外研版高中英语语法 11页

-----------------------------------------------第1讲简单句的五种基本结构--------------------------英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型结构如下：vi.vt.link.v.宾语宾语（间）宾语（直）宾语宾语补足语表语①⑤②④③主语谓语用符号表示为：①ＳＶ（主＋谓）②ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）③ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）④ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）⑤ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）主语（subject）谓语（predicate）宾语（object）定语（attribute）状语(adverbial)补语（complement）表语（predicative）考点1.基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有：act,come,go,work,last,fall,cry,disappear,appear,smile,rise,ring,live,look,listen,laugh,hurry,talk,sleep,graduate,die,care,agree,jump,fail,wait,succeed,stay,sit,lie,shine,happen,takeplace,rain,snow,ect.如:Itisrainingnow.(ＳＶ)We"veworkedfor5hours.(ＳＶ)Themeetinglastedhalfanhour.(ＳＶ)Timeflies.(ＳＶ)练习1.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种1.Darkcloudshungoverhead.()2.Graduallyasmileappearedonherface.()3.Heissmilingalloverhisface.()4.IdidwellinEnglish.()5.Hetalkedloudlyintheclassroomyesterday.()考点2.基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）----- ---------------------系动词主要是be.但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。I.如何辨别系动词有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。如：①Shelooksbeautiful.(looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词)。Lookatthepicture.(look不能换为be,look为实义动词。)②Hefeltthebookwithhisrighthand.(feel是“摸”的意思，不能换为was,是实义动词)。Thesilkfeelssoft.(这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。)练习1.辨别下列粗体动词是系动词还是实义动词1.Thedoorstaysopenatnight.2.Hetastedthefood,andthefoodtasteddelicious.3.Thebookstillliesopenonthedesk.4.Whathesaidprovedtrue..5.Hecan’tprovedhistheory(理论).II.常见的系动词①状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.他是一名教师。②持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Hekeptsilentatthemeeting.他开会时保持沉默。Thismatterremainsamystery.此事仍是一个谜。Thefoodstaysfreshinthefridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。Thehousestoodemptyforyears.房子空了数年。Heliesawakeinbed.他躺在床上，醒着。③表“像”系动词用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Somethingseemswrong.好像出差了。Heappearsyoung.他看起来很年轻。④感官系动词感官系动词主要有look看起来，feel摸起来,smell闻起来,sound听起来,taste尝起来：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.这种布手感很软。Thisflowersmellsverysweet.这朵花闻起来很香。⑤变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后，他疯了。Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.她没多长时间就富了。Hefellillyesterday.他昨天病了。Eggsgobadeasilyinspring.鸡蛋夏天容易变坏。Hisfacewentred.他的脸变红了。Whathehaddreamtofcametrue.他的梦想实现了。Stillwatersrundeep.静水流深。----- ---------------------①终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.这谣言证实有假。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了。（turnout表终止性结果）Whathepredictedturnedout(tobe)wrong.他预言的结果是错的。练习1.用下划线划出下列句中的系动词。1.Hisadviceprovedright.2.Theshopstaysopentill8o’clock.3.Themachinewentwrong.4.Alltheseeffortsseeminvain.5.Thesewordssoundreasonable.6.Theroomsoonbecamecrowded.7.Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.8.Hefellillyesterday.9.Treesturngreeninspring.10.Whatyousaidsoundsgreat.I.系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语Heisastudent.(ＳＶＰ)Yourideasoundsgreat.(ＳＶＰ)II.在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词。要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独做谓语，要和系动词一起做谓语。改错：①Ourschoolverybeautifulandwelikeitverymuch.②Yourbookonthedesk.写作专练1.不要忘了使用系动词1.那食物很可口，我吃了很多。（thefood,delicious）2.那个电影好极了。（themovie,fantastic）3.不过呢，一些人反对这个计划。（however,against,theplan）4.他们的意见如下。（theiropinion,asfollows）5.就我而言，我赞成这个主意。（asfarasI’mconcerned,infavorof）1.他让我们看了一张世界地图。（show）2.请把熊猫的照片寄给我一张。（send,aphotoofthepanda）----- ---------------------考点1.基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the+形容词、分词以及从句等。如，ShelikesEnglish.Weplantedalotoftreesonthefarmyesterday.练习1.用下划线划出下列句中的宾语。1.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.2.Jimcannotdresshimself.3.AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.4.Hedidnotknowwhattosay.5.Hejustwantedtostayathome.6.HepracticesspeakingEnglisheveryday.考点2.基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如：Hegavemeacupoftea.(ＳＶｏＯ)强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如：ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+代词直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。如：Bringittome,please.(不能说Bringmeit,please。)常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）allow,bring,deny,give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,permit,promise,read,refuse,sell,send,show,teach,tell，wish,write等（需借助for的）buy,choose,fetch,get,make,order,paint,play(演奏)，save,sing,spare等『一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get,buy,make』HesentmeanEnglish-ChineseDictionary.=HesentanEnglish-ChineseDictionarytome.SheboughtJohnabook．=SheboughtabookforJohn.练习2.分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.3.Hebroughtyouadictionary.4.Hedenieshernothing.5.Ishowedhimmypictures.6.Igavemycarawash.7.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.8.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.----- ---------------------写作专练1.用活双宾语句式（P25）用两种方法翻译下列句子：1.他给我提供一些建议。（offer,someadvice）2.我欠他很多钱。（owe）3.在我生日那天，母亲给我买了一件很特别的礼物。（buy,aspecialgift）4.他给我做了一个纸飞机。（make,paperplane）5.他给我们读了一个有趣的故事。（read,aninterestingstory）6.他的叔叔留给他很多钱。（leave,alotofmoney）考点1.基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）此句型的句子的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。Thewarmadehimasoldier.（ＳＶＯＣ他成为一个士兵，构成逻辑上的主谓关系）Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.（ＳＶＯＣ）Ioftenfindhimatwork.（ＳＶＯＣ）Theteacheraskedthestudentstoclosethewindows.（ＳＶＯＣ）Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.练习1.分析下列句子划分成分，在后面括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语1.Theyappointedhimmanager.（）2.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.（）3.Hepushedthedooropen.（）4.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.（）5.Whatmakeshimthinkso?（）6.Wesawhimout.（）7.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.（）8.Isawthemgettingonthebus.（）9.Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.（）10.I’llhavemybikerepaired.（）11.Weelectedhimmonitor.（）12.Don’tkeepthelightsburning.（）考点2.therebe句型此句型是由there+be+主语+状语构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之后，there仅为引导词，并无实际意义。----- ---------------------1.be与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和数的变化。现在时  thereis/are…   过去时  therewas/were…将来时  therewillbe…/thereis/aregoingtobe...完成时 therehas/havebeen…可能有 theremightbe...  肯定有 theremustbe…/theremusthavebeen...过去曾经有 thereusedtobe… 似乎有 thereseems/seem/seemedtobe…碰巧有 therehappen/happens/happenedtobe…　2.可用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive,等词代替be动词。此时还表示存在有，但表意要更具体一些。Eg.Therelivedanoldmanatthefootofthemountain.Therecameashoutfor"help".Thereexistsnoaironthemoon.Thereliesabookonthedesk.Therestandsatreeonthehill.1.acertaindoubtamongthestudentsastothenecessityofthework.A.ItexistedB.ThereexistedC.TheyhadD.Therehad2.___abeautifulpalace___thefootofthehill.A.Therestand;atB.Therestands;underC.Standsthere;underD.Therestands;at3.therebe与have的区别therebe…某地有某物，某时有某事；have表示某人拥有某物。改错：1.Therehasabookonthedesk.2.Therewillhaveameetingthisevening.写作专练1.正确运用两个“有”therebe与have1.我有许多好朋友。2.今天晚上将有一场电影。3.公园内有许多人。4.树上有许多小鸟。5.一条狗有四条腿和一个尾巴。--------------------------第1讲简单句、并列句和复合句--------------------------句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。----- ---------------------考点1.简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.（划线部分为并列谓语，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）考点2.并列句由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟,逗号是不可以连接句子的，这一点和汉语不同。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。①表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.Henotonlystolemymoney,buthealsotookmywatchaway.②表示选择，常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.③表示转折，常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.④表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriceharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.考点3.复合句复合句含有两个或两个以上主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构作另一个的成分。（而并列句的两个主谓结构间是并列关系，而不是从属关系）。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句子就成为复合句了。1.Itiswrong.（只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）Whathesaidiswrong.（whathesaid,是一个主谓结构，he为主语，said为谓语，what是宾语。Whathesaidiswrong.是另外一个主谓结构。Whathesaid作主语，iswrong系表结构作谓语。因此，本句是复合句。Whathesaid是名词性从句作主语）。2.Theboyoverthereismybrother.（只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）Theboywhoiswearingahatismybrother.（Theboyismybrother.是一个主谓结构whoiswearingahat也是一个主谓结构，作了前一个主谓结构中主语theboy的定语。因此本句是复合句。）3.Iwasdoingmyhomeworkatsix.（只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）Iwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenhecamein.（Iwasdoingmyhomework是一个主谓结构，hecamein也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语。因此是复合句。练习1.判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.----- ---------------------1.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.2.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?3.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.4.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.5.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI"mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.6.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.7.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.8.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat9.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.考点1.两个主谓结构时，要用连接词，变为并列句或复合句，或把逗号改为分号一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。直接用逗号连接的两个简单句是错误的。这是，我们有四种方法来改正这个错句：1.用and,so,but,等并列连词来构成并列句；2.把逗号改为分号；3.改为复合句；4.把一个主谓结构的谓语变成非谓语或去掉be，从而变成独立主格结构。（参看P错误！未定义书签。Error!Referencesourcenotfound.）IlikeEnglish,myEnglishisverygood.×IlikeEnglishandmyEnglishisverygood.√（并列句）AsIlikeEnglish,myEnglishisverygood.√（含有原因状语从句的复合句）IlikeEnglish;myEnglishisgood.√（用分号）IlikingEnglish,myEnglishisverygood.√(把一个分句改为独立主格结构)Ihaveahouse,itswindowsareverybig.×Ihaveahouseanditswindowsareverybig.√（并列句）Ihaveahouse,whosewindowsareverybig.√（含有定语从句的复合句）Ihaveahouse;itswindowsarebig.√（用分号）Ihaveahouse,itswindowsverybig.√(后面为独立主格结构)练习2.利用英语句子结构规律做下列各题：1.Fivepeoplewonthe"China"sgreenfigure”award,atitle__toordinarypeoplefortheircontributionstoenvironmentalprotection.A.isgivenB.wasgivenC.beinggivenD.given2.Allthepreparationsforthetask_____,andwe"rereadytostart.A.completedB.completeC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompleted3.【2006辽宁】Iwastoldthattherewereabout50foreignstudents_____Chineseintheschool,most  _____werefromGermany. A.study;ofwhom   B.study;ofthem   C.studying;ofthem  D.studying;of whom  4.Everywhereyoucanseepeopleintheirholidaydress,____withsmiles.A.theirfacesareshiningB.whosefacesshiningC.theirfacesshining5.Manystudents_____around,Iexplainedthestoryintodetails.A.stoodB.standingC.tostandD.werestanding6.Ihavefivefriends,someof____arebusinessmen.A.thatB.whomC.theyD.them7.Ihavefivefriends,butnoneof___arebusinessmen.A.thatB.whomC.theyD.them------------------------------- ---------------------第二部分专题过关测试----- ---------------------1.改正下列句子的改错。①Doexerciseeverydayisgoodforyourhealth.②Thatwhathesaidisn’ttrue.③Hecamelatemadehisteacherangry.④Onthedeskistwobooks.⑤Gotoakeycollegeismydream.2.用划出下列句中的后置定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的①Thereisnothingtodotoday.②Thesmilingboyneedsthepenboughtbyhismother.③Therearefiveboysleft.④Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.⑤HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.⑥Theshopclosesttomyhouseisaboutonekilometeraway.⑦Heisnotamaneasytodealwith.⑧Atyphoonsweptacrosstheareawithheavyrainsandwindsasstrongas113milesperhour.⑨Studentsbraveenoughtotakethisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.⑩Thereisonlyoneprogramworthwatchingtoday.3.用双横线分别划出下句中的间接宾语和直接宾语。①IwillbringyouthebookwhenIcomenexttime.②Heaskedtherulerwhyonlythefourrichmenblewtrumpets.③Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.④Sheshowedusmanyofherpictures.⑤Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.4.分析下列句子成分，体会宾语与宾补之间的逻辑关系，并指出宾补是什么词性或结构充当。①Shefounditdifficulttodothework.②Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.③Theypushedthedooropen.④ThensuddenlyIsawamanlyingontheground.⑤Theoldmanaskedustositdown.⑥Henoticedamanentertheroom.⑦Byspeakingslowly,hemadehimselfunderstood.----- ---------------------①Wewantthesetreesplantedsoon.②I’llgetmyhaircuttomorrow.③Ileftthebaglyingontheground.1.用双下划线标出it所代表的真正宾语。①Thechairmanthought itnecessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.②Shemadeitherdutytolookafteralltheotherpeople’saffairsinthattown. ③Idon"tthinkitpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork．④Hemadeitknowntohisfriendsthathedidn’twanttoenterpolitics.⑤Ileaveittoyourownjudgmentwhetheryoushoulddoit.-----