高考英语语法复习精品资料汇总：非谓语动词在句中用作定语 4页

非谓语动词在句中作定语在英语句子中，不定式todo，分词v+ing和v+ed以及动名词v+ing是非谓语动词，除不能作谓语外，其他成份都可担当，其中一个成份就是作定语。不定式todo在句中作定语置于被修饰名词后，常同该名词构成动宾关系，要是不定式是不及物动词，其后应加上必要的介词。例：Ihavesomethingtosay.(tosaysomething)I’llgiveyouamagazinetoread.Thatisagoodcompanytoworkfor.Heisapleasantfellowtoworkwith.Wouldyoubringmeabenchtositon?     有些名词常接不定式作定语，如：chance,time,reason,way,effort,right(权利),movement等，例：Youhaven’tanyreasontoleaveme.Youhavenorighttodosuchathing.Hesucceededinhisefforttoovercomehisfatalweakness.Heputhimselfoutofthewaytohelpothers.Wehavenotimetolose..Thankyouforgivingmethechancetomakethespeech.     Thefirst,thelast,thesecond,thebest等常与不定式连用作定语。例：Heisalwaysthefirsttocome.Shewouldbethelasttoagreetoourplan.Youarethesecondtoaskmethatquestion.I’lldomypoorbesttofixitup.    当togo,tospare作“剩下”讲时可作定语。例：    Hehadfiveminutestogobeforetimewasup.    Theyhadonly100dollarstospare.    不定式用在某些句子中作定语相当于一个定语从句，表示动作即将发生。例：Therearemanydifficultiestoovercome.=Therearemanydifficultiesthatwillhavetobeovercome.Hehasalargefamilytosupport.=Hehasalargefamilythathemustsupport.现在分词与过去分词作定语现在分词和过去分词在句中都可以作定语，但在语态和时间概念上有区别，在语态上，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动，在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，而过去分词则表示动作完成。例：boilingwater(主动、进行)boiledwater(被动、完成)有时过去分词则表示被动，不表示完成的动作，有时则表示动作的完成，不表示被动的动作。例：thefallenleaves (动作已完成)developedcountries (动作已完成) aninterestedparty (被动)单个分词作定语置于被修饰词前。例： Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Helitafireandfromittookaburningstick.Americaisadevelopedcountry.有些单个分词（尤其是现在分词）作定语时也可以置于被修饰词之后，特别如一些不定代词anything,something,everything,nothing等则应后置。例：theexperiencegained(获得的经验)forthetimebeing(暂时)foryearsrunning(一连数年)Shefoundthewindowopenandsomethingstolen.Thereisnothingdoing.Thereisnothinginterestingintoday’spaper.Theycanseeeverythinghappeningontheline.Isthereanythinginterestinginthebook?分词短语置于被修饰词之后Thepenlyingonthetablebelongstoyou.Theboymakingfacesismyson.IlikesongsperformedbyMaoAming.其实作定语的分词短语可以扩展为定语从句。如上述三句可改为：Thepenwhichislyingonthetablebelongstoyou.Theboywhoismakingfacesismyson.IlikesongswhichwasperformedbyMaoAming.现在分词作后置定语表示一个（现在或将来）正在进行的动作，或者表示某经常性动作或状态。例：Canyouseethestarmovinginthesky?Thereisapianostandinginthecorner.如果分词所表示的动作在时间上同谓语动词所表示的动作不一致，不能使用现在分词，而应使用定语从句。例：Iwanttoknowthemanbreakingthewindow.(X)Break的动作是先发生上例不能用现在分词，应改为定语从句。如：….whobrokethewindow.Doyouknowanyonehavinglostmoney.(X)Doyouknowanyonewholostmoney.(V)因此我们就知道在那种情况下定语从句可以用现在分词代替，即：定语从句动词所表示的时间同主句谓语动词的时间一致时。例：Didyouseetheman(whowas)talkingtotheheadmaster?Thehospitalwhichstands/standingacrossthestreetwassetuplastyear.(stands表示一个经常性的状态)过去分词在时间上，表示的动作发生在谓语动词之间，表示与句中谓语动词相应的经常性动作；或表示一个正在进行的动作，用being+过去分词结构。例：Isthisthebookwritten(whichwaswritten)byHenryJames?Hewasthenateacherrespected(whowasrespected)byallhisstudents.Thematterbeingdiscussed(whichisbeingdiscussed)isofgreat importance.Hewasinvitedtoameetingtobeheld(whichwastobeheld)thenextday.动名词作定语动名词单个词作定语时也置于被修饰词前，表示被修饰词的用途、类属等。例　；awritingtable=atableforwriting  (动名词)asleepingchild=achildwhoissleeping（现在分词）aswimmingpool=apoolforswimming（动名词）awaitingroom=aroomforwaiting（动名词）drinkingwater=waterfordrinking（动名词）Nooneisallowedtospeakaloudinthereadingroom.（动名词）Thatisashopdealinginwalkingstick.（动名词）Thesleepingchildwasinasoundsleep.（现在分词）Allbedroomsinthishotelhavehotcoldrunningwater.(现在分词)从上述看，单个动名词和现在分词都可以作前置定语，但现在分词和被修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，表示被修饰名词自身发生的动作或行为，而动名词和被修饰的名词不表示这种关系，只表示与被修饰名词的用途、类属等。动名词作介词宾语构成的介词短语可定语。例：Heisinthehabitofrisingearly.(ofrising修饰名词habit)Shehasagoodideaofplayingsnowball.(ofplaying修饰名词idea)有些名词有时也可接不定式和其接“介词＋动名词”在意义上没有区别。例：Thatisthewayofsettingtheproblem.Thatisthewaytosettletheproblem.这类名词常用的有：   timefordoingsth.                  Reasonofdoingsth.   Timetodosth.                    Reasontodosth.   Freedomindoingsth.               Chanceofdoingsth.   Freedomtodosth.                  Chancetodosth.   Failureindoingsth.                 Patienceindoingsth   Failuretodosth.                    Patiencetodosth.   Choiceofdoingsth.                Opportunityofdoingsth.   Choicetodosth.                   Opportunitytodosth.但有些名词和purpose,method,idea,habit等后面只能接of+动名词，不接不定式，有些名词如promise,effort,desire,attempt,ability,refusal,determination,failure不接of+动名词，但可以接不定式。例：Itissurprisingthattheyshouldchoosethismethodofpassingtheevening.(不用……methodtopass)Theoldmanisinthehabitofreadingthenewspaperatbreakfast. (不用……habittodo)Ｉdon’ttrusthispromisetocomeforavisit. （不用……promiseofcoming）ShehadpersistedinherrefusaltospendChristmasinBursley.（不用……refusalofspending）Buthiseffortstogetherbackwerevain.(不用……effortsofgetting) [示例]考题1　---Whatdoyouthinkofthemiddleschool?       ---Itisaverygood___.A.schooltostudy   B.Schooltostudyin   C.Studyingschool   D.schoolforchildrentostudy解析　从本题的答案看并结合提干的要求接上一个名词school，后在这个名词后面使用不定式作该名词的定语，从答案中看给的不定式tostudy，在此是作不及物动词，因此不定式的后面应加上一个介词in才合乎题意，所以选Ｂ。考题２　Snowwasfallingwhentheywentalongamountainpath___tothefront.A.tolead  B.Led  C.Leading   D.beingled解析　据题意提干前有一个名词path，其后是介词组tothefront，即要求一个现在分词和tothefront连成现在分词短语修饰名词path作定语，path名词虽表示物不能使用过去分词，是小路本身延伸到前线的，所以选Ｃ。考题３　Theysetupan____tableinasmalltempletooperateonthe___soldiers.’A.operating;wounded  B.Operated;wounding  C.operated;/wounded   D.operating;wounding解析　据题意在第一个提干里应使用动名词作tale的名词的定语，修饰table，说明战士是被枪击伤的即受伤的士兵，表被动完成的动作，所以选Ａ。［训练］Thecadretoldmethathehadameeting____.A.toattend  B.Attend   C.Attending  D.tobeattendedHeaskedforapieceofpaper____andapen_____.towrite;towrite B.Towrite;towriteon C.Towriteon;towritewith D.writing;writingAreyougoingtothedinnerparty____atthehotel.A.togive  B.Tobegiven   C.Giving   D.togivingThemandrinking____waterwasscalded(烫伤)by___wateryesterday.A.boiled;boiled  B.Boiling;boiling   C.Boiled;boiling  D.boiling;boiledHoldinga____stickhewentintothedarkcave.A.burn  B.Burnt  C.Toburn  D.burning