高中英语语法大全-词法部分[上] 32页

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Thereisapen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.桌上有一支笔,一把小刀和几本书.Therearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩.2)当either...or...与neither...nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致.如果句子是由here,there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致.例如:Eitheryouorsheistogo.不是你去,就是她去.Hereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.给你笔,信封和纸.3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有with,togetherwith,like,except,but,nolessthan,aswellas等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致.例如:Theteachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂.HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.他和我想去划船.4.谓语需用单数的情况1)代词each以及由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each,every时,谓语需用单数.例如:Eachofushasatape-recorder.我们每人都有录音机.Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.我的表坏了.2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:TheArabianNightisabookknowntoloversofEnglish.《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书.3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数.例如:Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.用三个星期来做准备.Tenyuanisenough.十元够了.5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数32 1)代词what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定.例如:Allisright.一切顺利.Allarepresent.人都到齐了.2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定.如family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体.例如:Hisfamilyisn"tverylarge.他家成员不多.Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者.但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式.例如:Arethereanypolicearound附近有警察吗3)有些名词,如variety,number,population,proportion,majority等有时看作单数,有时看作复数.例如:Anumberof+名词复数+复数动词.Thenumberof+名词复数+单数动词.Anumberofbookshavelentout.ThemajorityofthestudentslikeEnglish.6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1)用halfof,mostof,noneof,heapsof,lotsof,plentyof等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致.例如:Mostofhismoneyisspentonbooks.他大部分的钱化在书上了.Mostofthestudentsaretakinganactivepartinsports.大部分学生积极参与体育运动.2)用aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数.例如:Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.媒体报道了一连串的事故.Apileoflotswassetbesidethehearth.炉边有一堆木柴.32 3)如manya或morethanone所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式.但由morethan...of作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致.例如:Manyapersonhasreadthenovel.许多人读过这本书.Morethan60percentofthestudentsarefromthecity.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市.三.巩固练习()1.Thenumberofpeopleinvited______fifty,butanumberofthem_______absentfordifferentreasons.A.were,wasB.was,wasC.was,wereD.were,were()2.E-mail,aswellastelephones,________animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play()3.______ofthelandinthatdistrict______coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth,isB.Twofifth,areC.Twofifths,isD.Twofifths,are()4.Tenminutes______alongtimeforonewhowaits.A.seemB.seemsC.seemedD.areseemed()5.Ericistheonlyoneoftheboyswho_____adrivinglicense.A.hasB.haveC.ishavingD.arehaving"()6.JoyandSorrow_____next-doorneighbours.A.isB.areC.wereD.be()7.Inmyopinion,someofthenews_____unbelievable.A.areB.isC.hasbeenD.havebeen()8.When______theUnitedNationsfoundedA.isB.areC.wasD.were()9.Everypossiblemeans_____.A.hastriedB.hasbeentriedC.wastriedD.weretried()10.Whatshesaysanddoes_____nothingtodowithme.32 A.wasB.wereC.hasD.have()11.There_____adictionaryandseveralbooksonthedesk.A.areB.mustC.havebeenD.is()12.Nobody______seenthefilm.It"sapity.A.butTomandJackhaveB.exceptTomandJackhaveC.butmyfriendshasD.butIhave()13.Noteacherandnostudent______.A.areadmittedB.isadmittedC.areadmittingD.isadmitting()14.Allbutone______herejustnow.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.were()15.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory_____yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided()16.Thewriterandsinger______here.A.isB.areC.wereD.do()17.AsIhaveameetingatfour,tenminutes_____allthatIcansparetotalkwithyou.A.areB.wasC.isD.were()18.InthosedaysJohnwithhisclassmates_____keptbusypreparingfortheexam.A.isB.areC.wasD.were()19.--____yourclothes--No,mine_____hangingoverthere.A.Isit,isB.Arethese,areC.Isit,areD.Arethese,is()20.TheSmith"sfamily,which____ratheralargeone,____veryfondoftheiroldhouses.32 A.were,wereB.was,wasC.were,wasD.was,were()21.Whattheteacherandthestudentswanttosay_____thateitherofthecountries____beautiful.A.are,areB.is,isC.are,isD.is,are()22.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_____awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen()23._____ofmybrothersarereporters.Coveringevents,meetings,orsportsmeetings______theirduty.A.Each,areB.Both,isC.Neither,areD.None,is()24.--Whatdoyouthinkofthe______ofthecoat--It"sratherhigh.Youcanbuyacheaperoneinthatshop.A.valueB.costC.priceD.use()25.--Arethetwoanswerscorrect--No,______correct.A.nooneisB.botharenotC.neitherisD.eitherisnot()26.Thewind,togetherwithrainandfog,_____makingsailingdifficult.A.havebeenB.wasC./D/are四.答案1.C2.A3.C4.B5.A6.B7.B8.C9.B10.C11.D12.C13.B14.D15.A16.A17.C18.C19.B20.D21.B22.D23.B24.C25.C26.B第2章动词的时态概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲1.一般现在时的用法32 1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用.时间状语:every...,sometimes,at...,onSunday.例如:Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.每天早上我七点离开家.2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.例如:Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球绕太阳转动.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.上海位于中国东部.3)表示格言或警句.例如:Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败.注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.例:Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的.4)现在时刻的状态,能力,性格,个性.例如:Idon"twantsomuch.我不要那么多.AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行.比较:NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.我正在做功课.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.2.一般过去时的用法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态.例如:时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等.例如:Wheredidyougojustnow刚才你上哪儿去了2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作.例如:WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球.WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.32 那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎.3)句型:Itistimeforsb.todosth"到......时间了""该......了".例如:Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了.Itistimethatsb.didsth."时间已迟了""早该......了",例如Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了.would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示"宁愿某人做某事".例如:I"dratheryoucametomorrow.还是明天来吧.4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问,请求,建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在.例如:Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些.比较:Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含义:她已不在人间.)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含义:她现在还活着)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气.1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等.例如:Didyouwantanythingelse您还要些什么吗Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.能不能帮我一下.2)情态动词could,would.例如:Couldyoulendmeyourbike你的自行车,能借用一些吗3.一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替.will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称.例如:WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst我先读哪一段呢Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening今晚七点回家好吗2)begoingto+不定式,表示将来.32 a.主语的意图,即将做某事.例如:Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow明天打算作什么呢b.计划,安排要发生的事.例如:Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.这出戏下月开播.c.有迹象要发生的事.例如:Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.看那乌云,快要下雨了.3)be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事.例如:WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告.4)beaboutto+不定式,意为马上做某事.例如:HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他马上要去北京.注意:beabouttodo不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用.4.一般现在时表将来1)下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.例如:Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.火车明天上午六点开.WhendoesthebusstarItstarsintenminutes.汽车什么时候开十分钟后.2)以here,there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行.例如:Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.车来了.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.铃响了.3)在时间或条件句中.例如:WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.比尔来后,让他等我.I"llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里,就写信给你.4)在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等的宾语从句中.例如:Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.我希望他们下星期玩得开心.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.离开房间前,务必把窗户关了.5.用现在进行时表示将来32 下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等现在进行时可以表示将来.例如:I"mleavingtomorrow.明天我要走了.Areyoustayingheretillnextweek你会在这儿呆到下周吗6.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态.其构成:have(has)+过去分词.7.比较一般过去时与现在完成时1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响.2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语.一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,lastweek,...ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow等,皆为具体的时间状语.现在完成时的时间状语:for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always等,皆不确定的时间状语.共同的时间状语:thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,already,recently,lately等.3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know..一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等.例如:Isawthisfilmyesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了)Ihaveseenthisfilm.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内菀丫懒?Whydidyougetupsoearly(强调起床的动作已发生过了)Whohasn"thandedinhispaper(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.(是团员的状态可持续)32 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday,last,week,in1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.(错)Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.(对)Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.8.用于现在完成时的句型1)Itisthefirst/secondtime....that...结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.例如:ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.这是我第一次访问这城市.Thisisthefirsttime(that)I"veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌.注意:Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2)Thisis+形容词最高级+that...结构,that从句要用现在完成时.例如:ThisisthebestfilmthatI"ve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影.9.过去完成时1)概念:表示过去的过去----|----------|--------|---->其构成是had+过去分词构成.那时以前那时现在2)用法a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句.例如:Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎.b.状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时.例如:Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了.c.表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本...,未能...".例如:Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn"t.那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来.3)过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas.例如:32 HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.他说过他以前学过一些英语.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了.10.用一般过去时代替过去完成时1)两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but等连词时,多用一般过去时.例如:Whenshesawthemouse,shescreamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起来.MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了.2)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时.例如:WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3)叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时.例如:OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.11.将来完成时1)构成willhavedone2)概念a.状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态.例如:Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了.b.动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验.例如:YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达上海了12现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法:a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情.例如:Wearewaitingforyou.我们正在等你.32 b.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行.例如:Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.他在写另一部小说.(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态.)c.表示渐变,这样的动词有:get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等.例如:Theleavesareturningred.叶子在变红.It"sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越来越热了.d.与always,constantly,forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩.例如:Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改变主意.13.过去进行时1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作.2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生.3)常用的时间状语有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while等.例如:Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤.Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.他们离开车站时,正下着雨.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂.14.将来进行时1)概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情.例如:She"llbecomingsoon.她会很快来的.I"llbemeetinghimsometimeinthefuture.将来我一定去见他.注意:将来进行时不用于表示"意志",不能说I"llbehavingatalkwithher.2)常用的时间状语有soon,tomorrow,thisevening,onSunday,bythistime,tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等.例如:Bythistimetomorrow,I"llbelyingonthebeach.明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢.32 15.一般现在时代替一般将来时When,while,before,after,till,once,assoonas,solongas,bythetime,if,incase(that),unless,evenif,whether,themoment,theminute,theday,theyear,immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时.例如:HeisgoingtovisitherauntthedayhearrivesinBeijing.他一到北京,就去看他姨妈.16.一般现在时代替一般过去时1)"书上说","报纸上说"等.例如:Thenewspapersaysthatit"sgoingtobecoldtomorrow.报纸上说明天会很冷的.2)叙述往事,使其生动.例如:Napoleon"sarmynowadvancesandthegreatbattlebegins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了17.一般现在时代替现在完成时1)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember等.例如:Ihear(=haveheard)hewillgotoLondon.我听说了他将去伦敦.Iforget(=haveforgotten)howoldheis.我忘了他多大了.2)用句型"Itis...since..."代替"Ithasbeen...since...".例如:Itis(=hasbeen)fiveyearssincewelastmet.从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了.18.一般现在时代替现在进行时.在Herecomes.../Theregoes...等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时.例如:Theregoesthebell.铃响了.19.现在进行时代替将来时1)表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动.例如:Areyoustayingwithusthisweekend和我们一起度周末好吗Weareleavingsoon.我们马上就走.32 2)渐变动词,如get,run,grow,become,begin以及瞬间动词die等.例如:Heisdying.他要死了.20.时态一致1)如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时.例如:Atthattime,peopledidnotknowthattheearthmoves.那时,人们不知道地球是动的.Hetoldmelastweekthatheiseighteen.上星期他告诉我他十八岁了.2)宾语从句中的,助动词ought,need,must,dare的时态是不变的.例如:HethoughtthatIneednottellyouthetruth.他认为我不必告诉你真相.三.巩固练习:1,I"llgivethebooktohimassoonashe________back.2,Hasthebaby________cryingyet(stop)3,Idon"tknowwhetherMother__________metoBeijingnextmonth.(take)4,She_______onhercoatandwentout.(put)5,"Whataretheydoing""They__________readyforthesportsmeeting."(get)6,Theboyaskedhismother________himgoandplaybasketball.(let)7,I"msorrytokeepyou____________foralongtime.(wait)8,It________(take)himhalfanhour_______(finish)hishomeworkyesterday.9,Ifit________aninterestingfilm,we"llseeittomorrow.(be)10,Theyusually________(do)theirhomeworkaftersupper.11,Listen!Who_____________(sing)inthenextroomnow12,__________(be)yourparentsinShanghailastyear13,Mr.Yu_____________(teach)usmathssince1982.14,TheywillhaveatriptotheGreatWallifit_________(notrain)tomorrow.15,LiMingoften_________(listen)totheradiointhemorning.32 16,A:"Father,mayIgooutandplayfootball"B:"_____you____(do)yourhomework"17,Allthepeopleinthetownareglad______(hear)thatafamousmusician___aconcertthisSaturdayevening.(give)18,Ourteachertoldusifit_____(notsnow)wewouldvisittheScienceMuseumthenextday.19,Theyoften_______(play)footballintheafternoon.20,A:What"reyoudoingDadB:I_______(mend)theradio.21,Let"s_______(carry)theboxestothehouse.22,Yesterdayshe______(want)verymuchtoseethefilm,butshecouldn"t__(get)aticket.23,I_________(write)toyouassoonasIgettoShanghai.24,Mike___________(visit)severalplacessincehecametoBeijing.25,He___________(write)fourletterstohiswifeeverymonth.26,Don"tmakeanynoise,Grandma___________(sleep).27,Hisaunt___________(do)somecookingwhenhecamein.28,Whenthey___________(reach)thestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.29,There___________(be)ameetingnextMonday.30,We___________(know)eachothersinceourboyhood..31,Sometimesmyfather___________(come)backhomelate.32,They___________(have)anEnglisheveningnextweek.33,I"mveryglad___________(hear)that.34,WeiFangisn"there.She___________(go)tothereading-room.35,Thestory___________(happen)longago.36,They___________(visit)theHistoryMuseumlastweek.37,ZhangHong___________(make)manyfriendssinceshecametoParis.38,She___________(go)tothecinemawithherclassmatestomorrowevening39,Stayhere,bag.Don"tgoout.It___________(rain)now.40,LiPing___________(write)acompositioneveryweek.32 41,Thescientist___________(give)usatalkyesterday.42,Myparents___________(live)inBeijingsince1949.43,Look!Theyoungworker___________(show)thestudentsaroundthefactorynow.44,They___________(build)anewbridgeovertherivernextyear.45,Thestudents___________(clean)theirclassroomtomorrow.46,Thewindowsofourlab___________(clean)onceaweek.47,Ourteacher___________(join)thepartytwentyyearsago.48,Theboys___________(have)abasketballmatchnow.Let"s___(go)and_____(watch).49,She___________(work)inthisfactoryfortenyears.50,"Whatmakesyou___________(think)I"mafarmer"theFrenchmanasked.四.答案comesstoppedwilltakeputaregettingtoletwaitingtook...tofinishisdoissingingWashastaughtdoesn"trainlistensHave...donetohear...willgivedidn"tsnowplayammendingcarrywanted,getwillwritehasvisitedwritesissleepingwasdoingreachedwillbehaveknowncomeswillhavetohearhasgonehappenedvisitedhasmadewillgoisrainingwritesgavehavelivedisshowingwillbuildwillcleaniscleanedjoinedarehaving,gowatchhasworkedthink第三章动词的语态一.概念:动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.相关知识点精讲1.let的用法32 1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to的不定式.例如:Theyletthestrangego.他们放陌生人走了.--->Thestrangewasletgo.2)当let后宾补较长时,let通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit代替.例如:Thenurseletmegotoseemyclassmateinthehospital.那护士让我去探望住院的同学.---->Iwasallowed/permittedtoseemyclassmateinthehospital.2.短语动词的被动语态短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词.例如:MysisterwillbetakencareofbyGrandma.我妹妹由奶奶照顾.Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.这样的事闻所未闻.3.表示"据说"或"相信"的词组,基本上由believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等组成.例如:Itissaidthat...据说Itisreportedthat...据报道Itisbelievedthat...大家相信Itishopedthat...大家希望Itiswellknownthat...众所周知Itisthoughtthat...大家认为Itissuggestedthat...据建议Itistakengrantedthat...被视为当然Ithasbeendecidedthat...大家决定Itmustberememberthat...务必记住的是4.不用被动语态的情况1)不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear,diedisappear,end(vi.结束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,breakout,cometrue,fallasleep,keepsilence,loseheart,takeplace等没有无被动语态.例如:Afterthefire,verylittleremainedofmyhouse.大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几.32 比较:rise,fall,happen是不及物动词;raise,seat是及物动词.要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的.特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法.解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累.2)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watchagreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等.例如:Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.这把钥匙只配这把锁.Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.你说的与我们听说的一致.3)系动词无被动语态,如appear,bebecome,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn等.例如:Itsoundsgood.听上去不错.4)带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death,dream/dream,live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态.例如:Shedreamedabaddreamlastnight.她昨晚做了个恶梦.5)当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态.例如:(对)Shelikestoswim.(错)Toswimislikedbyher.5.主动形式表示被动意义1)wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等.例如:Thebooksellswell.这本书销路好.Thisknifecutseasily.这刀子很好用.2)blame,let(出租),remain,keep,rent,build等.例如:Iwastoblamefortheaccident.事故发生了,我该受指责.Muchworkremains.还有许多活要干.3)在need,require,want,worth(形容词),deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式.例如:32 Thedoorneedsrepairing.=Thedoorneedstoberepaired.门该修了.Thisbookisworthreading.这本书值得一读.4)特殊结构:makesb.heard/understood(使别人能听见/理解自己)等.例如:Explainitclearlyandmakeyourselfunderstood.解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话.6.被动形式表示主动意义,如bedetermined,bepleased,begraduated(from),beprepared(for),beoccupied(in),getmarried等.例如:Heisgraduatedfromafamousuniversity.他毕业于一所有名的大学.注意:表示同某人结婚,用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.均可.例如:Hemarriedarichgirl.他与一个富妞结婚了.Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.7.need/want/require/worth当need,want,require,beworth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义.例如:Yourhairwantscutting.你的头发该理了.Thefloorrequireswashing.地板需要冲洗.三.巩固练习1.I___________(teach)herefortenyearssinceIfinishedschool.2.Wouldyoumindme__________(use)yourbike3.ThestudentsofClassTwo___________(sweep)theirclassroomnow.4.TheWhites____________(notlisten)totheradioatthattime.5.It"sbettertogivethan__________(receive).6.Howlong______you_______(live)inthistown7.You_______(come)herelastyear,______you8.----When______you______(see)him----I______(see)himlastSunday.9.Shesaidthatthecar___________(use)thenextweek.10.Ididn"tknowwhat__________(happen)toChinainacentury.11.WhenIgottothestation,thetrain____already______(leave).12.Thestonebridge______________(build)inourhometownfortenyears.32 13.Thedeskmust______(clean)onceaday.14.Thedog_________(lie)onthefloorwhenIcamein..15.It_________(rain)heavilywhenIgothome.16.Hermother____________(cook)atthistimeyesterday.17.Thestudents_____________(do)theirhomework.__________(notmake)anynoise!18.----______youever_______(be)toBeijing----Yes.I________(go)therelastweek.19.He"lltelephoneusassoonashe_________(arrive)there.20.Jiefangtrucks____________(make)inChangchun.21.Apenisusedfor__________(write).22.Allthatmust________(do).23.Myfriendcan"tdecidewhichpairoftrousers____________(choose).Sosheaskedmetogoshoppingwithher.24.Theyfindituseful__________(learn)English.25.Theoldmanoften_________(tell)thechildrenastoryintheevening.Thiseveninghe________(tell)twostories.26.Theradio__________(use)onceinaweekinourclass.It____________(notuse)yesterdaybecausetherewassomethingwrongwithit.27.Wouldpleasetellushow___________(make)thewatch________(work)28.Shedoesn"tknowwhat_________(do)andwhere__________(go).四.答案1.havetaught2.using3.aresweeping4.weren"tlistening5.toreceive6.havelived7.camedidn"t8.didsee,saw9.wouldbeused10.wouldhappen32 11.hadleft12.havebeenbuilt13.becleaned14.waslying15.wasraining16.wascooking17.aredoing,Don"tmake18.havebeeen,went19.arrives20.aremade21.writing22.bedone23.tochoose24.tolearn25.tells,willtell第四章动词的语气一.概念锲腥?陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气.语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法.二.相关知识点精讲1.辨别if引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别Ifhehastime,hewillgowithus.=Probablyhehastimeandwillgowithus.Ifhehadtime,hewouldgowithus.=Butinfacthehasnotime.2.虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表if条件句中的谓与动词主句的谓与动词与现在的事实相反1.行为动词用did形式2.be动词用wereshouldwould32 could+动词原形might与过去的事实相反had+doneshouldwouldcould+have+donemight与将来的事实相反1.行为动词用did2.should+动词原形3.wereto+动词原形shouldwouldcould+动词原形might3.混合时间的虚拟语气如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生,主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整.1)0IfIhadreceivedthepassportyesterday,Iwouldstarttoday.2)Ifhehadtelephonedmelastnight,Iwouldseehimnow.3)Ifhehadfollowedthedoctor"sadvice,hewouldbeallrightnow.4)IfChinahadnotbeenliberated,theworkingpeoplewouldstillbeleadingamiserablelife.4.should/could/might/oughtto+havedone表示"过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做"needn"thavedone表示"过去没必要作而实际上做了"5.虚拟语气中的倒装句如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were,had,could,should,有时可将if省去,而将条件从句的主语置于were,had,should,could之后.Hadyouinvitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.WereIyou,Iwoulddomorepracticeafterclass.Couldshelendusahelpinghand,shewoulddoso.6.wish后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气,表示"可惜...;....就好了;悔不该...;但愿...."主句谓语从句谓语wish时态谓语动词的形式现在时表示与wish同时发生动词用过去时be动词用were过去时表示在wish之前发生的动作32 动词用haddonebe用hadbeen将来时表示在wish之后发生的动作动词用woulddo;shoulddobe用wouldbe;shouldbe1)IwishIknewthekeytotheanswer.2)IwishIweretenyearsyounger.3)IwishthatIhadgonetothefootballmatchlastweek.4)Iwishthatyouhadbeenhereyesterday.5)Hewishesthatwewouldvisittheoldschool.7.表示命令或建议动词suggest,insist,propose,desire,demand,request,order,command后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟should+动词原形;should不可用would来替代;主句所使用的动词时态不限.8.suggest为"建议去做...;命令..."从句用should+do为"说明;暗示",从句用过去时或过去完成时.1)ThedoctorsuggestedthatIshouldtakethemedicinethreetimesaday.2)Thedoctorsuggestedthatmygrandmotherhadcaughtabadcold.9.insist"坚持要去做...,坚持应该去做",从句用should+do为"坚持表明,坚持说/解释",从句用过去时或过去完成时.10.虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中,表示间接的命令,要求,请求,建议,决定等,主句的主语通常是suggestion,proposal,request,order,idea等.表语从句中的谓语动词是should+动词原型,should可以省略.11.在主语从句中,当从句用来表示惊奇,不相信,惋惜等,从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形式.其谓语动词时should+动词原型,或should省略.三.巩固练习1.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English_________mucheasier.A.willbeB.wouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeenD.wouldbe2.IfI_____you,I"djointhearmy.A.amB.wasC.wereD.wouldbe32 3.Ifhe_______tomorrow,hewouldfindMrWangintheoffice.A.comesB.willcomeC.shouldcomeD.come4.Ifit_______nextweek,thecropswouldbesaved.A.rainsB.willrainsC.wouldrainD.shouldrain5.IfI_______it,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.A.weretodoB.doC.haddoneD.wastodo6.Supposingtheweather________bad,wherewouldyougoA.isB.willbeC.wereD.be7.Ifhehadworkedharder,he_________.A.wouldsucceedB.hadsucceededC.shouldsucceedD.wouldhavesucceeded8.Ifhe________,he_________thatfood.A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken9.Ifmylawyer_________herelastSaturday,he_______mefromgoing.A.hadbeen;wouldhavepreventedB.hadbeen;wouldpreventC.were;wouldpreventD.were;wouldhaveprevented10.Ifhe______it,he_______it.A.hadseen;couldhavebelievedB.saw;couldn"tbelieveC.saw;couldn"thavebelievedD.hasseen;hadbelieved11.-Doyouthinkthethiefenteredthroughthewindow-No,ifhehad,Idon"tbelieve,_______brokentheliving-room"swindow.A.hewouldhaveB.hemusthaveC.hehadD.shouldhehave12.-DidyougoswimminglastSunday32 -No.Wewouldhavegone______nicer.A.iftheweatherwasB.wouldtheweatherhavebeenC.hadtheweatherbeenD.shouldtheweatherbe13.______it______foryourhelp,Icouldn"thavemadeanyprogress.A.Had;notbeenB.Should;notbeenC.Did;notbeenD.Not;been14._______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldhaveleftB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves15.Itisorderedthatanewbridge______overthewideriver.A.shouldbebuiltB.wouldbuiltC.willbebuiltD.built四.答案1.D2.C3.C4.D5.A6.C7.D8.B9.A10.A11.D12.C13.A14.C15.A第5章助动词一.概念:助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.二.相关知识点精讲:1.助动词be的用法1)be+现在分词,构成进行时态.例如:Theyarehavingameeting.他们正在开会.Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.英语现在越来越重要.2)be+过去分词,构成被动语态.例如:ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom..窗户是汤姆打碎的.Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld.世界各地都教英语.3)be+动词不定式,可表示下列内容:a.表示最近,未来的计划或安排.例如:32 HeistogotoNewYorknextweek..他下周要去纽约.Wearetoteachthefreshmen.我们要教新生.说明:这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法.b.表示命令.例如:Youaretoexplainthis.对此你要做出解释.Heistocometotheofficethisafternoon.要他今天下午来办公室.c.征求意见.例如:HowamItoanswerhim我该怎样答复他Whoistogothere谁该去那儿呢d.表示相约,商定.例如:Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合.2.助动词have的用法1)have+过去分词,构成完成时态.例如:HehasleftforLondon.他已去了伦敦.Bytheendoflastmonth,theyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork.上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半.2)have+been+现在分词,构成完成进行时.例如:IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.我一直在学英语,已达十年之久.3)have+been+过去分词,构成完成式被动语态.例如:EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.中国教英语已经多年.3.助动词do的用法1)构成一般疑问句.例如:DoyouwanttopasstheCET你想通过大学英语测试吗DidyoustudyGerman你们学过德语吗2)do+not构成否定句.例如:Idonotwanttobecriticized.我不想挨批评.Hedoesn"tliketostudy.他不想学习.Inthepast,manystudentsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish.32 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性.3)构成否定祈使句.例如:Don"tgothere.不要去那里.Don"tbesoabsent-minded.不要这么心不在焉.说明:构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does.4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气.例如:Docometomybirthdayparty.一定来参加我的生日宴会.Ididgothere.我确实去那儿了.Idomissyou.我确实想你.5)用于倒装句.例如:NeverdidIhearofsuchathing.我从未听说过这样的事情.OnlywhenwebeginourcollegelifedowerealizetheimportanceofEnglish.进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性.说明:引导此类倒装句的副词有never,seldom,rarely,little,only,so,well等.6)用作代动词.例如:----DoyoulikeBeijing--你喜欢北京吗----Yes,Ido.--是的,喜欢.(do用作代动词,代替likeBeijing.)Heknowshowtodriveacar,doesn"the他知道如何开车,对吧4.助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时.例如:IshallstudyharderatEnglish.我将更加努力地学习英语.HewillgotoShanghai.他要去上海.说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will只用于第二,第三人称.现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二,第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:Heshallcome.他必须来.(shall有命令的意味.)Hewillcome.他要来.(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时.)5.助动词should,would的用法32 1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称.例如:ItelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhatIshoulddonextweek.我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么.比较:"WhatshallIdonextweek"Iasked."我下周干什么"我问道.可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should.2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二,第三人称.例如:Hesaidhewouldcome.他说他要来.比较:"Iwillgo,"hesaid.他说:"我要去那儿."变成间接引语,就成了Hesaidhewouldcome.原来的will变成would,go变成了come..6.短语动词动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词.例如:Turnofftheradio.把收音机关上.(turnoff是短语动词)短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:1)动词+副词,如:blackout;2)动词+介词,如:lookinto;3)动词+副词+介词,如:lookforwardto.构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词三.巩固练习1.Ifitisfinetomorrow,we______afootballmatch.a.haveb.willhavec.hasd.shallhas2.Whenhewasatschool,he______earlyandtakeawalkbeforebreakfast.a.willriseb.shallriseb.shouldrisewouldrise3.Inthepast30yearsChina______greatadvancesinthesocialistrevolutionandsocialistconstruction.a.hasmadeb.havemadec.hadmaded.havingmade4.I______gotobeduntilI______finishedmywork.a.don"t/hadb.didn"t/havec.didn"t/hadd.don"t/have32 5.______youthinkhe______backbydinnertimea.Do/havecomeb.Did/willhavecomec.Does/willcomed.Do/willhavecome6.Hesaidthathedroppedhisbagwhenhe______forthebus.a.wasruningb.wasrunningc.wererunningd.isrunning7.Nosooner______hearrivedhomethanhe______tostartonanotherjourney.a.has/wasaskedb.have/wereaskedc.had/isaskedd.had/wasasked8."______yougivemearoomforthenight"Iaskedonarrivingatthehotel.a.Shouldb.Canc.Mightd.May9.Therearenineofthem,so______getintothecaratthesametime.a.theymaynotatallb.alltheymaynotc.theycan"talld.alltheycan"t10."Wedidn"tseehimatthelectureyesterday.""He______it."a.mustn"tattendb.cannothaveattendedc.wouldhavenotattendedd.needn"thaveattended11."Yourealizethatyouweredrivingat100mph,don"tyou""No,officer.I______.Thiscarcan"tdomorethan80."a.didn"tneedtobeb.maynothavebeenc.couldn"thavebeend.needn"thavebeen12.hewasagoodrunnersohe______escapefromthepolice.a.mightb.succeededtoc.wouldd.wasableto13.Ifthey______,ourplanwillfallflat.a.areco-operatingb.hadnotco-operatedc.won"tco-operated.didn"tco-operate14.Ihoped______myletter.a.hertoanswerb.thatshewouldanswerc.thatsheanswersd.heranswering32 15.He______liveinthecountrythaninthecity.a.prefersb.likestoc.hadbetterd.wouldrather16.______toseeafilmwithustodaya.Didyoulikeb.Wouldyoulikec.Willyouliked.Haveyouliked17.I"msorry,butIhadnoalternative.Isimply______whatIdid.a.mustdob.hadtodoc.oughttohavedoned.havetodo18."Timeisrunningout,______"a.hadn"twebettergotstartb.hadn"twebettergetstartc.hadn"twebettergetstartedd.hadn"twebetternotstarted19.Noone______thattohisface.a.daressayb.daressayingc.daresayd.daretosay20.Thestudentsintheclassroom______nottomakesomuchnoise.a.needb.oughtc.mustd.dare21.You______lastweekifyouwerereallyseriousaboutyourwork.a.oughttocomeb.oughttobecomingc.oughthavecomed.oughttohavecome22.Theelephantsought______hoursagobythekeepers.a.tobefedb.tofeedc.tobeingfedd.tohavebeenfed23."Iwonderwhythey"relate.""They______thetrain."a.canhavemissedb.couldmissc.mayhavemissedd.mightmiss24."Tomgraduatedfromcollegeataveryyoungage.""He______havebeenanoutstandingstudent."a.mustb.couldc.shouldd.might25.You______theexaminationagainsinceyouhadalreadypassedit.a.needn"thavetakenb.didn"tneedtotakec.needn"ttaked.mustn"ttake26.Heisreallyincompetent!Theletter______yesterday.a.shouldbefinishedtypingb.mustbefinishedtypingc.musthavefinishedtypingc.shouldhavebeenfinishedtyping32 27.Theboytoldhisfatherthathewouldrather______anastronaut.a.becomeb.tobecomec.becomingd.became28.Whenwereachedthestation,thetrainhadstillnotarrived;sowe______.a.needednottohurryb.needn"thavehurriedc.neednottohavehurriedd.didn"tneedtohurry29.Sinceyourroommateisvisitingherfamilythisweekend,_____youliketohavedinnerwithustonighta.willb.won"tc.wouldn"td.do30.Hewasafraidwhathehaddone______adisastrouseffectonhiscareer.a.mighthaveb.couldbec.havebeend.shallbe四.答案1-10BDACDBDBCB11-20CDCBDBBCCB21-30DDCABDABCA芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅莀螇螆芀芆螆衿肃薅螅羁芈蒁螄肃肁莇螄螃芇芃袃袅聿薁袂羈芅蒇袁肀肈蒃袀袀莃荿蒇羂膆芅蒆肄莁薄蒅螄膄蒀蒄袆莀莆薃罿膃节薂肁羅薀薂螀膁薆薁羃羄蒂薀肅艿莈蕿螅肂芄薈袇芇薃薇罿肀葿蚆肂芆莅蚆螁聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄肆肇薆蚃螆莂蒂蚂袈膅莈蚁羀莁芃蚀肃膃薂螀螂羆蒈莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄蕿螃袃肃蚂罿膁肂莁螂肇肁蒄羇羃肁薆螀衿膀蚈薃膈腿莈螈肄膈薀薁肀膇蚂袇羆膆莂虿袂膅蒄袅膀膅薇蚈肆膄虿袃羂芃荿蚆袈节蒁袁螄芁蚃蚄膃芀莃羀聿芀蒅螃羅艿薈羈袁芈蚀螁腿莇莀薄肅莆蒂蝿羁莅薄薂袇莄芄螇袃莄蒆蚀膂莃薈袆肈莂蚁蚈羄莁莀袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿葿薅袂肅蒈蚇蚅羁蒈蒇袁羇肄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