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邢台一中高中英语语法讲解—名词性从句

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邢台一中高中英语语法讲解名词性从句【作者】贾朔【编辑】CrazyUrus【日期】2009年10月31日1.从句的分类形容词性从句,即定语从句状语从句(分9种)从句主语从句名词性从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句2.说明:①名词性从句的功能相当于名词,根据其在句中充当的成份,有不同的叫法。②引导名词性从句的词语主要有:a.从属连词that,无词义,不作句子成分;b.从属连词if,whether(是否)有词义,但不作句子成分;c.从属连词asif(=asthough,似乎、好像)有词义,但不作句子成分;d.连接代词who,whoever,what,whatever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,howmuch,howmany有词义,作成分;e.连接副词when,whenever,where,wherever,why,how,however,howoften,howsoon,howfar,howlong作句子成分。③在名词性从句中,要用陈述语序。【例】1.Idon’tknowwheredoeshelive.(false)Idon’tknowwherehelives.(true)我不知道他住在哪。2.Whatlifeinthefuturewillbelikeisunknown.(true)Whatwilllifeinthefuturebeisunknown.(false)④不可用nomatterwho,nomatterwhat等引导名词性从句,只能引导状语从句。一、主语从句1.定义:若处在主语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做主语从句。2.注意事项:a.在主语从句中,任何引导词都不可以省去。【例】Thatherhairisturninggreyworriesher.b.在主语从句中,不用if,用whether。【例】Whetherhewillcomeornotisnotclear.(true)Ifhewillornotisnotclear.(false)c.主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。若谓语动词为两个或两个以上时,则用复数。【例】1.Wherewewillhaveaholidayhasn’tbeendecided.邢台一中高中英语语法讲解——名词性从句,第5页,共5页 2.Wherewe’llgopicnicingandhowwewillgoaren’tclear.a.主语从句作主语时,习惯上用it作形式主语,而将主语从句后置。但由what,whatever,whoever引导的主语从句,没有这个习惯。【例】1.It’sveryclearthattheboywasseriouslyill.形式主语真正的主语2.It’suncertainwhetherwe’llhaveameetingtoday.3.Ithasn"tbeendecidedwhentheywillleavefor(前往)NewYork.b.以it作形式主语,把主语从句后置的常见句型有:It"scertain/uncertainthat……肯定…/不确定……It"slikely/possible/probablethat…有可能……It"sapity/shamethat…很可惜/很遗憾……It"snosurprisethat…毫不奇怪/很正常……It"ssaid/reported/thought/believethat…据说/据报道/大家认为/人们相信……Ithappensthat…碰巧……c.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,必须用it做形式主语。【例】1.Isittruethatthescientistwillgiveusalecture?2.Doesitmattermuchthattheywon’tcome?d.主语从句的虚拟语气,常见句型如下:ØIt"sapity/shame/nowonder+that+主语+(should)+v.…ØIt"srequested/suggested/desired+that+主语+(should)+v.…ØIt"snecessary/strange/important+that+主语+(should)+v.…二、表语从句1.定义:若处在表语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做表语从句。2.注意事项:a.引导表语从句的任何词都不可以省(在口语中that偶尔可以省去)。【例】Thetruthis(that)Ihaveneverbeenthere.b.在表语从句中,不用if,用whether。c.asif(=asthough)可以引导表语从句。【例】Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.Thegirlseemsasthoughshehascried.d.有争议的because:有的语法家叫之表语从句,有的则称之为强调句的省略。【例】—Whywashelate?—Itwasbecausehisbikewasbroken.e.reason不能和because连用,要用that代替。【例】Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcomewasthathewasill.三、宾语从句1.定义:若处在宾语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做宾语从句。2.注意事项:①邢台一中高中英语语法讲解——名词性从句,第5页,共5页 引导宾语从句的that可以省,但若有两个或以上的that引导的宾语从句时,只可以省去第一个that,其后的不省。【例】Ifind(that)heisdishonestandthatheoftentelllies.②that引导的宾语从句位于句首时,不可以省去that。【例】Thatheeversaidsuchathing,Isimplydon’tbelieve.③if和whether在引导宾语从句时,可以互换,但在下列情况下不可以:a.与ornot连用时,只用whether,不用if。b.宾语从句是否定句时,用if,不用whether。【例】Idon’tcareifitdoesn’train.c.用if引导的宾语从句,如果会产生歧义,应避免使用if,而用whether。【例】Pleasetellmeifyouintendtogo.上例中if翻译为“如果”、“是否”均可。d.介词后的宾语从句,只用whether,不用if。【例】Itdependsonwhetheritisfinetomorrow.e.与不定式连用时,只能用whether,不能用if。【例】Idon’tknowwhethertogoornot.f.discuss后接whether引导的宾语从句,不可接if。g.将宾语从句放在句首时,只用whether引导,不用if。【例】Whetherhe’llcometothemeetingtomorrow,I’mnotsure.④如果宾语从句后边还有宾语补足语时,则需用it作形式主语,而将宾语后置,此时that不可省。【例】1.WethoughtitstrangethatXiaoMingdidn’tattendthemeetingyesterday.2.Wefinditnecessarythatweshouldaskhimforadvice.3.Hemadeitclearthatanyonewhobrokethelawwouldbepunished.⑤介词后的宾语从句不可以用which来引导,用what或whatever。【例】1.Areyousorryforwhatyouhavedone?2.TheEmperorwaspleasedwithwhattheministerhadtoldhimaboutthecloth.3.Healwayspaysattentiontowhatevertheteachersays.⑥在宾语从句中,时态要一致:若主句是现在时态(一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时),从句可根据需要用在何时态。【例】heishavingsuppernow.hesawthefilmyesterday.hewillgotoShanghainextweek.IthinkthathewaswatchingTVat7:00lastnight.heoftengoestoworkbybus.hehasreadthemagazinebefore.若主句为过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时),从句也要用相应的过去时。但客观真理、科学原理、格言等永远用一般现在时,不受时态要一致的规则限制。【例】1.Hesaidhewillcometoseemenextweek.(false)Hewouldhewillcometoseemenextweek.(true)邢台一中高中英语语法讲解——名词性从句,第5页,共5页 Hesaidhehasbeenthere.(false)Hesaidhehadbeenthere.(true)他说他曾经在这。2.theearthgoesroundthesun.地球绕着太阳转。Theteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.光速比声速快。wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者,事竟成。⑦由连词that引导的宾语从句很少做介词的宾语,只用在except(=but,除…以外,不包括在内)、besides(除…以外,包括某一范围在内)之后,且此时的that不可省。其它一些介词后若出现that引导的宾语从句时,要用it先行一步,作形式宾语,后放从句。【例】1.Thegirlhasn’tchangedatallexceptthatsheisnolongersotalktive(adj.健谈的).2.Yourcompositioniswell-writtenexceptthatthereareafewspellingmistakes.3.Youmaydependonitthatthey’llsupportyou.4.Wemustseeto(确保)itthateveryonewillbepleasantatthemeeting.⑧在宾语从句中应注意句型:whatisthematterwithhim.(true)Idon"tknowwhat"swrongwithhim.(true)已是陈述语序whatwrongiswithhim.(false)whatthematteriswithhim.(false)⑨believe,think,guess,suppose在含有宾语从句的疑问句中要作“插入语”。【例】1.Doyouknowwhoheiswaitingfor?(true)你知道他在等谁吗?Doyouthinkwhoheiswaitingfor?(false)Whodoyouthinkheiswaitingfor?(true)2.Whatdoyousupposeheisdoingnow?3.Wheredoyoubelievehehasbeen?你相信他在哪?⑩I"mafraid/sure/sorry/certain+that-clause也叫宾语从句。【例】I’mafraidthatIhaveabadcold.我害怕得重感冒。四、同位语从句1.定义:若处在同位语的位置上是个句子,那么这个句子就叫做同位语从句。2.注意事项:①同位语从句要放在某些名词之后,用来解释或说明这些名词的内容,常见的有:fact,news,hope,promise,idea,truth,suggestion,thought,order,question,problem,belief,doubt,fear,word(n.[U]消息),possibility。②在同位语从句中,不用if,用whether。③常用来引导同位语从句的连词有:that,whether,how,when,where,what。④为了保持句子平衡,有时同位语从句会和它前面的名词分开。【例】AnorderhascomefromBerlinthatnolanguagebutGermanshouldbetaughtintheschoolsofFrance.(避免头重脚轻)⑤引导同位语从句的任何词都不可省。⑥注意区分定语从句和同位语从句。定语从句:用来修饰其前面的名词,关系词、代词、名词在句中作成分;邢台一中高中英语语法讲解——名词性从句,第5页,共5页 同位语从句:用来说明其前面的名词的内容,引导词在从句中不作成分。【比较】1.Thenews(that/which)Iheardistrue.(定语从句)Thenewsthatourteamwonistrue.(同位语从句)2.Thesuggestionthatheputforwardwasturneddown.Heputforwardthesuggestionthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.3.Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomeback.4.Themancan"tanswerthequestionhowhegotthemoney.5.HeexpressedthehopethattheycouldcometoChinaagainnextyear.6.Mymothermadeapromisethatshewouldbuymeanewcomputer.【补充】1.Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepublished.2.Whoeversaysthatisaliar.3.Whoeverheardofsuchathing!邢台一中高中英语语法讲解——名词性从句,第5页,共5页