2012年10月学位英语语法考点精讲 14页

2012年10月学位英语语法考点精讲题型介绍：部分项目内容题型题量总分Ⅰ阅读理解3篇文章单项选择1530Ⅱ词语用法和语法结构30个单句单项选择3030Ⅲ挑错10个单句单项选择1010Ⅳ完型填空1篇短文单项选择2010Ⅴ翻译10个单句5个英译汉5个汉译英1020总计85100推荐书目：《北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试词汇必备》----刘本政《北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统一考试辅导》（第三版）-常红梅语法结构冠词在复数姓氏前加定冠词the，表示一家人，看成复数。用于形容词之前表示一类人或事物，看成复数：thepoor,thefalse.在乐器名称前playthepiano；名词名词单复数复合名词通常把-s加在复合名词的中心词上Brother-in-law----brothers-in-law将复合名词的后一个词变为复数Boy-friend---boy-friends两个部分都变为复数，尤其是指性别时womanteacher---womenteachers名词的格 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有"s，则表示"分别有"；只有一个"s，则表示"共有"。例如：John"sandMary"srooms（两间）JohnandMary"sroom（一间）a/an+名词＋of+名词性所有格:Sorry,Idon’tknowheisafriendof____________.A.yourbrotherB.yourbrothersC.yourbrother’sfriendD.yourbrother’s形容词和副词形容词与副词的比较级常见的双音节或多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级as…as结构as+形容词或副词原级+as在否定句或疑问句中可用so…as。例如：Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.可修饰比较级的词常用的有alittle,rather,much,far等.Nanjingisalittle/rather/much/far/hotterthanShanghai.the+最高级+比较范围TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld.和more有关的词组themore…themore…越……越……。例如：Theharderyouwork，thegreaterprogressyou"llmake.such…that和so…that的用法：Theyare______studentsthattheyallperformedwellinthenationwideexaminations.A.sodiligentB.suchdiligentC.somuchdiligentD.suchverydiligentHewas______fatthathecouldn’tgetthroughthedoor.A.soB.howC.suchD.much动词的时态时态是最基本的语法知识，也是考试中经常涉及到的内容。考生需要掌握各种时态的基本构成和用法；做题时注意寻找句中的时间状语，或根据上下文确定动作发生的时间，同时注意时态的特殊用法。一般现在时考试重点： 在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作：常用的连词有assoonas,themoment，when,till,if，unless,once,aslongas等。Onceyou___thetheory,youwillhavenofurtherdifficulty.A.understandB.willunderstandC.understoodD.haveunderstoodWhenthemixture______,itwillgiveoffapowerfulforce.A.willheatB.willbeheatedC.isheatedD.hasheated改错：Ican’tgotoyourbirthdaypartyunlessmyfatherwillagree.普遍的真理用一般现在时。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.TheteachersaidthattheYellowRiver___thesecondlargestriverinChina.AwasBisCwouldbeDhadbeen一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用：justnow,lastyear,anhourago等。You"vealreadymissedtoomanyclassesthisterm.You____twoclassesjustlastweek.A.missedB.wouldmissC.hadmissedD.havemissed考试重点：usedtodosth：过去常常做…beusedtodoingsth:习惯于做某事He__inthesouth.Nowhehasbeen___inthesouth.A.usedtolive;usedtothelifeB.usedtoliving;usedtoliveC.usedtothelife;usedtolivingD.usedtolife;usedtoliveItishightime(that)…句型中，谓语动词用过去时（虚拟语气的用法）Don’tyouthinkitistimeyou_____smoking? A.giveupB.gaveupC.wouldgiveupD.shouldgiveup一般将来时考试重点：计划中即将发生的动作用进行时可表示将来。Iwon’tbefreeFridaymorning.I___afriendoff.AamseeingBshallbeseenChaveseenDshallhaveseen进行时考试重点：一些表示状态和感觉的动词（静态动词）一般不用进行时态如hate,like,love,believe,think,look，mind，have，seem,remain,require等。现在完成时考试重点：现在完成时：表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，　并且可能会继续延续下去。常和already,lately,recently,inthepastfewmonths,sofar,yet等状语连用。（already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末。）English___inanewwayatmycollegeinthepastfewyears.AhasbeenteachingBwasbeingtaughtChasbeentaughtDhadbeentaughtsince+时间点+过去时for+时间段+完成时Noonecanpossiblyrecallanydetailaboutthemeeting.Itisatleastfiveyearssinceit_____.AhadtakenplaceBwastakenplaceCtookplaceDwastakingplace.英语中有些动词是点动词，不能延续，因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的点动词有begin,end,die,buy,borrow,come,arrive,join, marry等。Hehas_____thearmyfortenyearsandisnowanofficer.A.goneintoB.joinedinC.beeninD.comeintohave(has)beento和have(has)goneto的差别have(has)beento：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历），可以和once,twice,often,never,ever连用。have(has)goneto：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称）。MissGreenisn"tintheoffice.she_______tothelibrary.Ａ.hasgoneＢ.wentＣ.willgoＤ.hasbeen在“This/Itisthefirsttime…+从句”和“It/Thisis+形容词最高级+名词+从句结构中，后面的从句用现在完成时。Bynomeans____toherparentsA.thisisthefirsttimehassheliedB.thisisthefirsttimedoesshetellalieC.isthisthefirsttimeshehasliedD.isthisthefirsttimeshewaslying过去完成时表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。Thechemistryclass_______forfiveminuteswhenwehurriedthere.A.hadbeenonB.wasonC.hasbeenonD.wouldbeon被动语态被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，其中“过去分词”不会发生任何变化，而助动词be要根据主语的人称、数和时态进行变化。考试重点：及物动词或起及物动词作用的动词短语才能有被动语态。Thechildrenarewelllookedafter. 感官动词及使役动词（如：see,feel,hear,watch,make）在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，变被动动语态时要加to。Becauseofmanymistakes,shewasmade___theselettersagain.AtypeBtotypingCtypedDtotype用主动表示被动的含义。常用：need/require+doingsth(=tobedone)(此句型主语大多为物)Itishotanddry;theflowersneed____.AbeingwateredBbewateredCtowaterDtobewatered少数几个不及物动词如clean,read,sell,wash等以及表示状态或特征的系动词如appear,prove,seem,sound等用主动语态表达被动意义。Thebook___well.AissoldBsellsChasbeensoldDsell情态动词考试重点：情态动词+完成时must+现在完成时：表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。Sincethisroadiswetandslipperythismorning,it____lastnight.AmustrainBwasrainingCmusthaverainedDmayrainshould(oughtto)+完成时：表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情却做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。Youought__themattertothemanagerthedaybeforeyesterday.AtoreportBtohavereportedCtoreportingDhavereportedcould+完成时：表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。Hegaveupacareerthat____tohisfinalsuccess.AcouldhaveledBwouldleadCshouldhaveledDmustlead 虚拟语气基本形式：用法If从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式would(should/could/might)+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词would(should/could/might)+have+过去分词将来不可能实现的情况wereto/should+动词原形would(should/could/might)+动词原形省略if而采用倒装语序的情况在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were,had,should等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。_____youwerebusy,Iwouldn"thavebotheredyouwithmyquestions.A.IfIrealizedB.HadIrealizedC.DidIhaverealizedthatD.AsIrealized含蓄条件句有的时间，假设情况并不是通过条件从句来表示，还可以用介词短语、上下文或其他方式来表示，其谓语动词也常常需要用虚拟语气。常用介词或介词短语有with,without,butfor，otherwise,or.ButforthehelpofmyEnglishteacher,Iwouldnotwin（wouldhavewon）thefirstprizeintheEnglishWritingCompetition.在具有愿望、请示、建议、命令等主观愿望的动词后的宾语从句中，需要用虚拟语气，形式为should+动词原形或直接用动词原形。常用的这类动词：insist（坚持），require（要求），request（要求），suggest（建议），propose（建议），recommend（建议），order（命令），command（命令，demand（要求），advise(忠告).Fatherinsistedthatthehomework_____beforeteninthe evening.A、istobefinishedB、oughttobefinishedC、befinishedD、hadtobefinishedItistime(hightime)that…该做某事了。谓语动词用过去时Don’tyouthinkitistimeyou__smocking?AgiveupBgaveupCwouldgiveupDshouldgiveup非谓语动词动词不定式考试重点：感官动词如hear,watch,listento,notice,observe,see,等和使役动词make,have,let后接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语。Iwouldhaveyou___ifIgotthemessage.AknowBtoknowC.knewD.knownhavesthdone和havesbdosth的用法：Ihadmybike____yesterday.A.repairB.repairedC.toberepairedDhadrepaired接动名词和不定式意思不同：remembertodo/doingforgettodo/doing……Theoldmanwalkedslowly,stoppingfrequently_____.A.onrestB.atrestC.restingD.torest特殊不定式短语（不定式的复合结构）： for/of+名词（代词）+不定式（短语）Itisnecessary_____thepapersimmediately.A.foryoutohandinB.thatyouhandoutC.yourhandinD.foryourhandinItisbrave______Englishattheageof60.AofhertolearnBforhertolearnCofherlearningDforherlearning动名词考试重点： 常跟动名词作宾语的动词：enjoy,finish,avoid,excuse,mind,suggest,etc.动名词用在介词后:lookforwardto,dreamof，putoff,succeedin,feellike,stopfrom,thankfor等。常见的结构要求用V-inghavetrouble/difficulty/problem/ahardtime/fun(in)doingsthItisawasteoftime/moneydoingsthThereisnopointindoingsth动名词的被动式：Nooneavoid_____byadvertisements.A.influencedB.influencingC.toinfluenceD.beinginfluenced动名词的逻辑主语：当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词或代词的宾格。Heforgotabout_____himtoattendmywife"sbirthdayparty.A.IaskingB.myaskingC.metoaskD.minetoask　分词现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行；过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。Theinterviewershouldtakedownnotesatthemomenttheperson_____answersthequestions.A.tobeinterviewedB.interviewingC.beinginterviewedD.interviewedThefarmercaughttheboys___hisapples.A.stoleB.stealingC.tostealD.wouldsteal分词做状语时，逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。Whilewatchingtelevision,____.A.thedoorbellrangB.thedoorbellringsC.weheardthedoorbellringD.weheardthedoorbellrings主语从句由连词that,whether引导的主语从句中，that,whether只起引导作用，不担任成分，不能省略。 Thattheearthisroundistrue.(Itistruethattheearthisround.)宾语从句宾语从句用陈述句的语序Canyoutellme______aboutthecitythatmakespeopleloveitsomuch?A.itiswhatB.whatitisC.whatisitD.isitwhat定语从句限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别非限定定语从句与主句之间常用逗号分开，对被修饰的名词起附加说明，有一定的独立性，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整，只是内容不够具体。Anoldfriendfromabroad,______Iwasexpectingtostaywith,telephonedmefromtheairport.A.thatB.whomC.whoD.which用who不用that当先行词是表示人的those,theone,all等词时，关系代词一般不用that,而用who.Those___dancewellwillgiveaperformancetonight.A.whoBwhomCthatDwhich用that不用which当先行词为little, much, few, everything, none，最高级，序数词等时关系代词用that而不用which. 当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词用that, 不用which. Themostimportantthing____weshouldpayattentiontoisthefirstthing______Ihavesaid.A.which;thatB.that;whichC.which;whichD.that;that主谓一致语法一致语法一致的原则是指根据语法要求，句子主语为单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词就采用单数形式，主语为复数时，谓语动词就采用复数形式。意义一致有些名词形式是复数，意义为单数，作主语时，要求单数动词。Thenewscomingfromdifferentpartsoftheworld__often extremelydiscouragingthesedays.A.wasB.wereEverymeans____beentried.　A.hasB.have主语是单数时，尽管后面跟aswellas（以及），nolessthan（不少于…多达），ratherthan(而不是)，morethan（不止是，超过），but(除了)，except（除…外），besides(加之，还有)，with（和…一起，和…一块儿），alongwith(跟…一起)，togetherwith（与…一起）等，谓语动词仍用单数形式。Awomanwithababy____cominghere.A.isB.are用and连接的成分表示单一概念时，动词谓语用单数形式。如：Thesingerandthedancer______cometothemeeting.A.has　B.haveC.are　D.isTheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor___askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.is　　　C.are　就近一致:有时谓语动词的人称和数和最近的主语保持一致：用连词either…or,neither…nor,whether…or,notonly…but(also)，or等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。NeitherJohnnorI_____abletopersuadeRichard’sgrandfathertoattendthewedding.A.amB.areC.aretobeD.is一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语有：alotof(lotsof),plentyof,halfof,two-thirdsof,ninetypercentof,partof,restof,someof,noneof等。如：Twelvepercentoftheworkershere___women.A.is　　B.are倒装句否定词（短语）放句首句子要部分倒装。即“否定词＋助动词/情态动词＋主语＋其他”。常见的否定词有never,nor，neither,hardly，few,seldom,little,bynomeans（决不）,innotime（很快）,innocase(决不），undernocircumstances在任何情况下都不）notuntil,notonly…butalso,nosoonerthan，hardlywhen，scarcelywhen等 Seldom______TVduringtheday.A.theywatchB.aretheywatchingC.havetheywatchedD.dotheywatch以so开头,用“so＋助动词/情态动词/系动词＋主语”表示前面叙述的情况也适合于另一个人或物，译作“也，同样，也如此”。用“neither/nor＋助动词/情态动词/系动词＋主语”表示“也不是，也没有”。Sheplaysthepianoverywell,______.A.soeveryoneofusdoesB.everyoneofusdoesC.sodoeseveryoneofusD.sodoeveryoneofusSheisnotfondofcooking,_____I.A.soamB.noramC.neitherdoD.nordo练习题：VocabularyandStructure1.Idon"tmind____thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.A.youtodelaymakingB.yourdelayingmakingC.yourdelayingtomakeD.youdelaytomake2.HadIremembered____thewindows,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.A.tocloseB.closingC.tohaveclosedD.havingclosed3.Yourhairneeds______.You"dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A.cutB.tocutC.cuttingD.beingcut4.Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman____anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.A.installB.toinstallC.tobeinstalledD.installed5.Youwillseethisproduct____whereveryougo.A.tobeadvertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising6.Ihavenoobjection_______yourstoryagain.A.tohearB.tohearingC.tohavingheardD.tohaveheard 7.Themanworedarkglassestoavoid____.A.torecognizeB.toberecognized　C.recognizingD.beingrecognized8.Doyouremember____toProfessorSmithduringyourlastvisit?A.tobeintroducedB.havingintroduced　C.beingintroducedD.tohaveintroduced9.Ifit____tomorrow,wewillstayindoorstohaveourtrainingclass.A.rainsB.rainC.willrainD.rained10.He____havecompletedhiswork;otherwise,hewouldn’tbeenjoyinghimselfbytheseaside.A.shouldB.mustC.wouldn’tD.can’t11.Withoutyourhelp,I_haveachievedsomuch.A.can’tB.shouldn’tC.wouldn’tD.mustn’t12.Mysuggestionyesterdaywasthatameeting____todiscussthematter.A.shouldholdB.mustbeheldC.wouldbeheldD.beheld13.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks_____tothenationasagift.A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered14.ProfessorSmith,alongwithhisassistants,____ontheprojectdayandnighttomeetthedeadline.A.workB.workingC.isworkingD.areworking15.______atthebusstop,hefoundalotofpeoplewaitingthere.A.ArrivedB.ArrivingC.BeingarrivedD.Toarrive16.Hewouldhavepaid____forthehouseifthesalesgirlhadinsistedbecausehereallywantedit.A.twiceasmuchB.muchastwiceC.asmuchtwiceD.twicemuchas17.Imadeacalltomyparentsyesterday.Tomydisappointment, _____ofthemansweredit.A.eitherB.noneC.neitherD.nobody18.Overthepastdecades,seaice____intheArctic(北极)asaresultofglobalwarming.A.haddecreasedB.willdecreaseC.hasbeendecreasingD.isdecreasing19.Itwasin2005___webegantointroducethisnewtechniqueintoourcompany.A.whichB.thenC.whenD.that20.Hiswifehadthefrontdoorpaintedgreenyesterday,____she?A.didB.didn’tC.hadD.hadn’t