高中英语语法专题复习讲义(有答案) 66页

高中英语语法专题复习讲义一、名词【知识点】一、可数名词的复数构成规则:1.规则变化:加-s,-es;辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/fe变成ves;(1)keys,threeHenrys;stomachs;safes;beliefs;proofs;roofs;gulfs;chiefs;heroes;potatoes;tomatoes;Negroes;dingoes(2)缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或’s都可,如:someVIPs(VIP’s);inhis50s/50’s;inthe1990s/1990’s;Therearetwot’sintheword“letter”.2.不规则变化:(1)men,children,feet,teeth,geese,mice;oxen等;(2)单复数形式相同:sheep;deer;fish;means;works(工厂);Chinese;Japanese;Swiss;(teas,fruits,fishes,metals等表示种类);(3)只有复数形式:trousers,glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes;ashes;contents(目录);goods;customs(海关);arms(武器);(4)复合名词的复数形式:shoeshops;lookers-on;grown-ups;passers-by;daughters-in-law(5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:(Chinese/Japanese)B:把man变成men:Englishmen;Frenchmen;C:其它加s(包括Germans,humans)二、不可数名词1.量的表示：用some/alittle/much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece,article,bottle,head,loaf,bar等：apieceofadvice/bread/news/information/equipment/chalk/cloth/clothing/music/work/furniture/paper/wood/baggage;aloafofbread;abarofchocolate;twoheadofcattle2.不可数名词具体化：Thesegamesaregreatsuccesses;Thepartywasagreatsuccess.三、名词的所有格：1.表示有生命的名词后加’s,如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加’s:JackandTom’sroom(两人共有的房间);Jack’sandTom’srooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：thewindowsoftheroom;(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加’s:China’sindustry;today’spaper;tenminutes’walk)2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：atmyaunt’s(house);atthedoctor’s(office);gotothechemist’s(shop);3.双重所有格：a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/afew/no/every/several/such/another/which等+名词+of+…..’s/名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；比较：afriendofhermother’s她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）afriendofhermother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）apictureofhisbrother’s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)apictureofhisbrother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）四、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的材质及用途；(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoeshop(s);storybook(s);coffeecup(s);physicsteacher(s);个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：salesmanager;sportsmeet;由man/woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/womendoctors;(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：adustbag(abagfordust)装灰尘的袋子/adustybag布满灰尘的袋子achemicalchange化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/achemistryteacher(ateacherofchemistry)一个化学老师agoldwatch一只金表(表材质)/agoldenwatch一只金黄色的表五、英语中”很多”的表达:只修饰可数名词:quiteafew/agreatmany(of)/many/a(large/small)numberof只修饰不可数名词:agreatdealof/agreatamountof(greatamountsof)既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plentyof/alotof(lotsof)/a(large)quantityof/largequantitiesof46 【练习】1.Noregularadvertiserdareproduceanythingthatfailstosticktothe_____ofhisadvertisement.A.standardB.levelC.messageD.promise2.-----Whatdoyouthinkofhiscomposition?------Muchbetter,butthere’sstillsome______forimprovement.A.spaceB.roomC.areaD.place3.Sometimesdoctorsmakehigher______fortheirworkthantheyshould.A.billsB.chargesC.costsD.prices4.The______ofabigsnakemadeherfrightened,soshesattherestill.A.sightB.lookC.viewD.scene5.No______shefellill,consideringthatshehadbeenoverworkingforyears.A.problemB.wayC.wonderD.matter6.-----Howisitthatyoulostyourway?------WhenIcametothecrossroads,Iwentthewrong________.A.wayB.directionC.distanceD.path7.LittleTomaskedmeforsmall_________forhis_________,soIgavehim________.A.change;tenpennies;tenpenceB.changes;tenpennies;tenpenceC.change;tenpence;tenpenniesD.changes;tenpence;tenpennies8.Willyoupleasetellme_______youaretalkingabout?A.whichZhangYimou’sfilmB.whichfilmofZhangYimouC.whichfilmofZhangYimou’sD.zhangYimou’swhichfilm9.Thebabybrokea_______whichismadeof_____justnow.A.teacup;glassB.cupoftea;glassC.tea’scup;glassesD.teacup;glasses10.Look,Motherhasjustboughtthree_______and_______.A.fruit;lotsofvegetablesB.fruits;anumberofvegetablesC.fruit;agreatmanyofthevegetablesD.fruits;agreatamountofvegetables11.Ifyougetthejobyou’llhavetomakebusiness______everynowandthen.A.journeysB.tripsC.travelsD.voyages12.Ilistenedtohislectureaboutbiology,butImissedthekey______.A.messagesB.senseC.notesD.points13.Heisalwaysfullof______asthoughheneverknewtiredness.A.strengthB.forceC.powerD.energy14.Therehasbeenagreat_______inthenumberofcarsinourcityinthepastfiveyears.A.increaseB.improvementC.resultD.effect15.Idon’tthinkit’smy______thattheTVdoesn’twork.Ijustturneditoff.A.mistakeB.faultC.dutyD.error16.------What’sthe______ofthispairofshoes?------500yuan.------Oh,it’sreallytooexpensive.-------Butit’scomfortable,soIthinkit’sgood_______formoney.A.cost;valueB.price;valueC.price;costD.cost;price17.Howdidyoulikethe________oftheinterpreter(口译员)attheconferenceonTV?A.performanceB.achievementC.materialD.words18.Sheisnotingood_______forsuchheavywork.A.stateB.conditionC.positionD.situation19.It’sbad_______foramantosmokeinpublicplaceswheresmokingisnotallowed.A.mannersB.actionC.movementD.manner20.Johnsonisanhonestbusinessman.Ourcompanyandhishashadalotof_______inthepastfewyears.A.agreementsB.salesC.dealsD.bargains46 主谓一致【知识点】英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1：either,neither,each,one,theother,another,anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everything,everybody,everyone,noone,nothing,nobody 做主语时，谓语一般用单数。Neitherofthetwosentencesiscorrect.Everythingaroundusismatter.(注意：none,neither,all,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)Noneofthemowns/ownacar.Neitheroftheboysare/isinterestedingeography.Allarehere.Andallthatcanbedonehasbeendone.2：表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。Fiveminutesisenough.Fourhundredfrancsisalotofmoney.3：each…andeach…，every…andevery;no…andno;manya…andmanya…等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。EachboyandeachgirlhasgotanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Nosoundandnovoiceisheardforalongtime.4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。Tosaysomethingisonething,todoitisanother.（tosaysomething,todo是不定式）“Howdoyoudo?”isnotaquestionbutagreeting.（Howdoyoudo?是句子，作主语）(注意：what引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)Whatweneedismoretime,whilewhattheyneedaremoredoctorsandmedicines.5：oneandahalf后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。Oneandhalfbananasisleftonthetable.6：用and连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。TheheadmasterandPartysecretaryisgoingabroadnextmonth.Breadandbutterismyusualbreakfast.7：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。Thenewsisdisappointingthatachemicalworksistobebuiltinthewestofthecity.8：名词由and或both…and连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。Bothcoffeeandbeerareonsaleintheshop.9：people,public,police,cattle做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。Thepolicehavecaughtthemurderer.Andpeoplearetalkingaboutthenews.考点10：表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。Yourtrousersaretoolong,buttheseshoesfityouquitewell.但有apairof连接时，谓语动词使用单数。Apairofglovesisanicepresentforher.11:不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Threemilliontonsofoilareexploitedeveryyearintheoilfield.12:在or,either---or---,neither---nor---,notonly---butalso---,not---but---,therebe等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsaretoblame.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherisenjoyingthefilm.考点13 :下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致:aswellas;ratherthan;like;except;besides;with;alongwith;including;such---as---;NoonebutJackandMaryknowsaboutit.Iaswellastheyamreadytohelpyou.考点14：someof;plentyof;alotof;mostof;therestof;all(of);half(of);分数或百分之+of+名词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。Alotofstudentsarewaitingoutside.Andlotsofthetimehasbeenwasted.46 Morethan70%oftheearth’ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.Tenpercentoftheapplesarebad.Therestofthestoryneedsnotelling.Hestayedathomeandtherestoftheboyswereoutatplay.15：由akindof;thiskindof;manykindsof和名词+ofthiskind等以及与kind意思相近的type,sort等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词取得一致。ThiskindofapplesellswellinChina.Applesofthiskindarehighlypriced.16：morethan开头的句子，看其后面的名词。Morethanoneansweriswrittenontheblackboard.Morethantwohundredsoldierswerekilledinthebattle.17:定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但oneof+复数名词+who/that引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one的前面是否有the(only)等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。Thisisoneofthebestbooksthathaveappearedthisyear.Sheistheonlyoneofthosewomenwhodoesn’tknowathingaboutknitting(编织).18:population;company;class.team;family;group;nation;world;government等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。Ourfamilyhasareunioneveryyear.Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.19：the+形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数;若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。Thericharefortheplan,butthepoorareagainstit.Thetrueistobedistinguishedfromthefalse.真实应与假相区别。(thetrue/thefalse表单数概念)20：anumberof+复数名词结构应用复数动词。thenumberof+复数名词结构应用单数动词。如：Anumberofpeoplewerekilledandinjuredintheexplosion.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledinthetsunami(海啸)hasgrownto160,000.注：“manya+单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。【练习】1.——HaveyouheardthatTianLiang,alongwithhisparents,_______toCanada?——Really?NowonderIhaven’tseenhimthesedays.A.hasbeenB.hasgoneC.havebeenD.havegone2.Overthree-quarterofthecity_______destroyedintheIraqWar.A.isB.areC.wereD.was3.Thiskindofstories________instructivewhilestoriesofthatkind________harmfultochildren.A.is;seemsB.are;seemC.is;seemD.are;seems4.Everybodyinourhometown,menandwomen,youngandold,________sportsandgames.A.arefondofB.joinsC.enjoysD.goinfor5.TheWhites’family,which_______ratheralargeone,________veryfondoftheirhouse.A.were;wereB.was;wereC.were;wasD.was;was6.Nothissonbuthistwodaughters________toCanada,nevertobeseenagain.A.hasgoneB.havegoneC.hasbeenD.havebeen7.Whentheinjured_______tothehospital,theycameto________.A.wasrushed;lifeB.wererushed;lifeC.rushed;livesD.wererushed;lives8.Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthat_______notfullyunderstood.A.areB.wereC.isD.was9._________visitorstoHongKongwereaskedbynewspaperreporterswhattheirimpressionsofthepeoplewere.A.ThenumberofB.AnumbersofC.NumbersofD.Anynumbersof10.Thoughsmall,theantisasmuchasacreatureas_________allotheranimalsonearth.A.areB.isC.doD.have11.Betweenthetworowsoftrees_______theteachingbuilding.46 A.haveB.hasC.standsD.are12.Everypossiblemeans_________triedbutwithoutmuchresult.A.havebeenB.hadC.hasD.hasbeen13.Therestofthestory________notelling.Halfofthestudents_______nointerestinit.A.need;hasB.needs;haveC.needs;hasD.need;have14.JohnandMary,___suretocometoourpartythisevening.A.beB.areC.isD.tobe15.Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksonthesubject________everbeenwritteninEnglish.A.thathasB.whichhaveC.thathaveD.whichis16.Everyboyandeverygirlaswellassometeacherswho____tovisitthemuseum____askedtobeattheschoolgatebefore6:30inthemorning.A.are,areB.is,isC.are,isD.is,are17.Agreatmanypeople_______presentatthemeeting.Butmanyaman________lateforthemeetingbecauseofthetrafficjam.A.are;areB.is;isC.were;wasD.was;are18.Heistheonlyoneofthechildrenwhooften________illofothersbehindtheirbacks.A.havespokenB.werespeakingC.speaksD.speak19.It’sIwho________theChristmasgifttoyou.A.hassentB.havesentC.isgoingtofetchD.aregoingtofetch20.Whatwereyourproblemsayearago_______minenow.A.hasbecomeB.havebecomeC.becomesD.became46 二、介词【知识点】一、基本知识：介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。介词分为三种，一种是简单介词，如at,in,on,beside,to,for等；另一种是短语介词，即由两个以上的词组组成的短语，如infrontof,becauseof,outof,insteadof等；还有一种叫二重介词，如untilafter,frombehind等。（一）介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。1、作定语：Thebookonthetableismine.2、作状语：Wehavebreakfastatseven.（表时间）；Theywerelateformeetingbecauseoftheheavyrain.（表原因）；Theystartedthemachinebypressingthebutton.（表方法）3、作表语：Mydictionaryisinthebag.4、作宾语补足语：Ifoundhimintheoffice.（二）主要介词之间的区别1、表示时间的at,in,on：at表示片刻的时间，如：at8o’clock，常用词组有：atnoon,atnight,atmidnight,attheendof,atthattime,atthebeginningof,attheageof,atChristmas,atNewYear等。in表示一段的时间，如：inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening,inOctober,in1998,insummer,inthepast,inthefuture等。on总是跟日子有关，onMonday,onChristmasmorning,onthefollowing,onMayDay,onawarmmorning等。2、表示时间的since和from：since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如：Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday./Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.3、表示时间的in和after：两者都表示“在（某个时间）之后，区别在于in表示“在（一段时间）之后”，而after则表示“在（某一具体时间点之后）”，in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如：We’llbebackinthreedays./Afterseventherainbegantofall./Whatshallwedoaftergraduation?注意：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后（常用在过去时里）。如：Aftertwomonthshereturned.4、表示地理位置的in,on,to：in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。如：ChangchunisinthenortheastofChina./MongoliaisonthenorthofChina./JapanistotheeastofChina.5、表示“在……上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。如：Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper./Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper./Hedugaholeinthewall.6、表示“穿过……”的through和across：through表示从内部通过，与in有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。如：Waterflowsthroughthepipe./Theoldmanwalkedacrossthestreet.7、inthecorner,onthecorner,atthecorner：inthecorner表示在角落里，in指角的内面；onthecorner表示“在角上”，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；atthecorner指“在拐角处”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如：Thelampstandsinthecorneroftheroom./Imetwithhimatthestreetcorner./Hesatonthecornerofthetable.8、intheend,attheendof,bytheendof：intheend作“最后”、“终于”解，可单独使用，后不接介词of；attheendof表示“在……末梢”，“到……尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用；bytheendof作“在……结束时”，“到……末为止”解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。如：Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety./Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden./TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek./bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.9、表示“关于”的about和on：两者都有“关于”的意思，不过前者为一般用词，而后者为较正式的“论述”。如：Hecametotellmeaboutsomethingimportant./Hewroteabookonscience.10、between,among：一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandme./Heisalwayshappyamonghisclassmates.注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间接关系，适用于between。如：Agreementsweremadebetweenthedifferentcountries.在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如：Thelittlevalleyliesbetweenhighmountains.。在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。如：Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,oatsandbarley.11、besides,except,but,exceptfor：besides指“除了……还有，再加上”。如：Allwentoutbesidesme.；except指“除了，减去什么”，不能放在句首。如：Allwentoutexceptme.；but46 与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”经常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything等和其他疑问词后面。如：Ineversawhimreadinganythingbutthenewspaper.；exceptfor表示“如无……就，只是”表明理由细节。如：Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.。12、表示“用”的in和with：表示工具的“用”，用with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”，用in。如：Heiswritingaletterwithapen./Hewrotetheletterinpencil./Wemeasureditinpounds./Readthetextinaloudvoice./TellmethestoryinEnglish.13、inchargeof和inthechargeof：两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于：inchargeof后接被照管的人或物，而inthechargeof后面则跟照管的人。如：Whoisinchargeoftheproject?/Theprojectisinthechargeofanengineer.。14、as,like：as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如：Letmespeaktoyouasafather.（事实是父亲）；like作“象……一样”解。如：Letmespeaktoyoulikeafather.（事实上不是父亲）。15、infrontof和inthefrontof：infrontof=before，是“在……前面”的意思（不在某物内）；inthefrontof则是“在……前部”的意思（在某物内）。如：Thereisadeskinfrontoftheblackboard./Theboysatinthefrontofthecar.。16、in,into：into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。如：Wewalkedintothepark.；in通常表示位置。如：Wewalkedinthepark；in和drop,fall,put,throw,break等终止性动词连用时，也可以表示动向。如：Ihaveputthecoinin(into)mypocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。二、复习时要把握三点：（一）要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。Hehasn’tcomeforamonth.(for持续时间)ThedayiswarmforApril.（for就……而言）（二）要突破几个关键介词in,on,at,with,by,from,of,to,for.1.表示时间的：at;in;on,since,from,to,after,within,during,throughout,towards,over,by,till;2.表示穿越的:through,across,over3．表示地理位置的：in;on;to;4．表示原因、目的的：for;with;from;5.表示关于的:about,concerning,regarding,withregardto,asfor,asto;6.表示根据：on;accordingto;7.inthecorner;onthecorner,atthecorner的区别8．between和among9．besides;except;but;exceptfor10．in和with（三）要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。1.固定与to构成搭配的名词：key,answer,visit,apology,introduction,note,etc.2.与on有关的：mercy,congratulations3.与at有关的：angry,good,bad,clever,terrified,surprised;4.与of有关的：afraid,sure,full,tired,fond,proud,worthy,certain;5.与with有关的：angry,strict,careful,busy,poplar;6.与to有关的：next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,anxious,married,close,near,similar,due;7.与for有关的：sorry,good,free,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,hungry;8.与from有关的：far,different,free,safe,absent,tired.【练习一】1.Theteacheriswriting____apieceofchalkontheblackboardwhilethestudentsarewriting____inkinexercisebooks.A.with,inB.in,withC.in,inD.with,with2.Theworkercanmakechairs____wood,andalsocanmakepaper____wood.A.from,ofB.of,fromC.of.ofD.from,from3.Marydroppedin____MrSmith,buthewasn"tathome,soshewenttodropin____MrSmith"soffice.A.on,onB.at,atC.on.atD.at.on4.Theteacherisnotonlystrict____hispupilsbutalsostrict____hisownwork.A.with,withB.in,inC.in,withD.with,in5.Hisgrandfatherdied____thewoundthattheenemysoldierhadgivenhim.andthenhisgrand-motherdied____hungryandcold.A.from,ofB.of,fromC.from,fromD.of.of46 6.Ifyourun____twoharesyouwillcatchneither.A.intoB.afterC.offD.outof7.Thisisacommonmistake____students.A.betweenB.overC.amongD.about8.Myfatherbegantowork____abusdriverwhenhewastwentyyearsold.A.forB.toC.atD.as9._____hearingthenews,Iwaswild____joy.A.At,inB.On,withC.After,byD./,over10.Idon"tthinkXiaoLiis____theotherstudents____mathematics.A.after,onB.after,withC.behind,inD.behind,at11.Nobodyknowsit____me.A.exceptforB.exceptthatC.besidesD.but12.Thewindowisneveropened____insummer.A.butB.exceptC.exceptforD.butfor13.Ithappened____theLongMarch.A.duringB.inC.atD.for14.Wegotoschool____abike.A.inB.onC.byD.of15.It"sverykind____youtorepairthebike____me.A.for.forB.of,ofC.of,forD.for,of16.Freshairisgood____yourhealth.A.atB.forC.ofD.to17.Theboyiswaiting____hissisterandtheywillgotothehospitaltowait____theirsickmother.A.for,onB.on,forC.for,forD.on.on18.Thegroupismadeup____fivestudents.Andtheyarestudyinghardtomakeup____thelosttime.A.of,ofB.for,forC.of,forD.for,of19.ThePLAmansavedtheboy____death.A.ofB.fromC.toD.on20.Hewillcome____threedays.A.beforeB.afterC.inD.later21.HewenttoBeijingandreturned____threedays.A.inB.beforeC.laterD.after22.Hewillreturn____threeo"clock.A.afterB.inC.onD.at23.Hewrotethearticle____threedays.A.atB.inC.onD.by24.Iagree____whatyousaid.A.toB.onC.withD.at25.Doyouagree____thisplan(arrangement)?A.atB.withC.onD.to26.Finallytheyagreed____thetermsofthecontract.A.onB.toC.withD.at27.Doyouoftenhear____yourbrother?A.ofB.fromC.outofD.about28.1heard____thebooklongago,butIhaveneverreadit.A.outB.fromC.ofD.with29.Theplaneflew____thecity.A.acrossB.pastC.throughD.over30.Wewalked____theTianAnMenSquaretotheMuseumofChineseHistory.A.acrossB.throughC.byD.past31.Iwaswandering____thestreetswhenIcaughtsightofatailor"sshop.A.acrossB.throughC.byD.past32.Ourbusdrove____theGreatHallofthePeople.A.acrossB.throughC.pastD.over33.____thesun,nothingwouldgrow.A.ForB.WithC.UnderD.Without34.Theteacherisbusy____teaching.A.withB.forC.onD.of35.Theteacherisbusy____correctingpapers.A.forB.inC.onD.of36.WeleftXi"an_.___averyhotsummerafternoon.A.onB.inC.duringD.by37.Shefeltdisappointedwhenshefoundouttheyhadgoneswimming____her.A.butB.exceptC.exceptforD.without38.Histeacherwasangry____him____hisbeinglate.A.at,withB.at,forC.with,forD.with,about39.Myfatherwasdisappointed____thenews.A.byB.aboutC.atD.on40.MrWangwenttoNanjing____October,1998andcamebackhome____themorningofNov.5.46 A.at;inB.on;atC.in;onD.by;from41.Myunclelives____105HuangheStreet.Hisroomis____thefifthfloor.A.at;onB.td;atC.on;inD.of;to42.Idon"tthinkyoucanworkoutthemathsproblem____theteacher"shelp.A.sinceB.unlessC.becauseD.without43.Heisrunning____thewindtowardstheeastofthestation____Tomisrunning____theright.A.down;and;onB.against;while;onC.for;with;inD.with;while;to44.InHangzhouMrGreenwassostruck____thebeautyofnaturethathestayed____anothernight.A.at;onB.with;atC.for;inD.by;for45.Manypeoplearestill____thehabitofwritingsillythings____publicplaces.A.at;atB.in;inC.into;ofD.during;at46.-Doyougothere____bus?-No,wegothere____atrain.A.in;onB.on;onC.by;inD.by;with47.Imadethecoat____myownhands.Itwasmade____hand,notwithamachine.A.in;inB.in;withC.with;byD.with;with48.Thetrees____frontofthehouseare____thechargeofOldLi.A.in;inB.at;inC.in;byD.from;in49.Theoldmandied____cold____acoldnight.A.from;atB.of;inC.of;onD.for;during50.DoesJohnknowanyotherforeignlanguages____French?A.exceptB.butC.besidesD.beside51.Helookedquitehealthy____hewas____theageofseventy.A.when;atB.because;inC.if;forD.though;at52.-Howlonghasthebookshopbeeninbusiness?-____1982.A.AfterB.InC.FromD.Since53.Didyouhaveanytrouble____thepostoffice?A.tohavefoundB.withfindingC.tofindD.infinding54.Totellyouthetruth,Ihavenothingtodo____it.A.aboutB.withC.forD.of55.Somethingmustbedonetopreventourcity____bythicksmoke.A.tobepollutedB.frompollutingC.frombeingpollutedD.polluting56.____thestudentslikesthepaintings.Whichiswrong?A.TheteacheraswellasB.NobodybutC.TheteacherbesidesD.Allexcept57.Henry,____MaryandTom,iscomingtoChinaforavisit.Whichiswrong?A.togetherwithB.likeC.andnotD.butinadditionto58.Taiwanis____theeastofFujian.A.inB.atC.toD.on59.HisfatherwillbebackfromLondon____afewdays.A.sinceB.inC.onD.after60.Weofferedhimourcongratulations____hispassingthecollegeentranceexams.A.atB.onC.forD.of61.Theword"write"hasthesamepronunciation____theword"right".A.ofB.asC.toD.from62.Thetrainleaves____6:00p.m.SoIhavetobeatthestation____5:40p.m.atthelatest.A.at;untilB.for;afterC.at;byD.before;around63.Go____thegateandyou"11findtheentrance____thepark____theotherside.A.through;to;onB.along;of;onC.down;to;atD.up;of;by64.One____fivewillhavethechancetojoininthegame.A.withinB.amongC.inD.from65.Becauseofherdevotion_____music,shehasbecomefriendlywithMr.Zhang.A.in　　B.to　　C.with　　D.on　　66.Whatideacanamanwhoisblindfrombirthhave_____46 color?A.in　　B./　　C.with　　D.of67.Somepeoplesaythatwelive_____theageofcomputers.A.in　　B.at　　C.with　　D.for68.---MayIattendyourlecture,Mr.Green?---Welcome_____openarms.　　A.with　　B.by　　C.in　　D.for69._____defeated,theydidn"tloseheart.　　A.Inspiteof　　B.Exceptfor　　C.Though　　D.Until70.IsawJackyesterday.Hetoldmethathewouldstayhere_____theendofthisyear.　　A.at　　B.by　　C.for　　D.till71.Thetrainleavesat6:00p.m.SoIhavetobeatthestation____5:40p.m.atthelatest.A.untilB.afterC.byD.around("97NMET11)72.Theboyoughttohavegonetoschool___,butheslept___noon.A.inthemorning,atB.thatmorning,atC.inthatmorning,untilD.thatmorning,until("93上海)73.Thedoctorwillbefree____.　　A.10minuteslaterB.aftertenminutes　　C.intenminutesD.10minutesafter("92MET.20)74._____moststudents,shewasalwayswellpreparedandnevercametoclasslate.　　A.LikeB.AsC.ForD.To("98上海高考题2)75.Let"swalkover___theshopontheothersideofthestreet.A.inB.toC.underD.by("93上海)76.Thenumberoftheemployeeshasgrownfrom1,000to1,200.Thismeansithasrisen____20percent.A.byB.atC.toD.with("99上海高考)77.____productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.A..AsB.ForC.WithD.Through(2000NMET.18)78.DoesJohnknowanyotherforeignlanguage___French?A.exceptB.butC.besidesD.beside("89MET.13)79.Iknownothingabouttheyounglady___sheisfromBeijing.A.exceptB.exceptforC.exceptthatD.besides(2000上海高考13)80.---Youaresolucky.---Whatdoyoumean____that?(2002年春招)A.for　　B.in　　C.of　　D.by【练习二】1.---Whatdoyouwant_______thoseoldboxes?---ToputthingsinwhenImovetothenewflat.A.byB.forC.ofD.with2.Luckily,thebulletnarrowlymissedthecaptain________aninch.A.byB.atC.toD.from3.Thetrainleavesat6:00pm,soIhavetobeatthestation_______5:30pm.A.untilB.afterC.byD.around4.Thelittleboywasquitealoneintheworld________anauntintheUnitedStates.A.exceptforB.exceptC.besidesD.exceptthat5.________hisgreatsurprise,hisshopwasrobbed________computers.A.To;ofB.For;ofC.From;withD.To;with6.Weofferedhimourcongratulations_________hispassingthedrivingtest.A.atB.forC.ofD.on7.Einstein’sspecialtheoryofrelativityisquite_______me.A.forB.beyondC.toD.against8.Howmuchdidyoupay________thetickets________tonight’sNewYearConcert?A.for;forB.for;toC.for;ofD.to;for9.Hehasbeencaught________therainandiswet________skin.A.by;toB.in;toC.in;throughD.with;in46 10.---Howlonghaveyoubeenlikethis?---_______lastFriday.A.FromB.SinceC.InD.After11.Besidesbeingabletowalkonforthreedayswithoutdrinking,camelscanalsoliveforalongtime________smallquantitiesoffood.A.withB.onC.byD.without12.I’msorryit’s________mypowertomakeafinaldecisionontheproject.A.overB.aboveC.offD.beyond13.---Didyoulosethematch?---Yes,welostthematch_______onegoal.A.byB.atC.withD.only14.Thestudyyouhavebeenmaking________thelivingthingsintheoceanisaninstructivejob.A.toB.forC.ofD.from15.Ifeltitratherdifficulttotakeastand________theopinionofthemajority.A.toB.byC.inD.against16.---Yourdaughteristallenough________herage.---Yes.Iwasmuch________whenIwasherage.A.for;tallerB.at;tallerC.at;shorterD.for;shorter17.---Whenwillthegamebegin?---Itwillbeginlaterthanusual_______tenminutes.A.inB.onC.byD.at18.---Isyourgrandmastillwithyou?---No.Shestillpreferstoliveinthecountryside_________allitsdisadvantages.A.forB.exceptC.withD.to19.Let’skeepintouch.Youcanreachme________thisnumber.A.atB.onC.fromD.in20.---MissLi,Jackisill,sohecan’tcometoschool.---Thenwe’llbeginourclass_________him.A.exceptforB.apartfromC.exceptD.without21.---It’ssonoisyupstairs.Peter,bettergoandseewhattheyhavebeenup________.---OK.A.toB.inC.withD.for22.---What’syourfavoritesport?---Jogging.Irun_________therivereverymorning.A.aroundB.onC.alongD.in23._________running,learningEnglishneedswill.A.AswithB.AstoC.AsforD.Asif24.________leftbeforethedeadline,itdoesn’tseemlikelythathewillfinishthejob.A.ThoughsuchashorttimeB.BecausesuchashorttimeC.WithsuchashorttimeD.Assuchashorttime25.Heremindedme_______thetime_______themeeting.A.at;atB.of;ofC.in;inD.at;in26.Thesunwillrise________aboutaquarterofanhour.A.onB.inC.afterD.at27.LiuXiang’sparentswereoverjoyedandburst______tears_______thenewsoftheirson’svictoryintheOlympicGames.A.into;atB.out;forC.forth;onD.to;after28.Hellenusedtobeashygirl,butshehasgrown_______itnow.A.withoutB.overC.awayD.outof29.ThisistheAudicar__________shecamehere.A.bywhichB.bythatC.inwhichD.withwhich30.Myhouseis________astone’sthrowfromschool,soIoftengotoschool_______foot.46 A.within;onB.to;byC.on;onD.of;with31.Wewentonapicnic________theheavyrain.A.althoughB.inspiteofC.becauseofD.for32.---CanIborrowsomemoneyfromyou?---You’realreadyindebt_________meforsixtydollars.A.toB.forC.fromD.by33.Hisbest-knownworkthatis________allpraisecanbeseeninthemuseum.A.withoutB.beyondC.withD.within34.Helikeshiscoffeewithsugar;Ilikemine________.A.notB.ofnoC.noneD.without35.Withoutathoroughgrasp________biology,astudentcannothopetostudymedicine.A.inB.forC.ofD.with36.Wedecidedtoclimbthemountain,but_______secondthoughtrealizedthatitwastoodangerous.A.afterB.onC.inD.at37._________successIdon’tmeanwhatisusuallythoughtofwhenthatwordisused.A.InB.ByC.WithD.For38.Mr.Smithapologized_________thechildren________thelady________whattheyhaddone.A.for;to;toB.for;to;forC.to;to;forD.to;for;for39.Welive_______asmallriverthatflows________theThames.A.in;intoB.on;intoC.at;ontoD.in;onto40.________curiosity,Iwenttothecustomerservicecounterandaskedwhy.A.BeyondB.BesidesC.ApartfromD.Outof41.Mr.Johnsongoestoworkveryearlyinthemorningandgoesonworkinguntillateintheafternoon_________abreakatmidday.A.withB.forC.asD.through42.Themannedspacecraft“ShenhouV”,________Chinagreetsthe21stcentury,marksnewprogressinthecentury’sspaceprogram.A.forwhichB.fromwhichC.inwhichD.withwhich43.Hemighthavebeenkilled________thearrivalofthepolice.A.exceptforB.apartfromC.butforD.inspiteof44.Isn’t_________rude______himtotalktohismotherlikethat?A.that;forB.that;ofC.it;forD.it;of45.Theoryisbasedonpracticeand______turnservespractice.A.onB.inC.byD.at46 三、代词【知识点】一、重要知识点：1、在定语从句中，当先行词是代词he/she/those/anyone等时，从句的引导词指人时用who,指物时用that。e.g.Thosewhoknowtheanswercangoonwiththeotherexercises.HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.Anythingthatbenefitsthepeoplewillbeaccepted.2、all(both,every,each)……not=notall(both,every,each)构成部分否定，他们的全部否定分别是：none,neither,noone(nothing)e.g.Notallthestudentscouldunderstandhisexplanation.Eachchildcannotgotoschoolinthemountainvillage.3、含有else的所有格有以下几种表示法：somebodyelse’s,anybodyelse’s,nobodyelse’s;whoelse’s=whoseelse4、不定代词作主语，代词可用：it（指物）、he（指人）、they（指人、物）e.g.Everyoneknowshowtodoit,doesn’the/don’tthey?5．all作主语时的数：代替可数名词，是复数；代替不可数名词，是单数；作“所…的一切”解释时，不可数，动词用单数。6.反身代词：byoneself:亲自、独自、自动地；ofoneself:自动地；beoneself:身体好helponeself(to…):自助、自己拿……；initself:本质上、就其本身而言。e.g.Themanistoooldtolivebyhimself./Thedoorclosedofitself.I’mnotquitemyselftoday./Thequestioninitselfisnotverydifficult.7.用人称代词简略回答时，要用人称代词的宾格。e.g.----Whoisknockingatthedoor?----Me,Tom.MetoplayPingpongwithhim?8.Therest、Theremainder作主语时，谓语动词取决于它们所替代的名词。e.g.Ihavereadhalfofthebook.Therestistobefinishedinaweek.Severalpeopleweresaved,buttheremainderwerestillinsidetheburninghouse.二、区别以下几组词：1、none,nothing,noone(nobody)none：（指三个以上之中）没有任何（人、物），常用来否定回答以Howmany/Howmuch…?引起的疑问句。可以后接介词短语of…；作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。e.g.----Howmanysheepdidyouseeonthehill?----None.----Pleasegivemesomeink.----Sorry,thereisnone(noink)left.Noneofthestudentscouldanswerthequestion,whichmadetheteacherdisappointednothing：（视为单数）没什么，无事e.g.Afterthefire,nothingwasleftonthehills.Nothingdidhesayandhewenthomesilently.noone=nobody：没有一个人，只能指人，是单数，常用来否定回答Who…?的疑问句，后面不可接of介词短语。e.g.----Whobrokethewindow?----Noone.Itbrokeofitself.2、it/they，one/ones，theone/theones，that/thoseit/they：用来指前面所提及的名词本身，起替代作用，避免重复；e.g.Heboughtapen.Itcosthim50yuan./Hehastwobrothers.Theyarebothworkers.one/ones：用来指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个，是泛指;还可以泛指人。e.g.----Doyouhaveacamera?----No,butmyfatherhasone.Achairmadeofironisusuallyheavierthanonemadeofwood.Onecannotbetoocarefulwhencrossingtheroad.theone/theones：用来特指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个。e.g.----I’mlookingforapen.----Howdoyouliketheoneinthebox?----Whoaretheboys?----Youmeantheonesplayingbasketball?that/those：“that”用来替代前面出现过的可数名词单数=the46 one或不可数名词，以避免重复；“those”用来替代前面出现过的可数名词复数=theones，以避免重复。e.g.Thepriceofapenisoftenhigherthanthatofapencil.TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinShanghai.ThestudentsinClassTwoaremorehard-workingthanthose(theones)inClassOne.3、some/any,everybody/anybody习惯上，some和everybody用于肯定句，any和anybody用于疑问、否定句。但当some用于疑问句时，表示对所涉及的名词持肯定态度，everybody用于疑问句时，译为“大家、每个人”。e.g.Iseverybodypleasedwiththeshow?试比较：Doyouhaveanywater?(对water持怀疑态度)----Doyoulikesomemorewater?----No,thanks.(对water持肯定态度)any和anybody也可以用于肯定句。当它们用于肯定句时，有很强的强调口气。e.g.----Whenshallwemeetagain?----Anytimeyoulike.Anybodyhereknowshowtotreatastranger.4、who/whoever,what/whatever,which/whichever,whom/whomeverwho/what/which/whom是疑问词，引起的句子具有疑问色彩；whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever是代词，并不引起疑问句，而用来引导名词性从句或让步状语从句。e.g.WhowillteachusEnglishisstillunknown.Whoeverdiditwillbepunished./Whoeverdidit,hewillbepunished.Whatwouldyoudoifyouhadthatsumofmoney?/Whateveryoudo,doitwell.5、other/others;theother/theothers;anotherother：作代词时，一般不单独使用，而必须与any,some,no等连用。e.g.HeisnootherbutTom./Theseareallwehave,wehavenoother(s).others：常与some连用，表示：一些……其它的……。e.g.Somepeoplelikefishing,somelikeboating,othersskating.theother:与one连用，构成词组：one…theother：指两者中“一个……另一个……”theothers:指在一定范围中的“其余的”。e.g.Inourclasssomestudentsaregoodatmaths,somearegoodatChinese,theothersaregoodatphysics.another:是形容词，“另一个、再一个”，一般作定语，既可以修饰单数名词，又可以修饰复数名词，还可以修饰数词。e.g.WestayedinNewYorkforanotherthreeweeks./Pleasehaveanotherapple.当another修饰单数名词时，在上下文意思明确的情况下，可以把名词省略，这时another起代词作用。e.g.Aftereatinganapple,Ihadanother(one).6、all;both;each;every;eitherall：指三者或三者以上的所有，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。both：指“两者都”，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。each：“每一个”，一般指两者中的每一个，也可指许多中的每一个；可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。e.g.Therearetreesoneachside/bothsidesoftheriver.Eachofushasachancetogotouniversity.Weeachhaveadictionary.every：指三者或三者以上中的每一个，是形容词，只能作定语，后面不能接of介词短语。either：指“两者中一个”或“两者中无论哪一个”，可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词作主语、宾语；后可接of介词短语。e.g.Ifyoukeepstill,youcansitoneitherendoftheboat.Idon’tlikeeitherofthem.Doyouhaveanyotherblouse?【练习】1.----Doyouwantteaorcoffee?----_____.Ireallydon’tmind.46 A.BothB.NoneC.EitherD.Neither2.Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother,doesitmatter______itwas?A.whereB.whatC.howD.which3.----You’realwaysworking.Comeon,let’sgoshopping.----_______youeverwanttodoisgoingshopping.A.AnythingB.SomethingC.AllD.That4.Thebossdecidedtodismisstwoworkers:________.A.youandTomB.IandyouC.MaryandID.sheandyou5.Idon’tcarefor______ofthehats.Wouldyoushowmeathirdone?A.allB.noneC.eitherD.both6.Inowdonotaccept______thatisofferedtome,Ionlychoosethoseuseful.A.anythingB.anyC.whateverD.everything7.Aschoolisanexcitingplace,____inwhichnewtalentsarebeingdiscoveredeveryday.A.andB.thatC.thereD.one8.----Howmuchvinegardidyouputinthesalad?----I’msorrytosay,_______.Iforgot.A.noB.nothingC.nooneD.none9.----Isthisumbrellayours?----No,mineishere.Itmustbe________.A.someone’sB.someone’selseC.someoneelse’sD.someone’selse’s10.Ourfeelingswere___________.A.thesameastheyB.sameastheirsC.sameastheyD.thesameastheirs11.Youcanreachthetown______roadyoutake.A.whateverB.whatC.whicheverD.which12.______whowishtogoswimmingmaysignuphere.A.AnypersonB.ThoseC.AnyoneD.These13.Nowthatthenewmachineshavebeenbought,_____willyoudowiththeold_____?A.how;onesB.how;oneC.what;oneD.what;ones14.Thethievesranawayseparately,_____carryingabag.A.allB.eachC.everyD.either15.----Didanybodyaskformeduringmyabsence?----Yes,______calledBlackaskedtoseeyou.A.heB.itC.oneD.that46 四、冠词【知识点】一、不定冠词中的主要用法：1.表“一个”“每一个”（=per）“某一个”（=acertain/some）,如:eighthoursaday;aMr.Smith2.a/an+抽象名词表示具体的人或物（如：apleasure/success/failure/comfort/shame等）;a/an+某些物质名词表示“一阵”“一份”等,如:aheavyrain;3.a/an+有些名词=thesame+n.如:Thestudentsstandingthereareofanage(=ofthesameage.)二．定冠词的主要用法:（一）1.特定的或上文提到的人或物(包括特指的不可数名词);2.一些习惯用语及固定词组中;（二）1.世界上独一无二的物,或表示方位及发明物前:theuniverse;thesun;themoon;Heinventedthewheel;2.乐器名词前:playtheviolin;3.表计量单位的名词前,表示”按……”:bythedozen/yard/hour;4.与形容词或分词连用表示某一类人或事(或某国家的人):theold/sick/Chinese;（三）1.用于姓的复数形式前表示夫妇两人或某一家人:theBrowns2.年代的名词前表示”某十年代”:inthe1990s（四）1.在表示江河,海洋,山脉,群岛,海峡,海湾等名词前：theYellowSea;theEnglishChannel;theRockyMountains;2.在由普通名词构成的表示机构、国家、建筑、历史朝代、三军、报刊,、杂志等名词前：theSongDynasty;theWorldTradeCenter;thePeople’sDaily;theTimes;（五）1.用在序数词及形容词最高级前(但:myfirstvisittotheGreatWall);2.对两人/物间进行比较表示特定的一个时(the+比较级):Heisthetallerofthetwins;3.句型”the+比较级……,the+比较级”中:Thehigheryoustand,thefartheryou’llsee.三．不用冠词的场合:（一）1.抽象和物质名词前(除非表示特定时);2.星期,季节,月份的名词前(比较:inwinter/inthewinterof2000;onSunday/onaSundayinMay);3.三餐饭前(比较:havelunch/haveabiglunch);4.球类或棋类名词前(playcards/chess);5.表示学科的名词前;6.by+交通工具的名词前(bycar=inacar);7.表示节假日的名词前(但:theMid-AutumnFestival或可说成Mid-AutumnDay);（二）1.在称呼语前及表示人的职位,头衔,身份的名词在句中作表语,补足语及同位语时(在as后也常省略);2.指家中雇佣的cook,nurse,teacher等时不用冠词并且大写:Hewasmademonitorofourclass;What’sthematter,Grandpa?（三）1.动词turn后的名词前不用冠词（但become后接可数名词单数时要加冠词）:turndoctor=becomeadoctor;2.word表示“消息”“诺言”时不用冠词:leaveword；keepone’sword3.man表示“人类”时不用冠词;4.连词as(虽然)引导倒装句中的名词前不用冠词;（四）在一些表示街名,广场名,公园名,大学名,国名,人名等专有名词前:NanjingRoad;TianAnMenSquare;HydePark(但:thePeople’sPark);YaleUniversity(theUniversityofYale)（五）下列短语中有无冠词意义大不一样:in(the)prison;by(the)hand;goto(the)hospital;outof(the)question;in(the)frontof;(the)threeofus;the/anumberof;haveaword/wordswithsb.;asingerand(a)dancer;aknifeand(a)fork;a/thesecondtime;a/themostbeautifulcity四．冠词的位置:1.all/both/half/many/double/such/what/quite+冠词+(形容词)+名词:halfthebooks;manyastudent;suchafineday;Whatalovelypresent!quiteabigmeal2.as/so/how/too+形容词+冠词+名词:sofineaday;toodifficultaproblem;ascleveraboyasyou【练习】1.-----Jack,there’s______Mrs.Smithon______phoneforyou.------I’minthebath.46 A.a;theB.the;aC.a;/D.the;/2.Tellhernottostayin_____hotelnexttimeshecomeshere.Icanfind_____bedforherinmyflat.NowI’msleepyandIwanttoheadfor_______bed.A.the;/;/B.a;/;aC.the;a;/D.the;a;the3.AfterIleft_______university,Iturned_______lawyer.A.an;aB.a;aC./;/D.the;the4.------Whatabout______lecturethismorning?------Oh,itwastoodifficult________lectureforme.A.the;theB.a;aC.a;theD.the;a5.Themanagerdecidedtoput_____planinto______practicebecausehethoughtitwas______mostpracticalone.A.the;the;aB.a;/;theC.the;/;aD.a;the;the6.Peopleof_______kindfallinto______samegroupandthingsof_____kindflocktogether.A.the;the;theB.a;the;aC.a;/;aD.the;a;the7.------Whatdoyouusuallyhavefor_____breakfast?------Somemilkandbread.-----WhataboutJim?------Heneverhas______breakfast,forhealwaysgetsuptoolate,butthismorninghehadquite________bigbreakfast.A./;/;/B./;/;aC.the;the;aD.the;the;/8.Hetoldmethatitwas_____pleasuretohelpothersandhewoulddoitwith______pleasure.A.a;aB./;/C.the;aD.a;/9.------Ihavetelephonedhimforthreetimesthismorning,butitseemsthatheisstillin_____hospital.-------Whynotcallhimfor_______fourthtime?Maybehe’sbacknow.Hetoldmeyesterdaythedoctorallowedhimtocomehomethismorning.A./;aB.the;theC.a;aD./;the10.It’softenlessexpensivetobuygoodsin______quantity,butyou’dbetterexamine_______qualitybeforebuyingthem.A./;theB.the;/C.a;theD.the;the11.Timcouldn’tremembertheexactdateoftheearthquake,butheknewitwas_____Sundaybecauseeverybodywasat________church.A./;theB.a;theC.a;/D.the;/12.Thepriceof________jewelisdecidedbythesortof______materialused.A.the;theB.the;/C./;theD./;/13.Applesareusuallysoldby______weightandeggsaresometimessoldby______dozen.A.the;theB./;aC./;theD.the;a14.------Ihearasmanyas50childrenwerekilledintheaccident.------Yes,_____newscameas_____shocktome.A.the;theB.the;aC./;/D./;a15.-----Areyouusedtoourfoodhere?------Moreorless,but______knifeand_______forkisstillaproblem.A.the;theB.a;aC.the;/D./;/16.KarlMarxfirstdiscovered______politicaltheoryknownas_______communism.A.a;aB.the;theC.the;/D.a;/17._____librarybuildinginourschoolwascompletedin_____Mayof1998,notin_______April,1997.A.A;/;/B.The;the;/C.A;the;/D.The;/;/18.------Whatdoyouthinkof______president?-------Ididn’tcareforhimatfirst,butafter______timeIgottolikehim.A.the;aB./;theC.the;theD./;a19.------Hesent______wordthatyoushallgotohisofficeafterclass.------Iknow.And______wordhascomethatyouarethenextpersonhewantstosee.A./;/B.the;/C.a;/D.a;the46 五、形容词和副词【知识点】一、形容词1．作定语1).多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词（冠词、指示代词、人称代词、数词等）＋描绘性形容词（beautiful,interesting…）＋大小、长短、高低＋形状＋年龄、新旧＋颜色＋国籍、地区、出处＋材料性质＋用途、类别＋名词中心词。acharmingbigroundnewblackFrenchwoodenwritingdesktheman’sfirsttwointerestinglittleredFrenchoilpaintings2)定语后置A）形容词短语作定语alanguagedifficulttomasterB）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如achildasleep,thegreatestmanaliveC）修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时eg.Isthereanythinginterestingintoday’snewspaper?D）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。Whatelsedoyouknow?E）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，但修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。2.作表语1)系表结构。与系动词be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep.smell，taste，sound，turn，remain,go,come,stay,stand,run等连用2)表语形容词。常见的有以a-起首的afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive以及well,ill(生病)，fond,sorry,unable,worth,glad,sure等注意：以a-起首的词除了作后置定语外还作补语。eg.Keepthefishalive修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quitealone,verymuchalone,wideawake,fast/soundasleep,verymuchafraid3.作状语形容词或形容词短语表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。例如：        Hewenttobed,coldandhungry.        Afraidoftroubles，hewouldnotaccepttheduty.4.复合形容词1）形容词+名词+edkind-hearted好心的，fair-haired金发的2)形容词+形容词red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的3）形容词+现在分词good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的4）副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的5）副词+过去分词hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的6）名词+形容词life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的7）名词+现在分词peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的8）名词+过去分词snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的9）数词+名词+edfour-storeyed4层楼的，three-legged3条腿的10）数词+名词（名词用单数）ten-year10年的,two-man两人的二、副词1．频度副词如often,always,usually,sometimes,seldom,never,rarely,frequently,occasionally等在be动词、助动词、情态动词后，行为动词前。eg.Weusuallygoshoppingonceaweek./Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.2.多个副词同时出现的顺序方式副词＋地点副词＋时间副词；小的时间/地点＋大的时间/地点三、比较形容词和副词1．形容词＋ly,有时会构成意义完全不同的副词hard(困难的)—hardly（几乎不）　　dead(死的)—deadly(致命的)late(晚的)—lately(最近)　　　　fair(公平的)—fairly(相当)２．注意：有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以46 ly结尾，但它们的含义是不同的．例如：        l)close接近地    closely仔细地，密切地        2)free免费地    freely自由地，无拘束地        3)hard努力地    hardly几乎不        4)late晚，迟    lately近来        5)most极，非常    mostly主要地        6)wide广阔地，充分地    widely广泛地        7)high高    highly高度地，非常地        8)deep深，迟    deeply抽象意义的“深”        9)loud大声地  loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)    10)near邻近    nearly几乎３.以-ly结尾的形容词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、manly、timely等。eg.（×）Hespoketomeveryfriendly.（∨）Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.四、比较级和最高级1.构成：大部分双音节词、加后缀构成的词（如slowly,useful）、源于分词的形容词（如tired）、所有的多音节词，加more构成比较级，加themost构成最高级，副词的最高级可省去the.请注意：作表语的形容词最高级前，如果不是和别人、他物相比，常不加the.eg.WearebusiestonMonday.2．修饰比较级、最高级的程度词1)even/still/rathermuch/far/alot/agreatdeal＋比较级alittle/abitWeareworkingstillhardernow.现在我们工作更加努力。2)数词+名词＋比较级eg.Heistwoinchestallerthanhisfather.他比他爸爸高两英寸。(或说Heistallerthanhisfatherbytwoinches.)Shecouldnottakeastepfurther.她一步也不能走了。3)比较级＋byfar在前面，应在二者中间加“the”．如:Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.        Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.4)thesecond/third＋最高级byfar3.无比较级和最高级的形容词有些形容词本身含义无程度差别,因此没有比较级和最高级．常见的有：right,wrong,perfect,possible,impossible,mistaken,dead,favourite等。这些词不能被程度副词修饰，但可以被quite(完全地)，completely等修饰。eg.quiteright/impossible，　completelydead.4.和冠词连用　　the＋形容词原级＋v(复)，指一类人或物　　the＋　形容词比较级，指两者中“较…的”的那一个，eg.theyoungerofthetwoa/an＋形容词比较级eg.Thepenisexpensive.Iwantacheaperone.(a)＋most＋形容词最高级　“非常…”　eg.amostbeautifulcity5.相关结构1)原级比较：肯定句as….as….,否定句notso/as….as…..2)比较句：比较级＋than….或more(less)….than…..Thefurnitureinthisshopislessbeautifulthanthatinthatshop.(注意代词that的用法)3)比较级＋and＋比较级或moreandmore＋原级“越来越…”richerandricher,moreandmoreinteresting4)Themore…..,themore…..“越…，越…”Themoreyoulookatthepicture,thebetteryouwilllikeit.5)比较级＋thananyother＋n.（单）（适用于范围一致时）(all)other＋n.（复）any＋n.(单)（适用于范围不一致时）46 Heistallerthananyotherstudent/allotherstudentsinhisclass.anystudentinmyclass.6)倍数表达法。Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,lengthetc.)ofB.Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。7)more…than…结构，其意往往是…ratherthan…，可译为“是……而不是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……，不如说是……”。Thatlittlegirlismoretiredthanhungry.那个小姑娘是累了而不是饿了。Sheismoreamotherthanawife或Sheismoreofamotherthanawife.她是贤妻，更是良母。8)AistoBwhatCistoDA和B的关系就像C和D的关系Airistomanwhatwateristofish.空气对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。9)nomorethan=only“只不过”，言其少notmorethan=atmost“不多于”，指事实。nomore…than…和…一样不…如单音节使用比较级形式notmore…than…不比…更…　　nolessthan=asmuchas“多达”　nofewerthan=asmanyaseg.Ihavenomorethanfiveyuaninmypocket.我口袋里的钱只不过5元。Ihavenotmorethanfiveyuaninmypocket.我口袋里的钱不多于5元。HeisnoricherthanI.他和我一样穷。Heisnolessdeterminedthanyou.他的决心不亚于你。(nolessdeterminedthan等于“其决心不亚于你”，言其大)Heisnotlessdeterminedthanyou.他的决心不比你小。(notlessdeterminedthan等于“其决心不小于”，无言其大或小的含义)10)最高级＋of/in/among….Heisthetallestofthethree/amongthem/inhisclass.五、相关词语辨析1.very和muchA）very修饰形容词、副词的原级；,much修饰比较级；　修饰动词用much或verymuch,eg.IverylikeEnglish.(×),应改为：IlikeEnglishverymuch.B)表示状态的过去分词前用very。averyfrightenedboy,averytiredchild.一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed结尾的分词多用much、verymuch/greatly等修饰。如：Weweregreatly/muchshockedbythenewsaboutTom..C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：veryinteresting/worrying/excitingD）too前用much/far,不用very。Youaremuch/far/alottoonice.另外，在toomany/much,toofew/little前用far。We’vegotfartoomanyeggsandfartoofeweggcups.　E)还有修饰词既不用very,也不用much.eg.bewellworthdoing,bewellabovethetree2.so和suchA)so…that…与such…that…的区别。so+形容词/副词+ that…so+形容词+a（n）+单数可数名词+that…so+many/much/little/few+名词+that…such+a(n)+形容词+单数可数名词+that…such+形容词+不可数名词+that…such+形容词+复数名词+that…注意：但当little表示“小”时用such。如：Thesearesuchlittleboysthattheycan’tdress46 themselves.下列so的用法是错误的：soadifficultproblem,sodifficultproblems,sohotweather。B)some/any/every/no/each/all/another/several/few/many/one/two+such+n.eg.nosuchword3.betoomuch+n.bemuchtoo+adj.betoomuchforsb.对…太过分了4.can’tbetoo+adj.=can’tbe+adj.+enough“无论…都不为过”Youcanneverbecarefulenough.=Youcanneverbetoocareful.你越小心越好。【练习】1.Johntoldmethat_____nothingimportanthaveeverhappened.A.hardlyB.rarelyC.nearlyD.almost2.---Whydon’tyouliketheshirt?---Itsneckisnotbigformeatall.Haveyougotashirtofthiskindwith_____neck?A.thebiggestB.afarbiggerC.byfarthebiggestD.amorebigger3.---Thetemperaturetodayis10℃belowzero.---Oh,it’s____cold.A.themostB.themoreC.mostD.muchmore4.---Doyouthinkhimnaughtyenough?---I’mafraidhe’s___thannaughty.A.morecleverB.cleverC.muchcleverD.muchmoreclever5.Exerciseis_____asanyothertoloseunwantedweight.A.sousefulawayB.asausefulwayC.asusefulawayD.suchausefulway6.---What’swrong?Youseemrestless.---Iwasreducedtopaying____priceforit.A.doubletheB.doubleoftheC.doubleD.doubleof7._____,theboyswereshoutingandsinging.A.HappyandexcitedB.HappilyandexcitedlyC.TobehappyandexcitedD.Tobehappilyandexcitedly8.I’mgladtosaythathe’salreadyfinished_____50%ofthebookinthesethreedays.A.nolessthanB.nomorethanC.notmorethanD.muchlessthan9.I’llgettherebysix,if______.A.notsoonerB.nosoonerC.notmorequicklyD.noquick10.TheUSisaboutthesamesizeasChina,butitspopulationisfivetimes____.A.aslittleB.smallerC.asfewD.fewer11.----Isthis____book?----Yes,it’s___whatI’mafter.A.thevery;justB.thejust;exactlyC.avery;justD.theright;only12.Hehasgivenupdrinking.Hedrinks______.A.neveragainB.notanymoreC.nomoreD.onceagain13.Hehurriedaway,_____tomeethisoldfriend.A.lookingforwardB.hopedC.anxiouslyD.eager14.Everythingwasveryexpensive.Ididn’tbuy____fruit,butI’vegotsome_____apples.A.any;bigredB.any;redbigC.much;bigredD.some;redbig15.---Areyougoingtothefootballgame?---No,theticketsare____expensiveforme.A.verymuchB.somuchC.fartooD.highly16.We’llhavetowaita____twoweekstoknowtheexaminationresult.A.otherB.furtherC.anotherD.more17.Thelittletownhasnowgrownintoamodernbigcity,andis___whatitusedtobe.A.twicethesizethanB.twotimesthesizeasC.twicethesizeasD.twicethesizeof18.Thelivingcarriedawaythedeadandthehealthyhelped____.A.theillB.thewoundedC.thebraveD.therich19.Helikesgoingfishing.Heusuallyusesa______.46 A.bamboolongfishingpoleB.longbamboofishingpoleC.polelongbambooandfishingD.bamboofishinglongpole20.Hewasthe_____atthatmoment.A.onlyawakepersonB.onlypersonawakeC.awakeonlypersonD.persononlyawake21.Ithinkhissuggestionis____bad,andthatofyoursis_____good.A.fairlytoo;ratherB.rathertoo;fairlyC.fairly;rathertooD.rather;fairlytoo22.Wouldyoube___totellmehetimebyyourwatch?A.sokindB.kindenoughC.enoughkindD.verykind23.Thewinnersare_____childrenbroughtupinthecountry.A.almostB.mostlyC.mostD.nearly24.Thetechnicalcollegeeducationisplayinganimportantparttodayanditsrolewillbe____important.A.nolessB.nomoreC.nonethelessD.notmore25.Afewweeksspentintravelingcanbejust______classesinschool.A.apartofone’seducationusefulasB.asausefulpartofone’seducationasC.partofone’seducationasusefulD.apartofone’seducationasusefulas26.______,thethiefdidn’ttakeanythingvaluablebutmynotebook.A.StrangeitisB.TobestrangeC.StrangelyenoughD.Itwasstrange27.Hisattitudetowardsmeproved________.A.wellB.warmlyC.friendlyD.nicely28.Sheis______thanheryoungersister.A.lessricherB.notmorerichC.lessrichD.notrich29.---Whatdoyouthinkoftheplan?---Ifeel___thatweoughttogiveitupatonce.A.strongB.strongerC.stronglyD.itstrong30.---Didyouenjoythemovielastnight?---Yes,Ididn’texpectit______wonderful.A.moreB.asC.mostD.much46 六、动词时态、语态【知识点】一、时态（一）现在进行时用法注意点：1.状态性动词不用进行时态，包括（1）be和have,或者含有be和have意义的动词，如：belongto,contain,dependon,own,possess等；（2）feel,sound,smell,taste等连系动词；（3）hear,see,find等表示结果的动词；（4）表示心理或情感状态的动词，如：believe,love,want,understand,wish等；2.进行时态和副词always,forever等连用时，往往带有一定的感情色彩，如赞扬、批评、不满、抱怨等；（二）一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：1.过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性，着眼于动作的过程；一般过去时表示动作的完成，即动作发生过，且已结束，着眼于结果；如：ShewaswritingareportlastnightandIdon’tknowifshehasfinishedit.(表示昨晚一直在写)Shewroteareportlastnight.（表示昨晚写了，并且写好了）2.过去进行时与always,forever等词连用表示一定的感情色彩；Hewasalwaysthrowingthingsabout.(表示不满或讨厌)（三）将来时的几种表达：ABCDbegoingto表示“计划、打算、安排将要做的事”时，主语只能是人说话人说话之前已考虑过的主语是物时，表示说话人根据某种迹象主观推测可能发生的事不能用于含有条件句的主句中will表示将要发生某事或主语的“意愿”说话人说话时刻才考虑到的表示客观规律必然发生的可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表示“意愿”beto表示安排、计划要做的事与第二人称连用，表示转述第三者的话表示命令，相当于should/must表示“能”“该”“想要”“注定、不可避免”beaboutto表示动作马上发生；句中不能再加atonce,immediately和表示具体时间的词语；常有“beaboutto…..when”结构；还可用一般现在时、现在进行时表示将来发生的动作；（四）将来进行时与将来完成时：1.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻发生的动作，结构为：will/shallbedoing2.将来完成时表示到将来某时刻某动作已发生，结构为：will/shallhavedone,时间状语为：by+表将来时间的词语；如：I’llbeclimbingthemountainthistimethedayaftertomorrow.Bythetimehegraduatesfromthecollege,hewillhavelearnedthreeforeignlanguages.（五）现在完成时及过去完成时的用法注意点：1.瞬间性动词与延续性动词的正确使用：与howlong,for,since等表示一段时间的状语连用时须用延续性动词，如：buy-have,borrow-keep,die-bedead,marry-bemarried,begin-beon,begintoknow-know等；2.注意have/hadbeento与have/hadgoneto的区别；3.现在完成时用在时间、条件等状语从句中，表示从句中的动作在主句动作前完成，如：Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,we’llgotothepark.4.by+过去时间状语用过去完成时；5.有些动词的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望，这类动词为：think,plan,mean,intend,hope,expect,suppose等；Ihadintendedtovisityouyesterday,buttherainpreventedme.6.过去完成时与过去时的区分：比较Hesaidhehadfinishedthework3daysago.Hesaidhewasbornin1980.（六）现在/过去完成进行时的用法：强调动作延续到说话时且还在进行；结构：have(has)/hadbeendoing46 比较：Theyhaverepairedtheroad.(表示路已修好)Theyhavebeenrepairingtheroad.（表示路还在修）有时两者可替换：Shehastaughtinthismiddleschoolfortenyears.Shehasbeenteachinginthisschoolfortenyears.注意：完成进行时不可与瞬间性动词连用，如：finish,go,marry等；（一）某些固定句型中时态是固定的：1.This/That/Itisthefirsttime+从句（用现在完成时）2.It’s/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句（用过去时）3.Hardly/Nosoonerhadsb.donewhen/than+从句（用过去时）4.Itwillbe+一段时间+before从句（用一般现在时）/Itwas+一段时间+before从句（用过去时）5.It’stime+从句（用过去时或shoulddo）6.wouldrather+从句（用一般过去时/过去完成时）It’sgettinglate.I’dratheryoutookataxithere.Thefilmwasboring.I’dratherIhadn’tgonetoseeit.二、语态1.动词sell,write,read,open,lock,shut,wear,wash,keep,cook,cut,burn,run等与well,smoothly,easily等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能”“特点”，用主动代替被动；2.表示状态特征的系动词如smell,taste,feel,sound,look,prove等用主动语态表示被动意义；3.不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态：comeup,runout（用完）,giveout（耗尽）,goout（熄灭）,comeout（出版）,cometolight,belongto,breakout,loseheart,dieout,own,have,possess,happen,occur等；4.当want,require,need作“需要”解，后接doing/tobedone作宾语，此时动词do与主语为动宾关系；5.beworth后接doing作宾语，用主动形式表示被动意义；6.不定式tolet（出租）,toblame（该受责备）表示被动意义；7.在“主语+be+形容词（forsb.）+todo”结构中，todo用主动形式；Thisisagoodbookforchildrentoread.8.在“主语+谓语+宾语（名词）+动词不定式todo（作定语修饰前面的名词，且为动宾关系；主语与todo为主谓关系时，此动词不定式用主动形式；如：Ihaveameetingtoattend.【练习】1.------Itookaphotoofyoujustnow.-----Really?I_______withattention.A.didn’tlookB.wasn’tlookingC.amnotlookingD.haven’tlooked2.------Youhaven’tsaidawordaboutmynewhair-style.Whatdoyouthinkofit?-----I’msorryI_______anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit’spretty.A.don’tsayB.wasn’tsayingC.didn’tsayD.haven’tsaid3.------CanIhelpyou,Madam?-------No,thanks.I__________________.A.havejustlookedaroundB.justlookaroundC.amjustlookingaroundD.justlookedaround4.------Thatfamouscherrytrees_________becauseofpollution.-----Yes,wehavetodosomethingtosaveit.A.hasdiedB.haddiedC.isdeadD.isdying5.Sheoughttostopreading;shehasaheadachebecauseshe_______toolong.A.hadreadB.readC.isreadingD.hasbeenreading6.------You’retalkingtoomuch.-------Onlyathome.Noone______mebutyou.A.ishearingB.hadheardC.hearsD.heard7.-------Whathaveyoubeendoing?Iaskedyouaquestion.Whydidn’tyouanswer?-------Sorry,I___________tothenewsontheradio.A.listenedB.havelistenedC.waslisteningD.hadlistened8.-------Youshouldhavetoldhimthedateearlier.46 -------I_______,butheforgotaboutit.A.didB.haveC.hadD.shouldhave1.------YoucouldhaveaskedTomforhelp,forheisgoodatphysics.-----Really?Oh,awholenight__________.Whydidn’tyoutellmeearlier?A.iswastedB.waswastedC.hadwastedD.haswasted2.Thethieftriedtobreakawayfromthepolicemanwho__________himbutfailed.A.heldB.hadheldC.wouldholdD.washolding3.You_________exercisesatyourdesk!Whynottakesomeexercise?A.alwaysdoB.arealwaysdoingC.havealwaysdoneD.havealwaysbeendoing12.----Whatwereyouuptowhenshedroppedin?----I____forawhileand____somereading.A.wasplaying;wasgoingtodoB.played;didC.hadplayed;wasgoingtodoD.hadplayed;did13.UntilthenI_______forhimforhoursinhisoffice.A.waitedB.waswaitingC.havebeenwaitingD.hadbeenwaiting14.-----DidyouseeMartyinthemanager’soffice?-----Yes,he______bythemanager.A.isquestionedB.wasbeingquestionedC.hadbeenquestionedD.wasquestioned15.Lookatthis!I_______somemagazinesand_______thiscard!A.waslookingthrough;foundB.amlookingthrough;hadfoundC.lookedthrough;hadfoundD.hadlookedthrough;finding16.------Tom’swifetooktheplaceofhimtoattendtheconference.-------IwouldratherTom_______there,nothiswife.A.hadbeenB.havebeenC.wasD.went17.-------Listen!------I_______butI_________anythingatall.A.listened;haveheardB.havelistened;hearC.waslistening;wasn’thearingD.amlistening;don’thear18.Theshopassistantpromisedmethatthematerial______andwhatshesaid______tobetrue.A.wouldbedriedeasily;wasprovedB.willbedriedeasily;wasprovedC.driedeasily;provedD.wasdriedeasily;proved19.-----Whatplaceisit?-----Haven’tyouseenthatwe_____backwherewe______?A.were,hadbeenB.are,wereC.were,havebeenD.are,hadbeen46 七、情态动词【知识点】1.表示请求和允许:can,could,may,might.过去式使语气更委婉，答语应用原形。---CouldIuseyourcomputertomorrowmorning?---Yes,youcan.(否定回答可用：No,I’mafraidnot.)2．表示推测：理论可能性can可能性肯定句must,may,might,could疑问句can否定句can’t(不可能)，maynot(可能不)1)can表示理论上的可能性，指某事或情况可能发生，但并不说明实际上真的发生.Childrencanbeverytiring.2)反意问句。Hemayknowtheplan,doesn’the?YoumusthavestudiedEnglishbefore,haven’tyou?Youcan’thavebeencaughtintherainlastnight,wereyou?3．could&beableto在肯定句中could表示过去有“能力”做，was/wereableto表示过去有能力而且确实做成了某一件事，相当于managedtodo…或succeededindoingsth.Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonewasabletogetout.4.may/mightaswelldosth“还是…好”、“不妨”Youmightaswelltellmethetruth.你还是把真相告诉我的好。5.must和haveto1)must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而haveto强调客观需要。2）否定形式含义不同。mustn’t禁止，不许可，don’thaveto不必3)must偏要（做令人不快的事）eg.Mustyoushoutsoloudly?6.shall和should1)表示说话人征求对方意见和向对方请示，用于第一、三人称（第二人称时用will）。Whenshallmyfatherbeabletoleavehospital?shall2)表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁以及说话人的决心。Youshallgowithme(命令)/YoushallhavethebookwhenIfinishit.（允诺）Heshallbepunished（威胁）/Nothingshallstopmefromdoingit.(决心)1)表示劝告和建议“应该”2)“按道理应当”“估计”(=oughtto)Theyshouldbetherebynow,Ithink.3）用于第一人称表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。Ishouldadviseyounotdothat.我倒是劝你别这样做。should4）在条件句中表示“万一”，主句不一定用虚拟语气。AskTomtoringmeupifyoushouldseehim./ShouldIbefreetomorrow,I’llcome.5）Why/How+should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思，意为“竟然”，也用在某些从句中。Itseemssounfairthatthisshouldhappentome.这种事竟然发生在我身上真不公平。7.will和would1)表示意志和意愿。will指现在，would指过去。Ifyouwilllistentome,I’llgiveyousomeadvice.2)表示请求、建议，would比will委婉、客气。Will(Would)youpleasepassmethebook?3)表示习惯性动作，“总是”“惯于”，will指现在，would指过去。Fishwilldiewithoutwater.Everyevening,shewouldsitbythewindow,deepinthought.4).表示功能，意为“能”或“行”Themachinewon’twork.5)表示预料或猜想。Itwouldbeabouttenwhenhelefthome.猜想他离开家时大约十点。8.would&usedto46 1)表示过去持续的状态和情况用usedto;would不与表示状态的动词连用。Thereusedtobeahospitalhere./Therewouldbeahospitalhere.(×)2)would常与often,sometimes,forhours等表示时间的副词（短语）连用。Wewouldsitintheyardeveryeveningandlistenedtohisstory.3)usedto强调过去的行为同现在的对比，含有“过去怎样，而现在却不这样了”的含义.eg.Hewillnotspendthemoneyonbooksasheusedto.9.dare和need两者作为情态动词都不用于肯定句，常用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。习惯用语Idaresay（可能，或许，我揣测）除外。实义动词形式为daretodo/needtodo，用法同于一般动词。但在否定句中，dare后的to可省略，即：don’t/doesn’tdare(to)do….need作为实义动词时，用在否定句中时，其后的to不能省略。Hedaregotherealone.(×)Hedarestogothere.Hedaresnotgotherealone.(×)Hedarenotgotherealone./Hedoesn’tdare(to)gotherealone.Hestoodtherewithoutdaringlifthishead.(×)Hestoodtherewithoutdaringtolifthishead.10．情态动词+havedone,表示过去比较：情态动词+do,表示现在或将来。cf.needn’thavedone&didn’tneedtodo…Sheneednothavecomeyesterday.她昨天本不必要来的。（但却来了）Shedidn’tneedtocomeyesterday.她昨天不必来。（实际上也没来）Sheneedn’tcometoday.她今天无需来。（表现在或将来）【练习】1.Ilivedwithmysisterthissummeranddidn’thavetopayrent.SoI____savemostofmysalary.A.couldB.wouldC.wasabletoD.should2.---Look,John’sfallenasleep.---Oh,he______toolatelastnight.A.mightsitupb.shouldhavesatupc.couldsitupD.musthavesatup3.OnSundayswhenIwasachild,FatherandI____getupearlyandgofishing.A.couldB.wouldC.mightD.should4.---ManypeopleinEnglandlovetogiveadviceonweatherreporting.---Yes,butIthinktheweatheroffice’scomputers___bemoreaccurate.(精确的)A.canB.mustC.oughttoD.might5.---AreyoustillgoingtoShanghaifortheSpringFestival?---Yes,butIreally____becauseIhavealotofthingstodealwith.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.won’tD.shouldn’t6.–Well,Iforgottobringmydictionaryhereyesterday.--Actuallyyou____ithere.Youwerenotallowedtouseit.A.needn’tbringB.needn’thavebroughtC.didn’tneedtobringD.don’thavetobring7.---ShallIbookthetableforthedinner?---Yes,you____.Therestaurantisalwaysfullofpeople.A.canB.willC.mustd.need8.Thepoorboy____thetestagain;inthatcase,hismotherwillbeverydisappointed.a.musthavefailedB.mightfailC.couldhavefailedD.shouldfail9.---Why____itrainnow?I___gototheconcertat7.---Whatapity!A.can;mightnotB.should;needn’tC.must;can’tD.need;mustn’t10.--Weneedsomefreshair,butthewindowopen.--_____Ihelpyou?A.didn"t;WillB.shan"t;NeedC.mustn"t;MayD.won"t;Shall11.--Whatdoyouthinkofyournephew?--Hebeverynaughtybutatthesametimeyou__helplikinghim.A.will;willb.won’t;can’tC.may;mayD.can;can’t46 12.Itwasnotpossiblethatshe____godown,stepbystepdowntheunexpectedstairsintothedarkbelow.A.shoulddareB.shoulddaretoC.mustdareD.mustdareto13.---IamtoldthatJohnhadanothercaraccidentthismorning.---Ibelievenot.He____socareless.A.shouldn’thavebeenB.wouldn’thavebeenC.couldn’thavebeenD.mustn’thavebeen14.---Yououghttohavegiventhemsomeadvice.---____,butwhocaredwhatIsaid?A.SoIoughtB.SooughtIC.SoIdidD.SodidI15．---Writetomewhenyougethome.--______.A.ImustB.IshouldC.IwillD.Ican16.Shutyourmouth.Nothing___stopmeonceIhavemadeupmymind.A.willB.oughttoC.shallD.must17.Keepupagoodstateofmindevenifyou_____failplentyoftimes.A.mustB.willC.canD.should18.Thepolicemantoldthepupils.“You____playfootballinthestreet.”A.can’tB.needn’tC.mustn’tD.shouldn’t19.Ifyou___waitamoment,Iwillgoandfindourmanager.A.canB.shouldC.willD.must20.Don’tbelievehim.Hisstory___betrue.A.mustn’tB.needn’tC.shouldn’tD.maynot46 八、虚拟语气【知识点】一、形式为(should)+v.1．宾语从句中。一个坚持（insist）,两个命令（order,command）,三条建议（advise,suggest,propose）,四项要求（demand,require,request,ask）.还有prefer。注意：1）suggest和insist有例外Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork.（“暗示”“表明”）Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenthemoney.2）这类动词的名词形式后的表语从句和同位语从句中也要用(should)+v.形式。另外，还有plan,idea等词。2．主语从句中1)Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural/apity/ashame/nowonder…that….eg.Itisstrangethatheshouldhaveactedtowardshisparentslikethat.二：形式为在原本的时态上退一步，即“+过去”1.在条件句中的运用条件从句主句与现在事实相反过去式（be一般用were）would/could/might+v.与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反1）过去式2）should+v.3）wereto+v.would/could/might+v.（第一人称可用should,以上同）1)“混合虚拟条件句”或“错综时间条件句”主句和从句时间上不一致，从句可以和过去时间相反，主句可以与现在事实相反。Ifyouhadtakenmyadvicejustnow,youwouldbebetternow.2)if省略句。在条件句中，可省略if,把were,had,should提到句首，变为倒装句式。WereIyou,Iwouldseizethechancetogoabroad.3)含蓄条件句A)with,without,butfor等介词短语代替条件句Butfortherain,thecropswouldhavedied.(=Ifithadn’tbeenfortherain)B)其他手段Iwasillthatday.Otherwise,Iwouldhavetakenpartinthesportsmeeting.（副词）Hetelephonedtoinformmeofyourbirthday,orIwouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.（连词）Imighthavegivenyoumorehelp,butIwastoobusy.（连词）Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.(分词短语)Itwouldbeamistakenottohelphim.（动词不定式）2.宾语从句中wish,wouldrather后,但wouldrather后所跟句子跟现在、将来相反用过去时，跟过去时间相反使用过去完成时。注意：不跟过去将来时。Iwouldratheryoucametomorrowinsteadoftoday.我宁愿你明天而不是今天来。3．asif(though)引导的从句中asif后的从句当表示真实情况时，用陈述语气。试比较：Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain./HetalksasifhehadbeentoAmerica,4．Itis(high)timethat…..过去时/should+v.5.用于ifonly引导的感叹句中“但愿，要是…就好了”【练习】1.Icouldhavecalledyouforhelp,butI____yournumber.A.couldn’thaverememberedB.didn’trememberC.shouldhaverememberedD.hadn’tremembered2.ShesuggestedtothepoliceinthepolicestationthatMr.Smith____.A.stolethenecklaceB.shouldstealthenecklace46 C.hadstolenthenecklaceD.stealthenecklace3.____itwouldstopsnowing!A.IfonlyB.OnlyifC.EvenifD.Butfor4.Myadviceisthathe___somuch.A.notsmokeb.doesn’tsmokeC.won’tsmokeD.mustnotsmoke5.HowIwishI____that!Everybodypresentwasangrywithme.A.didn’tdoB.hadn’tdoneC.wouldn’tdoD.wasn’tdoing6.___ittoclearuptomorrow,thetouristswouldclimbtothetopofthemountaintowaitforthesun____.A.If;toraiseB.Were;toriseC.Should;toriseD.Because;raising7.____theexpense,I___toItaly.A.Ifitwerenot;goB.Wereitnotfor;IwouldgoC.Weren’titfor;willgoD.Ifithadn’tbeen;wouldhavegone8.Hisillnesswastooserious;otherwisehe______saved.A.couldbeB.,couldn’thavebeenc.couldhaveD.couldhavebeen9.---Ihavegreatdifficultyworkingoutthisproblem.---___tome,you____lessdifficultywithsuchproblems.A.Ifyouhadlistened,wouldhavehadB.Ifyoulistened,wouldhaveC.Hadyoulistened,wouldhaveD.Ifyoulisten,willhave10.----Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible?---Yes,butI___busydoingmyhomework.A.wasB.wereC.hadbeenD.wouldbe11.___thefog,weshouldhavereachedthetopofthehill.A.InspiteofB.IftherewerenoC.ButforD.Becauseof12.Tominsistedwhathesaid____trueandweinsistedthathe____andhavealook.A.be;shouldgoB.shouldbe;wouldgoC.was;goD.was;wouldgo13.Heactsasifhe_______theownerofthehouse.A.willbeB.hasbeenC.isD.were14.It’sabouttimethatyou_____tostudyEnglish.A.beginB.willbeginC.havebegunD.began15.HowIwishit____!Ifit___inafewdays,thecropswouldbesaved.A.willrain;rainedB.wouldrain;shouldrainC.shouldrain;rainsD.wouldrain;hadrained46 九、非谓语动词非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、分词、动名词（一）动词不定式【知识点】动词不定式表现为两种形式：todo或do，在句中可作：1、主语：Tobuildthebridgeneedsmuchmoney.一般用It作形式主语放在句首，把不定式短语放于句末。Itdoesn’tmakeanydifferencewhetheryougotodayortomorrow.2、表语：Theirtaskistobuildarailwayinayear.3、宾语：Thechildpretendedtobesleeping/asleepwhenIcamebackhome.注意：当不定式作宾语，其后接补语时，我们常用it作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放于补语之后。Wethinkitpossibletofinishtheworkinaweek.4、定语：表示一个未发生的动作，放于被修饰的名词之后。Thebuildingtobebuiltwillbeusedasahospital.5、状语：1）目的状语：常见形式有：to…./inorderto…./soasto….Wegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.2）结果状语：常见形式有：too….to…/so….asto…./onlyto….WouldyoubesokindastohelpmewithmyEnglish?Hereturnedhome15yearslater,onlytofindhishouseburntdown.6、补语：1）宾补：Heaskedmetodoworkwithhim.2）主补：Shewasoftenheardtosingthesongwhiledoinghousework.7、独立结构，在句中作插入语。常用的有：totellthetruth,tobefrank,tomakethingsworse…（二）分词【知识点】分词可分为：现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词:现在分词和现在分词短语在句中可作：1、定语：单个的现在分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，现在分词短语作定语应放被修饰的名词后，现在分词及现在分词短语作定语时均可以发展为一个定语从句。Thegirlreadingoverthere(Thegirlwhowasreadingoverthere)soonfellasleep.2、状语：现在分词作状语可分为：一般式(doing)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生；完成式(havingdone)：表示分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。Theoldmanpassedaway,leavingalotofdebtsunpaid.Havingfinished(Afterhehadfinished)hisexercises,hewenttoplaybasketball.3、补语：现在分词作宾语补语，表示宾语的一个正在进行的动作，用于一些常见句型中:see/hear/feel/notice/have/catch/leave/set/send….sb.doingsth.Thesalesmancaughtthethiefstealingintheshop.4、表语：现在分词作表语，表示主语的特点，可以看作形容词，是形容词化的现在分词。Thefilmwasveryinteresting.5、独立结构：现在分词短语作独立结构时，是固定说法，不以主动、被动去分析。常见的有：generallyspeaking,judgingfrom/by,considering…Generallyspeaking,heisquiteskillfulatplayingtabletennis.过去分词：过去分词和过去分词短语在句中可作：1、定语：单一的过去分词作定语一般放于被修饰的名词前，过去分词短语作定语放于被修饰的名词后，过去分词及过去分词短语作定语均可以发展为一个定语从句。Thebrokenwindow(Thewindowwhichwasbroken)willbereplacedsoon.Thebooksboughtyesterday(whichwereboughtyesterday)areofhighquality.过去分词短语作定语有三种时态：done….：表示动作已发生；tobedone：表示动作将要发生；beingdone：表示动作正在发生。对比以下三句：Thebridgebuiltlastyear(whichwasbuiltlastyear)isverybeautiful.Thebridgetobebuiltnextmonth(whichwillbebuiltnextmonth)willbeverylong.Thebridgebeingbuilt(whichisbeingbuilt)willbecompletednextmonth.2、状语：过去分词短语作状语可分为：一般式(done)：表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作前；完成式(havingbeendone)：强调分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。Scolded(Asshewasscolded)bytheteacher,thegirlsattherewithoutliftingherhead.46 Havingbeenkept(Ashehadbeenkept)inprisonformanyyears,hewentmad.3、补语：过去分词作宾语补语，表示宾语与补语存在被动关系，且常用于havesomethingdone/getsomethingdone/makeoneselfdone….等句型中。e.g.Yesterdayhehadhiswatchfixedatthewatch-maker’s.4、表语：过去分词作表语，表示主语的状态，且该状态通常是由外界因素引起的。这时过去分词可以被看作一个形容词，是形容词化的过去分词。e.g.I’minterestedinreadingnovelswrittenbyJinYong.注：分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语，如果分词的逻辑主语并不是主句的主语，而另有其逻辑主语，则应在分词前补上其逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句。e.g.Thebabysleeping(Asthebabywassleeping)intheroom,wedarednotturnuptheTV.（三）动名词【知识点】动名词是由动词后+ing的形式构成的，与动词的现在分词同形。它保留了动词的特征，即：它可以带自己的宾语和状语，又具有名词的特征。1、主语：StudyingEnglishwellisnoeasyjob.注意：1)在下面一些结构中，常用it作形式主语，将用作真实主语的动名词放于句末。Itisnouse/nogood/useless/nice/good/fun/interesting….+doingsth.It’sgoodhearingChinese,mymothertongue,spokenhere.2)动词不定式作主语和动名词作主语的区别：动词不定式作主语表示一个具体的动作，而动名词作主语则表示一个抽象的、一般的概念。ReadingEnglishinthemorningisofgreatuseforstudents.ToreadthisEnglishbookwilltakemuchtime.2、表语：动名词作表语是对句子主语的一种说明，主语和动名词可以交换位置，句子的意思不变。这有别于进行时：进行时句中用的是现在分词，表示主语的一个正在进行的动作，主语与现在分词不能交换位置。Whathelikesmostisplayingfootball.=Playingfootballiswhathelikesmost.Heisplayingfootballwithhisfriends.3、宾语：动名词作宾语，表示一种习惯、爱好。HelikessmokingwhileIlikedrinking.注意：动词不定式作宾语，表示一个具体的动作，不表示习惯。Ilikesmoking,butIdon’tliketosmoketoday,forI’vegotacold.有些动词后面不用不定式作宾语，而只用动名词作宾语，请记住以下口诀：memepscarfi:音译成：妹妹不吃咖啡。这里每个字母代表一个或几个单词：m-misse-enjoy;m-mind;e-escape;p-practise;s-suggest/stand;c-consider/complete;a-admit/allow/advise/appreciate/avoid;r-risk;f-finish;i-imagine，常用的词都列在里面了。Ihighlyappreciateyourhelpingtheoldlady.动名词还作介词宾语。Idon’tfeellikegoingtothestationtomeettheguests.4、定语：动名词作定语，放于被修饰的名词前，表示该的名词的功能，并不表示动作。e.g.asleepingbag=abagforsleeping/anoperatingtable=atableforoperating区别：现在分词作定语，表示被修饰的名词的一个动作。e.g.asleepingboy=aboywhoissleeping/therunningcar=thecarthatisrunning另：1)动名词的复合结构（one’sdoing）：表示动名词动作的发出者，在句中可作主语和宾语。动名词的复合结构作宾语时，可以用宾格代替所有格。e.g.WelikeTom’s(Tom)singingtheEnglishsong.Thelittleboy’scryingdrewourattention.2)有些动词后面既可跟动词不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，注意它们的不同意思。doingsthtodosthremember记得做过某事，（动作已发生）记得去做某事（动作未发生）forget忘了做过某事（动作已发生）忘了去做某事（动作未发生）regret后悔过去做过的事遗憾地去做事mean意味着做某事意欲、打算做某事46 try试着做某事（看会发生什么）努力、设法、企图做某事stop停止做某事停下来去做另一事goon继续原来的事接着做另一件事can’thelp禁不住、情不自禁地做某事无法帮助去做某事learn学会做某事学着、开始学做某事need/want/require某事需要被做（=tobedone）需要做某事（主动意思）【练习】1.Attheshoppingcenter,hedidn’tknowwhat____and____withanemptybag.A.tobuy;leaveB.tobebought;leftC.tobuy;leftD.wastobuy;leave2.Thelongandtiringtalk,filledwithargumentsandquarrels,endedindisorder,_____noagreementatall.A.arrivingB.arrivedatC.reachingD.andgettingto3.Doyouknowthedifficultyhehad______fivechildrenatschool?A.tokeepB.tohavekeptC.keepingD.havingkept4.——LetmetellyousomethingaboutmyChineseteacher.——Iremember_____aboutheryesterday.A.tellingB.beingtoldC.totellD.havingtold5.Havingnomoneybut____toknow,hesimplysaidhewouldgowithoutdinner.A.nottowantanyoneB.wantednooneC.notwantinganyoneD.towantnoone6.Theoldladyneeded___asshewasinher80s.A.tolookafterB.lookingafterC.lookafterD.beinglookedafter7.——Whyareyoualwaysmakingmedrinkmilk?——______enoughcalciumforyoutogrowtallandstrong.A.GetB.TogetC.GettingD.Tobegetting8.Manystudents_____around,Iexplainedthestoryintodetails.A.stoodB.standingC.tostandD.werestanding9.Hehasfewfriendsandnevermind______alone,playingbyhimself.A.leavingB.havingC.tobeleftD.beingleft10.Iexplainedthetheoryasclearlyaspossible,____tomakeiteasy_____.A.hope;tounderstandB.hoped;understoodC.hoping;tounderstandD.tohope;tobeunderstood11.Thestudentslistenedcarefully,withtheireyes____theblackboard.A.fixingatB.fixedatC.fixingonD.fixedon12._______togowiththeothersmadehimratherdisappointed.A.HisnotallowedB.HisnotbeingallowedC.NothisallowingD.Havingnotbeenallowed13.Iwasverypoorwhenyoungandhadnotoys_______.A.toplayB.toplaywithC.withplayingD.playingwith14.Hewenttobed_____.Thenextmorninghewokeuponly____himselflyingonthefloor.A.drinking;tofindB.drunk;tofindC.beingdrunk;findingD.todrink;finding15.WecanhardlyimaginePeter_____suchrudewordstoyou.A.sayB.tosayC.sayingD.tohavesaid16.I’dlikemychild_______inaschoolofhighquality.A.educatingB.toeducateC.tobeeducatedD.beingeducated17.Mysonpretended_______whenIcameback.A.tosleepB.sleepingC.beingsleepingD.tobesleeping18.Tomisthought______thegooddeedtotheblindman.A.ofdoingB.todoC.tohavedoneD.ofbeingdone19.Thestrangerhasspentawholeweek______inhisroom.Nooneknowswhatheisdoing.A.lockingB.tolockC.lockedD.beinglocked46 十、复合句根据从句在句子中的作用，复合句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三类。名词性从句和定语从句【知识点】名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的考查重点主要有：【考点1】名词性从句中引导词that与what的使用场合。1．that引导名词性从句时，不在从句中充当任何成分，只起连接作用；而what是连接代词，在从句中充当成分。（1）______madetheschoolproudwas_______morethan90%ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.(2003上海春季)A.What/becauseB.What/thatC.That/whatD.That/because2．that在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不可省略,但当有两个和两个以上的宾语从句并列时，第二个从句以下的that不可省略。如：Shesaid(that)shehadleftschoolandthatherparentswouldfindherajob.（2）Wordcomes________agroupofAustralianguestswillcometovisitourschoolnextweek.A.thatB.whichC.不填D.aboutwhich(2005天津·2月)3．介词后的宾语从句常用what，whether引导，不用that，which引导。但在介词besides，except，in后可用that引导宾语从句。在有it作先行词时，that可用来引导介词后的宾语从句。（3）Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat____Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that(2004上海春季)【考点2】名词性从句中引导词whether与if的用法区别。引导及物动词或形容词后的宾语从句可以互换的场合：Heisnotsureif/whetherhecanmanagetodoit.当与ornot分开使用时Hewonderedif/whetherwewillattendthemeetingornot.引导表语从句、同位语从句及位于句首的主语从句只能用whether不能用if的场合：引导介词后的宾语从句（有时可省略）后面紧跟ornot时后面直接跟动词不定式时（4）_____theflighttoNewYorkwillbedelayedis____I’mespeciallyworriedabout.(2003南京)A.If;whatB.Whether;thatC.When;thatD.Whether;what【考点3】在动词：一坚持（insist）、二命令（order，command）、三建议（suggest，advise，propose）、四要求（demand，require，request，ask）后的宾语从句和这些动词的过去分词后的主语从句，以及这些动词的名词引出的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分常用（should）do形式。（5）Iadvisedthathe_____tothehospitalatonce,butheinsistedthathe_____quitewellthen.A.besent;wasfeelingB.wassent;sentC.besent;feelD.shouldbesent;shouldfeel(2005年山东·2月)【考点4】名词性从句的语序只能是陈述句语序，宾语从句的时态应该与主句的谓语动词的时态保持一致。（6）Theyareteachersanddon’trealize______tostartandrunacompany.(2004黄冈)A.whattakesitB.whattheytakeC.whattakesthemD.whatittakes【考点5】whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever和however在引导名词性从句时不可与nomatterwho/which/what/when/where/how替换，因为后者只能引导让步主语从句。（7）——Haveanicetrip!——Thanks.I’lltelephoneyoufrom_____Igettobytomorrowevening.(2004广州)A.whereverB.everyplaceC.wheneverD.nomatterwhere定语从句可分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面：【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用；特别注意指代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。（8）Ishallneverforgettheday_____ShenzhouVwaslaunched,_____hasagreateffectonmylife.46 A.when;whichB.that;whichC.which;thatD.when;that(2004北京东城)【考点7】关系代词that，who，which以及as的用法区别。Ø指人时常只用who不用that的情况：指特定的人时：Theauntwhocametoseemeyesterdayismyfather’ssister.非限定性定语从句先行词与从句被其他成分隔开时：Awarbrokeoutwhichlasted4years.Ø指物时只用which不用that的情况：非限定性定语从句先行词与从句被其他成分隔开时：AnybodycanexplainthiswhoknowsEnglishgrammar.Ø只用that不用which的情况：先行词中同时出现人与物，，先行词是不定代词或由不定代词修饰，先行词是序数词或最高级或有序数词或最高级修饰，有theonly等限定语修饰，当主句是以who、which等引导的特殊疑问句，先行词在主句中做表语或关系代词在从句中做表语。Ø关系代词as与which的用法区别：都用在非限定定语从句中指代主句，但as通常译为“正如”，which为“这就使”；且as位置可前可后，which只能用在后面。Asisknowntohisneighbers,heisalwayswarm-hearted.Hemadealoudnoise,whichmadeusveryangry.Øthesame…that…与thesame…as…的区别：ThisisthesamepenasIlostlastweek.（像，但不是同一支）ThisisthesamepenthatIlostlastweek.（就是同一支）（9）Thereisnosuchplace______youdreamofinallthisworld.(2004北京西城·5月)A.thatB.whatC.whichD.as【考点8】区别that引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句。that引导同位语从句时，that是纯连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；that引导定语从句时，that是关系代词，在从句中充当主语或宾语等。比较：Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamearrivedsoon.Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayistrue.（10）Isthisthereason_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?(2002上海春季)A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained【考点9】定语从句中谓语动词须与先行词在人称与数上保持一致。（11）Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho________awinnerofscholarshipinthreeyears.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen(2002上海春季)【考点10】在先行词为time，place，reason时，常可用that代替when，where，why，并常常省去。如：Thatwasthereason(that)/why/forwhichhelefthome.（12）Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut_______hesaidit.(2004湖北)A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich【趋势】近几年高考对名词性从句的考查日趋灵活，多以考查名词性从句的引导词为主，并且常与定语从句和状语从句等相关知识结合起来考查。【练习】1．Theboydivedintothewaterandafter_____seemedtobealongtime,hecameupagain.A.whatB.thatC.itD.which2．Thesetwoareasaresimilar_____theybothhaveahighrainfallduringthisseason.A.exceptthatB.inwhichC.inthatD.sothat3．Youmaydependon______thatallthegoodswillbeshippedabroadintime.A.whichB.itC.whomD.these4．ScientistsbelievenativeAmericansarrivedbycrossingthelandbridgethatconnectedSiberiaand________morethan10,000yearsago.A.thisisAlaskaB.AlaskaisnowC.isnowAlaskaD.whatisnowAlaska5．Lookatthewatch.Don’tyouseeitis______watch_______Helenlosttheotherday?46 A.asthesame;asB.thesame;asC.thesame;whichD.asthesame;that6．TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,______isoftenthecaseinothercountries.A.asB.thatC.soD.it7．_____wasknowntothemallthatBobhadbrokenhispromise_____hewouldgivethemarise.A.As;whichB.What;thatC.It;thatD.It;which8．Thatisthereason______hegaveusforcarryingouttheplan.A.becauseB.whyC.howD.that9．Wasitinthevillage______weusedtolivein______theaccidenthappened?A.where;thatB.which;thatC.that;whereD.where;which10．Thehours_______thechildrenspendintheirone-wayrelationshipwithtelevisionpeopleundoubtedlyaffectedtheirrelationshipwithreal-lifepeople.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.onwhich11．Mr.SmithwillmoveintohisnewhousenextSunday,____itwillbecompletelyfinished.A.onthattimeB.bywhichtimeC.onwhichD.bythetime12．Inthebook,Newtonisshownasagiftedscientistwhostoodatthepointinhistory______magicendedandsciencebegan.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.which13．Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepoint______hecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.whose14．Thequestionof_____theyareoldoryoungisnotimportant.A./B.whetherC.howD.if15．Earthisarockyplanet________liquidwater,whichisnecessaryforlife,canexist.A.asB.whichC.whereD.when46 十一、状语从句【知识点】对状语从句的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：【考点1】when，while与as的用法均可表示“当……的时候”，但有区别：when：既可接表示动作性或短暂性的动词，也可接表示状态的动词，不强调主从句谓语动作同时发生。有时还有“这时”的意思。while：常接持续性的动词，强调主从句谓语动作同时发生，常用进行时。有时还有对比意义，意为“然而”。as：强调同时发生或伴随进行。常用一般现在时或过去时，意为“一边……一边……”。有时还有“随着”含义。（1）Idoeverysinglebitofhousework________myhusbandBobjustdoesthedishesnowandthen.A.sinceB.whileC.whenD.as(2004广西)【考点2】“一……就……”几种表达法once，assoonas，themoment/minute，immediately/directly/instantly引导的从句常用一般现在时或过去时。hardly/scarcely…when…和nosooner…than…结构中，前句常用过去完成式（常用部分倒装形式），后句用过去式。Ondoingsth.，each/every/thefirst/thelast+time后也可直接接从句，一起作时间状语。（2）——DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?——Yes.Igaveittoher_____Isawher.(2004北京西城)A.whileB.themomentC.suddenlyD.once【考点3】because，as，since与for的用法比较because：表示直接的原因或理由。用于回答Why的问题。because与so不能同时并列使用。since：表示对方已知的，无须加以说明的既成事实的理由。译为“既然”。as：表示十分明显的原因，一般说明因果关系。for：常出现在并列句中，不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只提供一些补充说明，且不可位于句首。（3）_______youareleavingtomorrow,wecaneatdinnertogethertonight.(2004江苏启东)A.ForB.SinceC.WhenD.while【考点4】nomatter后可接who，whom，whose，which，what，when，where，how，whether引导的让步状语从句可用whoever，whomever，whenever，whichever，whatever，wherever，however替换，但在ever引导其它从句时不可用nomatter引导。（4）_______,Ihavetoputitawayandfocusmyattentiononstudythisweek.(2004上海春季)A.HoweverthestoryisamusingB.NomatteramusingthestoryisC.HoweveramusingthestoryisD.Nomatterhowthestoryisamusing【考点5】until/till的用法（5）Itwas__________backhomeaftertheexperiment.(2004湖北)A.notuntilmidnightdidhegoB.untilmidnightthathedidn’tgoC.notuntilmidnightthathewentD.untilmidnightwhenhedidn’tgo（6）——Washisfatherverystrictwithhimwhenhewasatschool?——Yes.Hehadneverpraisedhim______hebecameoneofthetopstudentsinthegrade.A.afterB.unlessC.untilD.when(2003北京春季)【考点6】引导让步状语从句应注意等几个问题1．由although/though，evenif/though引导注意although/though引导从句时，主句不能用but，但可用yet或still。2．由whether…or(not)引导3．由though或as引导的倒装句中。4．though用作副词，可位于句末，并用逗号分开。（7）——Dad,I’vefinishedmyassignment.——Good,and_______youplayorwatchTV,youmustn’tdisturbme.(2003上海)A.wheneverB.whetherC.whateverD.nomatter【考点7】before用法46 注意before在下列句型中的使用Itwillbe+一段时间+before+从句Itwon’tbelongbefore+从句before一词在不同的句型中就有不同的意思，如：“在……之前”、“过了……才”、“没……就”、“不知不觉就……”等。（8）Itwillbealongtime_____Mr.Black______backabroad.(2002湖北八校)A.before;comesB.since;hascomeC.before;willcomeD.after;willcome【考点8】where引导的定语从句与where引导的地点状语从句的区别（9）——Ihavelearnedthatalargenewbuildingwillbesetup______theTwinTowersoncestood.——SohaveI.ButtheAmericanpeoplehaven’tyetgotovertheshockofSeptember11.A.whereB.whenC.whichD.that(2004江苏南通)【考点9】sothat可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句（10）Rosesneedspecialcare________theycanlivethroughwinter.(2004全国卷)A.becauseB.sothatC.evenifD.as【考点10】状语从句的省略用法1．当when，while，if，unless引导状语从句时，如果主从句的主语一致，且谓语部分由be动词构成（或者从句中有itis…）时，可省略主语和be动词（或省略itis）。2．在虚拟条件状语从句中，如果从句中有had，should，were时，可省略if，用“had，should，were+主语”形式。3．以as，than引导的比较状语从句可全部或部分省去。4．asif和asthough从句可用省略形式，后接不定式、分词、形容词和介词。（11）Theresearchissodesignedthatonce____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.(NMET2002)A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun（12）Generallyspeaking,_____accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.(2003上海)A.whentakingB.whentakenC.whentotakeD.whentobetaken【练习】1．________,Icouldn’tliftthebox.A.AsImighttryB.TryalthoughImightC.AstryImightD.TryasImight2．Thenextmoment,_____shehadtimetorealizewhatwashappening,shewashitoverthehead.A.whenB.beforeC.sinceD.as3．——DoyouhaveanyideawhatHankdoesallday?——IknowhespeaksatleastasmuchtimewatchingTVashe__________.A.doeswritingB.writesC.iswritingD.doestowrite4．Iftheway_____youdothejobiswrong,youwillsurelyfail____goodyourideamaybe.A.how;howeverB./;howeverC.that;whateverD.inwhich;how5．Shemusthavegoneoutearly,_____shehadnotshownupatbreakfast.A.becauseB.sinceC.forD.therefore6．Idon’tthinkyou’llbeabletounderstandthat______youaremyage.A.evenB.onlywhenC.asifD.evenwhen7．——Don’tlookdownuponBob.Hehasjustownadvantages.——Oh,yes.______othersareweak,heisstrong.A.WhenB.ThoughC.WhereD.If8．Christiestaredangrilyatherbossandturnedaway,asthough______outoftheoffice.A.togoB.wentC.goneD.wouldgo9．——Excuseme,isthereagasstationaround_______Icanfillupmytank?——Ofcourse,thereisoneattheendoftheroad.A.thatB.inwhichC.whereD.which10．Iwasadvisedtoarrangeforinsurance_____Ineededsomemedicaltreatment.A.sothatB.incaseC.forfearofD.though11．Mr.Li,thoughinabadhealth,isalwayswellprepared_______studentsattendhislecture.46 A.inorderthatB.sofarasC.whoeverD.howevermany12．Theearthgoesaroundthesun_____themoongoesaroundtheearth.A.sothatB.justlikeC.justasD.ashow13．Doingyourhomeworkisawaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue_____it_____classroomtests.A.before;getsB.as;makesC.since;takesD.when;comesto14．Whenhereadsbooks,hishabitistomakeamark_______themeaningisuncleartohim.A.thereB.whereverC.theplaceD.inwhich15．Itwasnot______hetookoffhisdarkglasses_____Irealizedhewasafamousfootballstar.A.when;thatB.until;didC.when;thenD.until;that46 十二、习惯用法【知识点】1.It’sthefirsttimethat……….(从句中用现在完成时)Itwasforthefirsttimethat………(强调句，对状语forthefirsttime进行强调)It’s(high)timethat……..(从句中用过去时或shoulddo)2.It’sthesamewithsb./Soitiswithsb.表示某人也如此（用于前句中既有肯定又有否定或两个不同类的谓语动词）3．beabouttodo/bedoing……when…….正要做/正在做……就在那时…….4．Aistwice/threetimesas+原级+asBAistwice/threetimesthen.ofB.Aistwice/threetimes+比较级+thanB5.It’sawasteoftime/moneydoing/todo…It’snouse/gooddoing………It’spossible/probable/(un)likelythat……….Itmakesgreat/nosensetodo……做某事很有/没意义6.There’snouse/gooddoing…….There’snosense/point(in)doing……Thereisnoneedforsth./todo…….Thereis(no)possibilitythat…………（同位语从句）7.The+比较级……..,the+比较级………越……..,越…….注意：前半句为从句，用一般现在时代替将来时；8.Itseems/appears(tosb.)thatsb…….在某人看来某人……….=Sb.seems/appearstobe/todo/tobedoing/tohavedone……..Itseems/looksasif……….好象/似乎……..9.It(so)happenedthatsb.……..某人碰巧……..=Sb.happenedtobe/todo/tobedoing/tohavedone…..10.Itissaid/thought/believed/hoped/supposed…….thatsb………=Sb.issaidtobe/todo/tobedoing/tohavedone……….(注意：这种句型里如带动词hope则不能变成简单句，因为无hopesb.todo结构)12….such…….that…….如此…….以致于（引导结果状语从句）….such……..as……像……..的这种……(as为关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句里充当主、宾、表)13.DoyoumindifIdosth.?/WouldyoumindifIdidsth.?14.Thechanceisthat……../(The)Chancesarethat……….很可能…….15.Check/Makesure/Seetoit/Seethat……..(从句中常用一般现在时)确信/务必……..16.dependonitthat……..取决于seetoitthat…….负责/设法做到…….注意：除了except/but/in等介词可以直接接that从句，其它介词后必须用it做形式宾语；17．Itis/was+介词短语/从句/名词/代词等+that………How/When/Where/Whyis/wasitthat………..?注意：此句型为强调句，当被强调的为表示人的词时，还可用who连接；强调主语时，从句后的谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致；注意与定语从句的区别）18.Howisitthat……..（这几个句型都表示“怎么会…….?”“怎么发生的？”）Howcome+从句？Howdoes/didsth.comeabout?(Howdiditcomeaboutthat…….?)如:Howcomeyouarelateagain?19.Thereseems/appears/happenstobe/mustbe/can’tbe/is(are,was,were)saidtobe/is(are,was,were)thoughttobe…….表示“.似乎有/碰巧有/一定有/不可能有/据说有/认为有……..”介词（如of）therebeingwant/wish/expecttheretobe要/希望/期待有……..adj./adv.enoughfortheretobe…….足够…….会有…….46 注意：therebeing/theretobe为therebe的非谓语形式；Itissaid/thoughtthatthereis/are……=Thereis/was/are/weresaid(thought)tobe…….如：Ihaveneverdreamoftherebeingsuchagoodchanceforme.Itwon’tbecoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight.20.疑问词+插入语+陈述语序？Whodoyouthinkhe’llhaveattendthemeeting?21.Butfor+n./pron.,sb./sth.would(not)havedone…..要不是…….,某人早就……(表示虚拟语气)=Ifithadnotbeenfor…..,……./Iftherehadnotbeen…….,……..22.Itwon(’t)belongbefore+从句（从句中用一般现在时）不久/很久就要…….Itwas(not)longbefore+从句（从句中用一般过去时）不久/很久才……..23.Thosewho………….(从句及主句中谓语动词用复数形式).Anyonewho…………=Whoever………..(从句及主句中谓语动词用单数形式)24．主句（一般现在时或过去时）…...when从句….(might/shoulddo或might/shouldhavedone)表示”对比”,意思为“本该……(可)而却”,主句中为陈述语气,从句里为虚拟语气,如:Whyareyouherewhenyoushouldbeinschool?你本该上学的怎么在这儿?Hestoppedtryingwhenhemighthavesucceeded.本该已成功了他却停止努力了.25.Thereis./Sb.havenodoubtthat………(同位语从句,that不可省略)Thereis/Sb.havesomedoubtwhether……..(同位语从句不可用if)Sb.doubtif/whether…….Sb.don’tdoubtthat………26.immediately/directly/instantly/themoment+从句on/upon+n./doingNosoonerhadsb.donethan…….(过去时)Hardlyhadsb.donewhen……..(过去时)注意：这几个结构都表示“一…….就”；27．everytime/eachtime/thelasttime/thefirsttime/nexttime+从句（名词性短语引导一个时间状语从句）anywhere/everywhere+从句（相当于wherever引导的地点状语从句）Youcangoanywhereyoulike.Nexttimeyoucome,pleasebringyoursonalong.28.Ifonly/Iwish+从句(用过去类时态)表示虚拟语气,“要是…….就好了”“但愿……就好了!”29.Considering+n.或pron.或that从句/Seeingthat……….考虑到/鉴于…….Given+n./pron作状语,表示“在有……的情况下”“如果有”“假定”,有时也表示”考虑到”Seeing(that)herefusedtohelpus,thereisnoreasonwhyweshouldhelphimnow.Givengoodhealth,Ihopetofinishtheworkthisyear.Giventheirinexperience/thattheyareinexperienced,they’vedoneagoodjob.30.Therewasatimewhen…….曾经有那么一度……….31.otherthan与no,not,none等否定词连用,表示肯定意思,如:ItwasnoneotherthanMr.Smith.这正是Smith先生.32.Notuntil…….did/do/does/willsb.do……Itwas/isnotuntil……thatsb………33.It’s(un)likesb.todo/tohavedone……做某事很像某人/做某事可不像某人34.ItremainstobeseenWh--words……..是否…….还有待于看.(不用that,if作连接词)35.Itonlyremainsforsb.todo……剩下的只是要某人做某事.We’vegoteverythingready.Itonlyremainsforyoutocometodinner.36.Onemoment…….,andnow………刚才一会儿还在做……而现在却……..37.Notall/both/everyone………表示部分否定38.Suchis/are……..这(些)就是…….(谓语动词单复数由后面名词决定)39.I’drather(not)do/havedone……我宁愿…..I’drather+从句（从句中用过去时或过去完成时）40.It’simportant/necessary/strange/surprising….+that……(用陈述语气或shoulddo)41.Ilike/hate/appreciateitthat/when等从句(it表示后面从句的这种情况)Iappreciateitifyouwillgivemeahand.46 42.Bythetime+从句（一般现在时/过去时），主句（将来完成时/过去完成时）43……….,asisoftenthecasewithsb./asisusualwithsb.(as引导非限制性定语从句)44incase/lest/forfearthat…….(从句中用陈述语气或shoulddo)45.While置于句首可表示Aslongas或AlthoughWhilethereislifethereishope.WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisbadones.46.cannot(never)……too+adj.(adv.)/adj.(adv.)+enough“越……越好”“非常”too+adj.(anxious/eager/willing/ready/glad等)+todo….表示肯定意思Ican’tthankyouenough.我非常感激你.Hewastoogladtoseehisfather.=Hewasverygladtoseehisfather.47.not/neve等表示否定的词与比较级连用表示最高级，如：-----Doyouagreewithhissuggestion?-------Ican’tagreemore.48.Whatif……..要是…….怎么办？Whatifhedoesn’tcometomorrow?49.more……..than与其…….不如……..Heismorenervousthanfrightened.50.Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since从句(从句中如为延续性动词,则实际表示的意思相反)Itistwoyearssincehedrank.他不喝酒已两年了.【练习】1.Mr.Smithdidn’tunderstand______madehissonsoupsetthismorning.A.whatwasitB.whyitwasthisC.howthatwasD.whatitwasthat2.-----Didyouhaveagoodsleeplastnight?----Yes,neversleep_______.A.badlyB.betterC.worseD.best3.Weareonly_____gladtodoanythingwecan_______her.A.too;tohelpB.very;helpCtoo;helpD.very;helping4.-----Howcomeyouarelateforclassagain?-------_____________.A.BecauseImissedthebusB.BybusandthenonfootC.PleaseexcusemeD.It’squitewrong5._______morethan3,000languagesintheworld.A.TherearethoughttobeB.ThereisthoughttobeC.TheyarethoughttobeD.Itisthoughttobe6.-----Georgeisawiseperson.-----Butinmyopinion,heis______thanwise.A.clevererB.braverC.morebraveD.lessbrave7.-----SocanIaskyouafewfairlystraightforwardquestionsaboutyourself?-----Noproblem.Ilike________whenpeopleareopenanddirect.A.thatB.thisC.itD.them8.----______Imovethepictureoverhere?----Isupposeit’lllookbetter.A.HowifB.WhataboutC.HowaboutD.Whatif9.Chinahasproduced______thisyearasitdidin2002.A.astwicemuchsteelB.twicesteelasmuchC.twiceasmuchsteelD.asmuchsteeltwice10.-----_______wasit______youdiscoveredthesecretofhis?------Totallybychance.A.How;whenB.What;thatC.What;whenD.How;that11.-----Whoonearthcoulditbe?------Itwas_______otherthanClintEastwood.A.noneB.nothingC.notD.nobody12._____hisage,hediditquitewell,sodon’t______himanymore.46 AGiven;blameB.Considered;sayC.Toregard;scoldD.Considering;speak13.Nosooner_____themselvesintheirseatsinthetheatre______thecurtainwentup.A.theyhavesettled;beforeB.hadtheysettled;thanC.havetheysettled;whenD.theyhadsettled;than14.-----Didyoumeetwiththefamousspacehero,YangLiwei?------______Ihadcomehereearlier!A.IfonlyB.IfnotC.ButforD.Forfear15.Thestudentsexpected__________morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.A.itwouldbeB.therebeingC.ittobeD.theretobe16.Studentsshouldn’tbegivensodifficultaproblem_____theycannotworkout.A.thatB.whichC.whileD.as17.Itwastwelveo’clockatmidnight_______theyarrivedatalonelyvillage.A.thatB.beforeC.sinceD.when18.-----Theexamwasn’tdifficult,wasit?------No,butIdon’tthink______couldpassit.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.nobody19.-----Ialwaystakecarewhendoingpapersonthecomputer.-----Youmeantit!Onecannotbe_______carefulworkingonit.A.tooB.veryC.soD.quite20.-----IsMissWhiteworkingthesedays?------No.Itistwomonthssincesheworkedhere.------Oh,_____________?A.whereissheworkingnowB.wouldyoupleaseshowmethewayC.whichisherofficeD.issheill46 十三、交际用语易错常考的日常交际用语1.问候和应答A:Howareyoudoing?B:Fine,thankyou./Justso-so.A:Pleaseremembermetoyourparents.B:Sure,Iwill.2.介绍和应答A:ThisisMr./Mrs./Miss/MsBrown.B:Hello!/Howdoyoudo?/Nicetomeetyou!3.告别Seeyou(later)!/Goodnight!(cf.Goodevening!)/Niceseeingyou.4.感谢和应答A:Manythanks!/Thanksforyourhelp!/Iappreciateyourhelp!B:That’sallright(OK)./Youarewelcome./Don’tmentionit./It’sapleasure./Mypleasure.(cf.Withpleasure.用于回答对方的求助、邀请)5.道歉和应答A:I’msorry.B:That’sallright(OK.)./Itdoesn’tmatter./Nevermind./That’snothing./Forgetit.6.邀请和应答A:Wouldyouliketo...?B:Yes,I"dloveto./Yes,withpleasure./Yes,it"sverykind(nice)ofyou./I"dloveto,butIhaveotherplans.7.请求允许和应答A:CouldIsmokehere?/IwonderifIcouldsmokehere.B:Yes(Certainly)./Yes,doplease./Ofcourseyoumay./That"sOK(allright)./I"msorry,butitisnotallowed/You"dbetternot.A:DoyoumindifIopenthewindow?B:Notatall./Ofcoursenot./Certainlynot./I’msorry,butyou’dbetternot.8.祝愿、祝贺和应答A:Goodluck!/Bestwishestoyou./Haveanice/goodtime./Congratulations!/Haveagoodjourney.!  B:Thankyou.  A:HappyNewYear!/MerryChristmas!/Happybirthdaytoyou.  B:Thesametoyou.9.提供帮助和应答A:CanIhelpyou?/Wouldyoulikesomehelp?   B:Thanks.Thatwouldbenice/Yes,please./No,thankyouall(just)thesame./No,thankyouanyway./That"sverykindofyou,butIcanmanageitmyself.A:WhatcanIdoforyou?B:I’dliketogototheNo.3MiddleSchool.10.约会A:Shallwemeetat4:30?/Let’smakeit4:00.B:Allright.Seeyouthen.11.打电话A:Hello!MayIspeaktoTom?B:Holdon,please.A:IsthatMaryspeaking?B:Sheisn"thererightnow.CanItakeamessageforyou?12.就餐   A:Wouldyoulikesomemoremeat?/Helpyourselftosomemoremeat.   B:Thankyou.I"vehadenough./Justalittle,please.13.看病A:What’sthematter?/Whatseemstobethetrouble?B:Idon’tfeellikeeating./ I"vegotacough./Ifeelterrible（bad）./Idon"tfeelwell./I"vegotapainhere./Ithurtshere.14.购物  A:WhatcanIdoforyou?/May(CanI)helpyou?B:I"dliketobuyadictionary.    A:Howaboutthisone?B:That"sfine.I"lltakeit.15.问路和应答46    A:Excuseme.Where"sthewashroom?/ Excuseme,canyoutellmethewaytothepostoffice?   B:Godownthisstreet.Turnright/leftatthesecondcrossing.Sorry,Idon’tknow.Iamastrangerhere.16.谈论天气A:What"stheweatherliketoday?/How"stheweatherinBeijing?B:It"sfine/cloudy/windy/rainy,etc./It"sratherwarm(cold/hot).today,isn"tit?17.处理交际中的障碍    Pardon.!/Ibegyourpardon./Pleasesaythatagain(moreslowly.)Whatdoyoumeanby….?/I"msorryIcan"tfollowyou.18.提醒注意Youcan’t(mustn’t)smokehere./Nosmoking!/Wetpaint!/Mindyourhead(step)/Takecare!/Becareful!/Lookout!19.同意和不同意Certainly/Sure/Ofcourse./Yes,please./  That"sagoodidea./IagreeNo,Idon"tthinkso./I"mafraidnot./Ireallycan"tagreewithyou./Noway(决不,没门)20时间或日期和应答A:Whattimeisitnow?/What"sthetime?B:It"saboutthree.A:Whatdayisittoday?B:It"sWednesday.A:Excuseme.Haveyougotthetime?B:Yes,it"ssixtwenty.【练习】1.–Iexpecteverythingwillturnoutasyouwish.---_____.A.AllrightB.ThesametoyouC.No,thanksD.I’dliketo2.---I’msorrythatIcan’tattendyourwedding.---_____?Haven’tweagreedonit?A.WhatisitB.Whydon’tyouC.WhatdoyouthinkD.Howisit3---Excuseme,sir.I’mwritingaresearchpaperonChinesemedicine.Doyoumindansweringafewquestion?----______.A.Yes,pleaseB.No,ofcoursenotC.CertainlyD.Byallmeans4.----Excuseme,couldyoutellmethetime?----Sorry,Idon’thavemywatchwithme.---_____A.ThanksanywayB.ThanksalotC.I’msorrytohearthatD.Whatapity5.----Wouldyoulikeanothercupoftea?----____.A.WhynotB.MakeyourselfathomeC.Oh,sorryD.It’sverykindofyou6.–Iwishyouwouldn’thaveyourTVsoloud.---____.Wereyoutryingtosleep?A.That’sallrightB.OKC.SorryD.Thankyou7.----Howiseverything,Rose?---____.A.Verywell,thankyouB.NottoobadC.I’mallright,thanksD.Notatall8.---Whydidn’tyoutellAnnthetruth?---_____.A.Yes,IwasafraidtobescoldedbyherB.No,butIwantedtoC.ButIdidD.Ialwayshatetellinglies9.---Notallpresentwouldbelievewhatthereportsaid,I’mafraid.---____.A.SodoIB.NoramIC.IagreeD.I’mafraid,too10.---Hereyouareatlast!--____.A.AreyouallrightB.Yes,I’mhere46 C.SorrytohavekeptyouwaitingD.Youarehere,too11.---Pleaseexcuseme,butIreallyhavetobegoing.---Yes,ofcourse.____.A.ThesametomeB.That’sOKC.ThanksalotD.Niceseeingyou.12.---Tom,wouldyouliketocometoourdinnerparty?---_____.A.Yes,IwouldB.Yes,withpleasureC.No,Ican’tcomeD.Sure,it’smypleasure13.---___---Thankyou.Icertainlywill.A.IwishyousuccessB.WillyouhelpmewithmyworkC.PleaseremembermetoyourfamilyD.MayIhelpyou?14.---______atthenewschool?---Fine.I’vegotusedtothelifethereandI’vemadesomefriend.A.HowareyouB.HowareyoudoingC.AreyougettingonwellD.Howdoyoudo14.---Cliff,Ilostyourbikeatschool.IsupposeIshouldpayforit.---Oh,____.Itwasanoldbikeanyway.A.ForgetitB.TakeiteasyC.OKD.Don’tsayso16.---Mum,I’vecutmyfinger.It’sbleeding.---Oh,dear.___.A.LetmeseeB.Don’tworryC.NothingwrongD.Takeiteasy17.–I’mgoingtotraveltoAmerica.Wouldyoutellmesomethingaboutyourexperiencesthere?--___.Let’sdiscussitoverdinner.A.That’sallrightB.ByallmeansC.GoaheadD.Itjustdepends18.---ShallIhelpyouwiththesuitcase?---_____.A.It’sallright,thanksB.Yes,goaheadpleaseC.Idon’twanttotroubleyoutoomuchD.No,pleasedon’tdoit19.–Youcan’tfinishthebookinlessthananhour,Isuppose?--____.A.Yes,I’msureIcanB.No,hardlyC.Sorry,Ican’tD.Idon’tthinkIcan20.–Howarethingsgoingwithyou?--____.A.Quitewell,thankyouB.Good.Andyou?C.Good.Whynot?D.No,justso-so.46 十四、强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语一、强调句（一）强调句句型1、陈述句的强调句型：Itis/was+被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+that/who（当强调主语且主语指人）+其它部分。e.g.ItwasyesterdaythathemetLiPing.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/was提到it前面。e.g.WasityesterdaythathemetLiPing?3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+is/was+it+that/who+其它部分？e.g.Whenandwherewasitthatyouwereborn?4、强调句例句：针对ImetLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：ItwasIthat(who)metLiMingattherailwaystationyesterday.强调宾语：ItwasLiMingthatImetattherailwaystationyesterday.强调地点状语：ItwasattherailwaystationthatImetLiMingyesterday.强调时间状语：ItwasyesterdaythatImetLiMingattherailwaystation.5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that,who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that,who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用Itwas…，其余的时态用Itis…。（二）not…until…句型的强调句1、句型为：Itis/wasnotuntil+被强调部分+that+其它部分e.g.普通句：Hedidn’tgotobeduntil/tillhiswifecameback.强调句：Itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathewenttobed.2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till,until可通用；因为句型中Itis/wasnot…已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。（三）谓语动词的强调1、Itis/was…that…结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/does或did。e.g.Dositdown.务必请坐。Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.上周他确实给你写了信。Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用do/does和did，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。二、It的用法（一）作人称代词1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。e.g.Youcannoteatyourcakebuthaveit.（it代替前面的cake）Althoughwecannotseeit,thereisairallaroundus.（it代替后面的air）Theysayhehaslefttown,butIdon’tbelieveit.（it代替前面They…town分句中的情况）2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。e.g.Yesterdaywesawabigtree.Itwasfullytwentymetreshigh.（it代替前面的tree）Thebabycriedbecauseitwashungry.（it代替前面的baby）3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。e.g.----Someoneisknockingatthedoor,Peter.----Whoisit?----It’sme.----Whoaresinging?----Itisthechildren.----Thelightisstilloninthelab.Itmustbethethird-yearstudentsdoingtheexperiment.4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。e.g.----Doyoustillhavethebicycle?----No,Ihavesoldit.----Isthisknifeyours?----No.ItisXiaoZhang’s.Mineistheoneonthedesk.52 5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。e.g.TheclimateofSouthChinaismild（温和的）;Ilikeitverymuch.（it指theclimateofSouthChina）TheclimateofSouthChinaismuchbetterthanthatofJapan.（that指theclimate）（二）作无人称代词it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。Itisfine(rainy,windy,etc.).Itisnoon.Itisahalfhour’swalktothefactory.Itiseighteensquaremetresinarea.Whatdoesitmatter?（三）作强调词，构成强调结构用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“Itis(was)+所强调的成分+that(who)+其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。e.g.Ittakeshalfanhourtogothereonfoot.（It与togothereonfoot之间夹有takeshalfanhour四个词）WethoughtitstrangethatMrSmithdidnotcomelastnight.（it与that从句中间夹有strange）但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。e.g.Youmaydependonitthattheywillsupportyou.（因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句）【练习一】强调句、It的用法1.Mybikeismissing.Ican’tfind____anywhere.A.oneB.onesC.itD.that2.----Who’sthat?----____ProfessorLi.A.That’sB.It’sC.He’sD.This’s3.____wasJanethatIsawinthelibrarythismorning.A.ItB.HeC.SheD.That4.----Haveyoueverseenawhalealive?----Yes,I’veseen____.A.thatB.itC.suchD.one5.Thecolorofmycoatisdifferentfrom____ofyours.A.thisB.thatC.itD.one6.____willdoyougoodtodosomeexerciseeverymorning.A.ItB.ThereC.ThoseD.You7.Wethink____ourdutytopaytaxestoourgovernment.A.thatB.thisC.itsD.it8.TheclimateofShanghaiisbetterthan____ofNanjing.A.thatB.itC.whichD.what9.____fouryearssinceIjoinedtheArmy.A.TherewasB.ThereisC.ItwasD.Itis10.Howlong____tofinishthework?A.you’lltakeB.you’lltakeitC.willittakeyouD.willtakeyou11.ItwasthroughXiaoLi____IgottoknowXiaoWang.A.whoB.whomC.howD.that12.Itwasinthericefields____wehadourleaguemeeting.A.whereB.thatC.inwhichD.onwhich13.ItwasonOctober1st____newChinawasfounded.A.whichB.whenC.asD.that14.Wasitbecausehewasill____heaskedforleave?A.andB.thatC.that’sD.so52 15.Maryspeaksinalowvoice;____isdifficulttoknowwhatsheissaying.A.itB.thatC.soD.she16.Itwas____ImetMrGreeninShanghai.A.manyyearsthatB.manyyearsbeforeC.manyyearsagothatD.manyyearswhen17.____isnoteverybody____candrawsowell.A.It,allB.It,thatC.There,whoD.There,that18.So____thatnofishcanliveinit.A.shallowisthelakeB.thelakeisshallowC.shallowthelakeisD.isthelakeshallow三、省略为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。e.g.(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）(I)seeyoutomorrow.(It)Doesn’tmatter.2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。e.g.(Thereis)Nosmoking.(Isthere)Anythingwrong?Why(doyou)notsayhellotohim?3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。e.g.----Areyougoingthere?----I’dliketo(gothere).Hedidnotgivemethechance,thoughhehadpromisedto(givemethechance).注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。e.g.----Areyouanengineer?----No,butIwanttobe.----Hehasn’tfinishedthetaskyet.----Well,heoughttohave.4、省略表语。e.g.----Areyouthirsty?----Yes,Iam(thirsty).5、同时省略几个成分。e.g.Let’smeetatthesameplaceas(wemet)yesterday.----Haveyoufinishedyourwork?----(Ihave)Not(finishedmywork)yet.（二）并列句中的省略两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。e.g.Myfatherisadoctorandmymother(is)anurse.Istudyatcollegeandmysister(studies)athighschool.（三）主从复合句中的省略1、主句中有一些成分被省略。e.g.(I’m)Sorrytohearthatyouareill.(Itisa)Pitythathemissedsuchagoodchance.2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。e.g.----Ishecomingbacktonight?----Ithinkso.----Ishefeelingbettertoday?----I’mafraidnot.这种用法常见的有：Howso?Whyso?Isthatso?Ihopeso.Hesaidso及Isupposenot.Ibelievednot.Ihopenot等。（但Idon’tthinkso比Ithinknot更常用）。（四）其它省略1、连词that的省略：①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。2、不定式符号to的省略①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。e.g.Itoldhimtositdownandwaitforamoment.②、某些使役动词（如let,make,have）及感官动词（如see,watch,notice,hear,feel,lookat和listento等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。e.g.----Isawtheboyfallfromthetree.----Theboywasseentofallfromthetree.52 ③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。e.g.Theboydidnothingbutplay.3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语+be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。e.g.Thesooner(youdoit),thebetter(itwillbe).四、插入语英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。（一）插入语的类型：1、单词（多是副词），如：besides,however,otherwise,therefore,though等。e.g.Sheislookingfit,though.他看起来倒是健康。Ican,however,discussthiswhenIseeyou.2、短语e.g.ChinaandIndia,forexample,areneighbours.Bytheway,whereareyoufrom?3、句子e.g.Heisanhonestman,Ibelieve.Jack,asfarasIknow,isn’tclever.（二）插入语的位置通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。e.g.YouknowthatIthinkyouarewrong.我认为，你明白你错了。Whatonearthdoyoumean?你究竟是什么意思？（三）插入语在句中的作用一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。e.g.Hegotthenewsfromnobodyknowswhere.他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。（四）插入语的特殊用法下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say,suppose,guess,believe,consider,think,imagine等。e.g.Howlongdidyousayshewouldstayhere?Whendoyousupposethey’llbeback?Howolddidyouthinkshewas（五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语bytheway顺便说，顺便问一下；sofar到目前为止；andsoon等等；onthecontrary相反；nowonder不足为奇；asamatteroffact事实上；comealong快点，来吧；inotherwords换句话说；asusual如同以往；asaresult因此，结果。【练习二】省略和插入语1.----Won’tyouhaveanothertry?----____.A.Yes,IwillB.Yes,Iwon’tC.Yes,IwillhaveD.Yes,Iwon’thave2.----Iwon’tdoitanymore.----____?A.Whydon’tB.Whydon’tdoitanymoreC.WhynotD.Whynotdo3.----Doyouthinkitwillsnowtomorrow?----____.A.No,Idon’tthinkB.Idon’tthinkC.No,Idon’tsoD.Idon’tthinkso4.----Willhefailintheexam?----____.A.Don’thopetoB.Let’shopenotC.NothopesoD.Let’shopenotto5.____usual,Ihaveforgottensomething.52 A.AsB.AsitisC.It’sD.Thatis6.____sheaman,shemightbeelectedpresident.A.IfB.UnlessC.WasD.Were7.____Ihadtime,Iwouldhaveplayeditagain.A.IfB.UnlessC.HadD.When8.____itraintomorrow,I’dstayathome.A.ShouldB.WouldC.WhenD.If9.Ilikesportsand____mybrother.A.soB.sodoesC.soisD.solikes10.Francis,____borninKentucky,livedandpractisedlawinMissouri.A.wasB.HewasC.whoisD.although11.----Aren’tyouthemanager?----No,andI____.A.don’twantB.don’twanttoC.don’twanttobeD.don’t12.----Haveyoufedthedog?----No,but____.A.IamB.I’mjustgoingtoC.I’mD.I’mjustgoing13.Yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn’treachtherequiredstandard（标准）—____,youfailed.A.intheendB.afterallC.inotherwordsD.atthesametime14.Howlong____shewouldstayhere?A.didshesayB.shesaidC.didD./15.____coulddosuchthing?A.WhomdoyouthinkB.WhodoyouthinkC.DoyouthinkwhomD.Didyouthinkwho【练习三】综合训练1.Johnwasill.Haveyouheardabout____?A.thisB.heC.itD.theone2.Hurryup!____gettingdarkeranddarker.A.TheskyisB.It’sC.WeatherisD.Timeis3.It’sthethirdtime____Ihavebeenhere.A.thatB.whenC.afterD.who4.Itwassimplyforthatreason____Iwouldn’ttellhimthetruth.A.whyB.whichC.soD.that5.Wasitintheplace____thelastemperordied?A.whereB.thatC.whichD.inwhich6.____isnodifferencebetweenAandB.A.ItB.WhereC.ThereD.What7.It____MikeandMarywhohelpedtheoldmanseveraldaysago.A.wasB.wereC.areD.hadbeen8.Hesaid,“____alongwaytoschool.____alongwaytogoyetbeforewearrive.”A.Itis,ItisB.Thereis,ThereisC.Thereis,ItisD.Itis,Thereis9.Idon’tlike____youspeaktoher.A.thewayB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhichD.thewayofwhich10.IfyougotoXi’an,you’llfindthepalacestheremoremagnificentthancommonly____.A.supposingB.supposeC.tosupposeD.supposed11.____isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It12.Itwasabout600yearsago____thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade.A.thatB.untilC.beforeD.when13.Itwasnotuntil1920____regularradiobroadcastbegan.A.whileB.whichC.thatD.since14.----Doyoumindmytakingthisseat?----____.A.Yes,sitdownpleaseB.No,ofcoursenotC.Yes,takeitpleaseD.No,youcan’ttakeit15.----I’llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?---Notatall.____.52 A.I’venotimeB.I’drathernotC.I’dlikeitD.I’dbehappyto16.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_____.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto17.Itwasnotuntilshecametoseeus____hermotherwasillinbed.A.whenweknewB.thatdidweknewC.thatweknewD.thatdidweknow18.----Thisstorehassuchhighprices.----Iagree.Neveragain____here.A.IwillshopB.willIshopC.IdoshopD.shopI19.____washiskindnessthateveryonepraisedhim.A.ItB.WhatC.SoD.Such20.____,hewouldhavepassedtheexam.A.IfheweretostudyB.IfhestudiedhardC.HadhestudiedhardD.Shouldhestudyhard21.----Davidhasmadegreatprogressrecently.----____,and____.A.Sohehas,sohaveyouB.Sohehas,soyouhaveC.Sohashe,sohaveyouD.Sohashe,soyouhave22.Nosooner____theyrushedoutintothestreet.A.didtheyhearthenewsthanB.didtheyhearthenewswhenC.hadtheyheardthenewsthanD.hadtheyheardthenewswhen23.Hewasunabletomakesuchprogress,____.A.hardashetriedB.ashardhetriedC.hardhehastriedD.triedhardashe52 十五、动词词义辨析动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie,lay;hanged,hung;rise,raise;sit,seat等。2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow,lend;speak,say,talk;hope,wish等。3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise,advice;cost,worth;pass,past等。4、意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如：explain,say;discover,invent,uncover;find,findout等。5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask,give,call,make,find,get,keep,want,see,hear等。6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如：givein,giveup,turnon,turnoff,turndown,turnup等。（一）易混动词1、lay（放）,lie（躺）与lie（说谎）：这三个易混动词构成见下表：中文原形过去式过去分词现在分词说明放laylaidlaidlaying及物动词躺lielaylainlying不及物动词说谎lieliedliedlying不及物动词2、rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。3、hear与listento：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listento是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listento却用于集中注意力的听。4、see,watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Areyougoingtoplayoronlywatch?；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：Thelittleboylookedmeintheface.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）5、wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。6、hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。7、hear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born…短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:HewasborninShanghai.而作它用时要用borne。如：Shehasbornefivechildren.但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。8、sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用beseated。如：Theywereseatedattheirdesks.或用seatoneself,比如:Iseatedmyselfinthearmchair.9、borrow,lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep。10、win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，agame,anargument,abattle,aprize,acontest,arace,abet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:Ihavewonhim.即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。11、steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。12、fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。13、take,bring与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。14、shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shutyourmouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shutup.在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。15、answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answerfor，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。16、reach，arrive与getto：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有getto,arrive(at/in)。17、cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost,spend,take，但各有不同用法。cost作“花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如:shespentallhismoneyonstamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如Ittakesmethreehourstofinishthiswork.57 18、lost,gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用lost,gone，但要用miss时则不能用missed,而要用missing.19、haveon,wear,puton及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。haveon与wear作穿着状态讲;但haveon不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。puton是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:Hewasdressedinab1uesuit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如：Idressmychildreninthemorningeveryday.20、begin与startbegin与Start均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词，但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如:weshou1dhavetostartearlybecausetherewasalottrafficinthestreet。21、allow与permitallow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：Peoplearenotallowedtospit.22、find与foundfind找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如：ThePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949.23、speak,say,talk与tell英文中讲有4个词，speak,say,talk,tell，但其中speak,talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：PleasespeakEnglish。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tellmeastory。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：Mywatchwasbroken.Itcouldn’ttelltimecorrectly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为Itsaid…。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Canyoutellmethedifferencebetweenthetwo？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如：Thefatheralwaysspeakswellofhisson.。24、excuseme与sorryexcuseme用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。25、carefor与caretodocarefor其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如：Wouldyoucareforacupoftea？但carefor作照顾讲时与lookafter相同。26、与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.),advice(n.);accept(v.),except(prep.);pass(v.),past(prep.);bathe(v.),bath(n.);breathe(v.),breath(n.);choose(v.),choice(n.);succeed(v.),success(n.);27、意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。28、动词+副词+介词：catchupwith,lookforwardto,comeupwith,keepupwith,goinfor,lookdownon,getonwith…29、动词+介词to的词组有：cometo,stickto,objectto,agreeto,turnto,attendto,belongto,devoteto,replyto…30、与in相结合的动词有：givein,handin,bringin,dropin,succeedin,takein,checkin,engagein,fillin,tradein…（二）动词短语动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点：1、根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。(I)动词+副词(不及物)Harryturnedupafterthepartywheneveryonehadleft.晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。(2)动词+副词(及物)Pleaseturneverylightinthehouseoff.请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：Sheturnedoffallthelightswhichhadbeenlefton.她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：Shegavethemaway.她送掉了它们。57 (3)动词+介词(及物)I"mlookingformyglasses.我在找我的眼镜。注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：She"sgotmoreworkthanshecancopewith.她的工作多得使她应付不了。(4)动词+副词+介词Ilookforwardtoseeingyousoon.我盼望不久就见到你。注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。Inthiswaybothgrainandvegetablecanbewelllookedafter.(不能漏掉after)这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①hearfrom收到…的来信，hearof听说。②lookafter照料，lookat看，lookfor寻找。(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：①ringback回电话,ringoff挂断电话,ringup打电话②putaway放好,puton穿，上演,putup挂起，举起。(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：lookfor寻找,callfor去取(某物)，去接(某人),askfor请求,waitfor等候,sendfor派人去叫。(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：①breakout发生，爆炸,carryout进行，开展,goout熄灭,handout分发,letout放出,lookout当心,sellout卖完,setout出发,takeout取出,workout算出。②breakdown出毛病,comedown落下来,getdown下车,takedown取下,writedown写下。【练习】1.Icanhardly____thedifferencebetweenthetwowords.A.pointB.speakC.sayD.tell2.I____youwillwritemebacksoon.A.wishB.hopeC.wantD.need3.Iaskedhimto____meafewminutessothatIcouldhaveawordwithhim.A.spendB.spareC.saveD.share4.Fatherwillnot____ustotouchanythinginhisroomwhenheisaway.A.haveB.letC.agreeD.allow5.Ilearnedto____abicycleasasmallboy.A.rideB.driveC.operateD.run6.Ican____youtotherailwaystationinmycar.A.sendB.pickC.rideD.take7.Ifnoone____thephoneathome,ringmeatwork.A.answersB.returnsC.repliesD.receives8.1don"tknowtherestaurant,butit"s____tobequiteagoodone.A.saidB.toldC.spokenD.talked9.Theseboxesaretooheavyforyourmother,you"dbetter____themforher.A.bringB.carryC.takeD.fetch10.Therewasafightinthestreetyesterday.Threepeoplewereseriously____.A.hurtB.killedC.brokenD.cut11.Carelessdriving____alotofhighwayaccidents.A.affectsB.givesC.causesD.results12.I"ve____myumbrellaintheofficeandI"llhavetofetchit.A.forgotB.leftC.remainedD.lost13.Thedoctorsaysafewdays"restinaquietplacewill____youalotofgood.A.makeB.doC.giveD.get14.Hisheart____fastwhentheteacheraskedhimadifficultquestion.A.beatB.hitC.jumpedD.ran15.Thecookingchicken____verygood.A.smellsB.feelsC.soundsD.tastes16.Mostchildrenstayathomeuntilthey____schoolage.A.getB.comeC.reachD.arrive57 17.Asinglemistakeherecould____youyourlife.A.payB.takeC.spendD.cost18.Theboyworkshard.I____himtosucceedintheexam.A.likeB.expectC.thinkD.need19.We____eachotherthebestofluckintheexamination.A.hopedB.wantedC.expectedD.wished20.I"mafraidMrBrownisn"tin.Wouldyouliketo____amessage?A.giveB.leaveC.carryD.take21.Doyouknowthegirl____aredcoat?A.dressedinB.hadonC.woreD.puton22.TheassistantsuggestedMary____theblueskirt.A.buyingB.boughtC.tobuyD.couldbuy23.OurteachersuggestedWangLin____toAmericaforfurtherstudy.A.shouldsendB.wouldbesentC.sendingD.besent24.OldMrJacksoninsisted____totheFriendshipHospital.A.onbeingsentB.tosendC.onsendingD.beingsent25.ThefatherinsistedthattheirsonTom____cleverenoughtostudymusic.A.beB.shouldbeC.wasD.wouldbe26.I____thetelevisionsetfor1,500yuan.A.boughtB.paidC.costD.spent27.I____playfootballthanbasketball.A.wouldratherB.hadbetterC.likebetterD.prefer28.-Whatareyoudoing?-I"mlooking____thechildren.Theyshouldbebackforlunchnow.A.afterB.atC.forD.up29.Thesportsmeetwillbe____tillnextweekbecauseofthebadweather.A.putoffB.putawayC.putupD.putdown30.Ireallydon"twanttogototheparty,butIdon"tseehowIcan____it.A.getbackfromB.getoutofC.getawayD.getoff31.Readerscan____quitewellwithoutknowingtheexactmeaningofeachword.A.getoverB.getinC;getalongD.getthrough32.Manyforeigners____theGreatWallastheWorld"sSeventhWonder.A.lookatB.lookforC.lookaroundD.lookon33.1can"thearclearly.Please____theradio____alittle.A.tum;onB.tum;offC.tum;downD.tum;up34.Thirtypeoplewereexpected,butonlytwenty-four____.A.turnedinB.turnedupC.turnedtoD.turnup35.Thechildisrunningahighfever.Wemust____adoctoratonce.A.sendinB.sendoutC.sendforD.sendup36.I"mgoingtoapopconcertwithTom.He"ll____meateightandwe"llgotheretogethe;A.callforB.callinC.callonD.callup37.Itisofteneasiertomakeplansthanitisto____.A.carryonthemB.carryoutthemC.carrythemonD.carrythemout38.Yourcompositionmustbe____afterclass.A.handedtoB.handedoutC.handedinD.handedover39.Anewschoolwas____inthevillagelastyear.A.heldupB.setupC.sentupD.broughtup40.-Whendidtheplane____?-At2o"clock.A.takeoff"B.takeupC.takeawayD.takeplace41.____!There"sdangerahead.A.LookatB.LookupC.LookonD.Lookout42.Let"s____tocleanthehouse.It"stoodirty.A.setaboutB.setoutC.setoffD.setdown57 43.Iusedto____myteacherwhenIwasinBeijing.A.callin.B.callatC.callforD.callon44.He____fromhisfamilyandsettleddowninAmerica.A.brokeawayB.brokeoutC.brokeupD.brokein45.Hehadto____hisfather"sbusinessafterhisdeath,thoughhedidn"treallywanttocontinueit.A.carryoutB.pickupC.setupD.carryon46.Therobbershadnotroublein____thebank,butwhentheycameout,thepolicewerewaitingforthem.A.breakingoutB.breakingintoC.breakingupD.breakingawayfrom47.Autumniscoming.Thefarmersarebusy____thecropsinthefields.A.movinginB.sharinginC.handinginD.gettingin48.Allthestudents____theirholidaystotakepartinplantingtrees.A.gaveoutB.gaveinC.gaveupD.gaveaway49.Hewasalwaysthelasttoleaveinordertocleanuptheworkroomand____thetools.A.putawayB.takeawayC.pushasideD.lookafter50.____thisarticleandtellmewhatyouthinkofit.A.LookupB.LookonC.LookintoD.Lookthrough57 十六、独立（主格）结构状语有时可以由一个名词（代词）和另一成分构成的复合结构充当，称为独立（主格）结构。独立结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式和介词是主谓关系。   独立结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常有逗号与主句分开。需要特别注意的是，独立结构与句子之间不能使用任何连词。一、独立主格结构的构成1.名词(代词)+现在分词Thestormhavingdestroyedtheirhut,theyhadtoliveinacave.Nightfalling,wehurriedhome.2.名词(代词)+过去分词Helayonhisback,hishandscrossedunderhishead.Thisdone,wewenthome.3.名词(代词)+形容词Shecameintotheroom,herearsredwithcold.Thefloorwetandslippery,wehadtostayoutside.4.名词(代词)+副词Heputonhissockswrongsideout.Themeetingover,weallwenthome.5.名词(代词)+不定式Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.注意：不定式表示将来的动作。6.名词(代词)+介词短语Hewalkedoutofthecamp,rifleinhand(=witharifleinhishand.)Shecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderherarm.二、独立结构在句中的作用1． 时间状语      Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.　    （=Whenthetestwasfinished,webeganourholiday.）2． 条件状语Weatherpermitting,theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.(=Ifweatherpermits,theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.)3． 原因状语Thestormdrawingnear,theworkerdecidedtostopworking.(=Sincethestormwasdrawingnear,theworkerdecidedtostopworking.)4． 伴随状语Hesatinthefrontrow,hismouthhalfopen.(=Hesatinthefrontrowandhismouthwashalfopen.)三、其它形式的独立结构1．在以上所讲的独立结构前加with,这种结构在句中可作：1） 伴随状语Withtheyoungmanleading,theystartedtowardthemountain.Thesoldiersmarchedforward,withgunsontheirshoulders(=gunonshoulder).Heusedtosleepwiththewindowopen.2)原因状语  Hefeltuneasywiththewholeclassstaringathim.  WithTomaway,wehavegotmoreroom.3）时间状语  Witheverythingwellarranged,helefthis59 office.2．It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）  ItbeingMonday,thelibraryisclosed.  Itbeingspring,manykindsofflowerscomeout.3．倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）1)therebe形式   Therebeingnobusortaxi,wehadtogohomeonfoot.2)such形式   Suchbeingthecase,shehadnothingtosay.3)介词短语形式Inthesandbeingthemarkofaman’sfoot,Crusoestaredatit,fulloffear.【练习】1.Thelecture______,helefthisseatsoquietlythatnoonecomplainedthathis leavingdisturedthespeaker. A.began B.beginning C.havingbegun D.beingbeginning2.Such______thecase,Ihavenootherchoices. A.being B.is C.was D.tobe3.Darkness______in,theyoungpeoplestrolledonthestreets. A.set B.setting C.hasset D.wasset4.Withallfactors______,wethinkthisprogrammaybebetterthanalltheothersinachievingthegoal.A.beingconsidered  B.considering C.considered D.areconsidered5.Anewtechnique______,theproductionincreasedby20percent.A.tohavebeenworkedout  B.havingworkedoutC.workingout            D.havingbeenworkedout6.Onthetopwastheclearoutlineofagreatwolfsittingstill,ears______,alert,listening.A.pointed B.pointing C.arepointed D.arepointing7.Walterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice,butourwork______,wedidn’taccepttheoffer.A.notbeingfinished   B.nothavingfinishedC.hadnotbeenfinished D.wasnotfinished8.Therearevariouskindsofmetals,each______itsownproperties(特性).A.has B.had C.tohave D.having9.Theoldmanstoodunderabigtree,______. A.apipeinmouth   B.withapipeinmouthC.pipeinmouth    D.pipeinhismouth10.Theproduction______steadily,thefactoryneedsanever-increasingsupplyofrawmaterial(原料).A.hasgoneup B.isgoingup C.havinggoneup D.beinggoneup59 十七、句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）66 Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名词）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）【练习一】句子成分()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.deaded()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法66 1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.（二）简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主语+不及物动词：e.g.Wework.3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。（三）并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（四）高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and,but,or,while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。如：Wewillgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow。简单句补充知识点【知识点】1、感叹句：感叹句有两个基本句式：1）What+N.phrase+subject+be/v.!这里的名词短语有以下三种可能：a、a/an+adj.+名词单数b、adj.+名词复数c、adj.+不可数名词e.g.Whatalovelyboyheis!Whatsweetflowerstheyare!Whatcoldweatheritis!2)How+adj.+the+N.(单数、复数、不可数)+subject+be/link-v.66 e.g.Howlovelytheboyis!Howsweettheflowersare!Howcouldtheweatheris!Howsmooththesilkfeels!另：上两种感叹句可以相互转换有时,在上下文明确的情况下，可以省略How后面的形容词。e.g.How(fast/well)thestudentswork!Howwell/beautifully)shesings!2、反意疑问句：1)反意疑问句一般遵循：前面肯定，反意部分否定、前面否定反意部分肯定的原则。e.g.Helikesplayingfootball,doesn’the?Youdon’twatchTVintheevening,doyou?注：a、当前否后肯时，要注意它的答局的意思。e.g.Shedoesn’tspeakEnglish,doesshe?Yes,shedoes.(不，她讲英语的)No,shedoesn’t.(是的，不讲)2）祈使句的反意部分用won’tyou?/shan’twe?或willyou?/shallwe?但常用willyou?/shallwe?e.gLendmeahand,willyou?Letuspassthroughtheroom,willyou?Don’tmakeanynoise,willyou?Let’splaytennisnow,shallwe?3）含有否定意思的副词：hardly、no、not、never、seldom、little、scarcely等，属于准否定词，用于句中时，该句即为否定句。e.g.HehardlygoeshomeonSundays,doeshe?Thelittleboyseldomtellslies,doeshe?但是像unfair、useless、impossible、dislike等词，虽然也有否定意思，但由于它们是在一个词前加前缀dis-/im-/un-等或在词后加后缀-less构成的，不属于准否定词。当这些词用于句中时，该句并不是否定句，即：反意部分仍然用否定式。e.g.Youdislikethewayhespeaks,don’tyou?Itisimpossibletofinishtheworkinthreehours,isn’tit?4)must表示推测时，反意部分用must后面的动词的相应助动词形式。e.g.HemustknowbothEnglishandFrench,doesn’the?Shemusthaveknowtheanswertothequestion,hasn’tshe?Theymusthavevisitedthefarmlastweek,didn’tthey?注意：a、Letme引起的祈使句，反意部分用willyou?/won’tyou?/mayI。b、当陈述部分的主语是：—body或—one构成的不定代词时，反意部分的主语用he或they；是—thing时，用it。c、Iam…..的反意部分用aren’tI?3、双宾语：有些英语动词可以接双宾语，句式为：subject+vt.+sb.(间接宾语)+sth.（直接宾语）英语中，能接双宾语的常用动词有：ask、promise、cause、play、leave、make、do、bring、buy、reach、order、teach、offer、serve、show、tell、wish….。e.g.CanIaskyouaquestion,Sir?Shemademeamodelshipformybirthday.注：带双宾语的句子可以被改为subject+vt.+sth(直接宾语)+介词+sb.的形式。其中的介词，常用的有：to、for、of….。归纳如下：handowepaypostpromisereadreturnsendshowteach…sth.tosb.boilbuydrawchooseearnfindgatherordersavesing…sth.forsb.askrequestdemandsth.of/fromsb.另还有：playajoke/trickonsb;playagamewith/againstsb.e.g.Excuseme,youdemandtoomuchfrom/ofme.MayIaskaquestionofyou?4、句型：Subject+link-v.+n./adj.在该句型中的系动词有特定含义，有“人称、数、时态”等形式变化。常用的有：显得：look,appear,seem变得：become,come,fall,get,go,grow,run,turn持续是：continue,keep,remain,stand,stay听（闻、尝、摸）起来：sound,smell,taste,feel证明是：provee.g.Hiswordsprovedright.Thedishsmellswonderful.5、有些动词不表示动作，而表示事物的特性，用主动形式表示被动含义，这类动词有：wash,write,sell,drive,66 feel,hang….等。e.g.Somepicturesarehangingonthewall.Thiskindofcardrivesmoothandfast.Thepenwriteswellsosellswell.【简单句练习】1.______niceweatheritis!Let’sgooutforawalk,shallwe?　A.HowB.HowaC.WhataD.What2.—Nothingwrongwithit,_____?—No.Yoursisaspecial-builtmodel.Drivecarefully,though.Ittakestimetoruninanewcar.A.isitB.hasitC.aretheyD.isthere3.Hehadlittleideathatitwasgettingsolate,_______?A.didn’theB.wasn’titC.didheD.wasit4.Pollymustbeunhappywithoutme,_____she?A.mustB.isC.mustn’tD.isn’t5.I’mlate,____?A.amIB.amnotIC.aren’tID.aren’tyou6.Let’sgotothecinema,____?A.shallweB.willyouC.willweD.don’twe7.——Shedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday,didshe?——____,thoughshewasnotfeelingverywell.A.No,shedidn’tB.Yes,shedidn’tC.No,shedidD.Yes,shedid8.——Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,____?——ButIfedityesterday.A.doyouB.willyouC.didn’tyouD.don’tyou9.Theboyisunlikehismother,____he?A.isB.isn’tC.doesn’tD.does10.Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet,____you?A.don’tB.aren’tC.willD.must【练习二】简单句、并列句和复合句1.Givemeonemoreminute____I’llbeabletofinishit.A.andB.orC.ifD.so2.It’sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,____?A.hasn’theB.isn’theC.isn’titD.hasn’tit3.____joyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Whatan4.Letuspass,____?A.shan’tweB.shallweC.won’tweD.willyou5.Isupposehe’sserious,____?A.doIB.don’tIC.isheD.isn’the6.Youhadbetternotsmokehere,____?A.willyouB.hadyouC.shallyouD.haveyou7.Trainashardasyoucan____you’llwintheswimmingcompetition.A.thenB.butC.andD.or8.I’msorrytohavetosaythis,____youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight.A.andB.butC.soD.because9.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and____.A.Henryhasn’ttooB.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenry10.Therearemanysportsloversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,____othersenjoyswimming.A.orB.forC.whileD.so11.----Doyoufeellikegoingout____wouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?66 ----I’dliketogoout.A.orB.andC.butD.so12.----“____isthetemperaturetoday?”----“It’s38degrees.”A.WhichB.HowC.HowhotD.Howhigh13.----Youruncleisn’tanengineer,ishe?----____.A.Yes,heisn’tB.No,heisn’tC.No,heisD.Heis14.____friendly____toeveryone!A.How,issheB.What,issheC.How,sheisD.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,____shefeltverytired.A.orB.soC.forD.yet16.Mother____adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.wasmakingB.makesC.ismakingD.made17.Helayinbed____readsomethingborrowedfromlibrary.A.butB.andC.orD.yet18.----I’dreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.----____whatyouwantandIcangetitforyou.A.TellmeB.IfyouwouldsaytomeC.YouwilltellmeD.Ifyoutellme19.Asheisstrong,____canliftonehundredpounds.A.yetheB.butheC.andD.he20.----Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella.----Ihad,____I’velostit.A.sinceB.butC.becauseD.so21.____downtheradio----thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn22.----Idon’tlikechicken____fish.----Idon’tlikechicken____Ilikefishverymuch.A.and,andB.and,butC.or,andD.or,but23.----Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight?----I’dliketo,____I’mtoobusy.A.andB.soC.asD.but24.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise25.Shesetoutsoonafterdark____homeanhourlater.A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived26.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid____tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointed27.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.A.whomB.whereC.whichD.while28.____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave29.----Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,____?----ButIfedityesterday.A.doyouB.willyouC.didn’tyouD.don’tyou30.____himandthentrytocopywhathedoes.A.MindB.GlanceatC.StareatD.Watch66 答案一、名词：DBBACACCABBDDABBABAC主谓一致：BDCCBBBACACDBAACCCBB二、介词：练习一1~5ABCDA6~10BCDBC11~15DBABC16~20BACBC21~25DABCD26~30ABCDA31~35BCDAB36~40ADDCC41~45ADBDB46~50CCACC51~55DDDBC56~60DCCBB61~65BCACB66~70DAACD71~75CDCAB76~80ACCCD练习二DACAADBABBBDACDDCCADACACBBADCABABDCBBBBDADCDB三、代词：CDCACDDDCDCBDBC四、冠词：ACCDCBBDAACBCBCCBAB五、形容词和副词：DBCACAAAABACDCCBDBBBBBBADCCCCB六、动词时态语态：BCCDDCCABDBBDBAADCB七、情态动词：CDBCDCCBCDDBCCCCDCCD八、虚拟语气：BCAABBBDCACCDDB九、非谓语动词：CCCBCBBBDCDBBBCCDCC十、名词性从句与定语从句：ACBDBACDBABABBC十一、状语从句：DBABCDCACBDCDBD十二、习惯用法：DBAAACCDCDAABADDDCAA十三、交际用语：BDBADCBCCCDBCBADBAAA十四、强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语：练习一、1~5CBADB6~10ADADC11~15DBDBA16~18CBA练习二、1~5ACDBA6~10DCABD11~15CBCAB练习三、1~5CBADB6~10CADAD11~15DACBD16~20ACBDC21~23ACA十五、动词词义辨析：1~5DBBDA6~10CAABA11~15CBBAA16~20CDBDB21~25AADAC26~30AACAB31~35CDCBC36~40ADCBA41~45DBDAD46~50BDCAD十六、独立（主格）结构：1—5CABCD 6—10AADCC十七、句子成分与句子类型：练习一、1~5CBDBB6~10ACBAB简单句练习：DAADCADBBC练习二、1~5ACADD6~10BCBDC11~15ADBCC16~20ABADB21~25DDDCD26~30ADDBD66