英语语法基本知识——名词从句 7页

名词性从句(一)在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(NominalClauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词从句的连接词可以分为三类：（1）连接词：that，whether，if；这类词不充当从句的任何成分，只起连接作用；（2）连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever，whom，whose，which等；（3）连接副词：when，where，how，why等。一、主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。e.g.I)ThatChinaisadevelopingcountryiswellknowntousall.II)ItiswellknowntousallthatChinaisadevelopingcountry.III)WhatIdidisnoneofyourbusiness.IV)Whetherthesportsmeetwillbeheldontimedependsontheweather.V)Whopaysforadatecanestablishorreflecttherolesofeachpersonintherelationship.约会时由谁付帐可以确立或者反映每个人在这一关系中的地位。VI)Itisnotyetknownjusthowtheplaceboworkstohealthebody.我们仍然不清楚安慰剂到底是如何治病的。1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that，被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。同时，如果是强调句，去掉itis和that后，句子仍然完整正确。试比较：e.g.I)ItisthisqualitythatmakesthenewsecretarygeneralperhapsthemostpopularexecutiveintheUnitedNationstoday.（强调句）=ThisqualitymakesthenewsecretarygeneralperhapsthemostpopularexecutiveintheUnitedNationstoday.)正是这一特点，也许才使得这位新秘书长成为当今联合国最受欢迎的官员。II)Itwasevidentthattoanswertheletterheneededsomethingmorethangoodwill,ink,andpaper.(主语从句)很显然，要回复这封信，他需要的不仅仅是好意、墨水和纸张。2.主语从句不可以位于句首的五种情况：A.if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。B.Itissaid,(reported)…结构中的主语从句不可提前。e.g.ItissaidthatPresidentBushwillvisitourcountrynextmonth.(√)ThatPresidentBushwillvisitourcountrynextmonthissaid.(×)C.Ithappens…;Itoccurs…;Itseems…;Itappears…;Itturnsout…等结构中的主语从句不可提前。e.g.Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.(√)Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.(×)D.Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。 e.g.Itdoesn’tmatterwhetheryougowithmeornot.(√)Whetheryougowithmeornotdoesn’tmatter.(×)E.含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。e.g.Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?(√)Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?(×)3.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别:what引导主语从句时在从句中充当一定的句子成分，如充当主语、宾语、或表语，而that在引导主语从句时则在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。e.g.Whatyouheardaboutthematterwasnotthetruth.(what在主语从句中充当宾语。)Thathehaspassedtheexamisreallyabigsurprisetous.(that在主语从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用)。二、宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。1.跟在动词后面的宾语从句：跟在动词后面的宾语从句可以由连接词that,whether,if引导，由关系代词what，whatever，who，whoever，whom，whose，which等引导，也可以是连接副词when，where，how，why等引导。有时，在宾语从句和动词之间还可以插入一个间接宾语或状语。e.g.I)Thelettersaysthattheyareleavingonthe15th.信上说他们15号走。II)Idon’tknowwhetherthefiguresareaccurate.我不知道这些数据是否准确。III)Haveyoudecidedwhomyouaretonominateasyourcandidate?你已经决定要提名谁做候选人了吗？IV)Ijustcan’timaginehowhecouldhavedonesuchathing.我就是无法想象他是如何做出了这样的事情。V)SheremindedmethatIhadameetingtoattendthatevening.她提醒我晚上还有一个会要参加。VI)Headmittedtousthathehaddoneitwithoutthepresident’spermission.他向我们承认他做这事没有得到校长的同意。【注1】有些动词后面不能直接跟that所引导的宾语从句，只能跟动词不定式或者是动名词作宾语，这一类动词有：allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。还有一些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句”结构中，常见的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。e.g.I)Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.(√)Iadmirethattheywonthematch.(×)II)Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.(√)Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.(×) 【注2】若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。e.g.I)Hedoesn’tthinkAnnisfitforthejob. 他认为安不适合干那项工作。II)Idon’tbelieveheistellingthetruth.   我认为他没说真话2．跟在介词后面的宾语从句：跟在介词后面的宾语从句可以由连接代词或连接副词引导，也可以由连接词whether引导，是只有少数几个介词后面可以直接跟由that引导的宾语从句，如：inthat，besidesthat，butthat，exceptthat，savethat等，在其它介词后面则不能跟由that所引导的宾语从句。e.g.I)Whetherthatisagoodsolutiondependsonhowyoulookatit.II)Youcanwriteaboutwhatevertopicyoucanthinkof.你可以写任何你想到的题目。III)Sheknewnothingabouthisjourneyexceptthathewaslikelytobeawayoffortwoweeks.她除了知道他要出去一两个星期之外，对于他的行程一无所知。3．跟在形容词后面的宾语从句：由that所引导的从句可以跟在“be+形容词”后面，表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带感情色彩。能够带that从句的形容词有：anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等，这类从句有时也可以用whether引起。在概念上这类从句接近宾语，但在结构上却接近状语。e.g.I)Wearefullyconfidentthatwecansurmountthesedifficulties.我们完全相信我们能克服这些困难。II)Ifeelveryhappythatyoucancometoourparty.我十分高兴你能来参加我们的晚会。III)I’mnotsurewhethershewouldliketheidea.我不敢肯定她是否赞成这个想法。【注】在某些句型中，特别是带复合宾语的句子中，that引起的从句常常移到后部去，前面用一个it作形式上的宾语。e.g.I)I’llseetoitthateverythingisreadyintime.我负责使一切都按时准备好。II)Weallthoughtitapitythattheconferenceshouldhavebeencancelled.会议取消了我们都感到很遗憾。名词性从句(二)三、表语从句表语从句是指在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。e.g.I)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.问题是我们是否可以在这么短的时间里做好充分的准备。II)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.这就是为什么我们得不到人民的支持的原因。 III)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.但事实是我们仍然落后于其它班级。IV)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.他上学迟到的原因是因为他错过了早班车。四、同位语从句同位语从句就是指在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句，通常由that所引导，对名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句前面的先行词所包含的名词往往是抽象名词，比较常见的有：answer,appeal,belief,decision,doubt,explanation,fact,hope,idea,message,news,order,promise,proof,rumor,thought,等，另外，在probability,certainty,likelihood,evidence,等词后和在oncondition,onthesupposition,onthegrounds,ontheunderstands,withtheexception,inspiteofthefact等成语后面也有时可以用从句作同位语。同位语从句可以直接跟在名词后面，但也可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。e.g.I)I’vecomefromMr.Blackwithamessagethathewon’tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon.我从布莱克先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午来不了了。II)Obviouslytherewaslittlecertaintythatthechairmanwouldagreetothisproposal.很明显主席同意这个提议的可能性不大。III)Shewenttothemeetingonthesuppositionthatpeoplewouldnotassailherwithquestions.她参加了这次会，心中认为人们是不会向她提许多问题的。IV)Theordersooncamethatallciviliansshouldevacuatethevillage.不久命令下来了，让所有的村民都撤出村子。【注1】同位语从句和that所引导的定语形容词从句的区别：1．that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词义，也不充当任何成分；而that在形容词从句中是关系代词，既代替先行词，同时在从句中充当一定成分。e.g.I)Thenewsthatwasspreadingprovedtobeincorrect.（that在句中指的是news，在从句中充当主语。）II)Thenewsthathewasresigninghispositionprovedtobeinnocent.（that在此句中只起引入从句的作用，不充当任何成分。）2．定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。e.g.I)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，修饰先行词news，that在从句中作宾语；第二个that所引导的从句是同位语从句，对先行词news的内容进行补充说明，that在从句中不充当任何成分。【注2】if与whether引导的名词从句的同异比较if和whether引导的民此从句都表示“是否”，他们的相同之处在于：1）都可以充当宾语从句；e.g.I)Iwonderif/whetheryoucanhelpme.II)Doyouknowif/whetherthebanksareopen?2)可以与or连用：e.g.I)Theydidn’tsayif/whethertheywantedmeatorfish.他们的不同之处在于： 1）whether能够引导主语从句，而if则不能；但当主语从句是由形式主语it所代替的话，则可以用if引导。e.g.I)Whethershelikesthepresentisnotcleartome.II)It’snotcleartomeif/whethershelikesthepresent.2)whether能够引导表语从句，而if则不能。e.g.MymainproblemrightnowiswhetherIshouldaskforanotherloan.(此处不能用if来代替whether.)我现在的问题是是否要再贷款一次。3)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，而if则不能。e.g.Thegenesyouwerebornwithhavealottodowithwhetheryouareconfident,cheerful,andoptimistic.你与生俱来的基因与你是否自信，快乐和乐观有很大的关系。4)whether后面可以紧接ornot，if后面不能紧跟ornot，而必须后移。e.g.I)Idon’tcarewhetherornotyouwillagreewithme.II)Idon’tcareifyouwillagreewithmeornot.1._____weneedmorepracticeisquiteclear.C　A.WhenB.What　C.ThatD./2._____Iacceptthegiftorrefuseitisnoneofyourbusiness.B　A.IfB.Whether　C.EvenifD.Nomatterwhen3._____knowsthetruthaboutitwilltellyou.C　A.WhothatB.That　C.WhoeverD.Thatwho4._____heisdoingseemsquitedifficult.D　A.HowB.That　C.WhichD.What5._____certainthathisinventionwillleadtothedevelopmentofproduction.C　A.That’sB.Thisis　C.It’sD.What’s6._____thatthereisanothergoodharvestthisyear.B　A.ItsaysB.Itissaid　C.ItwassaidD.Hewassaid7._____thatshehasreceivedadoctor’sdegree.C　A.It’sasplendidnewsB.Thisisasplendidnews　C.It’ssplendidnewsD.Thisissplendidnews8.Itisstrange_____.A　A.thatnooneshouldlikethisbook　B.thatnoonelikedthisbook　C.thatwhynoonelikesthisbook　D.whynoonelikesthisbook9.Itissuggestedthattheexperiment_____underlowtemperature.C　A.makesB.ismake　C.shouldbemadeD.willbemade10._____stillneedstobediscussed.B　A.Howistheplantobecarriedout　B.Howtheplanistobecarriedout　C.Whyistheplancarriedout　D.Whytheplancarriedout11._____isunknowntousall.B　A.WheredidsheputitB.Wheresheputit　C.ThatwheresheputitD.Inwhichsheputit12._____nothingtodowithus.D 　A.WhathedidisB.Whathehasdoneis　C.WhatdidhedohasD.Whathehasdonehas13.That’s_____thePartycalledonustodo.A　A.whatB.that　C.howD.why14.Shelooked_____sheweretenyearsyounger.D　A.thatB.like　C.asD.asthough15.ThereasonIhavetogois_____ifIdon’t.A　A.thatshewillbedisappointed　B.becauseshewillbedisappointed　C.onaccountofherbeingdisappointed　D.thatshewillbedisappointing16.Itwas_____heworkedhardthathesucceeded.A　A.becauseB.since　C.asD.for17.Itseemedthatthegirl_____.B　A.hadlostimportantsomethingB.hadlostsomethingimportant　C.lostimportantthingsD.lostsomethingimportant18.Thefact_____heisanadvancedworkeriswellknown.C　A.whatB.which　C.thatD.why19.Thefact_____inthepastfewyearsprovesthatourParty’spolicyiscorrect.D　A.thatgreatachievementwasmade　B.whichgreatachievementsweremade　C.whathavebeenmade　D.thatgreatachievementshavebeenmade20.Ihavenoidea_____.B　A.whatdoestheword“infinity”mean　B.whattheword“infinity”means　C.whatthemeaningoftheword“infinity”　D.whattheword“infinity”mean21.Hissuggestion_____toseetheartexhibitioninterestedeveryoneofus.A　A.thatwegoB.whichweshouldgo　C.thatwewouldgoD.whenweshouldgo22.I’llcertainlytelltheEmperor_____pleasedIamwithit.A　A.howB.what　C.whoD.whomA23.Iwonder_____heaskedsuchasillyquestioninpublic.D　A.howB.what　C.thatD.why24._____doyouthinkwillteachusmathnextterm?B　A.WhomB.Who　C.WhatD.That25.Iwillgivethisdictionaryto_____wantstohaveit.B　A.whomeverB.whoever　C.whomD.whatever26.Do_____youthinkisright_____difficultiesyoumayhave.D　A.what/howeverB.that/what　C.whatever/whoeverD.what/whatever27.Areyousure_____?C　A.whethersheishonestB.thatsheishonesty　C.sheishonestD.isshehonest28.Hewasinterestedin_____hehadseenattheexhibition.D　A.whichB.that　C.allwhatD.allthat29.Heoftenthinksof_____hecandomoreforthefourmodernizations.B　A.whatB.how　C.thatD. which30.Take_____muchyouwantand_____youwantto.D　A.however/whenB.whenever/how　C.however/whoeverD.however/whenever答案:1.      1—5CBCDC6—10BCACB11—15BDADA16—20ABCDB21—25AADBB26—30DCDBD