2012届高考英语语法精讲精练-介词和介词短语[学生版] 14页

易达教育内部资料新课标高三专题讲解介词英语中称为“preposition”是由“前缀pre-（在……前部）+position（位置）”构成的，所以又叫前置词。一般放在名词、代词或动名词的前面。介词是虚词，主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词（或动名词短语）、名词性从句等。分类特点例词简单介词即一个介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on等等。合成介词由两个介词构成合成词into,onto,throughout,upon,within短语介词由短语构成accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto等等。双重介词由两个介词搭配而成fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween等等。分词介词由现在分词转化而来considering(就……而论),including，regarding，concerning等。兼类介词由形容词直接转化而来like,unlike,near,next,opposite等等。介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语的功能例句作定语Theydidn’tfindthesolutiontotheproblem.作状语Wehavebreakfastatseven.（表时间）Theywerelateforthemeetingbecauseoftheheavyrain.（表原因）Whatdoyoumeanbydoingsuchathing?（表方法）Nothingintheworldcouldlivewithoutairorwater.（表条件）作表语WhenIpaidavisittoyouyesterday,youwerenotathome.作宾语补足语Ifoundtheoldbuildinginabadcondition.第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看，考生需要掌握以下内容。1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别表示的概念介词（短语）区别例子时间inonatat在一个时间点上；in在一段的时间之内；on在具体日子。①at8o’clock,atnoon②inthe1990s,inJanuary③onMonday,onawarmmorningsincefromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from指从时间的某一点开始。①Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.②Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday.in,afterin指在一段时间之后，也可以指一段时间之内=within；after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。①We’llbebackinthreedays.②Afterseventherainbegantofall.③Whatshallwedoaftergraduation?intheendattheendofbytheendofintheend作“最后”、“终于”解，单独作句子成分，后不接介词of；attheendof表示“在……末梢”，“到……尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；bytheendof作“在……结束时”，“到……末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。①Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety.②Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden.③TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek.④Bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.位置betweenamong一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。①Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandme.②Heisalwayshappyamonghisclassmates.注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时，就用between。①Agreementsweremadebetweenthedifferentcountries.②Thelittlevalleyliesbetweenhighmountains.③Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,riceandcoin.inontoin表示在某范围内；on指与什么毗邻；to指在某环境范围之外。①ChangchunisinthenortheastofChina.②MongoliaisonthenorthofChina.第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料③JapanistotheeastofChina.oninon只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。①Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper.②Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper.③Hedugaholeinthewall.inintoin通常表示位置（静态）；into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。①Wewalkedinthepark.②Wewalkedintothepark.throughacrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。①Waterflowsthroughthepipe.②Theoldmanwalkedacrossthestreet.inthecorneronthecorneratthecornerinthecorner表示在角落里，in指角的内面；onthecorner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；atthecorner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。①Thelampstandsinthecorneroftheroom.②Imetwithhimatthestreetcorner.③Hesatonthecornerofthetable.除了besidesexceptbutexceptforbesides指“除了……还有，再加上”；except指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。but与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”经常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything等和其他疑问词后面。exceptfor表示“如无……就，只是”表明理由细节。①Allwentoutbesidesme.②Allwentoutexceptme.③Ineversawhimreadinganythingbutthenewspaper.④Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.表示的概念构成例子动作（表进行概念、表被动的关系）at+名词atdinner/table在吃饭atwork在工作atwar交战atcards在玩牌          atwork在办公atplay 在玩耍    atrest在休息       school在上学      atpress正在排印atchurch在做礼拜beyond+名词beyond belief难以置信 beyond control不听管教。beyond compare无可比拟beyond description难以形容beyond expression无法表达beyond suspicion无可怀疑in+名词inthearmy在当兵inneedof需要in第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料或in +名词+of+名词action在运转inprogress在进行inoperation在运行中in use 开始使用in sight看得见in store贮藏着in course of construction正在兴建当中。in (good) repair维修良好的in course of shipment. 定的货正在运输途中。in charge of 负责                              in the charge of 由……负责in possession of 拥有                         in the possession of 被……拥有on+名词onbusiness办事/出差onholiday/vacation/leave在休假onwatch值班onduty值勤/日。onguard在值勤onstrike在罢工onsale出售onloan借贷onthemove在移动，搬迁，离开onthemarch在行军ontheair在广播　　on fire在燃烧。on trial在试用on show/display/exhibition在展出under+名词undercontrol在控制之中underdiscussion在讨论underdevelopment在发展中underobservation在观察中undertest在被测试underconstruction在建设中underfire在炮火中       underexamination在检查/调查中underconsideration在考虑中underrepair在修理中under arrest被逮捕under attack受到袭击under medical treatment在治疗中under study在研究中其他againstone’sopinion反对某人的见解forone’sopinion同意某人的见解above reproach无可指责，无可非议above suspicion不受怀疑above criticism无可指责atthemercyof在……支配下；任由……摆布for sale供出售for rent供出租within sight看得见2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别常见形容词搭配意义absent(be)absentfrom缺席(be)absentin不在这里而在……afraid(be)afraidof担心……(be)afraidfor为……而担心angry(be)angrywithsb.对某人生气第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料(be)angryat/aboutsth.因某事而生气anxious(be)anxiousforsth急于想得到(be)anxiousaboutsth./sb.对某事/某人担心different(be)differentfrom与……不同(be)differentto不关心familiar(be)familiarwith精通，熟悉(be)familiarto为……熟知（悉）good(be)goodat擅长于(be)goodfor对……有益(be)goodto对……友好/态度好popular(be)popularwithsb.受……欢迎(be)popularfor因……而流行strict(be)strictwithsb.对某人要求严格(be)strictinsth.对某事要求严格3.容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组类型举例差一冠词，大相径庭infrontof（在……前面)——inthefrontof（在……前部）inchargeof（负责）——inthechargeof（由……负责）outofquestion（毫无疑问）——outofthequestion（不可能）attable（在吃饭；在吃饭时）——atthetable（在桌子旁边）有无介词，意义不同knowsb.认识某人——knowaboutsb.了解某人shootsb.击中某人——shootatsb.向某人射击searchsb.搜身——searchforsb.搜寻某人believesb.相信某人的话——believeinsb.信任某人的人格benefitsb.使某人受益——benefitfromsb.从某人那里得到益处画蛇添足，误加介词servethepeople为人民服务（容易在serve后加for）entertheroom进入房间（容易在enter后加into）followme跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind）marrysb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with）goabroad出国（容易在go后面加to）liveupstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加in）母语思维，误用介词becaughtintherain被雨淋着（不用by）leaveforsomeplace动身去某地（不用to）setanexampletosb.为某人树立榜样（不用for）inthedirection朝着……方向（不用to）doafavorforsb.帮某人一个忙（不用to）differentfrom和……不同（不用with）withthehelpof在……的帮助下（不用under）stealsth.fromsb.偷某人的东西（不用of）readsth.tosb.给（为）……读（念）……（不用for）第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料①Althoughmyopinion,theoldprofessordidn’tcomeupwithhisown.A.againstB.onC.forD.in②Somepeoplechoosejobsforotherreasonsmoneythesedays.A.forB.exceptC.besidesD.with③Somestudentsoftenlistentomusicclassestorefreshthemselves.A.betweenB.amongC.overD.during④Thisisajuniorschool.Youshouldgotoaseniorschoolgirlsofyourage.（2007北京卷）A.forB.aboutC.fromD.to⑤thesilenceofthepauses,wecouldheareachother’sbreathingandcouldalmosthearourownheartbeats.A.InB.ForC.UnderD.Between⑥Sorry,Madam.You’dbettercometomorrowbecauseit’sthevisitinghours.（2006福建卷）A.duringB.atC.beyondD.before⑦Thisnewmodelofcarissoexpensivethatitisthereachofthosewithaverageincomes.A.overB.withinC.beyondD.below⑧Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdiedhisworksunfinished.A.forB.withC.fromD.of⑨—Whatdoyouwant______thoseoldboxes?—ToputthingsinwhenImovetothenewflat.A.byB.forC.ofD.with⑩Luckily,thebulletnarrowlymissedthecaptain______aninch.A.byB.atC.toD.from现将（2006-2011）六年来高考全国卷和各省市自主命题卷所涉及到的介词短语及固定搭配总结如下，以便考生熟悉这一块的考点。第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料英语汉语意义英语汉语意义aboveone’sowninfrontofaboveaverageingeneralaccordingtoinhonourofafterallinneedofalongwithinone’smindapartfrominotherwordsasaresult(of)inplaceaswellasinplaceofbeconvincedofsth.inpraiseofbecuriousaboutsthinreturnbecauseofinsearchofbelowaverageinshortbeyondcontrolinsightbeyonddescriptioninspiteofbeyondreachintermsofbeyondrepairinthedirectionofbychanceintheformofbymeansofinturnbynatureinvainbyoneselfinsteadofexceptfornexttofarfromofone"sownageforonethingonaveragehearfromonconditionthatinadditiontoonone’smindinallonpurposeincase（of）ontheotherhandindetailontimeindoubtontopofineffectregardlessofinexchangefortothepointinfaceofwithregardtoinfavourofwithineasyreach说明：例题请见以下的高考链接部分。2009年1.（全国卷I）Everybodywastouched_____wordsaftertheyheardhermovingstory.A.beyondB.withoutC.ofD.in第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料2.（重庆卷）Tryonthisredskirt;youwilllookgreatit.A.onB.byC.inD.for3.（福建）—Howamazingitisthatastronautsareexploringouterspace!—It’sachallenge,Iguess,managainstnature.A.ofB.forC.byD.about4.（陕西卷）HeinvitedmetoadanceaftertheshowChristmasEve.A.atB.onC.inD.by5.（北京卷）Thewineindustryintheareahasdevelopedinaspecialway,____littleforeignownership.A.byB.ofC.withD.from6.（辽宁卷）Childrenneedfriendstheirownagetoplaywith.AofBforCinDat7.（山东卷）Itsavestimeinthekitchentohavethingsyouusealot_______easyreach.A.nearB.uponC.withinD.around　8.（四川卷）Agreatpersonisalwaysputtingothers’interests_________hisown.A.belowB.aboveC.inD.on9.（湖南卷）MostAmericanswouldprefertokeeptheirproblemsthemselves,andsolvetheirproblems______themselves.A.to;byB.by;toC.for;toD.in;on10.（全国卷II）Jennynearlymissedtheflight______doingtoomuchshopping.A.asaresultofB.ontopofC.infrontofD.inneedof11.（2009天津卷）Theartshowwas_______beingafailure;itwasagreatsuccess.A.farfromB.alongwithC.nexttoD.regardlessof12.（江苏卷）Thisspecialschoolacceptsalldisabledstudents,__educationallevelandbackground.第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料A.accordingtoB.regardlessofC.inadditiontoD.intermsof13.（湖北卷）You’dsoundalotmorepoliteifyoumakearequest______aquestion.A.insearchofB.intheformofC.inneedofD.inthedirectionof14.（湖北卷）Hiseffortstoraisemoneyforhisprogramwere______because,nooneshowedanyintentiontotakeacentoutoftheirpockets.A.inplaceB.insightC.ineffectD.invain2010年1.(北京卷)Wouldyoumindnotpickingtheflowersinthegarden?Theyareeveryone"senjoyment.A.inB.atC.forD.to2.(湖北卷)Itisillegalforapublicofficialtoaskpeopleforgiftsormoney____________favorstothem.A.inpreferencetoB.inplaceofC.inagreementwithD.inexchangefor3.(江苏卷)Sofarwehavedonealottobuildalow-carboneconomy,butitis________ideal.Wehavetoworkstillharder.A.nexttoB.farfromC.outofD.dueto4.(江西卷)Wegivedogstime,spaceandlovewecanspare,and,dogsgiveustheirall.A.inallB.infactC.inshortD.inreturn5.（江西卷）Nowadayssomehospitalsrefertopatientsname,notcasenumber.A.ofB.asC.byD.with6.(天津卷)Myfatherwarnedme_______goingtotheWestCoastbecauseitwascrowedwithtourists.A.byB.onC.forD.against7.(重庆卷)ThedictionaryiswhatIwant,butIdon’thaveenoughmoneyme.第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料A.byB.forC.inD.with8.(福建卷)Moreandmorehigh—risebuildingshavebeenbuiltinbigcitiesspace.A.insearchofB.inplaceofC.forlackofD.forfearof9.(辽宁卷)Iagreetohissuggestion______theconditionthathedropsallcharges.A.byB.inC.onD.to10.(四川卷)Tired,Jimwasfastasleepwithhisbackabigtree.A.inB.belowC.besideD.against11.(浙江卷)Iguesswe"vealreadytalkedaboutthisbeforebutI"llaskyouagainjust__.A.bynatureB.inreturnC.incaseD.bychance12.(上海卷)Seanhasformedthehabitofjoggingthetree-linedavenuefortwohourseveryday.[A.betweenB.alongC.belowD.with]2011年1.（大纲卷）Thisshopwillbeclosedforrepairs_________furthernotice.A.withB.untilC.forD.at2.（北京卷）Withnewtechnology,picturesofunderwatervalleyscanbetaken_________color.A.byB.forC.withD.in3.（上海卷）Graduationisagoodtimetothankthosewhohavehelpedyou______thetoughyears.A.throughB.upC.withD.from4.（湖北卷）Whenaskedabouttheiropinionsabouttheschoolmaster,manyteacherswouldprefertoseehimstepaside________youngermen.A.intermsofB.inneedofC.infavorofD.inpraiseof第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料5.（山东卷）I’msorryIdidn’tphoneyou,butI’vebeenverybusy_______thepastcoupleofweeks.A.beyondB.withC.amongD.over6.（安徽卷）Sometimesproperanswersarenotfartoseek________foodsafetyproblem.A.inB.toC.onD.after7.（浙江卷）IalwayswantedtodothejobwhichI’dbeentrained________.A.onB.forC.byD.of8.（四川卷）Nick,it’sgoodforyoutoreadsomebooks________Chinabeforeyoustartyourtripthere.A.inB.forC.ofD.on9.（天津卷）Hewasagoodstudentandscored_________averageinmostsubjects.A.belowB.ofC.onD.above10.（重庆卷）Shirley,arealbooklover,oftenbringshomemanybookstoread________thelibrary.A.inB.forC.byD.from11.（江苏卷）We’dbetterdiscusseverything________beforeweworkouttheplan.A.indetailB.ingeneralC.onpurposeD.ontime12.（福建卷）_________goodservice,therestaurantoffersdifferentkindsoftraditionalFujiandished.A.FarfromB.ApartfromC.InsteadofD.Regardlessof1.Leavesarefound_______allkindsoftrees,buttheydiffergreatly________sizeandshape.A.in;onB.in;fromC.on;byD.on;in2.Beingexposedforalongtime______strongsunlightmightseriouslydamageyourskin.A.inB.underC.toD.over第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料3.Balletisnotpopular________ourcitybecausemostpeoplethinkitistooexpensivetotaketheclasses.A.inB.withC.amongD.on4.Weshouldtalkaboutthethings________thechildren"sunderstandinginasimpleway.A.overB.beyondC.aboveD.under5.Mostpopmusicisinfluenced,________agreaterorlessdegree，bytheblues.A.toB.onC.forD.within6.Puttingtheworriesoutofhermind，Maryturnedherefforts________theeveningmeal.A.toB.beyondC.offD.inside7.Howthefamousactortreatedusmademefeelhewasnotanimportantpersonout_____reach,butkindbigbrother.A.fromB.ofC.overD.to8.Ifoundtheislandawonderfulplaceforourexperiments_______thehotweather.A.besidesB.exceptforC.exceptD.exceptthat9.Traveling________aspeedof160kilometersperhour,wehavecoveredadistanceof120kilometers_______lessthan50minutes.A.with;inB.at;inC.with;forD.at;for10.Guangdonglies________thesouthofChinaandstilltothesouth,______QiongzhouStrait,istheHainanisland.A..to;acrossB.to;onC.in;acrossD.in;to11.______twoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardthisweekend.第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料A.WithB.AsC.AsforD.BecauseA12.______theirreturn,theywerepraisedasnationalheroes.A.AtB.ByC.OnD.With13.It’s________mewhyAlicegaveupherjobandgotmarried.A.underB.aboveC.overD.beyond14.Thevoyagesoftravelersbeforethe17thcenturyshowthattheywerenot________theseaeventhoughtheydidn’thavemodernnavigationalaids.A.attheexpenseofB.attheriskofC.inthewayofD.atthemercyof15.Thenewtaxpolicyonlyaffectspeopleonyearlyincomesover￥120,000,theveryrich.A.bythewayB.asaresultC.inotherwordsD.asamannerof16.Thebigsnowlastednearlyhalfaweek.Whatwasworse,theyweretrappedinthemountainandbadly________food.A.insearchofB.inthehopeofC.inwantofD.inchargeof17.Withyourbrother"shelp,I"vemadegreatprogressinEnglishandIreallywanttodosomethingforhim________.A.inturnB.byturnsC.inreturnD.inanswer18.PeopleinLosAngelshavenoideaofdistanceonthemap，sotheymeasuredistance________timenotmiles.A.bywayofB.bymeansofC.forlackofD.onaccountof第14页共14页 易达教育内部资料19.Tokeepsafe________anearthquake，youshouldremainataspotinyourroomwherenothingmayfallonyou.A.insearchofB.inadvanceofC.intermsofD.incaseof20.Mr.ClarkworkinginourcompanyisfromtheUnitedStates.ButheisaCanadian________.A.byoriginB.bynatureC.bysourceD.byhistory21.Thecompanyhaschangedsomeofitsworkingpractices________complaintsandcriticismfromthecustomers.A.inrespecttoB.inreturnforC.inexchangeforD.inresponseto22.Afterrunningforamileyesterday，Iwasalmost________,notfeelingbad，though.A.outofshapeB.outofbreathC.outofcontrolD.outoforder23.Afterthequarrel,Itriedallmybesttoremovethemisunderstandingbetweenus，butallmyeffortsseemed________.A.invainB.incaseC.intimeD.introuble24.Manyofthescientistsandengineersarejudged________howgreattheirachievementsare.A.inspiteofB.inchargeofC.infavorofD.intermsof25._______Iwaskeenonjazz,butIseemtohavelostinterestinitnow.A.AtatimeB.AtonetimeC.AtnotimeD.Ofalltime第14页共14页