强调造成事件的施动者发挥的作用或变化的结果；C 2、及物动词和不及物动词考题点击Whydon’tyouputthemeatinthefridge?Itwillfreshforseveraldays.（03全国卷）A．bestayedB．stayC．bestayingD．havestayedB该句中的stay是系动词，其后加fresh作表语，所以没有被动语态。stay是表示状态的系动词，一般不用进行时。英语中有许多动词都有多重词性，如：sell，用作“销售”用时是及物动词，用作“销路”用时为不及物动词；feel，用作“摸索”解时为及物动词，用作“摸上去怎么样”解时为系动词。所以复习中需要注意动词的词性变化。 3、意思相同或相近的动词的比较考题点击1.---Juliasaidshesentyouabirthdaycardyesterday.Haveyougotit?"---Oh,really!Ihaven’t____mymailboxyet.（05天津）A.examinedB.reviewedC.testedD.checked2.Inourchildhood,wewereoften_____byGrandmatopayattentiontoourtablemanners.(05江苏卷)A.demandedB.remindedC.allowedD.hoped3.---Ow!I’veburntmyself!—Howdidyoudothat?---I_________ahotpot.（05浙江卷）(A)A．touchedB．keptC．feltD．heldDBB 以上三道题中比较的都是我们常见的动词，象第一题中的examine;check;test，第三题中的touch;feel;hold。有时还需考虑到固定搭配，如：Heissuchamanwhoisalways______faultwithotherpeople.（05安徽卷）A.puttingB.seekingC.findingD.lookingforC该题中“findfaultwithsb.”为固定短语，意为“抱怨别人、挑剔”。在做动词题时，需要读懂句子的意思，分析句子结构，善于发现习惯用语和固定短语。 4.动词短语的用法比较考题点击1、TheInternethasbrought_____bigchangesinthewaywework.（05北京春季）A.aboutB.outC.backD.up2、Kathy______alotofSpanishbyplayingwiththenativeboysandgirls.（05安徽卷）A.pickedupB.tookupC.madeupD.turnedup第一题的考点是同一动词与不同的介词和副词的搭配，第二题的考点是同一个副词与不同的动词的搭配。且这些短语都是大家非常熟悉的。AA 5、意思相同或相近的动词短语的比较考题点击：1、Thepresidentspokeatthebusinessmeetingfornearlyanhourwithout_________hisnotes.（05浙江卷）A．bringingupB．referringtoC．lookingforD．tryingon2、Whatshallweuseforpowerwhenalltheoilintheworldhas______?（05山东卷）A.givenoutB.putoutC.heldupD.usedup第一题只需要正确理解句意就不难发现答案。第二题的干扰项是D，但useup需用被动。giveout表示“…用尽了”，相当于runout。AB Grammar Lookatthefollowingsentences.Payattentiontothedifferences:Thisisthebookthatyouaskedmetobuy.Thisisthejustbookthatyouaskedmetobuy.Iknowhisphonenumber.Idoknowhisphonenumber.function? Emphasis用词或短语帮助强调so,very,just,theonlyYouaretheverypersonIamlookingfor.Mendon’tenjoyshoppingatall.Whatonearthareyoudoing?Whyintheworldareyoualwayslate?atall,onearthintheworldYouaretheonlypersonwhoishonestinthisworld. 用助动词帮助强调Dobecareful!Hedidtellmethenews.Shedoeslovetalking.强调谓语（predicate）有人称和数的变化Doteachhimalesson! ItisIwhoamwrong.Itisinasmallfactorythatmybrotherisgoingtowork.强调句型Whatkindofsentencesarethey？ 强调句型(sentencepattern)1.构成(structure)Itis/was+强调部分+that(who/whom)+其他成分强调除谓语以外的句子成分强调人只能是单数 Theywillhaveameetinginthehalltomorrow.强调主语Itistheythat/whowillhaveameetinginthehalltomorrow.强调宾语Itisameetingthattheywillhaveinthehalltomorrow.强调地点状语Itisinthehallthattheywillhaveameetingtomorrow.强调时间状语Itistomorrowthattheywillhaveameetinginthehall. 2.强调句型的注意点 Itisyourfatherwhoiswrongthistime.ItishisparentswhohavecometoChina.①主谓一致：被强调部分作主语时，其形式与谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。主语谓语一致 ItisMarywhooften____(help/helps)mewithmyEnglish.ItisIthat____(be)againstyou.ItistheboystudentsofClassTwowho____playingfootballontheplayground.helpsamare ②人称照应：强调主语用主格，强调宾语用宾格。ItisIwhoamwrong.ItwasherwhomIsawinthestreetjustnow.主语主格宾语宾格 这次得冠军的是她。Itwas____thatwonthechampionshipthistime.你明天要去采访的是他。sheItishimwhoyouwillinterviewtomorrow. ItmustbePeterwhohasletthissecretout.ItmaybenextweekthatsheleavesforTokyo.Itmightbelastnightthatthethiefbrokeintheirhouse.③be前面可加情态动词 ④问句形式：一般问句：Is/Wasit+被强调部分+that+----Isitthedictionarythatyouarelookingfor?Wasityesterdaythathewasfired? Whatisitthatyouwantmetodo?Whowasitthattoldyouthenews?Whenwasitthatyoucalledme?Howwasitthatyousucceed?特殊问句：疑问词+is/was+it+that+----- 他想申请的是这家公司吗？________________thathewantstoapplyfor?你们是在哪里买到这本小说的？IsitthiscompanyWherewasitthatyouboughtthenovel? Ididn’trealizewhattroublehewasinuntilatthattime.ItwasnotuntilatthattimethatIrealizedwhattroublehewasin.⑤当强调not…until结构时，必须将notuntil连用,后面接肯定式。 Theteacherdidn’tstophislessonuntilthebellrang.(改成强调句）Itwasnotuntilthebellrangthattheteacherstoppedhislesson.直到他父亲来了男孩才开始做作业。Itwasnotuntilhisfathercamethattheboybegantodohishomework. 把“Itis/was---that”去掉，如果剩余部分句子结构仍然完整，那么这个句子就是强调句；如果句子不完整，则不是强调句。如：ItistruethatheoncewenttoAmerica.Itwasat8o’clockthathecameback.主语从句强调句型3.强调句型的判断 1.Itwasatthetheatre__________Lincolnwasmurdered.A.whereB.atwhichC.whichD.that2.Itwasthetheatre_________Lincolnwasmurdered.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.theone Itwasmidnight_____hecameback.Itwasatmidnight____hecameback.whenthatItisintheclassroom_____wewillhavethetest.Itistheclassroom_______wewillhavethetest.thatwhere 4.强调句型高考考点1）强调句型与定语从句合用，增加试题迷惑性。ItwasonthedaywhenhejoinedthePartythathewaskilled.他正是在入党的那天被杀害的。定语从句 ItwasinBeihaiPark________theymetforthefirsttime________theoldcoupletoldustheirlovestory.A.where;thatB.that;thatC.where;whenD.that;when该题中“theymetforthefirsttime”为被强调部分“BeihaiPark”的定语() 2）强调句型与宾语从句合用，强调句型用于宾语从句,为一大热门考点。例如:Shelookssad.Couldyoupleasetellme________thatpreventsherfrombeingashappyasbefore?A.whatitisB.itiswhatC.howitisD.itishow() Exercises: 1.---Wasitin1969_____theAmericanastronautsucceeded_____landingonthemoon﹖---Quiteright.A.when;onB.that;onC.when;inD.that;in 2.Itwas_____hesaid_____disappointedme.A.what;thatB.that;thatC.what;whatD.that;what3._____isnopossibility______Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;whetherB.It;thatC.There;thatD.It;whether 4.--Wherewas＿＿＿＿youpickedupthewallet﹖--Justneartheschoolgate.A.itB.itthatC.theplaceD.theplacethat5.Imustfindoutwhy＿＿＿＿somanystudentsmadethesamemistake.A.isitthatB.wasitwhichC.itiswhatD.itwasthat 6.＿＿isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ItC.ThatD.This7.Ourclassroomisveryclean.Doyouknowwho＿＿cleanedit﹖A.wasitthatB.itwasthatC.wasitwhoD.hewas 8.Isitinthefactory＿＿youvisitedlastweek＿＿thiskindofcarismade﹖A.／；thatB.where；whenC.where；thatD.／；when9.Itwas_____1920＿＿regularradiobroadcastsbegan.A.until;whenB.notuntil;whenC.until;thatD.notuntil;that 10.Itistenyears________MissGaoreturnedtoChina.A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.as11.Itwillbethreeyears________wegettogetheragain.A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.before 英语句子概论 英语句子概论基本成分附属成分独立成分省略成分连接成分简单句并列句复合句 主语＋不及物动词（S+Vi）主语＋及物动词＋宾语(S+Vt+O)主语＋系动词＋表(S+LV+predicative)主语＋双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语(S+Vt.+O+O.compl)There+be/stand/lie/live...简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。 nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ingV-edetc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(间)宾语(直)VtV-lViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitive英语句子基本成分示意图be/feel/seem/lookappear/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/remain/keeptaste/smelletc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc. 主语＋不及物动词Shecame．/Myheadaches.主语＋及物动词＋宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语＋系动词＋主语补语Sheishappy．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语ShegaveJohnabook．Sheboughtabookforme.主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry．Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.简单句基本句型实例 附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。定语PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearby．ShelikesorangesimportedfromtheUSA.JohngaveMarymanybooks，whicharefullofillustrations．Haveyouseenthebookonthedesk?Theboyplayingoverthereismybrother.Peopletherelikesports. Johnoftencametochatwithme．Johnlikesorangesverymuch．Wheneverhegetsdrunk，JohnmakesMaryveryangry．Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.Ashewasill,hedidn’tcometoclassyesterday.Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.You’dbetterstayhere.状语 Examples:Oh！Whatisthat！（惊叹词）Hehas，alas，failedagain．Comehere，John．（呼语）Rollon，Ocean，rollon．句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分 （You）Comehere．（Iwishyou）Goodluck！Somegavehimpraises，butothers（gavehim）rotteneggs．Herunsasfastas,if(hedoes)not(run)faster,thanyou.(I)Hopeyoulikeit.JohnshouldcleantheroomtodayandPeter(shouldcleanit)tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：省略成分 连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。连接成分 简单句简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述提出一个问题发出一种命令或请求表示一种感叹Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebookspleasedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis! 简单句的基本词序主语动词部分宾语状语（谓语）方式地点时间Iboughtahatyesterday.Thechildrenranhome.Thetaxidrivershoutedatmeangrily.Weateourmealinsilence.Thecarstoppedsuddenly.Ayounggirlwalkedconfidentlyintheroom.Theydrovehimawayinapolicecar. 简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。Thedogjumpedthroughthewindow.Heissavinguptobuyamobilephone.Abrightlittleboywithrosycheeksputthreebottlesofmilkquietlyonmydoorstepbeforeseveno’clock.HeworkedlikeamadmaninthegardenonSaturday.Theyounggirlwithlongblackhairseemstobeveryhappy. 两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both..and、either…or、neither…nor、notonly…butalso等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。ThebossisflyingtoParis.HissecretaryisflyingtoParis.ThebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.BoththebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.ThebossisflyingtoRome.HissecretaryisnotflyingtoRome.ThebossbutnothissecretaryisflyingtoRome.ThebossmaybeflyingtoBerlin.HissecretarymaybeflyingtoBerlin.EitherthebossorhissecretaryisflyingtoBerlin.ThebossisnotflyingtoYork.Hissecretaryisn’tflyingtoYork.NeitherthebossnorhissecretaryisflyingtoYork.主语、谓语、宾语的合并 两个简单句的宾语可由and、both…and等连词连接组成一个简单句。ImetJane.Imetherhusband.ImetJaneandherhusband.ImetbothJaneandherhusband.Itwascold.Itwaswet.Itwascoldandwet.Ididn’tmeetJane.Ididn’tmeetherhusband.Ididn’tmeeteitherJaneorherhusband.ImetneitherJanenorherhusband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。Wesangallnight.Wedancedallnight.Wesanganddancedallnight.主语、谓语、宾语的合并 并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchathing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：Wefishedallday;however,wedidn’tcatchathing.用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didn’tcatchathing. 并列句常用并列连词coordinatingconjunctions平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:选择并列连词:and,both…and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,andthenbut,however,while,yetfor,soor,either…or,neither…nor 并列句并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。主语谓语宾语连词主语动词表语Jimmyfelloffhisbikebut(he)wasn’thurt.五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。主谓状（方式）连主谓表Frankworkedhardand(he)becameanarchitect.主谓宾连主谓地点I’vegotacold,soI’mgoingtobed.主谓宾宾补连主谓宾Theymadehimchairman,but(they)didn’tincreasehissalary. Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.2.Thechildhidbehindhismother"sskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.Hemadeapromise,butHedidn’tkeepit.Thechildhidbehindhismother"sskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog. 由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句=主句+从句复合句 复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.定语从句5.状语从句6.同位语从句英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句定语从句 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Hetoldmethenews.thatthematchhadbeencancelled.宾语howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycar.thatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycarandthatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.whenhewasleavingforParis.thathisfatherwasworkinginthatschool.宾语从句 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Idon’tknowhim.Hehasfinishedhisworkthathehasfinishedhiswork.whetherhehasfinishedhiswork.宾语从句HeisleavingforWashington.thatheisleavingforWashington.whenheisleavingforWashington.whyheisleavingforWashington.howheisleavingforWashington.whetherheisleavingforWashington. 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句thepeoplesurprisedThatWhathesaidwhathedid主语Thathedidn’tknowtheanswerintheroom.定语whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatwar.whohadsignedthecontract. 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Thatisthefact.表语whatheneeds.whathegaveme.whyhewaslate.becausehewasill.whathashappened. 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Heworkedinthatfactorythreeyearsago.地点状语时间状语wherehisfatherworkedinthatfactorywhereIlivedwhenhelivedthereHisfatherworkedthere.Ilivedthere.Helivedtherethreeyearsago. 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Putthebookonthedesk.whereyoutookit.whereitwas.地点状语whereyoufoundit.Youcan’tcamphere.wheretherearealotoftrees.whereveryoulike. 指出下列各从句的类型Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.宾语从句状语从句定语从句Practice 用所给连词连接句子。Hehasfoundout.Shewaslate.(why)Hehasfoundoutwhyshewaslate.Istillremembertheday.IfirstwenttoYorkonthatday.(when)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttoYork.将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。PracticeHedidn’tcomeyesterday.Hewasill.(原因)Hedidn’tcomeyesterdaybecausehewasill. I’llgivethelettertohim.Iseehim.（时间）Itissuchabigbox.Nobodycanmoveit.（结果）We’llgotothegreatwall.It’sfinetomorrow.(条件)Weshouldnotgothereallthetime.Theplaceisquitepleasant.(让步）Itissuchabigboxthatnobodycanmoveit.We’llgotothegreatwallifit’sfinetomorrow.Althoughtheplaceisquitepleasant,weshouldnotgothereallthetime.I’llgivethelettertohimwhenIseehim.I’llgivethelettertohimassoonasIseehim.I’llgivethelettertohimthemomentIseehim. THEEND