mba英语语法点 24页

语法概要英语句子：按用途分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。按结构分：简单句、并列句、复合句(主从句)。简单句5种：1.主+谓。2.主+系+表。3.主+谓+宾。4.主+谓+双宾。5.主+谓+宾+宾补。双宾和宾补的判断方法：IgaveheraTeddyBear.WeelectedJohnmonitor.句子成分(9种)：主、谓、表、宾、定、状、补、同位语、独立成分。基本成分：主、谓、表、宾、补。附属成分：定、状、同位语、独立成分。复合句(主从句)中的从句共分3大类：名从(4种)、形从(定从)、副从(状从)。名从：主从、表从、宾从、同位语从。主语从句(谓语用单数)：引导词：连词that/whether(不作成分，但不可省，whether不能换作if)。连接代词：what,who,whom,whose,which以及whatever,whoever,whomever,whosever,whichever.(均不可省)连接副词：when,where,why,how以及whenever,wherever,however.(均不可省)如果以上从句过长，则用it替代，作形式主语。it作形式主语的从句常见类型：1).Itis+过去分词+that…Itisknownthat…Itisbelievedthat…Itissaidthat…Itisexpectedthat… Itisreportedthat…Itisallegedthat…Itisrumoredthat…Itisestimatedthat…2).Itis+形容词+that…Itiseasythat…Itisdifficultthat…Itiscertainthat…Itispossiblethat…Itislikelythat…Itisimportantthat…Itisobviousthat…3).It+不及物动词+that…Itseemsthat…Itappearsthat…Ithappensthat…Itturnsoutthat…Itoccurstosbthat…4).Itis+名词(短语)+that…Itisashamethat…Itisapitythat…Itisanhonorthat…Itiscommonknowledgethat…Itisnowonderthat…Itisnoaccidentthat…Itisnoraritythat…whether与if的用法区别：whether:(1).无论，不管à引导让步状；(2).是否à引导名词从。if:(1).是否à引导宾从；(2).如果à引导条件从。因此，if一般只用于引导宾从，而whether可用于包括宾从在内的其它名词从。另外，(1).ifornot?if…ornot?(2).Wehaven’tsettledthequestionofif/whether?hewillbefired. 同位语从句：引导词：that,whether,who,which,where,when等。抽象名词在前,表具体解释内容的从句在后。接同位语从句的名词：report,fact,idea,suggestion,evidence,conclusion,statement,knowledge,discovery等有内涵的名词,如building则不行。同位语从句与定语从句区别：1.前者是名词性质，后者是形容词性质；2.前者的that不作成分，但不可省，后者的that作成分，常省；同位语从句：引导词that,whether,who,which,where,when等；抽象名词在前,表具体解释内容的从句在后。句子后有逗号/冒号/破折号，且这些符号后是名词/动名词，则这些名词/动名词作同位语。定语从句：修饰限定名词或代词的从句，因此功能上定语从句相当于形容词，也称为形容词从句；引导词有三大功能：1、引导定语从句；2、指代被修饰的词(即先行词)；3、在从句中作成分。引导词：关系代词：that,who/whom,which,whose.关系副词：when,where,why.限定性与非限定性定从：Thepeoplewhogetoninthisworldarethepeoplewhomakeeveryefforttofulfilltheirgoal.（限定性，决定先行词的性质，无逗号间隔）“Istruckgold,”saidRoland,whoemailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonaposition.（非限定性，对先行词的补充说明，不决定先行词的性质，有逗号间隔） a).I’llneverforgetthetime____wefirstmetinthepark.(which/when)b).I’llneverforgetthetime____Ispentoncampus.(which/when)a).Thereason___hegaveforhisbeinglatewasunacceptable.(that/why)b).Theshop___Itoldyouaboutbeforehascloseddown.(that/where)whose引导的定从中，若whose指物时，可用ofwhich来替代，此时语序为：限定词+名词+of+which或of+which+限定词+名词。Ihadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.àIhadameetingthepurposeofwhich/ofwhichthepurposewascompletelyunclear.1.Whenoneopensanaccountatabank,heislendingthebankmoney,repaymentofwhichhemaydemandatanytime.2.Thisecho-locationinbatsisoftencomparedwithradar,theprincipleofwhichissimilar.在下列情况中最好用that:1).先行词为指物的all,little,few,much,none,thefirst。2).先行词为不定代词something,anything,nothing,everything。3).先行词被any,every,no,only,all,some,much,few,little,序数词，最高级，theonly,theone,thevery,theright,thelast修饰时。as引导限定性定语从句时，只是用在一些固定结构中，即只用在such、thesame、as、so的后面。Hewillrepeatsuchpointsasarediscussedinthebook.Heisnotthesameplayboyasweknew.as和which引导的非限定定语从句的区别： 1.which不能在句首；2.which的先行词可以是单个名词,而as的先行词一般应是句子或短语；3.如果主句和从句意思相顺时，用as；如果从句和主句相悖或对主句削弱时，用which。例：1).Theyoungmancheatedhisfriendofmuchmoney,whichwasdisgraceful.2).Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.3).Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句:定语从句之前加介词，一般出于以下三种情况：1.依照先行词的要求。例：Theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21.2.由于从句中某个词的要求，通常是动词和形容词。Itisatheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe.3.一些固定的介词短语在定语从句中的使用，如：withone’shelp/withwhosehelp;inone’shonor/inwhosehonor;inthis(that)case/inwhichcase,等。例：Weextendourwarmwelcometothevisitingdelegationinwhosehonoragrandbanquetwasgiven.状语从句（时状、地状、条件状、目的状、方式状、结果状、让步状、原因状、比较状）1.时状特殊引导词：themoment,theminute,theinstant,directly,immediately,instantly.hardly/scarcely…when…；nosooner…than…；（若描述过去状况，前半部分多用过去完成时，后半部分一般过去时）例：Hardlyhadheassumedtheleadershiprolewhenhebegantoputonairs.2.条件状特殊引导词：provided/providing;suppose/supposing； as(so)longas.3.目的状引导词：sothat,inorderthat,soasto,inorderto,inthehopethat…,onpurposethat…,forthepurposethat…,lest,incase,forfearthat.4.方式状引导词：as；asthough/asif；theway；5.结果状特殊引导词：sothat,tothedegree/extentthat；tosuchadegree/extentthat；6.原因状引导词：Because,as,since,for,inthat,nowthat,given(that),seeingthat.sothat引导结果状从和目的状从的区别：前者中通常sothat前有逗号，与主句分开，后者通常没有逗号。Heturnedtheradioup,sothateveryoneheardthenews.Heturnedtheradioupsothateveryonemighthearthenews.(1).as,for引导的主、从句，二者处于平等位置。(2).because引导的从句一般比主句重要，强调原因。(3).since引导的从句一般次要，主句重要，以说明将要做什么。Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.Becauseitrainedlastnight,thegroundiswetthismorning.Sinceeveryoneishere,let’sgetstarted.7.让步状特殊引导词：while；although…yet/still；adj/adv/Ved/n(不加冠词)+as+主+谓； V+as+主+助动词(may,might,can,could,will…)例：Poorasheis,heisverygenerous.MuchasIrespecthim,Icannotagreewithhim.Praisedashewas,hewasmodest.Childasheis,heknowscommonsense.Tryasyouwill,youwon’tmanageit.whatever,whoever,whichever既可作关系代词引导定从，也可作连词引导让步状从,区别是：Takewhateveryouwant.whatever=anythingthat.Wehavedecidedtodoso,whateverhappens.whatever=nomatterwhat.试比较：Whoevermaytroubleyou,Iwillhelpyoutothelast.Whoeverhasfinishedthetestmaygoout.8.比较状语从句：(1).倍数比较：AisNtimes形比thanB.AisN+1timesas形asB.AisN+1timesthenofB.(2)Themore…..,themore…..结构(3).notAsomuchasBnotsomuchAasBnotsomuchAbutB(If)themoreyouknow,themoreyouknowyoudon’tknow.(If)thelongerwestaytogether,themorepassionatelyattachedwearetoeachother. (If)nopains,nogains.(If)nomoney,nohoney.(If)norepresentation,notaxation.(4).Aisnomore…thanBàneither…nor…Aisnotmore…thanBàless…than…Aisnoless…thanBàboth…and…Aisnotless…thanBàmore…than…nomorethanàonly,justnotmorethanàatmostnolessthanàasmuchasnotlessthanàatleast1.SheisnomorepleasedthanI.2.SheisnotmorepleasedthanI.3.Whathedidwasnolessthanamiracle.4.Heisnomorethan10.5.Heisnolessthan10.非谓语结构：V-ing,V-ed,todo.语法功能:V-ing:定，表，状，补。V-ed：定，表，状，补。todo：主，宾，定，状，补，独立成分。独立成分：tobehonest,tobeginwith..等.问题：Sb+is+adj+todo的todo做什么成分？It+is+adj+todo的todo作什么成分？不带to的不定式：1.感官动词之后：see,hear,watch,notice,find等。2.使役动词之后：let,make,have等。注意：若以上结构转为被动语态，则必须加to。Herinnocencemademefeelguilty.变为：Iwasmade________guiltybyherinnocence.3.一些固定搭配：makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letslip,letfly,letgoof,leavegoof，等。 4.在下列句型中：1).hadbetter,2).wouldrather/wouldsooner/wouldjustassoon3).mightaswell4).cannotbut/cannotchoosebut5).cannothelpbutTheonlythingtodowasaskthemtocomehalfanhourlaterthantheotherguests.Foryears,doctorshaveadvisedtheirpatientstheonlythingtakingmultivitaminsdoesisgivethemexpensiveurine.现在分词与动名词的区别：现在分词:定，表，状，补。动名词:主，宾，表，定。两者作表语的区别：现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征；而动名词作表语多表示主语的内容。Theseresultsaremostsatisfying.Herhobbyiscollectingstamps.两者作定语的区别：现在分词作定语表被修饰名词的行为状态，一般可改为定语从句；动名词作定语表被修饰名词的用途，一般不可改为定语从句。asleepingcar/asleepingchildareadingroom/areadinggirl后接动名词的动词：admit,advise,anticipate,appreciate,authorize,avoid,consider,contemplate,delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,encourage,endure,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,fancy,feellike,finish,forbid,forgive,giveup,can’thelp,imagine,involve,mention,mind,miss, overlook,permit,postpone,practice,prohibit,putoff,recommend,resent,risk,can’tstand,suggest,tolerate,understand,等。注意：allowdoingàallowsbtodo.advisedoingàadvisesbtodo.forbiddoingàforbidsbtodo.encouragedoingàencouragesbtodo.authorizedoingàauthorizesbtodo.remember/forget/regret/stop+doing，其中的doing表先于这些动词之前发生的事。remember/forget/regret/stop+todo，其中的doing表这些动词之后发生的事。比较：Heforgottopaymeback.Heforgotpayingmeback.Iregretlettingslipthatopportunity.Weregrettoinformyouthatwecannotofferyouemployment.todoing:lookforwardtodoing,objecttodoing,be/getusedtodoing,preferdoingtodoing,inadditiontodoing,beaccustomedtodo/doing,amounttodoing,taketodoing,devote…todoing,getroundtodoing.havedifficulty/trouble/problem/(great)fun/(great)pleasure/ahardtime/agoodtime(in)doing.can’thelpdoing,can’tresistdoing,can’tkeepfromdoing,can’trefrainfromdoing,can’tholdbackfromdoing,can’tkeepbackfromdoing.注意：can’thelpbutdo,can’tbutdo,can’tchoosebutdo.beworthdoing,beworthyofbeingdone/tobedone. bebusydoing,bebusywithsth.remindsbofsth,remindsbtodosth.虚拟语气：1.用在宾语从句中。2.用在主语从句中。3.用在状语从句中。用于状从中（多见于if从句）：1.与现在相反：从句：if+主语+did/were,主句：主语+would(could,should,might)+do。2.与过去相反：从句：if+主语+haddone/hadbeen,主句：主语+would(could,should,might)+havedone(been)。3.与将来相反：从句：if+主语+wereto(should)+do,主句：主语+would(could,should,might)+do。倒装虚拟语气：Ifhehadnotbeenpromoted,hewouldneverhaveremainedwiththecompany.à…….IfIcouldwinthelottery,Iwouldbuyacar.à…….Ifyouwereto/shouldchangeyourmind,noonewouldblameyou.à…….IfIwereyou和IfIhadmoney…能否倒装？特殊状语从句：1.ifonly句中。2.asif/asthough从句中。3.lest,incase,forfearthat…用于主从中：Itisnecessary/important/crucial/ criticalthatsb/sth+(should)do…用于宾从中：1.表命令、建议和要求的虚拟语气以下动词一般要接虚拟语气,即V+sb(should)do.advise,agree,demand,insist,command,decide,ensure,order,instruct,propose,recommend,require,request,suggest,urge等。2.wish引导的宾从中。did/were(与现在、将来相反)wish(ed)haddone(与过去相反)would/coulddo(与将来相反)Thesceneryismarvelous,IwishIhadacamera.(现在)Thescenerywasmarvelous,IwishedIhadhadacamera.(过去)IwishIcouldbuyaBMWatmy30thbirthdayparty.(将来)特殊结构：Itis(about/high)timesb/sthdidsth.wouldrather(wouldassoon,wouldsooner)sbdidsth.It’shightimethatsuchpractices______.a.areendedb.beendedc.wereendedd.mustbeended IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatI____myheadinmyhandsforacry.A.buryB.amburyingC.buriedD.wouldburyThemanagerwouldratherhisdaughter___inthesameoffice.a.hadnotworkedb.nottoworkc.doesn’tworkd.didn’twork1.全部倒装1).方向副词/地点副词/时间副词/介词词组在句首。如：away/in,out,here,there/now,then/intothe…,underthe…+运动性/存在性Vi+名词主语.2).表系主倒装。2.部分倒装1).否定副词(词组)2).only+状语3).程度状语在句首。如：never/onlybytheway/so+助动词(V1)+名词主语(S)+谓语动词(V2)4).比较状语从句的倒装。5).虚拟条件从句的倒装。6).引言在前的倒装。Thencametheordertoabandonship.Nowisthetimewhentheysaygoodbye.MoreimportantthanyourpersonalstatementisyourGPA.常见的否定副词(词组)：1.not,never,seldom,little,hardly,scarcely,nowhere.2.notuntil,bynomeans,notintheleast,onnoaccount,innoway,innocase,undernocircumstances,undernocondition,nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…,notonly…but(also)….比较状语从句的倒装： ShespeaksFrenchmuchbetterthandomostofherclassmates.引言在前的倒装：“Iwillrepairthecarbymyself,”saidTom.Nowhereintheworldcanyoufindamanwholovesyousomuch!Inthewinterfarbeneaththebittersnow,liestheseedthatwiththesun’sloveinthespring,becomestherose.WhenGreekmeetsGreek,thencomesthetugofwar.Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationsfortheweakandrespectforage.如果否定词不是修饰整个句子，而只是限定主语，则句子不倒装：Hardlyanyonecanpositivelyenjoysittinginatrainformorethanafewhours.4.Therecomesatimeineveryperson’slifewhenherealizesthatheisresponsibleforhisownhappiness,nototherpeople.5.Onlyinrecentyearshavepeoplebeguntorealizethatwilddogs,keptwithinbounds,oftendomoregoodthanharm.1.as引导的让步状语从句的倒装：adj/adv/Ved/n(不加冠词)+as+主+谓；V+as+主+助动词:例：Poorasheis,heisverygenerous.MuchasIrespecthim,Icannotagreewithhim.Praisedashewas,hewasmodest.Childasheis,heknowscommonsense.Tryasyouwill,youwon’tmanageit.2.be的倒装句复原后是whether…or…引导的让步状语从句,例:Allsubstances,betheygaseous,liquidorsolid,aremadeupofatoms.Allsubstances,whethertheymaybe gaseous,liquidorsolid,aremadeupofatoms.Betheycommonpeopleorhigh-rankingofficials,theystandequalbeforelaw.Toloveaperson,behenice-lookingornot,isthetruemeaningoflove.Americansaimhigh,sowhenaproblemoccurs,beitsocialoreconomic,schoolsareoftentheconvenientscapegoatforallofAmerica’sproblems.(TIME)比较状语从句的倒装：Asyoutreatme,sowillItreatyou.Justasfirstimpressionsarememorable,soarelastimpressions.Duringcollege,serviceparticipantsexhibitgreaterincreasesinsocialself-confidenceandleadershipabilitythandonon-participants.结果状语从句的倒装：Sogreatisourpassionfordoingthingsforourselvesthatwearebecomingincreasinglylessdependentonspecializedlabour.SoaffectionateanursewasMissSharp,thatMissCrawleywouldtakehermedicinefromnootherhand,tothegreatannoyanceofthelady’smaid.(VanityFair)分裂结构(6种)：1.名饰分裂2.动宾分裂3.主谓分裂4.连主分裂5.搭配分裂6.插入语导致的分裂 1.名饰分裂2).WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspotted45milessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.2.动宾分裂Iimpresseduponhimtheimportanceofthetask.3.连主分裂Theymarchedintothecitystateand,afterburningdownafewfarms,offeredtogoawayifprotectionmoneywaspaidtothem.4.主谓分裂Eachdayisaholiday,andordinaryholidays,whentheycome,aregrudgedasenforcedinterruptionsinanabsorbingvacation.5.搭配分裂6.插入语导致的分裂Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?1.except:(不用在句首)，表同类排除。2.a).主句(整体描述)+exceptfor/that(局部补充)Theessayiswellwrittenexceptforsomemisspellings.(exceptthattherearesomemisspellings)Myroommateisagoodguyexceptforhissloth.Highwayprograms,exceptforinterstateroutes,wouldbeslashed.b).exceptfor(=butfor):若不是，由于Shewouldhaveleftherhusbandyearsagoexceptforthechildren.状语从句的省略:1.时间状语从句:Besurenottoloseconfidencewhenconfrontedwithdifficulties.Informationwillbeavailablewhenneeded.2.条件状语从句: Mostanimalswecommonlyobservedoinfactageaswedo,ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough.(NCE)3.让步状语从句:Judges,howeverwiseoreminent,arehumanandcanmakemistakes.(NCE)Manypeople,whilenotaddictedormentallyill,lacktheeverydaysurvivalskills.4.方式状语从句:Helaythereanhouragoasifdead.Theoldmanopenedhismouthslowlyasifmurmuringsomewords.双否：1、Catsneverfailtofascinatehumanbeings.2.Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.3.Notadaypassedwithouttheirmeeting.4.Youcannotmakeomeletteswithoutbreakingeggs.5.NooneshouldcometoNewYorktoliveunlessheiswillingtobelucky.6.impossibleisNothing.8.Theaimoftherepetitionsofthesamecommercialontelevisionisnothingbuttobrainwashconsumersintocompulsiveconsumption.9.Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.10.Therehasnotbeenastatesmanofeminencebutwasamanofindustry.11.Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.12.Amanwhohasreceivedakindnesscannotbetoogratefulforit.13.Theimportanceoffamilyeducationinachild’soveralldevelopmentcanhardlybeoverestimated.否定句:1.Allsoundsmadebyanimalsdonotserveaslanguage.2.Shedidn’tmarryhimbecausehewasrich.3.Spidersarenotinsectsasmanypeopleimagine.独立主格(AbsoluteStructure)的构成模式：1.名词+现分/过分/形/副/介短/不定式。 2.with+名词+现分/过分/形/副/介短/不定式。1).Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityou.2).TheShenzhou-VIISpaceshiplaunchedsuccessfully,thewholecountrywasintremendousexcitement.3).Shecameintotheroom,herearsredwithcold.4).Heputonhissockswrongsideout.5).Heleft,(with)thefireburning.6).Hesaidhehadhadhisownlove,hiseyesmisting.Withalmosthalfofallmarriagesendingindivorce,menandwomenarerealizingtheyneedtobefinanciallysavvy.(08年阅读passage3)Somanydirectors___,theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.a.wereabsentb.beenabsentc.hadbeenabsentd.beingabsentAllflights___becauseoftheterribleweather,theyhadtogotherebytrain.a.werecancelledb.havingcancelledc.hadbeencancelledd.havingbeencancellednot…as/like/because/todo否定结构(as/like/because/todo结构在前否定不转移)1.Shedidnotmarryhimbecausehewasrich.2.Childrentodaydon’tbecomemoresophisticatedbecausetheyhaveaccesstomoreinformationthanchildrenofthepast.Idon’tcometoseeyou.cannot…too/over-结构1.Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin. Anywomancannotbetoorichortoothin.2.Theimportanceoffamilyeducationinachild’soveralldevelopmentcanhardlybeoverestimated.3.Abookmaybecomparedtoyourneighbor;ifitisgood,itcannotlasttoolong;ifitisbad,youcannotgetridofittooearly.强调句:主、宾、表、状1.Itwasthetrainingthathehadasayoungmanthatmadehimsuchagoodengineer.2.But,incontrast,itisonlyinmoderntimesthatGalileohasbecomeaproblemchild.3.Itisalwaysduetosomeveryspecialcircumstancesthattracesoflandanimalssurvive.4.ItwasafterreadingAdamSmith’sTheWealthofNationsthatJimGreenbecamefascinatedbytheeconomictheory.5.Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhomethatsherememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor.时态时(tense)：1.现在2.过去3.将来4.过去将来态(aspect):1.一般动作2.进行动作3.完成动作4.完成进行动作 1.一般现在时要点：1).表客观真理Knowledgeispower.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.2).表经常性、习惯性动作，若有副词，则放于be之前，实义动词之后：Heisalwayslate.Wealwaysgotoschoolbybike.3).表将来动作，用于条件状if,unless,时间状when,assoonas,before,after等中：I’llbegladifshecomestovisitme.4).表死者的理论、著作等：Darwinoriginatesthetheoryofevolution.5).引用书报内容：Thenewspaperreads,“Thecriminalhasbeenexecuted.”2.一般过去时要点：1).usedto与would:usedto可表过去重复的动作，含有“现在不再”之意；would只表过去重复的动作：WhenIwasaboy,I____goswimminginarivernearmyhome.There____bealotoffishinthisriver,butnothingseemstobeinitafterit’sbeenpollutedbythewastes.2).could与was/wereableto:Could表“总的、一般的能力”，was/wereableto表“特定环境中的具体能力”：Withtheaidofthewood,he_____swimacrosstheriver.I____recite50poemswhenIwas4 yearsofage.如用在否定句中，则两者无区别。3.一般将来时要点：1).begoingtodo表计划、打算之事，或有迹象发生之事：Sheisgoingtohaveababy.Look,it’sgoingtorain.2).betodo表安排好的事，非常正式：ThePrimeMinisteristovisitChinanextmonth.3).beabouttodo/onthepointofdoing/onthevergeofdoing/ontheeveofdoing表即刻要做之意。4.现在进行时要点：表心理活动、感官类的动词一般不用进行时：心理活动类：know,believe,understand,remember,think,love,like,hate,appreciate,need,want等。感官类：see,notice,perceive,hear,smell,taste,seem,appear,feel等。I’mfeelingfine./Ifeelyouarewrong.Heissmellingthefishanditsmellsnice.5.现在完成时要点：1).for+时间段,since+时间点(名词/时间短语)，前面的动词一般为延续动词。Ihavelivedhereforfouryears.Ihavelivedheresince2008/fouryearsago.2).主句用现在完成时，since从句用过去时。Themomhasbeengrievedsincehersondied.3).Ithasbeen/is+时间段since….Ithasbeen/is4yearssinceIgraduated.4).下列句式用现在完成时：This/That/Itisthefirsttime/second/…./lasttime/trip…that+havedone. This/That/Itistheonlytime/trip…that+havedone.This/That/Itisthebest/finest/worst/mostinteresting…that+havedone.若is变为was,则后面的havedone变为haddone.现在完成时与过去时的区别：Haveyouseen“TheButterflyLovers”?Didyousee“TheButterflyLovers”?主谓一致1.单数形式的名词，谓语用单数：1).many+a+名词单数:Manyaboyandgirlhasmadesuchafunnyexperiment.(=Manyboysandgirlshave…).2).morethanone+可数名词单数:Morethanonesubjecthasbeendiscussed.3).a+单数名词+ortwo作主语Awordortwoismisusedinthesentence.4).集体名词如party,class,team,crowd,crew,government,committee,public等，则要看情况而定：若看做整体，则谓语用单，若看做由具体成员组成，谓语用复：Thepublic___thebestjudge.Thepublic___requestedtowritedowntheirnamesinthisbook.Thecommittee____madeupofsixmembers.Thecommittee___unanimousintheiropinion.5).the+形/过去分词:若表物时，用单： Thebeautifulisnotthesameasthegood.若表人时，多用复：Theblindareunfortunate.2.复数形式的名词，谓语采用意义一致的原则：1).成对概念：trousers,pants,glasses,binoculars,scales等，谓语用复。2).形式虽为复数，但表单数概念的名词，谓语用单：works,politics,statistics,measles,diabetes,等。3).表时间、重量、数额的复数名词，谓语用单：Tenyearsisashortmomentinhistory.200dollarsisabigsumforme.3.并列关系：1).由and连接的多个成分，若表示一种事物或一种概念时，谓语用单；若表多个不同概念时，谓语用复：Thewriterandtranslatorisdeliveringaspeech.Thewriterandthetranslatoraredeliveringspeeches.同理：Ablackandwhitedogisplayingintheyard.Ablackandawhitedogsareplayingintheyard.2).由and连接的两个并列中主语，且and之后的名词有副词修饰（not,perhaps,particularly,even,too,aswellas等）修饰，则谓语要看and之前的名词：Jack,notTom,hasgonethere.Hisparents,andparticularlyJack,arefondofthismusic.3).两个表示不同物质的名词，虽由and连接， 但习惯上这两者常被同时使用，可视作一个整体，谓语用单：Breadandbutterismyfavoritebreakfast.Theforkandknifeishardformetouse.Aneedleandthreadiswhatsheneedsnow.4).谓语就近原则：NotonlyAbutalsoB….NotonlyAbutB….NotonlyAbutB…..aswell.EitherAorB….NeitherAnorB…谓语就远原则：AaswellasB…AalongwithB…AtogetherwithB…AcoupledwithB…AincludingB…AinadditiontoB…