定语从句-高一英语语法专题 3页

高一英语语法专题 定语从句一、概念1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词常有3个作用：1引导定语从句、2代替先行词、3在定语从句中担当一个成分。　　注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。3.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（一）限定性定语从句（没有逗号）　　（1）关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）1.that既可代表事物也可代表人which代表事物。注：that和which在从句中作宾语时常可省略。e.g.Thenumberofthepeoplethatcometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.e.g.Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.2.代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which：当先行词是anything,everything,nothing,none等不定代词时，或者是every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时等，或者是有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时、既有人又有物时、句中前面有which时都只能用that。3.who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，who作从句中的主语,whom作宾语e.g.TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.e.g.Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.e.g.Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.4.whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。它引导的从句可以修饰人和物,当它引导的从句修饰物体时,可以与ofwhich调换,表达的意思一样。e.g.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.　　（2）关系副词（在句中作状语）　　关系副词=介词+关系代词　　why=forwhich　　where=in/at/on/...which(介词同先行词搭配)　　when=during/on/in/...which(介词同先行词搭配)　　1.where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。e.g.ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.2.when引导定语从句表示时间e.g.IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.注：表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词。e.g.Eachtimehegoestobusinesstrip,hebringsalotoflivingnecessities,suchastowels,soap,toothbrushetc。e.g.(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous. 　　Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.　　(2)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.　　TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.　　注意：①含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等　　(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T＝正确)　　(2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F＝错误)②若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose　　(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)　　(2)Themanwiththatyoutalkedismyfriend.(F)　　(3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)　　(4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)③“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词　　(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.　　(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.3.why是关系副词，用来表示原因的定语从句。e.g.Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.（二）非限定性定语从句（有逗号）　　非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后，其他部分仍可成立。　　1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。　　2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.　　　3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.　　4.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who,whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物。注：在非限制性定语从句中，不可使用关系代词that和关系副词why，也不能省略关系代词或关系副词。三、巩固练习Ⅰ．用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空：1．Thisisthecar,_______weboughtlastmonth.2．MrSmithisafamous professor,_______worksinBeijingUniversity.3．Hewasoftenlateforclass,______madehisteacherveryangry.4．HeisstudyingEnglish,_______knowledgeisveryusefultoday.5．Therearemanypeoplethere,mostof_______arestudents. 6．Theboss,_______departmentIhavebeenworkingin,isveryfriendlytome.7．Theywillmoveintothebuildingnextmonth,______alltheworkwillhavebeenfinished.8．Thisishishometown,________hewasbroughtupwhenhewasyoung.9．Heisaverykindman,______youcanturnforhelpifyouneed.10．HestudiedinShanghaifor fouryears,______hemademanyfriendsthere.Ⅱ．单项填空  1．WearegoingtospendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,______livemygrandparentsandsomerelatives.A.which     B.that       C.who       D.where2．Someoftheroadswereflooded,_______madeourjourneymoredifficult. A.which     B.it         C.what       D.that3．Hehastwosons,_______workaschemists. A.twoofwhom             B.bothofwhomC.bothofwhich            D.allofwhom  4．Thebuses,______werealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.A.mostofthat             B.whichmostC.mostofwhich           D.thatmost  5．Myglasses,_______Iwaslikeablindman,felltothegroundandbroke.A.which     B.withwhich     C.without,which    D.that  6．Mr.Wu,________everybodylikes,isgoingtogiveusatalkonchemistry.A.whom     B.that           C.which         D./  7．ThisisMr.Smith,_______Ithinkhassomethinginterestingtotellus.A.who      B.whom      C.that      D./  8．_______,thecompasswasfirstmadeinChina.A.Itisknowntoall         B.ItisknowntoallthatC.Weallknow             D.Asisknowntoall  9．I,_______yourgoodfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.A.whois     B.whoam      C.thatis       D.whatis 10．Heisamanofgreatexperience,_______muchcanbelearned.A.who       B.that    C.fromwhich     D.fromwhom