英语语法 relative clause 41页

Translatethefollowingandtellthefunctionsoftheunderlinedparts:Theglowofthesettingsunissplendid;it’sapitythatduskisfastapproaching.夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。Homeiswhereyoucanfindloveandcare.家是你能够得到爱和关怀的地方。今日事，今日毕。Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.Heavenhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.自助者天助。谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。Helaughsbestwholaughslast.Springisatimewhenyouthdreamsandoldageremembers.春天是青年人梦想将来和老年人缅怀过去的季节。 夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。Theglowofthesettingsunissplendid;it’sapitythatduskisfastapproaching.家是你能够得到爱和关怀的地方。Homeiswhereyoucanfindloveandcare.今日事，今日毕。Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday.自助者天助。Heavenhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。Helaughsbestwholaughslast.春天是青年人梦想将来和老年人缅怀过去的季节。Springisatimewhenyouthdreamsandoldageremembers. Lecture33RelativeClause(AttributiveClause) KeyPoints:1.Typesofrelativeclauses2.Thechoiceofrelativewords3.Ellipsisofrelativewords(略p.577-579)4.Theclausesintroducedby"preposition+relativepronoun"5.Thedoublerelativeclausesandembeddedrelativeclauses(双重关系分句和嵌入式关系分句) DefinitionofRelativeClauses:Arelativeclauseservesasanattributetoanounorpronouninthemainclause.Thenounorpronouniscalledtheantecedent.Theclauseisoftenplacedaftertheantecedentandintroducedbyrelativewords. TypesofRelativeClauses:Relativeclausesaredividedintorestrictiveandnonrestrictiveones.Compare:We’relookingforapubthatservesfood.Mr.White,whosehomeisnotfarfromhere,isadoctor.Arestrictiverelativeclausegivesessentialinformationaboutthemeaningoftheantecedent.Itisnotseparatedfromtheheadbyabreakinintonation,orbyacommainwriting.Anon-restrictiverelativeclauseaddsextrainformation,separatedbycommasinwriting,andintonationinspeaking. RelativewordsRelativewordsincluderelativepronouns,andrelativeadverbs.Relativepronouns：who,whom,whose,that,which,asRelativeadverbs:when,where,why Haveatry:Fillinproperrelativewordsandtelltheirfunctions.1.Theman________cametoourschoolisMr.Wang.()2.Thegirl_______ImetisLucy.()3.Achild_______parentsaredeadiscalledTom.()4.Ilikethebook___________youboughtyesterday.()主语宾语定语宾语who/that(whom)whose(which/that) Haveatry:Fillinproperrelativewordsandtelltheirfunctions.5.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______familywaspoor.()6.Ilikethepersonto______youjusttalked.()7.Weshallneverforgetthedays______wespenttogether.()8.Weshallneverforgetthedays______welivedtogether.()9.Cars,______causepollution,shouldbebanned.()定语介宾宾语状语主语whosewhom(that)whenwhich ThechoiceofrelativewordsThechoiceofarelativeworddependson:whethertheclauseisrestrictiveornon-restrictivewhethertheheadofthenounphraseispersonalornon-personalwhattheroleoftherelativewordiswithintherelativeclause Commoncheckpoints:1.指物时只用that或which的情况2.指人时that和who的区别3.Thechoiceofrelativepronounsandrelativeadverbs4.Theusageof“whose”anditstransformation5.“preposition+relativepronoun”6.Howtodistinguishbetween“as”and“which”7.Subject-verbconcordinrestrictiveclauses Haveatry：Putinthatorwhich?1.Finally,thethiefhandedeverything____hehadstolen.2.Thereislittle____Icandotomakeupforthelosttime.3.Theweatherturnedouttobegood,____wasmorethanwecouldexpect.4.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingthewindows,mostof______hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.5.Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersons_____wesawthen.6.Aplaneisamachine____canfly.7.Who_____hasworkedwithyouaslongasIhavedoesnotknowthetendernessofyourheart?thatthatthatthatthatwhichwhich 1.Thatinsteadofwhich只用that，不用which的情况：1.先行词为不定代词all,little,few,much,no,none,any,anything,everything,nothing。e.g.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolen.2.先行词被theonly，thevery，thelast,thesame等修饰时，用that。e.g.HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttoseenow. 1.Thatinsteadofwhich3.先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时,用that。e.g.Thisisthebestbook(that)I’veeverread.4.先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。e.g.Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwesawthen.5.先行词为表语,或关系代词作从句的表语时,用that。e.g.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Mr.Smithhadunmarkedhimfortheimposterthathewas. 1.Thatinsteadofwhich6.疑问代词作先行词时,需用that。what作先行词时,也用that。e.g.WhothathasworkedwithyouaslongasIhavedoesnotknowthetendernessofyourheart?7.主句以there开头时。e.g.ThereislittlethatIcandotomakeupforthelosttime.8.“That”isoftenusedinsteadof“which”inspeech.e.g.Isthisthehouse（that）youbought?思考:that在关系分句和名词性分句中的用法有何区别？ 2.WhichinsteadofthatThatcan’tbeusedtointroduceNonrestrictiveRelativeClauses.which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。e.g.1.Sheheardaterriblenoise,______broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that2.Theweatherturnedouttobegood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.itGood!BB 2.WhichinsteadofthatThatcan’tbeusedafterapreposition.e.g.1.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingthewindows,mostof________hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.which2.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_________shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhomDD 2.WhichinsteadofthatWhentheantecedentis“that”.e.g.Theclockisthat____tellsthetime.A.thoseB.itC.thatD.whichD 3.Whoinsteadofthat指人时用who不用that的情况：先行词是one,ones,those,anyone,he,she,they,I…时。Putinthatorwho?Helaughsbest_____laughslast.Those_____wanttogotothecomputerroomwriteyournamehere.whowho Completeandcompare:Weshallneverforgetthedays______wespenttogether.()Weshallneverforgetthedays______welivedtogether.()Thehouse_____wevisitedisbeingrepairednow.Thehouse_____Luxunoncelivedisbeingrepairednow.Hehasreachedthepoint______achangeisneeded.他已到了改弦更张的地步。宾语状语wherewherewhenthatthat where的先行词也可是有地点含义的抽象名词。e.g.Hehasreachedthepointwhereachangeisneeded.他已到了改弦更张的地步。类似的先行词还有：case,situation,scene……where可用inwhich代替。e.g.Letmethinkofapropersituation___thissentencecanbeused.A.whereB.thatC.ofwhomD.which Theusageof“whose”anditstransformationDoyouknowthewomanwhosehusbandisadoctor?Theyliveinahouse,whosedooropenstothesouth.whose的先行词指物时，可转换为“of+关系代词”型，如：Theylivedinahouse,ofwhichthedooropenstothesouth.Theylivedinahouse,thedoorofwhichopentothesouth. 6.Canyouworkthemout????????Fillintheblankswithproperprepositions:1.Thesungivesusheatandlight,________whichwecan’tlive.2.Thestudent________whomweweretalkingjustnowisthebeststudentinourclass.3.I’llneverforgettheday_____whichshesaidgood-byetome.4.Whocangivemethereason______whichhehasn’tturnedupyet?foraboutonwithout 6.Clausesintroducedby“preposition+relativepronoun“(多用于正式语体)关系代词前介词的确定:1）根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：e.g.Isthatthenewspaperforwhichyouoftenwritearticles?2）根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：e.g.CanyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidiomsaboutwhichI’mnotsure？ 6.Clausesintroducedby“preposition+relativepronoun“(多用于正式语体)3）根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：e.g.1949wastheyearinwhichtheP.R.C.wasfounded.4）非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+of+关系代词”的结构，如：e.g.Thereare50studentsinourclass,two-thirdsofwhomhavebeentoBeijing. 7.as与which引导的关系分句1._____weallknow,theearthisround.2.Suchbooks____youtellmeareinteresting.3.Ihavethesameplan____you.4.Shehasmarriedagain,____wasexpected.5.Shehasmarriedagain,______wasunexpected.6.Shehasbeenlateagain,____wasexpected.7.Tomhasmadegreatprogress,_______madeushappy.Asasasasaswhichwhich 7.as与which引导的关系分句两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。1.关系代词引导的关系分句居句首时。e.g.Asweallknow,theearthisround.2.当与such或thesame连用时，一般用as。e.g.Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.Ihavethesameplanasyou. GoonPlease!3.当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。e.g.Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected. Goonplease!4.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如beknown，besaid，bereported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。e.g.Shehasbeenlateagain,____wasexpected.Tomhasmadegreatprogress,_____madeushappy.aswhich Goonplease!Thisisthesamepen____Ilostyesterday.A.asB.thatC.theoneD.A&BD 8.Subject-verbconcordinrestrictiveclausesCompare:Iamnotonewho___afraidofdifficulty.Don’tchooseme,who___notfitforthejob.定语从句的verb在人称和数方面应与它的antecedent保持一致。isam Completethisadvertisement.Prague(布拉格)hasaninternationalflavor______isdifficulttomatch.InthenewCzechRepublic（捷克共和国）,_____hasonlybeeninexistenceforafewyears,Pragueisthecenterofgovernment,businessandculture.Itistheplace_____businesspeoplefromallovertheworldconverge.Itisaculturalcenter_____hasfewequals.Itisacity_______populationhasbeenthroughgoodtimesandbadtimes.Itprefersthegoodtimes_____theCzechwineflowsandCzechfinecuisineflourishes.布拉格具有一种无可比拟的国际品味。对于刚成立几年的捷克共和国来说，布拉格是政治、经济和文化中心。它是其他地区难以企及的文化中心。这个城市的人们历经沧桑巨变，目睹兴衰存亡。而这座城市更偏爱葡萄酒飘香四溢、佳肴久负盛名的盛事时光。whichwhichwherethatwhosewhen 9.Doublerelativeclauses(双重关系分句)双重关系分句：同一个先行项之后跟有两个关系分句。e.g.You’lleasilyfindus,justlookforahousewhosewindowsneedwashingandwhosefenceneedsrepairing!TherewasonethinghetoldmewhichIdon’tknow.c.f.Igavehimthebook,whichhethoughtwasveryuseful.(hethought为插入语） 9.Embeddedrelativeclauses(嵌入式关系分句)Anembeddedrelativeclauseisaclausethatfunctionsbothasthepostmodifierofanounphraseinthemainclauseandastheobjectofanotherinsertedclause,thatistosay,therelativeclauseisembeddedinanotherclause.e.g.Shehasanadoptedchildwhoshesayswasanorphan. Correctthesentences:1.I’musingthepenwhichheboughtityesterday.2.Isthatfactorywhichyourfatheronceworkedin?3.ThemanwhomIspokeisfromCanada.4.July1,1999isthedaywhenwe’llneverforget.^^__(去掉)which____totheone Correctthesentences:5.IstillremembertheholidaysIstayedwiththem.6.I’mgoingtoworkinthehospitalwhereneedsme.7.Thosethathaven’tbeentotheWestLakewillgatherattheschoolgate.8.Idon’tlikethewaywhichyoutalkedtoyourfriend.inwhen____who___(that/which)^^ Correctthesentences:9.ThisisthelasttimewhenI’vegivenyoulessons.10.Soontheycametoafarmhouse,andinfrontofwhichsatasmallboy.11.Weheardthenewswhichourteamwonthegame.12.Thereasonwhichheexplaineditsoundsreasonable.____that____that____whyit____ Correctthesentences:13.Thoseatthedeskwanttobuyticketswritedownyournames.14.Thatwasthereasonbecauseshelookedold.15.MissChenistheonlyoneofthefewteacherswhogiveuswonderfulEnglishlessonsinourschool.16.Taiwan,thatweknow,belongstoChina.aswho______________giveswhy^ Correctthesentences:17.Itistheoneofthebestfilmsthathavebeenshownrecently.18.ThethirdplacewhichwearegoingtovisitisHangzhou.19.Whichisknowntoall,manysatellitearegoingaroundinthesky.20.Thestudentsandthingswhichyouspokeofareknowntous.that_________hasAsthat________ Correctthesentences:21.Einsteinissuchagreatscientistthatwemustlearnfrom.22.Thestudentwho’sbookIhadborroweddidn’tcometoschooltoday.23.Whoistheworkerwhotooksomepicturesofthefactory?24.ThebikebywhichItravelledwashis.as_____Whose____that___on____ THEEND