高考英语语法复习情态动词和虚拟语态5 5页

高考英语语法复习---情态动词（一）虚拟语气虚拟语气：表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。表现形式：虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法条件状语从句中：Eg:IfIwereyou,IwouldstudyEnglishharder.Evenifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldn’thaveseenthefamoussinger.IfitweretobeSundaytomorrow,Iwouldgotoseemyfriendsthere.Ifthereshouldbeameeting,Iwouldcome.归纳总结：时间条件从句的谓语动词主句中的谓语动词现在were/did…would/could/might/shoulddo…过去haddone…would/could/might/shouldhavedone…将来were/did…/wereto/should…would/could/might/shoulddo…注意：1.从句中含有should/had/were,可以省略if把should/had/were放到主语前。Eg:Shouldhecome,tellhimtoringmeup.=Ifheshouldcome,…wereIinyourposition,Iwouldaskhimforhelp.=IfIwereinyourposition,…Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhaveseenthefamoussinger.=Ifyouhadcomeearlier,…Iftheyhadnothelpedus,ourexperimentwouldhavefailed.=Hadtheynothelpedus,…（否定倒装“not”,放于原位置，不能提前）2.当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。Eg:Ifyouhadreallyworkedhard,youwouldbeverytired.IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetothecinemalastnight.3.用介词短语代替条件状语从句Eg:Ifthereweren"twater,therewouldn"tbelivingthingsintheworld.=Withoutwater,there…Ifithadn"tbeenforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.=Butforthestorm,weshould…虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用：1.现在were/did…Wish过去haddone…将来would/coulddo…Eg:IwishI_were__(be)abird．IwishI__hadseen__(see)youyesterday．IwishI__wouldgo__(go)withhimtonight．2.动词order/command/demand/desire/propose/request/require/insist(主张）5 suggest(建议)等后的宾语从句用shoulddo…Eg:Thecaptainorderedthebattle___beended___(end)asquicklyaspossible.Hesuggestedhislittlebrother__stay_(stay)withhisgrandparents.3.以上动词相对应的名词的主语/表语/同位语从句依然用虚拟语气shoulddo…Eg:Theorderofthecaptainwasthatthebattle_beended__asquicklyaspossible.Itwassuggestedthathislittlebrother_stay__withhisgrandparents.虚拟语气在其他句式中的应用1.ifonly…过去haddone…现在were/did…Eg:IfonlyI___were___(be)abird．Ifonlyyou__hadtaken___(take)hisadvice.2.Itishightime(that)sb.did…Eg:Itishightimeyou_went__(go)tobed.3.Itisnecessary/naturalthatsb.(should)do…Eg:Itisnecessarythatthequestionbesettledatonce.4.wouldrathersb.did…建议haddone…遗憾Eg:Iwouldratheryou__stayed__(stay)withme.IwouldratherI__hadspent___(spend)lasteveningonstudyinsteadofontheboringfilm.5.asif…/asthough…Eg:Helookedafterthegirlasifshe_were__(be)hisdaughter.shetalkedaboutthematterasthoughshe___hadseen___(see)itherself．6.should/shouldn’thavedone…need/needn’thavedone…couldhavedone…7.8.（二）情态动词表推测一、can,could,may,might,must皆可表示推测。（1）情态动词+动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。Eg:Idon"tknowwheresheis,shemaybeinWuhan.（2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。Eg:Atthismoment,ourteachermustbecorrectingourexampapers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。（3）情态动词+动词完成时。表示对过去情况的推测。Eg:WewouldhavefinishedthisworkbytheendofnextDecember.　　明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。　　Theroadiswet.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.　　地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。（4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。Eg:Yourmothermusthavebeenlookingforyou.你妈妈一定一直在找你。（5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can"t,couldn"t表示。5 Eg:Mikecan"thavefoundhiscar,forhecametoworkbybusthismorning.　迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。注意：could,might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can,may。二、情态动词+have+过去分词(1)may(might)have+donesth,can(could)have+donesth　表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。Eg:Philipmay(might)havebeenhurtseriouslyinthecaraccident.　Philipcan(could)havebeenhurtseriouslyinthecaraccident.(2)musthave+donesth(mustn’thave+donesth禁止)对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。Eg:——Lindahasgonetowork,butherbicycleisstillhere.　——Shemusthavegonebybus.(3)oughttohavedonesth,shouldhavedonesth　　本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。Eg:Yououghtto(should)havebeenmorecarefulinthisexperiment.　Heoughtnottohavethrowntheoldclothesaway.（事实上已扔了。）　　oughtto在语气上比should要强。(4)needn"thavedonesth　本没必要做某事Eg:Idressedverywarmlyforthetrip,butI　needn"thavedoneso.Theweatherwashot.(5)wouldliketohavedonesth　本打算做某事Eg:Iwouldliketohavereadthearticle,butIwasverybusythen.（三）情态动词情态动词：有一定的词义，表示说话人的某种语气或者感情，即说话人对动作的观点，如需要，可能，意愿，许可或者怀疑。can/could,may/might,will/would,must,need,dare,shall,should,oughtto,haveto,usedto注意：1.不能单独作谓语，要与动词连用构成谓语。2.情态动词后加动词原形。3.情态动词没有人称和数的变化，而有时态的变化，但是有些情态动词没有时态变化。4.情态动词的时态并不都是时间的表示，有些表示语气。5.除ought和have外，后面只能接不带to的不定式；[1]can/could1.表示能力Eg:HecanspeakEnglish.HecouldspeakEnglishwhenhewasalittleboy.Theywillbeabletotellyouthenewssoon.Thoughthefirespreadquickly,everyonewasabletoescapefromit.区别：1.beableto可以用在任何时态中，而can只能用在一般现在和一般过去时中。2.beableto强调“干成”这一结果，而can只表示能力，不强调结果。2.表示“允许”=mayEg:Youcangooutasyourworkisdone.Theyaskediftheycouldsmokeinthehall.他们询问可否在大厅吸烟。5 3.表示“请求”Eg:Canyoutellmethewaytothepostoffice?---CouldIuseyourbike?---Yes,youcan./---No,youcan’t.注意：could在此表示委婉的语气，回答时用原形;类似用法的还有would.4.表示“客观的可能性”，根据客观事实做的判断。Eg:Itwillbesunnyinthedaytime,butitcanrainlateronthisevening.Evenanexperienceddoctorcanmakesuchamistake.5.表示一种不耐烦、惊讶或者生气的语气Eg:Can’tyouwalkabitquickly?Howcanyouspeaktoyourteacherinsucharudeway?6.cannotbutdocannothelpdoingcannothelp(to)docan’t…too…=can’t…enough[2]may/might1.表示请求或者允许=canEg:---MayIjoinyouinplayingfootball?---Yes,youcan/may./---No,youcan’t/mustn’t.Thesebookscan’t/mustn’tbetakenoutofthelibrary.这些书不准带出图书馆。2.放在句首，表示祝福。+动词原形Eg:MayGodblessyou!Mayyousucceed!3.mayaswell+do…表示“不妨干某事”Eg:Wemayaswellstaywhereweare.Youmayaswelltellmethetruth.[3]will/would1.will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为Eg:Hewillsittherehourafterhourlookingatthetrafficgoby.　HewouldcometoseemewhenhewasinBeijing.Withoutwater,fishwilldie.2.表示“愿意”=bewillingtodo…Eg:Surelywewillsupportallthepeopleintheworldintheirstruggleforpeace.Hewouldnotletmetryit.3.表示不肯定的预料或者猜想，“大概…。Eg:Itwouldbeabouttenwhenhelefthome.HewillhavearrivedinBeijingnow.4.用在过去时的否定句中，表示“不肯，不乐意”Eg:NomatterwhatIsaid,hewouldn’tlistentome.Hewouldn’ttellthetruthtous.5.表示功能丧失Eg:Hetriedagain,butthedoorwouldn’topen.6.表示委婉的语气。[4]shall1.用在一、三人称中，表示征求建议，请求允许。Eg:WhatshallIwearonthejourney?Whenshallhebeabletoleavethehospital?2.用在二、三人称中，表示许诺，命令或者威胁。5 Eg:Sheshallgethershare.Sheshallpayattentiontoherbehavior.Youshallhaveitbacktomorrow.Youshallanswerforwhatyouhavedone.[5]should1.表示应该干某事，表示劝说或者建议。Eg:Youshouldlistentoyourparents.2.表示推测，“按理说应该”,表示某一情况时合理的，正常的，符合逻辑的。Eg:It’s2:00p.m,andheshouldcomeback.---WhencanIcometofetchmyphotos?---Theyshouldbereadyatthenoon.3.表示出乎意料的惊讶Eg:Youshouldbesostupidtomakesuchamistake.Youshouldhavebeenfooledbyhim.4.Why/how+should…表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外。Eg:HowshouldIknowtheresult?Whyshouldyoubesolatetoday?[6]must1.表示主观上“必须”Eg:Itistoolate,andImustleave.Hismotherisill,sohehastolookafterher.（hasto表示客观上“不得不”）2.表示与说话人意愿相反或不耐烦，“偏要”Eg:Whymustyouasksuchsillyquestions?AsIwassittingforsupper,thetelephonemustring.3.表示主张，“一定要，坚持要…”Eg:hemustalwayshavehisownway.Ifyoumustgo,atleastwaittillthestormisover.---MustIhanditinthisafternoon?---Yes,youmust/haveto.---No,youneedn’t/don’thaveto.[7]need1.Vt.don’tneedsth./needtodo…（有时态和人称的区别）2.anx.needdo…needn’tEg:Doyouneed___B___inadvance?（Needyoubetoldinadvance?）A.betoldB.tobetoldC.tellD.totellneedtobedone=needdoing[8]dareEg:Shedaregooutbyherselfintheevening.Shedaredgooutbyherselfintheeveningwhenshewasalittlegirl.dare作为情态动词,有时态的区别,无人称的区别.1.V.dare(to)do…（有时态和人称的区别）固定句式：Idaresaythat…2.anx.daredo…Eg:Hedaretoswiminthesea.（dares）Hedaresnotswiminthesea.（dare）5