表格式英语语法大全 82页

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  • 2022-06-17 15:56:12 发布

表格式英语语法大全

  • 82页
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基本语法表格人称代词和物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数(现在时,动词+s/es)复数人称代词主格Iweyouyousheheittheythese宾格meusyouyouherhimitthemthose物主代词(…的)物主性myouryouryourherhisitstheirthese名词性mineoursyoursyourshershisitstheirsthose反身代词自己myselfourselvesyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfitselfthemselvesthemselves动词有5种形式原形第三人称单数(+s/es)过去时(+ed)现在分词(+ing)过去分词(+ed)playplaysplayedbe+playinghave/has/had+playedwatchwatcheswatchedwatchingwatcheddodoesdiddoingdonebuybuysboughtbuyingboughtthinkthinksthoughtthinkingthoughtteachteachestoughtteachingtought动词有4个种类实义动词like;read;watch;sit;buy肯定句直接用;变成否定句和疑问句,就必须用助动词do/does/did来帮忙“三类动词”助动词do/does/did主要用来帮助实义动词变成否定句或疑问句Be动词be原形–am/is/are现在时–was/were过去时–being进行时–been完成时情态动词can–could能够;will–would打算、将要;shall–should打算、将要、应该;may–might可以、也许;must必须;need需要;haveto不得不;oughtto应该注意:助动词和情态动词后面的动词只能用原形。句子从功能上有4种分类种类名称用法1.陈述句(1)肯定句IlikeEnglish.(2)否定句①在“三类动词”后+notIcan’tspeakEnglish②没“三类动词”,用do/does/did帮忙82 Idon’tlikeEnglish2.疑问句(1)一般疑问句①把“三类动词”放在句子的开头,末尾加问号“?”CanyouspeakEnglish?②没“三类动词”,用do/does/did帮忙DoyoulikeEnglish?(2)特殊疑问句疑问词+“三类动词”放在句子的开头,末尾加问号“?”Whatdoyoulike?疑问词:what;who;whose;where;when=whattime;why;which;how;howold;howlong;howsoon;howfar;howmuch;howmany;howoften(3)反义疑问句①提问时:前后相反(前面肯定,后面否定;前面否定,后面肯定)IlikeEnglish,don’tyou?②回答时:前后一致(用什么问,就用什么答)Yes,Ido.No,Idon’t.3.祈使句用动词原形放在句首,表示“建议、命令、要求”某人做某事Doitbyyourself.4.感叹句(1)How引导①How+形容词Howbeautiful!=Howbeautifulsheis!②How+形容词+a/an+可数名词Howbeautifulagirl!多美的女孩!(2)What引导③What+a/an+形容词+可数名词Whatabeautifulgirl!多美的女孩!④What+形容词+不可数名词Whatfineweather!=Howfinetheweatheris!注意事项①分清实义动词和“三类动词”②变化句子时,“三类动词”直接用,如果是实义动词,只能用助动词帮忙,注意人称和时态的一致性.③助动词和情态动词后面的动词永远只能用原形.(看下面的例子,had在did后面变为原形have)④have/has/had单独使用是实义动词,变句子时,需要助动词do/does/did帮忙;在完成时态中,是助动词,则直接使用。(need和dare的用法也类似,不过两个词只在否定句和疑问句中做情态动词,其他情况做实义动词)Ihadbreakfastat7:00thismorning.(had实义动词)Ihadplayedcomputerbeforeyoucamebackhome.(had助动词)Ididn’thavebreakfastat7:00thismorning.Ihadnotplayedcomputerbeforeyoucamebackhome.Didyouhavebreakfastat7:00thismorning?HadyouplayedcomputerbeforeIcamebackhome?Whatdidyoudoat7:00thismorning?WhathadyoudonebeforeIcamebackhome?Whendidyouhavebreakfast?Whendidyouplaycomputer?Whohadbreakfastat7:00thismorning?Whohadplayedcomputerbeforeyoucamebackhome?可数名词的复数构成举例82 1在名词后面加sfathers,books,Americans,Germans,apples,bananas2以s,x,sh,ch,th结尾的,加esboxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes,faxes,foxes3以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加esbaby-babies,family-families,duty-duties,comedy-comedies,4以元音字母加y结尾的直接加sday-days,boy-boys,toy-toys,key-keys,way-ways5以o结尾加s(外来词);但如是辅音加o的加esradios,photostomatoes西红柿,potatoes马铃薯6以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加esknife-knives,half-halves,shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves,yourself-yourselves7一般只有复数,没有单数的有clothes;wages;people,crew,staff,police;pants,shorts,shoes,spectacles=glasses,gloves,socks,trouses;scissors;(由两部分组成的东西)8特殊形式的有child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,sheep-sheep;man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,Englishman-Englishmen9合成词的复数一般只把后面一个词变为复数actionmovie--actionmovies,penpal--penpals;82 10如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数,则前后两个词都要变为复数mandoctor--mendoctors,womanteacher--womenteachers11既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集合名词police警察局,警察;class班,同学;family家,家庭成员;organization机构;army军队;data 数据; jury 陪审团; audience 观众;enemy 敌人;media 媒体;bacteria 细菌;navy 海军;committee 委员会;flock 羊群12单复数相同fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese13单复数意思不同fish鱼fishes鱼的种类,paper纸papers报纸,卷子,论文work工作works作品,工厂glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯,眼镜orange桔子水oranges橙子light光线lights灯cloth布clothes衣服people人peoples民族time时间times时代,次数chicken鸡肉chickens小鸡water水waters水域;公海wood木板;woods树林14常用的不可数名词water,milk,fruit,meat,food,paper,air,weather,rice,ice,furniture家具sheep羊肉,fish鱼肉(动物表示肉类)注:①一般而言,抽象名词都是不可数名词,只有单数形式,没复数形式;但抽象名词具体化后,则由不可数名词变成可数名词。Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?havealook,haveatry.Itisawasteoftimereading82 suchanovel.Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.Physicsisascience.②动词的第三人称单数的变化(即主语是现在时第三人称单数时,谓语动词+s/es)与以上规则相同。归纳;以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i:①动词+ed②形容词+er/est③名词+es以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母:①动词+ed②形容词+er/est③动词+ing名词所有格(某人/物“的”东西)构成举例1单数:在后面加’sbrother’s,Mike’s,teacher’s2复数:以s结尾的直接在s后加’,不以s结尾的,加’sTeachers’Day教师节classmates’books同学们的书籍Children’sDay六一节Women’sDay三八节3由and并列的几个名词,如是共同拥有同一人或物,只在最后一个名词后加’s,如是各自拥有,则分别加’s。MikeandBen’sroom迈克和本的房间(共住一间)Mike’sandBen’srooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)MikeandBen’smother迈克和本的妈妈(两兄弟)Mike’sandBen’smothers迈克和本的房间(两家人)4动物和没生命的东西用of所有格,不用’s所有格amapofChina;thenameofhercat;thedoorofthebedroom说明①’s所有格=of所有格,但前后顺序相反Tom’sbook=thebookofTomHuaihua’sweather=theweatherofHuaihua②一般而言,人用’s所有格,动物和没生命的东西用of所有格抽象名词具体化一般而言,抽象名词是不可数名词,只有单数形式,没复数形式,不能和冠词连用;但抽象名词具体化后,则由不可数名词变成可数名词,因而有单复数变化,也可以和冠词连用。下面是高中阶段常用的一些抽象名词具体化:1attraction (U)吸引,吸引力; (C)有吸引力的人或事物.82 The idea of traveling to the moon has little attraction for me.到月球上旅行的想法对我没有什么吸引力.The city"s bright lights, theatres, and movies are great attractions. 城里明亮的灯,戏院,电影等有巨大的吸引力.One of the main attractions of the job is the high salary.    这份工作最吸引人的是薪水高.2atmosphere  (U)大气;(C)气氛      The atmosphere encompass the earth.大气包围着地球。      It has a nostalgic atmosphere. 这儿有一种怀旧的气氛。      I like the atmosphere here. 我喜欢这儿的气氛。 3 beauty  (U)美,美丽; (C)美丽的人或事物    She was a famous beauty in her youth.   她年轻时是个有名的美人.      That new car is an absolute beauty.    那辆新车漂亮极了.4 comfort (U)安慰,慰藉,宽恕; (C)令人感到安慰的人或事物     The news brought comfort to all of us.    这消息给我们大家带来了安慰.     His husband was a great comfort to her when she was ill.   她生病时,她丈夫对她是个极大的安慰.5 danger (U) 危险,风险; (C)危险的人,危险因素 Children"s lives are in danger every time they cross this road.  孩子们每次过这条马路都面临着生命危险.      out of danger 脱离危险           Police said the man was a danger to the public. 警方说这个男子对公众是个危 险。   How does nature form a danger to people in the world?  自然现象是如何对全球人类造成威胁的?   6death  (U)死,死亡; (C)死亡的人       Air pollution alone causes about three million deaths every year.      仅空气污染就造成了每年近三百万人死亡.      If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there would have been many more deaths.  若飓风发生在白天,那么死亡的人会多的多.7delight  (U)高兴,愉快,快乐;(C)令人高兴的事,乐事,乐趣      To our great delight, the day turned out fine.      我们感到高兴的是天气转晴了.      The guitar is a delight to play.      弹吉他是件很惬意的事.      Her singing is a delight.    她的歌声使人快乐.8difficulty  (U)困难,艰难,难度,困难性;(C)难做,难懂,难应付的事,难事,难点,难题      She got the door open with difficulty.   她艰难地把门打开了.  I had the great difficulty in persuading her.   我为了说服她,费了好大的劲儿.      He wants to marry her, but his parents are making difficulties.     他想娶她,但他父母从中阻挠.       She met with many difficulties when traveling. 她在旅行时遇到了许多伤脑筋的事. 9experience  (U)经验;(C)经历,体验       byexperience靠经验 valuable experience 宝贵的经验            Do you have any previous experience of this kind of work?      你以前做过这种工作吗?      anexperience一次经历82 He had many interesting experiences while traveling in Africa.他在非洲旅行时遇到很多有趣的经历。10failure  (U) 失败; (C)失败的人或事物       The success or failure of the plan depends on you.   这项计划的成败取决于你.Failureisthemotherofsuccess失败乃成功之母      Failure in one examination should not stop you trying again.    一次考试不及格不应该防碍你再试一次. Iamafailure我是个失败者      The whole thing was a complete failure. 整个事情彻底失败了.    She was a failure as a teacher.    她当教师并不成功.11fortune  (U)运气;机会;(C)财产,财富      Fortune Fools have fortune. [谚]傻人有傻福。      Roll up a huge fortune 积聚起大笔财产      He cleaned up a small fortune. 他发了一笔小财.      He dreamed of making a fortune. 他梦想发大财。      He made a fortune in oil. 他做石油生意赚了一大笔钱。12help   (U)帮助;(C)有帮助的人或事物        A tape-recorder or a mp3 is a great help for you to learn English.录音机或mp3对你学英语帮助很大.        I am a good help to my mother at home.   我在家里是妈妈的好帮手.13honour   (U)荣幸,荣誉;(C)给某人/某事增光的人或事物winhonor赢得荣誉            anhonor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)       We fought for the honour of our country.我们为祖国的荣誉而战.       It is a great honour for me to be present at the conference. 14joy   (U)高兴,愉快,喜悦;(C)令人高兴的人或事,乐事,乐趣        jump with joy高兴得跳起来       The game was a joy to watch.看这场比赛真是开心.       He is a great joy to listen to.   他这个人,听他讲话就是极大的乐趣.15kindness   (U)亲切,和蔼,仁慈,好意;(C)友好或仁慈,体贴的举动,好心的表现或行为       She always shows kindness to children and animals.她对孩子和动物总是很温柔.        He did it entirely out of kindness, not for money.   他做那件事纯粹出于好意,并非为钱.        It would be a great kindness to see him while he is so ill.      他病得很厉害,去探望他就是对他的极大关怀.Thankyou,Tim.Youhavedonemeakindness.16knowledge  (U)知识;(C)(一门)学问      Knowledge begin with practice. 认识从实践开始。     Knowledge is no burden. 艺不压身。      Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。 AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.     I want an assistant with a knowledge of English and experience of office routine. 我需要一名懂英语和具有例行公事经验的助手。      He has only a theoretical knowledge of the language.   他只有这种语言的理论知识。  82 17pity  (U) 怜悯,同情;(C)可惜的事,遗憾的事       feel pity for 对...同情 out of pity出于同情     havepityonsb.怜悯某人      apity可惜的事情It"s a pity the weather is not good for our outing today.我们今天出去游玩天气不好,真遗憾.      It"s a pity that you can"t go to the theatre with us tonight.   你今晚不能和我们一起去看戏,真可惜.18pleasure (U) 高兴,快乐,愉快;(C)乐事,趣事       take (a) pleasure in 以...为乐      with pleasure 愉快地,高兴地,乐意        apleasure乐事      It is my pleasure. 我乐意做的事情.    It is a pleasure to work with you.跟你一起工作是一件令人高兴的事情.      It has been a pleasure meeting you.   认识你是十分高兴的事.    She has few pleasures left in life. 她的生活中已没有什么乐趣了.19room (U)空间;(C)房间      There"s no room for this piano.     房间里没地方放这架钢琴了。      Stay with us for several days. We have 20 rooms in the village.  过来和我们住一段时间吧。我们在村里有20间房子。 20satisfaction  (U)满足,满意;(C)令人满足或带来乐趣的事情       with satisfaction满意地      Playing the piano was one of his greatest satisfactions.      弹钢琴是他的最大乐趣之一.      It is a great satisfaction to know that he has arrived home safely.知道他已经平安到家,我感到十分高兴.21shame  (U)羞耻,羞愧,惭愧;(C)遗憾的事,可耻的人或事物      He felt no shame for what he had done.他对自己所做的事情不感到羞愧.     It is a shame to deceive the old man. 欺骗这位老人真是太可耻了.      What a shame that it rained so much during the vocation.      假期里下那么多雨,真是太遗憾了.22sight [(U)视力,视觉; (C)情景,景象      Out of sight, out of mind.  眼不见,心不烦。 I cannot endure the sight. 我不能容忍这种情景。     It was a touching sight. 这是一幅动人景象。      It was a magnificent sight. 一路景色真美。 23success   (U)成功,成名;(C)成功的人或事物winsuccess获得成功         asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)      He"s proud of his daughter"s successes.  他为女儿的种种成就感到自豪.      Of his experiments, three were successes and one was a failure.在他的实验中,有三个成功,一个失败.24surprise  (U) 惊奇,(C)令人惊奇的事或消息,意想不到或突然的事        insurprise惊讶地       asurprise一件令人惊讶的事 Her letter came as a complete surprise.   万万没想到会收到她的信.25trouble   (U)困难,苦恼,痛苦;(C)82 麻烦事,困难事,负担      She"s had so many troubles that she looks fifty, although she"s only thirty.   使她苦恼的事情太多,虽然她只有三十岁,看上去却像五十岁了.      She has always been a great trouble to her father and mother.      她一直是她父母的一块心病.26youth青春         ayouth一个青年人27wonder  (U)惊奇,惊讶,惊异,惊叹,惊愕;(C)令人感到惊奇的事情,奇迹, 奇观      in/with wonder 惊奇地 no wonder 毫不奇怪     The Great Wall is one of the eightwonders of the world. 长城是世界八大奇迹之一.28worry   (U)担心,担忧,忧愁;(C)烦恼事,令人担忧的人      Her face showed signs of worry. 她脸上显出担忧的神情.       My father has a lot of worries.   我父亲有许多烦心事. 高考题1.Jumpingoutof_______airplaneattenthousandfeetisquite________excitingexperience.A.不填;theB.不填;anC.an;anD.the;the2.Manypeopleagreethat________knowledgeofEnglishis________mustininternationaltradetoday.A.a;aB.the;anC.the;theD.不填;the3.Onewaytounderstandthousandsofnewwordsistogain________goodknowledgeofbasicwordinformation.A./B.theC.aD.one4.---Ihearthatasmanyas150peoplewerekilledintheearthquake.---Yes,________newscameas________shocktous.A.the;theB.the;aC.不填;不填D.不填;a5.Hehas______greatinterestinhistory,especiallyin______historyofTangDynasty.A.a;theB.a;/C./;theD./;a6..FormanyBeijingers,dreamsoflivingin______greenareaarebecoming______reality.A.a;aB.the;theC.不填;不填D.the;不填7.Thepolicehave________powertoarrestbadpeopleby________law.A.the;theB.a;aC.the;不填D.不填;the8.Heis________helptome.A.theB./C.aD.an动词+ed的构成方式构成举例1直接在词尾加edwork-worked;play-played;want-wanted;act-acted2以不发音的e字母结尾的动词,直接加dlive-lived;move-moved;taste-tasted;hope-hoped,help-helped3以辅音字母+study-studied;copy-copied;82 y结尾的,把y变为i再加edcry-cried;carry-carried4以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写这一辅音字母,再加edstop-stopped动词+ed的发音规则构成举例1动词词尾为t,d时,发/id/音want→wanted;need→needed2动词词尾为t,d以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/d/音call→called;stay→stayed;cry→cried3动词词尾为清辅音时,发/t/音help→helped;laugh→laughed;look→looked;kiss→kissed;wash→washed;watch→watched动词+ing的构成方式构成举例1直接在词尾加-ing注意:与名词复数+es、动词过去式+ed、形容词比较级+er/est不同,词尾为“辅音字母+y”,不要变y为i,而是直接加ing。go–going;do–doing;ask–asking;read-reading,work-working,study-studying,look-looking,eat-eating,play-playing,wash-washing,plant-planting,borrow-borrowing,pick-picking,paint-painting,cry-crying,study–studying;carry–carrying;fly–flying;worry–worrying2以不发音的e字母结尾的动词,要去掉e再加ingmake-making,write-writing,skate-skating,close–closing,come-coming,take-taking,have-having,dance-dancing,live–living;hope-hoping3若结尾的e发音,就不能去掉see-seeing4以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写这一辅音字母,再加ingrun-running,swim-swimming,get-getting,sit–sitting,put–putting,begin–beginning,hit-hitting,stop-stopping,forget–forgetting5在少数几个以ie结尾的动词后:须将ie变作y,再加ing。die–dying;tie–tying,lie–lyinglie---lied---lied---lying撒谎lie---lay---lain---lying躺/放lay---laid---laid---laying下蛋动词的分类种数分类1实义动词与“三类动词”(助动词、Be动词、情态动词):由陈述句变成否定句和疑问句,“三类动词”直接用,实义动词则必须用助动词do/does/did来帮忙。2及物动词(vt)与不及物动词(vi):英语句子必须有主语和谓语,是否需要宾语,得看谓语是及物动词还是不及物动词。及物动词后面必须接宾语,不及物动词则不能直接接宾语,需要加介词才能接宾语。(因而有无数的动词短语,须死记硬背。)Ireadabook.(vt)Iwaitforyou.(vi)Iturnon/offthelight.(vi)IarrivedatHuihuathisafternoon.(vi)82 3延续动词与短暂动词:①在过去进行时态中,表示过去某两个动作同时进行,延续动作用was/weredoing,短暂动作用-edIwashavingdinneratarestaurantwhenTonySteelecamein.②在完成时态中,只有延续性动词才可以接for引导的时间段,短暂动词则不能。Ihaveboughtthisbookfor2years.(错)Ihaveboughtthisbook.(对)(改法1:去掉for引导的时间段)Ihavekeptthisbookfor2years.(对)(改法2:用另一个延续动词代替原来的短暂动词,常用have,be,keep,use来代替)Iboughtthisbook2yearsago.(对)(改法3:把完成时态变为过去时态,句末加ago)Itis(hasbeen)2yearssinceIboughtthisbook.(对)(改法4:变成句型“Itis/hasbeen……since”,从句中用过去式bought。)③一些表示位置移动的短暂动词,如come,go,geton/off,takeoff,leave,arrive,move,begin,start等,人做主语,可以用进行时表将来时。如是物做主语,则用一般现在时态。He’sleavingforBeijingtomorrow.Theplaneleavesat3o’clockthisp.m.4动作动词和状态动词。①英语中的动词就其词汇意义来说可分为动作动词(Activityverb)和状态动词(Stateverb)。动作动词强调主语在做的动作,而状态动词强调主语所处的状态,状态动词通常不用于进行时态[参考“现在进行时”第(5)点]。②英语中的有的动词加前缀-a,由动做变成状态,不过词性也发生了变化。sleep-asleep;wake-awake;like-alike;例如:wake是动词,awake是形容词,可作表语,不能作定语。Mymotherwakesmeupeverymorning.Thebabyisawake.5谓语动词(predicateverb)与非谓语动词(Non-predicateverb):在句子中做谓语的动词就叫谓语动词,做其他成分的动词叫非谓语动词(doing,todo,done)。①主语(Subject):WatchingTViswasteoftime.TostudyEnglishwellismyaim.②宾语(Object):IliketowatchTV.IlikewathingTV.③表语(Predicative):Thebookisinteresting.Theworkisdone.Iamtodoit.④定语(Attribute):Thewalkingcatislovely.TheworkingteacherisMr.Chen.Theworkdoneisuseful.⑤宾补(ObjectComplement):Ihavemyhaircut.Mr.ChenmadeusrecitetheEnglisharticle.⑥状语(Adverbial):Walkingonthestreet,ImetMr.Chen.Havingdonethework,Iwenthome.Beingateacher,Iworkhard.时态语态公式时态主动被动be+done(过去分词)1.一般现在时do/doesam/is/aredone2.一般过去时①did②usedwas/weredone82 todo3.一般将来时①will/shalldo②am/is/aregoingtodowill/shallbedone4.现在进行时am/is/aredoingam/is/arebeingdone5.过去进行时was/weredoingwas/werebeingdone6.将来进行时willbedoingwillbedone7.现在完成时have/hasdonehave/hasbeendone8.过去完成时haddonehadbeendone9.将来完成时willhavedonewillhavebeendone10.现在完成进行时have/hasbeendoinghave/hasbeendone11.过去将来时woulddowouldbedone主动/被动主动被动:be+done(be-am/is/are-was/were-being-been)1.一般现在时IdomyhomeworkeverydayMyhomeworkisdone(byme)everyday.2.一般过去时Ididmyhomeworkyesterday.Myhomeworkwasdone(byme)yesterday.3.一般将来时Iwilldomyhomeworktomorow.Myhomeworkwillbedone(byme)tomorrow.4.现在进行时Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.Myhomeworkisbeingdonenow.5.过去进行时Iwasdoingmyhomeworkat3:00yesterdayafternoon.Myhomeworkwasbeingdoneat3:00yesterdayafternoon6.将来进行时Iwillbedoingmyhomeworktomorrow.Myhomeworkwillbedonetomorrow.7.现在完成时Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.Myhomeworkhasalreadybeendone.8.过去完成时Ihaddonemyhomeworkbeforeyesterdayafternoon.Myhomeworkhadbeendonebeforeyesterdayafternoon9.将来完成时Iwillhavedonemyhomeworktomorrow.Myhomeworkwillhavebeendonetomorrow.10.现在完成进行时Ihavebeendoingahalfofmyhomework.Myhomeworkhasbeendoneahalf.11.过去将来时IsaidthatIwoulddomyhomeworknextweek.Isaidthatmyhomeworkwouldbedonenextweek.时态基本用法时态基本用法举例1.一般现在时表示现在或经常做的事:(主语单数,动词+s/es)Idomyhomeworkeveryday.82 always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,never,everyday(week,month,year),onceaweek,nowandthen,fromtimetotime,attimes(客观规律和自然现象只用一般现在时)Sheoftendoesherhomeworkatnight.Thesunisbiggerthantheearth.Thesunrisesfromtheeast.2.一般过去时表示过去做的事:yesterday;lastyear(week,month);ago,afewdaysago(几天前)…(时间大、笼统)Ididmyhomeworkyesterday.Sheusedtodoherhomeworkatnight.3.一般将来时表示将来打算做的事:tomorrow,nextyear(week,month);inthefuture(未来)…Iwilldomyhomeworktomorrow.Sheisgoingtodoherhomeworktomorrow.4.现在进行时表示现在正在做的事:nowIamdoingmyhomeworknow.5.过去进行时①表示过去某个时间正在做的事:at3:00yesterdayafternoon(时间小、具体)②表示过去某两个动作同时进行,延续动作用was/weredoing短暂动作用-ed过去时Iwasdoingmyhomeworkat3:00yesterdayafternoon.IwashavingdinneratarestaurantwhenTonySteelecamein.6.将来进行时表示将来某个时间一定要做的事:Iwillbedoingmyhomeworktomorrow.7.现在完成时表示现在已经做完的事:already(用于肯定句的中间)yet(用于否定句的结尾)for接时间段,表示一段时间(只有延续性动词才能用)since接时间点,表示“自从……以来”Ihavealreadydonemyhomework.Shehasn’tdoneherhomeworkyet.IhaveworkedinHuaihuafor16years.IhaveworkedinHuaihuasince19948.过去完成时①表示过去某个时间以前已经做完的事:before/after②表示过去某个动作以前已经做完的事:before/afterIhaddonemyhomeworkbeforeyesterdayafternoon.AfterIhaddonemyhomework,Iwenttobed.9.将来完成时表示将来某个时间要做完的事:Iwillhavedonemyhomeworktomorrow.10.完成进行时表示现在已经做完一部分,剩下的还要继续做完的事:Ihavebeendoingahalfofmyhomework.11.过去将来时表示过去对未来打算要做的事(用于间接引语和虚拟语气)IsaidthatIwoulddomyhomeworknextweek.82 时态详细用法时态用法1.一般现在时(1)表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。常用频度副词sometimes,often,always,usually,seldom及时间副词everyday/night/week/month/year,inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening,atnight做状语。如:Heoftenstaysuplate.Wegohomeeverymonth.IwatchTVatnight.(2)客观事实和普遍真理。(客观事实无论谓语的时态是什么都用一般现在时。)Hesaidthatthesunrisesintheeast.Theearthtravelsroundthesun.Treesturngreeninspring.Practicemakesperfect.熟能生巧。(3)现阶段的状态。常跟时间副词now连用。如:HelivesinBeijingnow.Sheisathome.Theyworkinthatfactory.(4)习惯性的爱好或行为。如:Ilikedancingwhileshelikessinging.Hestudiesveryhard.(5)(用物做主语)表示已经计划、安排好了或时间表上所安排要做的事情。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式,主要是表示位置移动的动词:come,go,leave,arrive,begin,start,stop,move,return,fly,或瞬间动词close,open等。可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用,但不用将来时。Whendoestheplanleave?Theplaneleavesat3o’clockthisafternoon.(不用将来时)Thetrainarrivesatfivepasteightandleavesattenpasteight.火车八点过五分到,八点过十分离开。Ourclassbeginsat7:45.Theshopopensateighto’clock.(6)时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句中的谓语动词是将来的动作或状态时,用一般现在时表示。引导此类从句的词有:when,as,while,before,after,whenever,till,until,assoonas,themoment,if,unless,once,aslongas,onconditionthat等,如:Ifyoucometomorrow,wewillwaitforyou.Whenhegetshere,theworkwillbefinished.Thoughhedisagreeswithus,hewilldoaswedecided.I’llgivethelettertohimassoonasIseehim.(7)在以here或there开头的倒装句中用一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。Look!Herecomesthebus.Listen!Theregoesthebell.2.一般过去时(1)表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态。常与yesterday,lastweek,in1989,justnow,amomentago,twodaysago,theotherday等明确的过去时间连用。但绝对不可与recently,in82 thepast10years,thismonth等与现在有关系的时间段连用,否则就应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。如:Hewasherejustnow.Whatdidyoudoyesterday?Ihavereadtwobooksthismonth.(现在完成时)(2)在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。如:Weoftenplayedtogetherwhenwewerechildren.(3)表示过去经常发生的动作还可用usedtodo和would。如:Heusedtosmokealot,buthedoesn’tnow.Wheneverwewereintrouble,hewouldhelpus.①usedtodo表示过去常常做某事Iusedtoplaybasketballlastyear=Ioftenplayedbasketballlastyear.②usedtodo的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:usednottodo,didn"tusedtodo,didn"tusetodo都对。③sthbeusedtodo表示某样东西被用于做什么Thewoodisusedtomakedesks.④sbbeusedtodoing=sbbeaccustomedtodoing表示某人习惯于做什么IhavebeenusedtolivinginHuaihua.(4)would与usedto表示“过去常常……”的区别:①表示过去持续的状态或情况用usedto,而would不与表状态的动词连用。Thereusedtobeahospitalhere.ThemiludeerisakindofdeerthatusedtobecommoninChinalongago.②would可跟sometimes,often,forhours等表示时间的副词(短语)连用,而usedto不行。Theoldmanwouldsometimessitbesidetheriverforhours,payingnoattentiontoanythingaroundhim.③与现在或将来比较表示“过去常常(而如今却变了)”,使用usedto,不能用would。Iusedtodrinkcoffee,butnowIdrinkteainstead.Hetoldusheusedtoplayfootballwhenhewasyoung.(5)表示主语过去的特征或性格。如:AtthattimeshewasverygoodatEnglish.(6)用在状语从句中表示过去将来。如:Hesaidhewouldwaituntiltheycameback.(7)一般过去时有时可以表示现在,多与want,hope,wonder,think,intend等动词连用,使语气更委婉。如:Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.(8)注意英语和汉语“时间差”的用法区别,如:—Yourphonenumberagain?Ididn’tquitecatchit.请再说一次你的电话号码,好吗?我刚才没听清楚。—It’s2566666.是2566666。Ididn’tknowyouwerehere.没想到你在这里。(9)82 表示一系列的动作,尽管有先后,都用一般过去时,最后两个动词之间用and连结。如:Heopenedthedoor,rushedoutandthendisappeared.他打开门,冲了出去,然后就消失了。3.一般将来时一般将来时表示在将来的某个时候将要发生的动作或存在的状态。有以下多种表达方式:(1)“will/shall+动词原形”I’ll(shall/will)doabetterjobnexttime.Theconcertwillstartinaminute.(2)“begoingto+动词原形”:表示打算和预测。如:Wearenotgoingtostaytherelong.I’mafraidthey’regoingtolosethegame.(3)“beto+动词原形”:着重指按计划或安排将要发生某事,常表示“职责、意图、约定”,有时也表示“命令、禁止或可能性”。后可跟时间状语。如:HeistoleaveforBeijingtomorrow.Tellhimhe’snottobebacklate.Thestudentsaretomeetattheschoolgatetomorrow.Thepresidentistovisitthecompany.(4)“beaboutto+动词原形”:着重指最近或马上要发生的动作。不与具体的时间状语连用(而其他结构则可以)如:Look!Theraceisabouttostart.Wrong:Themedicalteamisabouttostartimmediately/tomorrow.Right:Themedicalteamisabouttostart.(5)“bedueto+动词原形”:表示按计划或时间表将要发生某事。如:ThestrikeisduetobeginonTuesday.(6)用现在进行时(用人做主语):这种结构表示按计划即将发生的动作,但只适用于表示位置移动的动词,例如:go,come,leave,start,arrive,move,return,fly(乘飞机)等,并常伴有表示将来时间的状语以区别于进行时的动作。We’rehavingapartynextweek.He’sleavingforBeijingtomorrow.Mr.Browniscomingnextweek.(7)用一般现在时(用物做主语):表示已经计划、安排好了或时间表上所安排要做的事情。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式,主要是表示位置移动的动词:come,go,leave,arrive,begin,start,stop,move,return,fly,或瞬间动词close,open等。可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用,但不用将来时。Thetrainleavesat7:25thisevening.(8)时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句中的谓语动词是将来的动作或状态时,用一般现在时表示。如:Ifyoucometomorrow,wewillwaitforyou.Whenhegetshere,theworkwillbefinished.Thoughhedisagreeswithus,hewilldoaswedecided.但是有时will不表示将来而是表示意愿或决心时,仍可以用在条件状语等从句中。例如:Ifyouwilllistentome,I’lltellyouthetruth.82 (9)todo不定式表将来(非谓语动词)Thegrammartobestudiednexttimeismoredifficult.(不定式做定语)(10)“will/shall+v.”与“begoingto+v.”的区别①begoingto与will都可用来表示即将发生的事情。前者多用于口语,后者常用于书面语和正式文告中。②两者均可表示将来时间和意图,两者有时可换用,有时不可换用。不可换用的情况主要是:若强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的,用begoingto;若表示某个意图没有经过事先考虑,而是在说话的当时才临时想到的,则用will。比较:“Maryisinhospital.”“Oh,really?Ididn’tknow.I’llgoandvisither.”“玛丽住院了。”“啊,真的吗?我还不知道。我要去看看她。”(临时想法,不能用begoingto)“Maryisinhospital.”“Yes,Iknow.I’mgoingtovisithertomorrow.”“玛丽住院了。”“我知道,我打算明天去看看她。”(事先考虑的意图,不能用will)—I’vecomeoutwithoutanymoney.—Nevermind.I__________yousome.A.amgoingtolendB.willlendC.havelentD.amtolend③在表示“询问对方是否愿意”以及表示“客气的邀请”时,常用will。④若指迹象表明要发生某事,尤其是天气,要用begoingto而不用will。如:Lookatthoseblackclouds.It’sgoingtorain.看那些乌云,要下雨了。⑤begoingto可用于条件句,表示将来的时间,will一般不能。Ifyouwillcometomorrow,wewillwaitforyou.(错)Ifyouaregoingtocometomorrow,wewillwaitforyou.(对)如果不是表示将来的时间,而是表示“意愿、坚持、推论”等,will也可用于条件句。Ifyouwilllistentome,I’lltellyouthetruth.⑥begoingto只能用于最近的未来,will可以用于遥远的未来。Theearthwillexplodeinthefarfuture.4.现在进行时(1)表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。如:It"sraininghard.I’mdoingmyhomework.(2)用现在进行时(用人做主语)这种结构表示按计划即将发生的动作,但只适用于表示位置移动的动词或瞬间动词,例如:have,go,come,leave,travel,start,arrive,move,return,takeoff,fly(乘飞机)等,并常伴有表示将来时间的状语以区别于进行时的动作。82 We’rehavingapartynextweek.They’regettingmarriednextmonth.I’mleavingforNewYorktomorrow.MikeiscominghomeonThursday.注意:以上是“人”作主语用现在进行时,如是“物”作主语,则用一般现在时。Thetrainleavesat7:25thisevening.Theconcertstartsat7:30.音乐会七点半开始。(3)有些瞬间动词的现在进行时则表动作即将结束,如:Iamfinishing.我快做完了。I’mcoming.我就来了。Itisceasingtorain.雨快停了。Thefruitisripening.这果子快熟了。Itwasmypainfuldutytotellhimhewasdying.要我把他即将去世的事告诉他,这使我十分为难。(4)与always,often,usually,forever,constantly,continually等副词连用可表示表示说话者感到焦躁、惊讶、困惑、不快、赞扬、厌烦等感情色彩。如:You’realwaysinterruptingme!你老打断我的话!(抱怨)Myfatherisalwayslosinghiscarkeys.我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满)She’salwayshelpingpeople.她老是帮助别人。(赞扬)He’scontinuallyaskingmeformoney.Sheisconstantlychanginghermind.(5)不能用进行时(只能用一般时)的动词:①表示存在状态的动词,如be,have,belong,possess,consistof,form,cost,own,exist,consistremian,stay,obtain,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue等。例如:Ihavetwobrothers.我有两兄弟。Thishousebelongstomysister.这房子是我姐的。②表示心理状态或感情的动词,如hope,wonder,know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,regret,forget,want,need,mean,understand,love,hate,like,prefer,forgive,doubt等。例如:Ineedyourhelp.我需要你的帮助。Helovesherverymuch.他爱她很深。③瞬间动词,如beging,start,accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等。例如:Iacceptyouradvice.我接受你的劝告。④系动词(感官动词),如seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn,notice,look,appear等。例如:Youseemalittletired.你看上去有点累。但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如:Tomlookspale.What’swrongwithhim?(look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”)Tomislookingforhisbooks.82 (look在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”)(6)以上几类动词,在特殊情况下用于进行时态,是一种婉转的说话语气,比用一般时态显得更客气。如以下例子均摘自词典和名家的语法著作:Iamhopingyouwillcome.我希望你能来。(比Ihope…显得更客气)。I’mhopingthatyouwillcomeandhaveachatwithme.我倒希望你来聊聊天。I’mwonderingifyouhaveanyquestions.我倒想知道你们有什么问题。NowI’mrememberingit.现在我想起来了。HowareyoulikingBeijing?你觉得北京如何?(问初步印象)I’malwayshearingstrangestoriesabouthim.我老听人讲关于他的奇奇怪怪的事。I’mforgettingthatIpromisedtovisithimtonight.我差点忘了我答应今晚去看他的。Tinaisresemblinghersistermoreandmore.丁娜越来越像她姐姐了。Thankyousomuchforthebinoculars.I’vebeenwantingapairforages.我非常感谢你送给我望远镜。我一直想要一副。Thechildwasjumpingwithjoy.这孩子高兴得直跳。I"mseeingalotofJoanatthelibrary.我常在图书馆看见琼。5.过去进行时常用的时间状语thewholemorning,allday,at3:00yesterdayafternoon,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while,atthattime/moment,athistimelastnight(1)表示过去某个具体时间里正在做的动作:at3:00yesterdayafternoon;at9:00lastnight(时间小、具体)主动Iwasdoingmyhomeworkat3:00yesterdayafternoon.被动Myhomeworkwasbeingdoneat3:00yesterdayafternoon.(2)表示过去两个动作同时进行,延续性动作用was/weredoing,短暂性动作用did主动Iwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenyoucalledme.被动Myhomeworkwasbeingdonewhenyoucalledme.(3)表示过去两个动作同时进行,两个都是延续性动作,都用was/weredoing,连接词用whileIwasdoingmyhomeworkwhileyouwerewatchingTV.82 注:一般过去时除了用于“大”和“笼统”的过去时间里,也可以用于“小”和“具体”的过去时间里,但与过去进行时的意思有区别:Ididmyhomeworkat3:00yesterdayafternoon.(过去时强调什么时间做的作业,回答when的问题)Iwasdoingmyhomeworkat3:00yesterdayafternoon.(过去进行时强调3:00在干什么,回答what的问题)(4)表示现在的情况,主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如:Iwaswonderingifyoucouldgivemealift.我不知你能否让我搭一下车。  注;一般过去时也有类似用法,但比较而言,用过去进行时显得更客气,更不肯定。(5)表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似,过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩,也通常与always,forever,continually等副词连用。如:Theywerealwaysquarrelling.他们老是吵架。(6)表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。(用人做主语)用于come,go,leave,start,arrive等表示位置转移的动词时,也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。如:Hetoldmethathewasgoingsoon.他告诉我他很快就要走了。6.将来进行时(1)意义:①强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。Whenhecomestomyhousetomorrow,Iwillbewritingthereport.The students will be watching TV at seven this evening. This time tomorrow you ________ there doing some more exercises. A) will sit B) will be sitting C) sit D) shall sit ②表示按计划、安排、决定预料将要发生的事。   Theministerwillbegivingaspeechoninternationalaffairs.Thistimenextdaytheywillbesittinginthecinema.This time next week we shall be working in that factory. We"ll be having a meeting at three o"clock tomorrow afternoon. ③表示委婉的请求:Whenshallwebemeetingagain?When will you be seeing Mr. White?  (语气较委婉客气,下属对上司)(2)与现在进行时态表将来的区别  现在进行时态表将来比较主观,表示一种经过考虑的,将来要进行的动作。而将来进行时比较客观,通常表示正常过程中自然会发生的动作,因此将来进行时不如现在进行时那样肯定,比后者偶然性要大一些:   IamseeingTomtomorrow.明天我要和汤姆见面.(表主观,比较肯定能见面)82   I"llbeseeingTomtomorrow.明天我会见到汤姆.(表客观,也许他们在一起工作,不是很确定能见面)(3)与一般将来时态的区别①将来进行时只是对将来事实的简单、客观的陈述,而一般将来时含有意愿或带有感情色彩。误:I"ll be having a talk with her. (将来进行时不用于表示“意愿”)正:I"ll have a talk with her. Iwillcome.我会来。(表示“意愿”来)Iwillbecoming.我是要来的。(表示按照计划或客观情况会来)Tomwillcutthegrasstomorrow.汤姆明天愿意割草.(表示意愿,也可能表示许诺)Tomwillbecuttinggrasstomorrow.汤姆明天将割草.(表示表示按照计划将要做)②有时这两种结构在意义上确实不同,例如:Marywon’tpaythisbill.玛丽不付账。(她拒绝付账)Marywon’tbepayingthisbill.玛丽不会付账。(将来)Willyoujoinusfordinner?你来和我们一起吃饭好吗?(邀请)Willyoubejoiningusfordinner?你会和我们一起吃饭吗?(将来)③在一定上下文里,尤其是当提出问题而又不想迫使对方做出明确答复时,用将来进行时就显得比用will委婉客气。试比较:Whenwillyoufinishtheseletters?你什么时候会处理完这些信件?(如上司对下属)WhenwillyoubeseeingMr.White?你什么时候会见到怀特先生?(如下属对上司)7.现在完成时表示到现在、目前为止已经完成的动作,常用的时间状语有:since,for,during/over(thepastyears)等引导出的短语;副词already,yet,just,ever,now,before,lately,recently等;状语词组thisweek(morning,month,year),formanytimes,sofar,uptonow,uptothepresent,bythetime,bytheendof等。(1)already与yet的区别主动Ihavealreadydonemyhomeworknow.(already用于肯定句,放在句中)被动Myhomeworkhasalreadybeendonenow.主动Ihavenotdonemyhomeworkyet.(yet用于否定句,放在句末)被动Myhomeworkhasnotbeendoneyet.(2)since与for的区别IhavestudiedEnglishsince1990.(since接时间点,而且必须是具体时间,不能since18yearsago)IhavestudiedEnglishfor18years.(for接时间段,而且必须是延续动词,不能用短暂动词)Ihaveboughtthebook.(短暂动词也可以用于完成时态,但不能用于含for接时间段的句子)=Ihavekept/usedthebookfor18years.(把短暂动词用另一个延续动词来替代,则能用于for接时间段)=Iboughtthebook18yearsago.82 (短暂动词一般用于过去时)句型“Itis/hasbeen……since”所使用的两种时态都正确,since后门的从句中用过去式。    Itis18yearssinceIsawhimlasttime.Ithasbeen18yearssinceIsawhimlasttime.(3)短暂动词,即非延续性动词的现在完成时的肯定式不能与表一段时间的时间状语连用。但可以与否定式连用。Hehasreturnedhomefor3years.(错)Hehasn’treturnedhomefor3years.(对)问:Hehaslefthomeforfivedays.和Hehasn’tlefthomeforfivedays.哪个说法正确?答:非延续性动词在否定句中可以和表示一段时间的状语连用,因此后面一句正确,意思是“他离开家不到五天”。第一个句子是错误的,正确的说法应为:Hehasbeenawayfromhomeforfivedays.=Helefthomefivedaysago.=Itisfivedayssincehelefthome.(4)havegone与havebeen的区别havegone表示去了某个地方,现在还没回来---WhereisMr.Chen?(陈老师去哪了?)---Hehasgonetothestreet.(他去了街上)havebeen表示到过某个地方,现在已经回来了---Wherehaveyoubeen?(你到哪里?)---Ihavebeentothestreet.(我到街上)(5)表示第几次去(到)某地,在Thisisthefirst(second,third…)time(that)句式中,后面常用现在完成时。ThisisthefirsttimeIhavecometoAmerica.(6)This(That,It)is(was)thefirst(second…)time+定语从句;This(That,It)is(was)theonly(last)+n+定语从句;This(That,It)is(was)+形容词最高级+n+定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如:ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.ThatwasthebestfilmthatIhadeverseen.ThisisthemostinterestingbookIhaveeverread.ThatwasthemostinterestingbookIhadeverread.Thisisoneoftherarestquestionsthathaveeverbeenraisedatsuchameeting.Therewasaknockatthedoor.Itwasthesecondtimesomeonehadinterruptedmethatevening.(7)和过去时的区别:现在完成时指过去发生的动作,一直持续到对现在;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。Heworkedinthathospitalfor882 years.(他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实,他现在已经不在那家医院了。) Hehasworkedinthathospitalfor8years.(他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作,一直到现在仍在那家医院工作。)(8)重点:在完成时态中,只有延续性动词才可以接for引导的时间段,短暂动词则不能。Ihaveboughtthisbookfor2years.(错)Ihaveboughtthisbook.(对)(改法①:去掉for引导的时间段)Ihavekeptthisbookfor2years.(对)(改法②:用另一个延续动词代替原来的短暂动词,常用have,be,keep,use来代替)Iboughtthisbook2yearsago.(对)(改法③:把完成时态变为过去时态,句末加ago)Itis(hasbeen)2yearssinceIboughtthisbook.(对)(改法④:变成句型“Itis/hasbeen…since”,后面从句中动词用过去式。)Ihaven’tboughtabookfor2years.(改法⑤:把肯定句变成否定句,不过意思与原来不一样了)8.过去完成时(1)表示过去某个时间以前完成的动作,注意时间前要用before。主动Ihaddonemyhomeworkbefore3:00yesterdayafternoon.被动Myhomeworkhadbeendonebefore3:00yesterdayafternoon.(2)表示过去两个动作先后进行,发生在前面的动作用haddone,发生在后面的动作用did。(要有before,after,when等连接)IhaddonemyhomeworkbeforeIcalledyou.=AfterIhaddonemyhomework,Icalledyou.=WhenIhaddonemyhomework,Icalledyou.Therehadbeensomeoneinourroomjustnow,becauseInoticedaburningcigaretteendonthefloorwhenweopenedthefrontdoor.(3)在by,bytheendof,bythetime后接某一过去时间时,常用过去完成时。Hehadcopiedthereportthreetimesbytenlastnight.Bytheendoflastyeartheyhadturnedout5,000bicycles.(4)在nosooner…than…,hardly(scarcely/barely)…when…句式中,前面用过去完成时,等于assoonas。Theyhadhardlybeenseatedwhenthebusstarted.82 Ihadnosoonerfinishedtheworkthanthelightwentout.Ihadscarcelyclosedthewindowwhenthestormcame.这些句式可以变成倒装句,时态不变。Hardlyhadtheybeenseatedwhenthebusstarted.NosoonerhadIfinishedtheworkthanthelightwentout.(5)ago与before“一段时间+ago”表示从现在说起多长时间以前,和过去时连用。“一段时间+before”表示从过去一个时间点说起多长时间之前,和过去完成时连用。—HowlongagodidyougototheUnitedStates?—Tenyearsago.Hetoldmehehadlefthishometowntenyearsbefore.Twoyearsago,Ileftthecompany,whichIhadjoinedtwoyearsbefore.(6)动词expect,hope,mean,intend,plan,suppose,think,wish,want,desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如:Ihadmeanttotakeagoodholidaythisyear,butIwasn’tabletogetaway.另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是:1)was/were+tohavedonesth,例如:Weweretohavecomeyesterday,butwecouldn’t.2)intended(expected,hoped,meant,planned,supposed,wished,wanted,desired)+tohavedonesth,例如:Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.Wehopedtohavecaughtthe8:00bus,butfounditgone.9.将来完成时表示将来某个时间才能完成的动作。常用的时间状语有:bythetime;bytheendof;before(theendof);when,after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如:BythistimetomorrowyouwillhavearrivedinShanghai.Iwillhavefinishedreadingthisbookbytheendofnextmonth.Ishallhavefinishedthiscompositionbefore9o’clock.Whenwegetontherailwaystation,thetrainwillprobablyhaveleft.10.现在完成进行时表示某个动作已经完成了一部分,但还要继续做下去。(有前提条件)主动Theteacherasksustoreadfivebooksinthisterm.Ihavebeenreading3ofthem.被动Theteacherasksustoreadfivebooksinthisterm.3ofthemhavebeenreadbyme.(与现在完成时被动语态相同)Wehavebeenworkingonthisprojectforovera82 monthnow.Ihavebeenlookingformylostbookforthreedays,butIstillhaven’tfoundit.少数动词,如work,study,teach,live等与表示一段时间的状语连用,用现在完成时或现在完成进行时都行,二者在意义上没什么区别。例如:I’vebeenworkingfortenhours.=I’veworkedfortenhours.我已工作十个小时了。11.过去将来时表示过去对未来的打算。只用于宾语从句的间接引语里和虚拟语气中。常用时间状语:thenextday(morning,year…),thefollowingmonth(week…),etc.Hesaidthathewoulddohishomework.Hesaidthathishomeworkwouldbedone.Ifhehadtime,hewoulddohishomeworktoday.不规则动词巧记表 AAA型  过去式、过去分词与原形一致原形过去式 过去分词词义原形过去式 过去分词词义cutcutcut切、割、剪shutshutshut关、闭(门窗)putputput放置hurthurthurt受伤;疼痛letletlet让costcostcost值…钱;花费setsetset设置readreadread朗读;阅读hithithit撞击;打spreadspreadspread展开;铺开AAB型  过去式与原形一致原形过去式 过去分词词义原形过去式 过去分词词义beatbeat击败82 beaten ;打败ABA型  过去分词与原形一致原形过去式 过去分词词义原形过去式 过去分词词义runranrun跑步;逃跑comecamecome来becomebecamebecome变得;成为ABB型  过去式与过去分词一致原形过去式 过去分词词义原形过去式 过去分词词义buyboughtbought买lead led led 领导;致使bring  broughtbrought带来mislead misled misled 误导fightfought fought 打架;打仗feed fed fed 喂养;喂食think thought thought 想;认为flee fled fled 逃跑seek  sought               sought寻找;探究meetmetmet遇见;碰到catch caughtcaught抓住;接住shoot shot shot 射击;投篮teachtaught taught 教;教书light lit/lighted lit/lighted 点燃82 lendlentlent借出getgotgot 获得;得到sendsentsent送;派遣win  won  won   获胜;赢得spendspent spent 花(时间、钱)sit sat sat  坐下buildbuilt built 建设;建立dig  dug  dug  挖掘feelfelt felt 感觉;摸起来stick stuck stuck 刺;戳leaveleft  left  离开hang hung hung 悬挂keepkeptkept保持;保留hang hanged  hanged 绞死sleep slept slept 睡觉sellsold sold 出售;卖oversleep overslept overslept 睡过头tell told told 告诉sweep  swept  swept  打扫smell smelt smelt 闻;嗅meanmeantmeant意思是spell spelt spelt  拼写learnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learned学;学会hold held held 拿着;举办burnburnt/burnedburnt/ 燃烧;烧伤findfound found  找到;发现82 burnedhearheardheard听见standstood stood  站立have/hashadhad有understandunderstood understood 理解makemade made 制作paypaid paid 付款shine  shone/shined shone/shined照耀saysaidsaid说loselostlost丢失;失去laylaidlaid下蛋layingdealdealtdealt处理lieliedlied撒谎lyinglielaylain躺/放lyingABC型  原形、过去式、过去分词不一致原形过去式 过去分词词义原形过去式 过去分词词义beginbeganbegun  开始taketooktaken拿走drinkdrankdrunk喝;饮mistakemistookmistaken错拿ringrangrung铃响;打电话shakeshook shaken摇动;握(手)singsang sung唱歌eat ateeaten 吃sinksanksunk 下沉fallfell fallen82 落下;摔倒swimswamswum 游泳rise  rose(玫瑰)risen上升;上涨blowblewblown吹;刮风drive drovedriven驾驶flyflewflown 飞;放(风筝)give gavegiven给knowknewknown知道;懂得forgiveforgave forgiven 原谅growgrewgrown种植;生长seesawseen 看见throwthrew thrown扔;投ride roderidden 骑(车、马)draw drew drawn 绘画hide hidhidden 躲藏show showed shown 出示;给…看bite  bit bitten咬breakbrokebroken  打破;不服从forbidforbade/forbad forbidden 禁止;不许speak spokespoken 说话writewrotewritten 书写stealstolestolen偷bear (熊)boreborn忍受choosechose chosen选择tear (眼泪)tore torn 撕破froze 冻结wearworeworn穿、戴82 freeze frozen wakewoke woke/woken 醒来;唤醒am/iswasbeen是strikestruckstruck/stricken打击;撞击arewere been是forgetforgot forgotten 忘记do/doesdiddone 做gowent gone去lielay lain躺;卧用法说明原形过去式 过去分词dodiddone①用于一般现在时:Idomyhomeworkeverynight.Shedoesherhomeworkeverynight.②在情态动词后,永远用动词原形。Icandoallthehomeworkbymyself.Iwilldomyhomework①用于过去式Ididmyhomeworklastnight.Shedidherhomeworklastnight.Wedidourhomeworklastnight.②用于过去进行时Iwashavingdinnerata①用于完成时态:have/has/had+doneIhavedonemyhomework.Shehasdoneherhomework.Ihaddonemyhomeworkbeforeyoucalledme.Iwillhavedonemyhomeworktomorrow.②用于被动语态:be+done(be;am/is/are;was/were;being;been)Myhomeworkwillbedonetomorrow.IamcriticizedbyMr.Chen.SheiscriticizedbyMr.Chen.TheyarecriticizedbyMr.Chen.ShewascriticizedbyMr.Chen.82 tomorrow.Youmustdoitnow.③在助动词后,永远用动词原形。Idon’tdomyhomeworkatnight.Shedidn’tdoherhomeworklastnight.④在不定式todo结构中,永远用动词原形。Iwanttodomyhomework.Iwantedtodomyhomework.restaurantwhenTonySteelecamein.③用于过去完成时AfterIhaddonemyhomework,Iwenttobed.④用于过去将来时IsaidthatIwoulddomyhomeworknextweek.TheywerecriticizedbyMr.Chen.ShewasbeingcriticizedbyMr.ChenwhenIcamein.TheywerebeingcriticizedbyMr.ChenwhenIcamein..Myhomeworkhasbeendone.③用于非谓语结构中:Theworkdoneisveryimportant.Theworkbeingdoneisveryimportant.Theworktobedoneisveryimportant.Havingdonethework,Iwenthome.主动表被动1系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep+形容词/名词构成系表结构;尤其是注意在这种句型中的感官动词,不能用被动语态.Thesteelfeelscold.Hiswordssoundsreasonable.Hisplanproved(tobe)practical.Ithasgonebad.Meatwon’tkeeplonginsuchweather.2如不是形容词/名词构成系表结构,则感官动词可以用被动语态Iraisedmyvoiceinordertobeheardbyallthestudentsinthebigclassroom.3表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,moveWorkbeganat7o"clockthismorning.Theshopopensatseven.Theshopclosesat6p.m.everyday4表示主语的某种属性特征Thiscoatdrieseasily.82 的动词,如read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink。这类动词一般不单独使用,常有一个修饰语(副词)。如表示动作的结果,则用被动。Yourspeechreadswell.Mypenwritessmoothly.Theenginewon’tstart.Thebookssellwell.(Thebookshavebeensoldout.)Thedooropenseasily.(Thedoorhasbeenopened)5少数动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动含义,如print,cook,fry,hang,build,makeThebooksareprinting.Themeatiscooking.6介词in,on,under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义。表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之意,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有:undercontrol(受控制);undertreatment(在治疗中);underrepair(在修理中);underdiscussion(在讨论中);underconstruction(在施工中);beyondbelief(令人难以置信);beyondone’sreach(鞭长莫及);beyondone’scontrol(无法控制);beyondourhope(我们始料不及);forsale(出售);forrent(出租);inprint(在印刷中);insight(在视野范围内);onsale(出售);onshow(展出);ontrial(受审);outofcontrol(控制不了);outofsight(超出视线之外);outofone’sreach(够不着);outoffashion(不流行)。Therumorisbeyondbelief(=can’tbebelieved.)Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise(=cannotbepraisedenough.)Todaysometreasuresareonshow(=beingshown)inthemuseum.Shehasgrownupandisoutofcontrolofherparents.(=canbecontroledbyherparents)7不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:fit,have,wish,cost,agreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takeplace,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等Thiskeyjustfitsthelock.Yourstoryagreeswithwhathadalreadybeenheard.Thehousebelongstous.8物+need/want/deserve/demand/require+doing(=tobedone)(-ing主动等于不定式的被动)(某物需要……)Theclothesneedswashing(=tobewashed)Thedeskrequiresrepairing(=toberepaired)9物+deserve/beworth+doing(-ing的主动表被动)(某事值得做)Thebookisworthreading.82 =Thebookisworthyofbeingread.Thebookdeservesreading.10sbistoblame(不定式的主动表被动)I’msorry!It’smyfault.I’mtoblame.使役动词动词的“使动用法”指“让/叫/使……做……”。常用的使役动词有make;let;get;have1Sb①makessb②do前面的人让/叫/使后面的人做某事Mr.Chenmadeusdotheexercise.2Sb①makessb②doing前面的人让/叫/使后面的人一直做某事(表示不满或发牢骚,一般有always一词出现)MymotheralwaysmakesmedoingEnglishexercises.3Sb②ismadetodo某人被让/叫/使去做某事Wearemade(byMr.Chen)todotheexercise.4Sbmakesoneself(one’spoint/view/opinion)done某人让/叫/使自己或自己的话/观点让别人听懂IspeakEnglishaloudinordertomakemyselfheardbythewholeclass.5Sbmakessthdone某人把/让/叫/使某事给别人做Ihavemyhaircut.(别人剪的头发)Iamhavingmyshoescleaned.(别人在刷鞋)Iamcleanningmyshoes.(自己在刷鞋)6Sbhasdonesth某人已经做完了某事Ihavecutmyhair.(自己剪的头发)Ihavecleanedmyshoes.(自己刷的鞋)情态动词can(could)1.(表示能力、功能)能,会2.(表示可能性)可能,可能会3.(表示允许、请求)可以may(might)1.(表示可能性)可能,也许2.(表示许可或请求许可)可以must1.(表示必要、命令或强制)必须,得2.(表示肯定的推测)一定是3.(表示不可避免性)必然要,必定会shall(should)1.(用于第一人称,表示将来)将,会2.(用在问句中表示征求对方意见,主要用于第一、第三人称)…….好吗?要不要……?3.(用于陈述句中的第二、第三人称,表示说话人的意图、允诺、警告、命令、决心等)必须,应4.表示语气强烈的强权命令,警告,许诺即“我命令……”,用shall;表示语气轻的讲道德式的教育、劝告、责备,建议等的“应当”用should。(注must往往是公众纪律要求,语气比should强,比shall弱)Youshallbehereat8.Youshallnotbelate.(命令)Youshallgetpunished.(警告)Youshouldstudyharderthanbefore。(道德教育)5.(用在条约、规章、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,82 一般用于第三人称)应,必须will(would)1.(表示单纯的将来)将2.(用在问句中表示征求对方意见,主要用于第二人称)…….好吗?要不要……?3.(客气婉转的请求询问对方意愿,语气轻的用would,过去时就必须用wouldoughtto1.在一定程度上可以替换should2.oughtto比should语气强烈。oughtto表示法定义务和责任上的“应该”,而should则只是一般的“应该”Parentsoughttosendtheirchildrentoschool,andthechildrenshouldworkhard.need1.need作为情态动词时表示“需要”或“必须”,通常用于否定句和疑问句。例如:Youneedn"tdoitagain.Heneedn"tworryaboutit.Needhedothishomeworkfirst?Needtheyfillintheform?2.need作为实义动词时,有三种用法:①人+need+sth②人+need+todo③物+need+doing(=tobedone)Ineedawatch.Weneedtotellhimthetruth.Mycarneedsrepairing.Theflowersneedwateringdare1.dare作为情态动词时表示“敢”,通常用于否定句和疑问句。例如:Thelittlegirldarenotspeakinpublic.Dareyoucatchthelittlecat?2.dare除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用Doyoudaretowalkinthedark?Hedoesn’tdaretotelltheteacherwhathappenedthatday.must与havetomust强调主观看法,无时态变化;haveto强调客观需要,有时态变化。mustn’t与needn’tmustn’t“必须不”;needn’t“不必要”。---MustIreturnthebooktoyouoday?---No,youneedn’treturnthebooktometoday,butyoumustn’tmakeitdirty.情态动词完成结构表示“谴责、遗憾”1.shouldhavedone(1)对过去本来应该做的事没有做;=oughttohavedoneYoushouldhavedoneyourhomeworkyesterday,butyoudidn’tdoit.(2)表示对某事感到惊讶,不可思议,表示“竟然会……”(一般用于否定句中)Youcan’timaginethatatopstudentshouldhavefailedinthecollegeentranceexamination.2.couldhavedone对过去本来可以或能够做的事没有做3.needhavedone对过去本来必要做的事没有做Youneedhavedoneyourhomeworkyesterday,butyoudidn’tdoit.4.needn’thave82 done对过去本来不必要做的事反而做了Youneedn’thavedoneyourhomeworkyesterday,butyoudidit.情态动词完成结构表示“对过去的推测”1.mustbe对现在最有把握的肯定推测(一般有前提条件)Mr.Chenmustbeintheroom,forthelightison.2.can’tbe对现在最有把握的否定推测。(一般有前提条件)Mr.Chencan’tbeintheroom,forthelightisoff.3.musthavedone对过去事情最有把握的肯定推测(一般有前提条件)Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.4.can’thavedone对过去事情最有把握的否定推测(一般有前提条件)Itcan’thaverainedlastnight,forthegroundisdry.5.mighthavedone对过去事情没把握的猜测Itmighthaverainedlastnight,foritissodarkoutside.情态动词表推测的三种句式1.在肯定句中一般用must(一定),may(可能),might/could(也许,或许)。Hemust/may/mightknowtheanswertothisquestion?他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。Itiscoldintheroom.Theymusthaveturnedofftheheating.屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。2.否定句中用can’t/couldn’t(不可能),maynot/mightnot(可能不)。Itcan’t/couldn’tbetheheadmaster.HehasgonetoAmerica.这不可能是校长,他去美国了。Hemaynot/mightnotknowthescientist.他也许不认识那位科学家。3.疑问句中用can/could(能……?)。Couldhehavefinishedthetask?他可能把任务完成了吗?Canhebeathomenow?他现在能在家吗?注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。might,could并非may,can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。介词at;in;on的用法表时间构成举例①具体时间,“几点几分”用atShegoestobedateleveno’clock.②“在早上,在下午,在晚上”用in,且the不能省略;“在某年、某月”用in,不加冠词;“在中午,在夜里”用at,不加冠词inthemorning;intheafternoon;intheeveningin2000;inJuneatnoon;atnight③表示“在星期几”、“在星期几的上午、下午、晚上”“在某天”、“在某月某日”、用ononJune13;onMonday/Tuesday/SundayonMondaymorning/afternoon/evening/nigjt④在this,last,next,every等词前面既不加介词,也不用冠词Whatareyoudoingthisafternoon? IdoiteveryFriday.①在小地点用atatschool;athome;atrailwaystation;atthe82 表地点corner②在大地方用ininBeijing;inChina;inAmarica;inAsia③在……上面用ononthedesk;onthetopofthemontain常用介词before(时间)在……前;截至(到)……in front of(地点)在……前面in thefront of在……前部after(时间)在……之后behind(地点)在……后面until(till)直到……为止(动词如果是点动词,则必须用否定句)about在……各处;到处;在……附近;关于;大约 by①直到……为止;②以……计,后跟度量单位③“靠……手段”,“用……方法”,“凭借……动作”away离开;离……多远beyond超出……范围(或能力)for①为……;②表示一段时间;③用……交换around在……周围,围绕during在……(时间)内into进入through①一直……(从开始到结束);②穿过along沿着from表示“是哪里人”,以及“时间或地点的起始点to到……(目的地)去,向……since自从……以来across横穿in①过……后(未来时间);②在……里面(地点)in“用…语言” 常与write, speak, talk, answer等连用within不超过……的范围be made of表示从成品仍可看出原料outside在……外面be made from表示从成品已看不出原料between在……之间(指二者)with表示用什么工具,所用的东西都是具体的物among在……之间(指三者以上)without=butfor没有on在……上面,表面相互接触like像……一样above只表示“在……上方或位置高出……”,与below相对as作为,以……身份below在……下方,低于……near在……附近,与far相对over“在……正上方”,与under相对under在……正下方82 against①紧靠、倚靠②反对(反义词是for)beneath在……下方beside=by(地点)靠近,在……旁边,比near距离更近except for除……之外(主要用来谈论不同类的东西)besides除之外…还有except除之外…没有了(主要用来谈论同类的东西)常用连词1.表层次首先first,firstly,tobeginwith,inthefirstplace,tostartwith;其次/第二/另外second,secondly,still,further,furthermore,whatismore,andthen,next,besides,moreover,inaddition;andequallyimportant,也too,also再次/第三third,thirdly,最后last,lastbutnotleast,finally,intheend2.表转折反之bycontrast,incontrast;onthecontrary,虽然although,though,然而/但是yet,nevertheless,however,but,同时atthesametime,尽管如此despitethefactthat,evenso,eventhough,inspiteof,一方面ononehand,另一方面ontheotherhand,否则otherwise;(不是)而是instead,还still;除非unless3.表因果既然nowthat由于because,becauseof,forthereason,dueto,owingto;thanksto,since,as,for因此/所以therefore,thus,hence,so,accordingly,onthisaccount,onthataccount,asaresult,asaconsequence,consequently4.表让步即使nevertheless,尽管inspiteof,despite,即使这样evenso,毕竟afterall,万一incase5.表递近而且/还furthermore,moreover,likewise,what’smore,besides,不但……而且notonly...butalso...也/还too;also,另外inaddition6.表举例例如/比如forexample,forinstance,suchas;举例toillustrate,做为一个例子asanillustration,一个典型例子acaseinpoint7.表解释实际上infact;asamatteroffact,actually;坦率地说franklyspeaking,一般而言generallyspeaking在这种情况下inthiscase,也就是说namely,换句话说inotherwords,说实话totellyouthetruth8.表总结总之tosumup,insummary,inaword,inbrief,inconclusion,toconclude,inshort,如上所说ashasbeensaid,asmentionedabove反意疑问句构成举例1前后语气相反:前肯后否;前否后肯ShereadsChineseeveryday,doesn’tshe?(reads-doesn’t)2前后人称一致Theyhavedonetheirwork,haven’tthey?(they-they)82 3前后时态一致ShestudiedChineselastyear,didn’tshe?(studied-did)4简短问句部分要用缩写形式Youareastudent,aren’tyou?(不能arenotyou?)5简短问句部分的主语要用人称代词主格Tomdoesn’tknowme,doeshe?(不能him)6前面是therebe结构时,后面应用bethereThere’slittlewater,isthere?Thereare3dogs,aren’tthere?7第一人称“我”Iamaworker,aren’t/an’tI?8前面是祈使句,后面用willyou?Comehereearlyplease,will/won’tyou?Openthedoor,please,willyou?9前面有few,little,seldom,never,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none等否定词,后面用肯定HecanhardlyreadEnglish,canhe?Itseldomrainshere,doesit?10前面有un-,-less,dis-等带有前(后)缀的否定合成词,后面照样用否定Itisunfair,isn’tit?Hedislikeit,doesn’the?11前面有must时,后面一般用needn’t.Imustfinishmyworknow,needn’tI?---Yes,youmust.---No,youneedn’t.12前面的主语是代词this,that,everything,something,nothing,anything,以及不定式,动名词或从句时,后面Nothingisright,isit?Toseeistobelieve,isn’tit?Thatisadog,isn’tit?Everythingisready,isn’tit?Playingfootballinthestreetis82 的主语用itright,isn’tit?13前面的主语是these,those,nobody,everybody,somebody,everyone,noone等,后面的主语用they。Everyonecomeshere,don’tthey?Nobodycanhelpus,canthey?Everyoneishere,aren’tthey?14前面有情态动词表推测时,后面应以情态动词后的动词为标准,并作相应的变化Jackmusthavearrivedhere,hasn’the?LiPingmusthavefinishedherworklastnight,didn’tshe?15前面是think,suppose,believe,expect等引导的宾语从句,且主语为第一人称或第二人称时,后面是肯定还是否定要与主句相反,而主语和时态却与从句一致。Idon’tthinkyouareright,areyou?Idon’tbelievehehasdoneit,hashe?I’msureyou’llhelpme,won’tyou?ShesaidIdidit,didn’tshe?(主语为第三人称、后面主语与主句一致)16前面是感叹句,后面的人称代词与主语一致Whatakindgirl,isn’tshe?  Whatafineday,isn’tit?17回答时,肯定用yes,否定用no。当前面为否定时要特别注意,这时的英语和汉语的答语是不同的---Heisastudent,isn’the?---Yes,heis.---No,heisn’t.---Heisn’tastudent,ishe?---Yes,he82 is.---No,heisn’t.不,他是。是的,他不是。句子结构句子的构成成分:①主语(Subject)②谓语(Predicate)③宾语(Object)④表语(Predicative)⑤定语(Attribute)⑥状语(Adverbial)⑦宾补(ObjectComplement)1简单句概念:只有一个主谓结构的句子IlikeEnglish.YoulikeChinese.2并列句概念:一个主谓结构加上另外一个主谓结构的句子,由并列连词and,or,so,while,yet,but等或分号链接IlikeEnglishandyoulikeChinese.IlikeEnglishwhileyoulikeChinese.Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforwork.3复合句概念:一个主谓结构包含另外一个主谓结构的句子由主句加从句构成,从句在整个句子中做什么成分就叫什么从句82 (1)状语从句:从句在整个句子中做状语①时间②地点③原因④结果⑤方式⑥条件⑦目的⑧让步(2)定语从句:从句在整个句子中做定语①限制性②非限制性形容词性从句(3)主语从句:从句在整个句子中做主语名词性从句(4)宾语从句:从句在整个句子中做宾语①直接引语②间接引语(5)同位语从句:从句在整个句子中做同位语(6)表语从句:从句在整个句子中做表语形容词的比较级和最高级构成举例用法①一个东西用原级②两个东西进行比较,用比较级(+er)③三个和三个以上,用最高级(+est)HerEnglishisverygood.(原级就是形容词本身)HerEnglishisbetterthanmine.(比较级后加than)HerEnglishisthebestintheclass.(最高级前加the)1一般在形容词后加er/est如果是以e结尾则直接加r或stgreat-greater-greatest,short-shorter–shortest,tall-taller–tallest,long-longer–longest,nice-nicer-nicest,large-larger-largest2以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母结尾的,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加er/est(与动词+ed和+ing一样)big-bigger-biggest(字母组合除外,如few-fewer-fewest)red-redder-reddesthot-hotter-hottest3以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i,再加er/esthappy-happier-happiest,sorry-sorrier-sorriest,82 (与动词+ed;名词+es一样)friendly-friendlier-friendliest(morefriendly-mostfriendly),busy-busier-busiest,easy-easier-easiest4多音节形容词(比较长的形容词),比较级在词前面+more;最高级在词前面+themostcomfortable-morecomfortable-themostcomfortabledifficult-moredifficult-themostdifficultexpensive-moreexpensive-themostexpensiveimportantbeautiful-morebeautiful-themostbeautifulwonderfulconvenient-moreconvenient-themostconvenient方便interesting5特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)good/well–better–bestmany/much–more–mostbad/ill–worse–worst      much/little–less–leastmany-fewer-fewestold–older/elder–oldest/eldestfar–farther/further–farthest/furthest几个①as+原级+as:“……与……一样……”MyEnglishisasgoodasyours.②the+比较级……the+比较级……:“越……越……”82 重点句型Theharderyouwork,thebetteryouwillbe.③比较级+thananyother+名词复数:“比其他任何……都”Youarebetterthananyotherstudentsintheclass.④oneofthe+最高级:“最……的其中之一”Youareoneofthebeststudentsintheclass.⑤the+序数词+最高级:“第几……(最长/大/好……)”HuangheisthesecondlongestriverinChina.Chinawillbethesecondmostpowerfulcountryintheworld多个形容词的排列顺序关于两个及两个以上形容词修饰同一名词的顺序为:品质→尺寸→新旧→样式→颜色→产地→材料→过去分词。另外,英国广播公司(BBC)在英语教学节目“ProfessorGrammar”中提出了一种称为OPSHACOM的方法。OPopinion“评述性词(品质)”,如beautiful,wonderful,expensive,terrible,horrible,lovely,silly,ugly等。SHsize&shape表示“大小、尺寸、形状”的词,如long,short,round,square等。Aage表“新、旧、样式”的词。如new,old等。Ccolour表“颜色”的词。如red,black,purple,brown,yellow,white,pink等。Oorigin表“产地”的词。如Italian,Spanish,Canadian,Australian,JapaneseMmaterial表“材料”的词。如leather,glass,rubber,metal,silk,plastic,wooden,paper等。举例一件新的漂亮的意大利的黑皮茄克:abeautifulnewblackItalianleatherjacket说明①各形容词可有缺项,但顺序不变。如:asmallSwisswatch。②当表大小(或长短)的词与表形状的词同时出现时,大小(或长短)在前,形状在后。如:alargesquaretable。③定冠词、不定冠词、指示代词、形容词性所有格、数词等位于句首。④数词位于定冠词、指示代词后。(数词不与不定冠词或形容词性所有格连用)⑤分词最靠近所修饰的名词。如:hisnewJapanesetimingdevice;threescottishhandmadeskirts。练习题目答案①(Canadian,extraordinary,an,new)playanextraordinarynewCanadianplay②alargegreengarden82 (green,a,large)garden③(gold,British,the,round)cointheroundBritishgoldcoin④(ugly,writing,the,steel,seven)desksthesevenuglysteelwritingdesks⑤(purple,Russian,nice,long,her)coathernicelongpurpleRussiancoat不定冠词a(an)的用法构成举例1a用于发辅音开始的可数名词单数前agirl;auniversity;ausefulbook(这里的u为元音字母,但发辅音)2an用于发元音开始的词前(a;e;i;o;u)anEnglishbook;anhour,anhonor,anhonestboy(h不发音,从元音o算起)3某些抽象名词具体化时是可数名词,其前可加a,如success,surprise,fire,joy,teaHeisasuccessasateacher.     It’sabigsurprisetowinaprizeinthematch.LongJingisafamousteainChina.4a用于姓氏前表示某个只知道名字而不熟悉的人AMrLiuiswaitingtoseeyououtside.5在某些句型中可加aItisapitythatyouhavemissedthechance.   Itisashame/apleasure/anhonorforsb.todosth.定冠词the的用法构成举例1表示上文提到过的人或事物HeboughtanEnglish-Chinesedictionarythismorning.Thedictionaryisverygood.2用在形容词的最高级前或序数词前ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.thefirst;thesecond3用于单数可数名词前,表示整体或类别Thepandaisarareanimal.=Apandaisarareanimal.=Pandasarerareanimals4用来表示世界上独一无二的事物thesun,themoon,thesky,theearth,theworld5用于表示阶级、党派的名词前theChineseCommunistParty;theworkingclass6用于江河、湖海,山脉,群岛等名词前theYellowRiver;theEastSea;theHimalayas;thePacificOcean7用于由普通名词构成的国名ThePeople"sRepublicofChina;theUnitedStates8用于机关、团体、朝代、时代、报刊杂志等名词前theUnitedNations;theStateCouncil;theTangdynasty;thePeople"sDaily;theSummerPalace;thePeaceHotel; theBritishMuseum9用于表示方位的名词前theeast;thesouthwest;themiddle;theFarEast; ontheleft82 10用于乐器名词前,但汉语拼音的乐器前不用冠词playthepiano;playtheviolin;playerhu;playguzheng11用于复数的姓氏前,表示两夫妇或全家,在此情况下,这类名词作复数对待Whenwegotthere,theLiuswerewaitingforus.TheSmithswatchTVeveryday.12用于某些形容词或过去分词前,表示一类人或事物thepoor;therich;theliving;theyoung;thewounded;theoppressed;thebeautiful不用冠词的情况构成举例1①不可数名词前paper,ice,water,rice,weather,air,furniture家具,milk,meat②不可数名词如前面有量词,则可以用冠词apieceofpaper(ice,furniture,rice);acupofwater(milk);abowlofmeat(rice)2三餐饭的名词前Whendoyouhavelunch?     Aftersupperweusuallytakeawalk3节假日等名词前onNationalDay;onChristmasDay;onTeachers’Day4球类和棋类运动的名词前playpingpang,playbasketball;playchess5当man作“人类”讲时Manwillconquernature.6表示某一类人或事物的复数名词前Nowpeoplearelivingahappylife.Treesareplantedeverywhere.7表示泛指的物质名词和抽象名词前Loveisalwaysstrongerthanhatred.8名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰Ilikethispicturebetter.      Isthatyourbook?Taketheirchairsaway!   Idonothaveanymoneyonme.9季节、月份、星期等名词前ShelikesspringwhileIlikesummer./WehavenoclassesonSaturday. / TheLongMarchstartedinOctober1934.10表示只有一人担任的职务、头衔的名词前Wehaveelectedhimourmonitor. 11word作“消息”讲时Wordcamethathewouldgoabroad12在某些固定词组里onfoot;bytrain/boat/plane/bus/bike;infact;asamatteroffact;inclass inchurch;indanger;inhospital;intown;inbed;athome;atschoolatdaybreak;atsunrise;atdusk;atsunset;atnight;atnoon;gotoschool;gotoclass;goto82 bed;frommorningtillnight;fromvictorytovictory;fromdoortodoor(一)基数词范围特点实例1~12无规律one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve13~19以teen结尾thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen20~90以ty结尾twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety21~99十位与个位之间要加连字符“-”twenty-five,sixty-five,ninety-nine101~999百位与十位之间通常用andonehundredandone(101),fivehundredandthirty(530),sevenhundredandeighty-nine(789)(美语中常将and省略)千以上先从右至左数,每三位数加一个逗号(即以此把数目分为若干段)。第一个逗号前的数为thousand(千),第二个逗号前的数million(百万),第三个逗号前的数为billion(十亿),第四个逗号前的数为trillion(万亿)6,275—sixthousand,twohundredandseventy-five9,883—ninethousand,eighthundredandeighty-three65,359—sixty-fivethousand,threehundredandfifty-nine265,468—twohundredandsixty-fivethousand,fourhundredandsixty-eight60,263,150—sixtymillion,twohundredandsixty-threethousand,onehundredandfifty说明①英语没有“万”这个单位,要表示“万”须借用thousand,如“一万”用“十千”表示(tenthousand),“十万”用“百千”表示(onehundredthousand)。②hundred,thousand,million,billion等词不带复数词尾-s(即用单数形式)。反之,如带复数词尾-s,前面不能用数字,且后须跟of。如:5hundredstudents500个学生;hundredsofstudents成百上千的学生③在hundred后通常加上连词and,不过此and在美国英语中可以省略。若读数中没有hundred,则在thousand后加and。④一个数的最高位若为“1”,这个“1”可用a或one表示,但在数字中间的“1”,则只能用one,不能用a:如1600a[one]thousandandsixhundred;6100sixthousand82 andonehundred(数字中间one不可改为a)⑤在非正式场合,人们也常以hundred为单位来读数,对于1100至1900之间的整数尤其如此。Itcostfifteenhundredpounds.这东西花了1500英镑。(二)序数词范围特点实例1~19各基数词尾加th其中七个例外:first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth其余,如:four—forth,six—sixth,nineteen—nineteenth20~90把y变i后加ethtwentieth,fortieth,ninetieth21以后多位数最后一个数用序数词,其余用基数词21st—twenty-first,110th—onehundredandtenth说明①first,second,third通常可缩写为1st,2nd,3rd。凡是以th结尾的序数词可缩写为“基数词+th”:4th,5th,9th,11th,60th,128th等。②.hundred,thousand,million等序数词形式为hundredth,thousandth,millionth等;这类词前用数字“1”时,这个“1”只用one,不用a:onehundredth第100(不说ahundredth)         tenthousandth(10,000th)第10000不定数量词“多”的表示法 修饰可数名词dozensof几十、许多scoresof许多many,agood(great)many,manya(修饰单数可数名词)许多、大量hundredsof数以百计thousandsof,thousandsuponthousandsof成千上万millionsof数百万billionsof亿万alarge(great,big,small)number(majority)of许多、大量修饰不可数名词much,agreat(good)dealof,alargeamountof,largeamountsof,alarge(great,big)sumof(sum特指钱)许多、大量二者都可alotof/lotsof,plentyof,a(large)quantityof,largequantitiesof许多、大量数词的主要用法 1、表示日期1949年:1949读作nineteenforty-nine6月23日:June23rd读作June(the)82 twenty-third或thetwenty-thirdofJune2006年10月:October2006读作October,twothousandandsix2000年6月13日:June13th,2000读作thethirteenthofJune,twothousand2、表示钟点半小时用half,一刻钟用aquarter,半小时以内用past或after,超过半小时用to接下一个钟头。08:00eighto’clock或eight=8:00a.m.09:15ninefifteen或aquarterpast/afternine02:30twothirty或halfpast/aftertwo05:45fiveforty-five或aquartertosix14:15fourteenfifteen=2.15p.m.23:05twenty-threeohfive或fivepasttwenty-three24:00twenty-fouro’clock=midnight10:50tenfifty或tentoeleven3、表示编号(1)单纯的编号,可在基数词前加number,简写为No.,如No.2(第二)。(2)序号与事物名词连用时分三种情况:①用“the+序数词+名词”或“名词+基数词”。如“第1课”可以说theFirstLesson或LessonOne。②用“名词+数词”。如808号房间:Room808;2路公共汽车:BusNo.2或No.2Bus;南京路1490号:1490NanjingRoad;③电话号码83545601(用基数词逐个念,0念字母O).4、表示倍数①倍数+as+形容词/副词(原级)+as。如:Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。82 ②倍数+形容词或副词的比较级+than。如:Thisbridgeisthreetimeslongerthanthatone.这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。③倍数+thesize/length/weight…+of+表示比较对象的名词。如:Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。④倍数+what引导的从句。如:Thecollegeistwicewhatitwas5yearsago.这所大学是它五年前的两倍。约数表示法英语表达例句大于morethanHehaslivedhereformorethantwentyyears.oversheisoverfifty.ormoreThere"rethirtypeopleormoreinthemeeting-room.小于lessthanIhavelessthan(notmorethan)fiftydollars.underChildrenundersevenarenotallowedtoenter.belowHewouldnotsellitforbelowahundredfiftydollars.orlessThecoatmightcosthimsixtydollarsorless.大约nearlySheisnearlyfiftynow.almostItsalmostthreeo"clock.uptoUptotenmencansleepinthistent.orHespentfourorfivedayswritingthearticle.orsoThedistanceistwentymilesorso.aboutIvisitedthatvillageaboutthreeyearsago.someTheirteamhassomefourorfiveplayers.moreorlessThecontainercanholdmoreorlesstwentypoundsofwater.around/roundLet"smakeitround/aroundeighto"clock.20%20percent或20percent6×5=30Sixtimesfiveis/equalsthirty.1/2ahalftwentydividedbyfive82 20÷5=4is/equalsfour.1/5onefifth(分子用基数词,分母用序数词)A>BAismorethanB.1/4aquarterA<BAislessthanB.2又2/5twoandtwofifths(分子>1,分母用复数)A≈BAisapproximately(近似地,大约)equaltoB.4+8=12Fourpluseightis/equalstwelveA=BAisequaltoB或AequalsB11-7=4Elevenminussevenis/equalsfour.A≠BAisnotequaltoB或Adoesn’tequalB代词分类用法说明1.人称代词(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。—DoesanyofyouknowwhereTomlives?—Me.What!Me(to)playhimatchess?No!②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。Thethiefwasthoughttobehe.(thethief是主格,故用he代替)Theytookmetobeher.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her替代)③作表语人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变。Imetherinthehospital.→ItwasherwhoImetinthehospital.④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:Heistallerthanme(I).但在下列句中有区别。IlikeJackasmuchasher.=IlikebothJackandher.IlikeJackasmuchasshe.=IlikeJackandshelikeshim,too.(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:①在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二三一(人称)。宾格me也一样。You,sheandIwillbeinchargeofthecase.Mr.ZhangaskedLiHuaandmetohelphim.②第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。Heandshestilldon’tagreetotheplan.(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。①we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。②she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。The“Titanic”wasthelargest,wasn’tshe?2.物主代词(1)注意形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法区别。(2)one’sown…=...ofone’sown句式的转换。(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。如:takesb.bythearm,bewoundedintheleg.3.反身代词(1)反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。(2)反身代词和某些动词连有,构成固定短语。enjoyoneself,feeloneself,makeoneselfathome,make82 oneselfunderstood(3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。foroneself为自己或独立地;ofoneself自然地,自动地;byoneself独自地;inoneself本身性质;besideoneself喜怒哀愁至极Thisproblemgetsachaptertoitself.这个问题占了一章(独有)。Justbetweenourselves,Idon’tthinkmuchofhim.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。Theywerediscussingaboutitamongthemselves.(相互共同)Lefttohimselfhebegantowrite.别人走后只留下他,他写了起来。I’mveryangrywithmyself.生自己的气。4.相互代词eachother,oneanother:相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为eachother’s、oneanother’s,作定语。一般来说,eachother指两者之间,oneanother指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。5.指示代词(this,that,these,those,such,same)指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。(1)指示代词this和that的区别。①this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。Thisismydeskandthatisyours.Inthosedaystheycouldnotgotoschool.②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。Iwanttotellyouthis:theEnglishpartywillbeheldonSaturdayafternoon.Hehurthislegyesterday.That’swhyhedidn’tcome.③为了避免重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。TheweatherofBeijingiscolderthanthatofNanjing.Theearsofarabbitarelongerthanthoseofafox.④this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。(2)such和same的用法。①such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语和定语。Suchwasthestory.Wehaveneverseensuchatallbuilding.②same指“同样的”人或事,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,same的前面要用定冠词the.Thesamecanbesaidoftheotherarticle.另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语)Whetherhecandoitornot,itisallthesametome.他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语)6.疑问代词what;who;whose;where;when=whattime;why;which;how;howold;howlong;howsoon;howfar;howmuch;howmany;howoften7.82 连接代词连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同,主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句,即连接复合句中的主句和从句,并在从句中担任一定的句子成分,以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.用法详见“名词性从句”8.关系代词关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词,它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。用法详见“定语从句”部分。9.不定代词不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,如someone,somebody,something等,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every、no只能作定语)。(1)some与any:some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。HehassomeChinesepaintings.(定语)Doyouhaveanyquestionstoask?(定语)特殊用法:①any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。Anychildcandothat.(定语)Youmaytakeanyofthem.(宾语)②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。SmithwenttosomeplaceinEngland.(定语)③在期待对方回答yes时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?(邀请)Mum,couldyougivemesomemoney?(请求)④some用于否定句表示部分否定。Idon’tknowsomeofthestudents.(宾语)⑤some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫”。如:Therearesome300workersonstrike.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?(2)one,both,all①one作定语、表语、主语或宾语,可以指人或物,表示“一个”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是one’s,反身代词是oneself.Oneshouldtryone’sbesttoservethepeople.(主语、定语)ThisisnottheoneIwant.(表语)one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词,以免重复,one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如:Thesebooksaremoreinterestingthanthoseones.Herearethreepens.Whichoneisyours,thisoneorthatoneortheoneinthepencil-box?②both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都”的意思。Thismathsproblemcanbeworkedoutinbothways.(定语)Bothoftheboysarehere.(主语)Webotharestudents.(同位语)注意:both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用neither。如:Bothofusarenot82 teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。Neitherofusisateacher.我们俩都不是教师。both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。如:Bothmyparentslikethisfilm.Boththe/theseboysaretall.③all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“全部的”、“整个的”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与复数名词连用时,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三个或三个以上的人或物。Hegavemeallthemoney.他把全部的钱给了我。Alltheschoolsareflooded.所有的学校都被淹了。TheyhaveallbeentoXi’an.他们都去过西安。注意:all用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如:Notalltheantsgooutforfood.(or:Alltheantsdon’tgooutforfood.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。Noneofthemoneyismine.这钱一分也不是我的。(3)many和much:many和much都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替复数可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词。(4)few,little;afew,alittle:few和little表示没有多少,含否定意义;而afew和alittle表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。另外,few、afew修饰可数名词;little、alittle修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。(5)no和none:no=notany,表示“没有”,用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词,通常作定语,none代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。注意:none既可以指人又可以指物,noone只能指人。(6)each和every:each(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语。Everystudentitourclasshasadictionary.(强调班上“所有的人”)Eachstudentinourclasshasadictionary.(强调各个个体)(7)either和neither:either是“两者中任何一个”;neither是“两者都不/没有”Herearetwopens.Youmaytakeeitherofthem.(宾语)NeitherboyknowsFrench.(定语)注意:①either也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否定句的句末。Hedoesn’liketea,andIdon’teither.(状语)②either与or构成连词,意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。HeiseitherJapaneseorChinese.③neither用作副词,意为“也不”,即“not…either”。Hecan’tdoit,neithercanI.④neither可与nor构成连词,意为“既不……也不”。Neitherhenoryouareastudent.(8)other和another,theothers和others①theother表示“两者中的另一个”;“theother+复数可数名词”表示“其余(他)的……”;theothers表示“其他的人82 或物”。“others及other+复数名词”泛指“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:Hegottwobooks;oneistextbook,theotherisanovel.Fiveofthepencilsarered,theothers(theotherpens)areyellow.Somearesinging,othersaredancing.②another修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”,在句中可作宾语和定语。Thiscoatistoodark.Pleaseshowmeanother.(宾语)Pleasegivemeanotherbook.(定语)注意:another修饰复数名词时,意为“再,又”。如:Pleasegivemeanothertenminutes.③one…another(asecond)…athird…theother…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列。④some…others…others…,意为“一些……一些……一些”。主谓一致分类构成与举例1.谓语动词单数①不定式、动名词、名词性从句作主语时To learn a foreign language is not easy.=It’s not easy to learn a foreign language.Working with you is pleasant.=It’s pleasant working with you.②事件、国名、书名、作品名称作主语时Chinaisabigcountry.③表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等的名词词组作主语表示总量时Twohoursisenoughforustofinishtheexperiment.④定语从句中,先行词是theonlyone(of)...时(如没有theonly,从句中的谓语动词则用复数)Mr.Smithistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsthetruth.Thisisoneofthebestfilmsthathavebeenshownthisyear⑤以-ics或-s结尾的表示学科、疾病之类的名词作主语时Mathematicsisdifficultbutimportant.⑥aquantityof其后接名词作主语时⑦由every,each,no,manya,agreatdealof,morethanone.等+单数名词作主语时EverymanandwomanattendsthemeetingManyastudentandteacheriswatchingthefootballmatch⑧thenumberof+复数名词作主语时(如是anumberof,谓语动词则用复数)Asyoucansee,thenumberofcarsonourroadsisrisingthesedays.Asyoucansee,anumberofcarsonourroadsarerisingthesedays.⑨由each,either,neither或由some,any,no,every构成的合成代词作主语时NeitherofthemisinterestedinEnglish.82 Somebodyiswaitingforyou.⑩谓语动词只用单数的集合名词:mankind 人类;furniture 家具; foliage 植物;clothing 衣服; machinery 机械; merchandise 货物Then the furniture was moved in.Our clothing protects us from cold.2.谓语动词复数①由and或both...and...连接两个不同的概念作主语时(如连接同一概念,则单数)ApoetandanartistarecomingtospeaktousaboutChineseliteratureandpainting.ApoetandartistiscomingtospeaktousaboutChineseliteratureandpainting.②clothes,trousers,shoes,glasses等由两部分组成的名词作主语时③quantitiesof无论其后接单数还是复数名词,谓语动词都用复数Withmoreforestsbeingdestroyed,hugequantitiesofgoodeartharebeingwashedawayeachyear.④anumberof+复数名词作主语时Nowadays,alargenumberofwomen,especiallythosefromthecountryside,workintheclothingindustry.⑤谓语动词只用复数的集合名词:police 警察;militia民兵;people人们;vermin 害虫;cattle 牲畜;poultry 家禽The police are questioning everyone in the house.⑥“the+形容词/-ed分词”表示一类人,作主语时Theinjuredhavebeentakentohospital3.谓语动词与前面一致①由aswellas,with,togetherwith,alongwith,ratherthan,including,except,but,besides等连接两个名词作主语,谓语动词的数由前面的名词或代词的单复数来决定Thefatheraswellashisthreechildren goesskatingonthefrozenriver.②“therebe+并列名词”和“herebe+并列名词”中的谓语动词的数,由第一个名词的单复数来决定There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plates4.谓语动词与后面一致由or,either...or...,neither...nor...,not  only...butalso...,not...but等连接两个名词作主语时,谓语动词的数由后面的名词或代词的单复数来决定Eitheryouortheheadmasteristohandouttheprizestothesegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.5.具体情况具体分析①量词后加名词,谓语动词的数由量词的单复数决定Apieceofpaperisonthedesk.Twopiecesofpaperareonthedesk.②lotsof,plentyof等词表示“许多”等概念时,谓语动词的数由of后的名词的单复数决定③当主语中心词是all,some,any,enough,most,half,therest等时,谓语动词要视情况而定MostofwhathasbeensaidabouttheSmithsisalso82 trueoftheJohnsons.④谓语动词既可以用单数又可以用复数的集合名词:team,class,army,family,group等。若表示一个整体概念或单位,谓语动词用单数;若表示其中的的各个成员,谓语动词用复数。His family are waiting for him.(把"family"看成家庭成员)Hisfamilyisabigandhappyfamily.(把"family"看成一个整体)倒装部分倒装把“三类动词”放在主语之前,谓语其余部分放主语之后;如没有“三类动词”,就用助动词帮忙(1)疑问句中的倒装HasyourmotherspokentoTom?IsawMaryyesterday.Didyouseeher?(2)虚拟条件句中省略if的倒装,将were,had,should提请到主语前面Wereitfinetomorrow,wewouldgoonapicnic.=Ifitwerefinetomorrow…Hadtheybeengivenmorehelp,theywouldhavesucceeded.=Iftheyhadbeengivenmorehelp...Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldstayathome.=Ifitshouldraintomorrow…(3)only后接副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时用倒装,如不在句首,用正常语序.OnlyinthiswaycanwestudyEnglishwell.WecanstudyEnglishwellonlyinthisway.(4)Onlyif开头用倒装,但Ifonly开头则用虚拟语气Onlyifyoustudyhard,willyoumakeprogress.(倒装)Ifonlywestudiedhard,wewouldmakeprogress.(虚拟)(5)含有否定意义的副词或词组,用于句首,担任状语时:Never,seldom,rarely,little,hardly,scarcely,notuntil,等,以及含有no的词组,如bynomeans,innotime,undernocircumstances等。另外,含有否定意义的关连词,如notonly…butalso,neither…nor,nosooner…than,hardly/scarcely…when用于句首.NevershallIforgetthislesson.=IshallneverforgetthislessonNotonlywasChurchillastatesman,butalso(hewas)apoet.Innocasewillhegiveuptheexperiment.=Hewillgiveuptheexperimentinnocase.Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.Hardly/ScarcelyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.(①倒装;②过去完成式;③连接词when/than)(6)把副词so放在句首时:句型是:So+“三类动词”82 +主语,(没“三类动词”,就用助动词帮忙)Sheisateacher.Soishermother.Youcanrideabike.SocanI.HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.Isawthefilmlastweek.Sodidshe.如前后两句涉及的是同一主语,则不倒装。JohnlikesEnglish.Sohedoes.是的,他确实喜欢英语(John和he是同一人).JohnlikesEnglish.SodoesTom.汤姆也喜欢英语(John和Tom是两个不同的人)(7)把neither/nor放在句首,Neither/nor+“三类动词”+主语,(没“三类动词”,就用助动词帮忙)Sheisn’tateacher.Neither/norishermother.Youcan’trideabike.Neither/norcanI.(8)当so(such)…that结构中的so/such用于句首加强语气时Soangrywashe,thathecouldn’tspeak.(Hewassoangrythat…)Tosuchanextentdotheparentslovetheirsonthattheyhavetriedtosatisfyeverydemandofhis.(9)as/though引导的让步从句(看状语从句第8点的“让步状语从句”)(10)“be”引导的让步状语中Everybodymustobeythelaw,beheacommoncitizenorahigh-rankingofficial.(=…,whetherheisa…)完全倒装把整个谓语部分放在主语之前,直接用原句中的实义动词,不必用“三类动词”。(1)地点状语在句首,动词为come,lie,stand,walk等时Onthestairswassittingasmalldark-hairedgirl.=Asmalldark-hairedgirlwassittingonthestairs.Onthetopofthehillstandsasmalltemple.=Asmalltemplestandsonthetopofthehill.(2)宾语从句的直接引语中,当直接引语置于主句的前面时“Icandoitbymyself,”answeredMary.=Maryanswered,“Icandoitbymyself.”“Iamsure,”saidJack,“youareright.”=Jacksaid,“Iamsureyouareright.”(3)在以here,there,now,then或out,in,up,down,away等介词开头的句子中,谓语是be,come,go等,表示强调或表达生动时Hereistheletteryouhavebeenlookingforwardto.Nowgoesthebell!Thencametheordertotakeoff.Theregoesthebell.铃响了。Herecomesthebus.Outrushedthechildren.孩子们冲了出来。Awaywenttheboy.如果主语是人称代词,则不用倒装Therecomestheteacher!Therehecomes!Herearethebooksyouwant.Here82 theyare.Hereitis.给你。状语从句分类举例1时间as,whenwhile当……①as,when引导短暂性动作的动词Justas/Justwhen/WhenIstoppedmycar,amancameuptome②当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when引导这个从句,不可用as或whileWhenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest.③从句表示“随时间推移”连词用as,不用when或while.Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworse.tilluntil直到①Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首.Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.②Untilwhen疑问句中,until要放在句首.--Untilwhenareyoustaying?--UntilnextMonday.③Notuntil…在句首,主句用倒装.Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.一……就……①hardly/scarcely…whenIhadhardly/scarcelygothomewhenitbegantorain.②nosooner…than..Ihadnosoonergothomethanitbegantorain.③assoonasAssoonasIgothome,itbegantorain.④On/upondoingsthOn/uponarrivinghome,Iwillcallyou.hardly,scarcely或nosooner置于句首,考点:①倒装;②连接词;③过去完成时态Hardly/ScarcelyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.afterAftertheAmericanCivilWarhadlastedfouryears,theNorthwonintheend.beforebefore从将来时间/动作到现在(倒计时)TheAmericanCivilWarlastedfouryearsbeforetheNorthwonintheend.sincesince从过去时间/动作到现在Itisalmostfiveyearssincewesaweachotherlasttime..2地点whereWherethereisaway,thereisawill.Everywheretheywent,theywerewarmlyreceived.whereverSitwhereveryoulike.WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.抽象名词表地点,用where.Thosesuccessfuldeafdancersthinkthatdancingisanactivitywheresightmattersmorethanhearing.3b①82 原因ecauseassinceforbecause语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题,不能与so连用。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或since②由because引导的从句如果放在句中,且有逗号隔开,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。③because用于句首和句中都可以;since,as只用于句首;for只用于句中nowthatNow(that)(既然)youareready,we’llstartworkingatonce.4结果so…that…;such…that…如此……以至于……①so+形容词+a+单数可数名词=such+a+形容词+单数可数名词Heissoyoungaboy(suchayoungboy)thathecan’tdoit.②so+形容词Theweatherwassobadthathehadtostayathome.③such+形容词+复数可数名词或不可数名词Itwassuchbadweatherthathehadtostayathome.④如果复数可数名词前有many,few,不可数名词前有much,little等表示量的形容词时,应该用so而不用such。I"vehadsomanyfallsthatI"mblackandblueallover.MrWhitegotsolittlemoneyamonththathecouldhardlykeepbodyandsoultogether(维持生活)⑤但little不表示数量而表示"小"的意思时,仍用such。Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthattheycannotcleanthehousebythemselves.sothat/so因此;所以(相当于thus;therefore;asaresult;consequently)Theymissedthebus,sothat(so)theywerelateforclass.5方式as,(just)as…so…“正如……”,“就像”多用于正式文体(as不能用like代替,as接句子,like接名词),例如:YoushouldstudyasTomdid(likeTom).Airistomanaswateristofish.asif,asthough“仿佛……似的”,“好像……似的”①状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,例如:HespeaksEnglishasif(asthough)hewereanEnglishman.②asif/asthough也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.Thewavesdashedontherocksasifinanger.6条件if“如果”Onlyifyoustudyhard,willyoumakeprogress.(倒装)Ifonlywestudiedhard,wewouldmakeprogress.(虚拟)unless“除非”=ifnotYouwillnevermakeprogressunlessyoustudyhard.or,otherwise“否则”Ifyoudon’tleaveimmediately,youwillbelateforclass.=Youleaveimmediatelyor/otherwise82 youwillbelateforclass.as/solongas,onconditionthat;onlyif;provided/providing“只要”Youwillmakeprogressonconditionthat(onlyif/provided/providing)youstudyhard.As(so)longasyoustudyhard,youwillmakeprogress.(只要…)AsfarasIknow,hedoesn’thavemuchmoney.(就…而言)7目的that,sothat“所以”Workhardsothatyoucansucceed.inorderthat“为了”Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.lest“唯恐,以免”Shecalledherfatherforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgettoattendthemeeting.forfearthat“唯恐,害怕”Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.incase“万一”Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.incase/lest/forfearthat可用虚拟,should+动词原形,如不用虚拟语气,则用一般现在时或一般过去时.Hetakesanumbrellaincaseitshouldrain(rains/rained).8让步though,although虽然=while(1)while等于when:While/whenIwasdoingmywork,youcalledme.(2)while等于but,句中:YoulikeEnglish,while/butIlikeChinese.(3)while等于though,句首:While/thoughIlikethecolorofthehat,Idon’tlikeitsshape.as与though引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句把表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、名词、实义动词提前),形成倒装句。Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.=Thoughhewasachild,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.Youngas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.=Thoughhewasyoung,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.TiredasIam,Igoontoteachmydaughter’smath.注意:①句首名词不能带任何冠词。②句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。③如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.=Thoughhetrieshard,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.everif=eventhough即使We"llmakeatripevenif/thoughtheweatherisbad.(1)在条件状语从句中表“如果”,只能用if:82 whether与if的区别:Ifyouworkhard,youcanstudyEnglishwell.(2)在宾语从句中表“是否”,二者可以相互代替;但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whetherIdon’tknowif/whetherhewillcome.Italldependsonwhethertheywillcomeback.(3)在介词后面只能用whether:Theyaretalkingaboutwhetherhewillcome.(4)在…ornot的结构中,只能用whether:Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.(5)在whether+todosth.复合结构中,只能用whether.Hehasn’tdecidedwhethertogoornot.(6)在让步状语从句中,表“不管/无论”,只能用whether.Whetheritrainsornot,wewillgotothepark.(7)在主语从句中,只能用whether:Whetheritishotorcoldwillnotaffectmystudy.“nomatter+疑问词”与“疑问词+ever”“无论……都……;不管……都……”nomatterwhat=whatever无论什么nomatterwho=whoever无论谁nomatterwhen=whenever无论何时nomatterwhere=wherever无论哪里nomatterwhich=whichever无论哪个nomatterhow=however无论如何(1)引导让步状语从句时,可以互换:Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.=Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.Nomatterwhoyouare,youmustkeepthelaw.=Whoeveryouare,youmustkeepthelaw.Whateveryousay,Iwon’tbelieveyou.=Nomatterwhatyousay,Iwon’tbelieveyou.(2)引导主语从句和宾语从句时,只能用“疑问词-ever”(错)Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.(主语从句)(对)Whateveryousayisofnousenow. (错)Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey"regiven.(宾语从句)(对)Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey"regiven.9比较as...as...Heworksashardashisbrother(does).比较级+thanMandevelopedearlierthanpeoplethink.人类的出现比人们所想的要早82 themost…in/ofThisbookisthemostinterestingofthethree.这本书是三本中最有趣的。nomorethan只不过Ihavenomorethantwopens.我只有两支笔。JackisnotmorediligentthanJohn.捷克不如约翰勤奋oneofthe+名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级)HanMeiisoneofthebeststudentsinourschool.韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一。定语从句分类构成与举例限制性定语从句在句子中是一个必不可少的成分,如果去掉这部分,整个句子的意义就不完整He is the man whom I saw in the park yesterday. 非限制性定语从句在句子只是起到补充说明的作用,去掉这部分,整个句子的意义还是完整的I have many friends, some of whom are painters.关系代词that(注:that是个“万金油”,到处都可以用,(1)当先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰时ThisisthefourthfilmthatIhaveseenthisterm.82 只有在定语从句和宾语从句中做宾语才可以省略,做其他成分和在其他从句中都不能省略)(2)当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时ThebestthatIcoulddowastoapologize.ThisisthemostinterestingstorybookthatIhaveeverread.(3)当先行词是all,some,any,few,little,much,no,something,nothing,anything等不定代词时Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.Pleasetellmeanythingthatyouknowaboutthematter.(4)当先行词被all,any,few,little,no,some,every,each等不定代词修饰时Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree.(5)当先行词被thevery,theonly,thelast,thejust,thesame等修饰时(先行词被thesame修饰时,也可用as)ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.Thisisthesamebookthat/asI’mlookingfor.(6)当先行词既包含人又包含物时They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.(7)当先行词是疑问代词who,which,what或主句以这些词开头,为避免重复时Whothathaseverworkedtogetherwithhimdoesn’tadmirehim? Whichisthestarthatisnearertotheearth?(8)如有两个定语从句,其中一个关系词已用,则另一个用that。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.(9)当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时That’sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot. Ourschoolisnolongertheplacethatitusedtobe.(10)先行词为time时,当time表示次数,引导词用that,可省略。当表示时间,可用that或when引导,都可省略。Ididn"tremembertheexacttimewhen/thatIarrivedinShanghailastmonth.(11)在名词性从句中,能用that的地方不能用which,(缺which则用which)(12)在itis/was…that…的强调句中which(1)在非限制性定语从句中,不能用that,但并非只能用which,而是缺什么填什么(不能省略)Iboughtabookyesterday,whichisveryinteresting.She was married to Tony, who was also in Canada.She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before.This is Kate, whose sister you met last week.I live a long way from work, as you know.(在句中时,as有"正如""就像"之意,而which则没有此意)The ruins were soon covered by thick forests and were forgotten until 1861,when the French discovered them.Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.(2)修饰前面整个主句I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.(3)介词提前,即在“介词+关系代词”结构中,(介词不提前,which=that)(缺什么介词,填什么介词)why = for which;where = in/ on/ at /above/beside/by/fromwhich;when = in/ on/ at /after/before/during/from82 which;whose=ofwhich(物)/ofwhom(人)(4)先行词为“those+表事物的复数名词”时Youshouldgraspwellthoseskillswhichmaybeusedinthefutureworkwho表“人”,从句中作主语(不能省略)Themanwho/thatcalledmejustnowisTom.whom(1)表“人”,从句中作宾语(可以省略)Theman(whom/that)IcalledjustnowisTom.(2)介词提前表“人”ThemanaboutwhomwetalkedjustnowisTom.whose用来指人或物“的”:(1)前后必须是名词,(2)前后名词形成所属关系“……的”;(3)变换前后名词位置,whose=ofwhich(物)/ofwhom(人)TheboywhosemotherisadoctorisTom.=TheboyisTom,themotherofwhomisadoctor.Theclassroomwhosewindowsarebigandbrightisours.=Thisisourclassroom,thewindowsofwhicharebigandbright.介词提前:Theprincewasthepersoninwhosehonortheballwasgiven.关系代词as(1)用作关系代词的as通常与such、thesame、as并用Ilikethesamebookasyoudo.Keepawayfromsuchthingaswilldoyouharm.(2)such…as…与such…that…的区别:such…as…是定语从句,such…that…是结果状语从句。ThebookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasIcanread.(定于从句中不能出现与先行词相重复的代词)=ThebookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatIcanreadit.(结果状语从句中,保留前面名词的代词)(3)as引导的非限制性定语从句,只能修饰整个句子,表示说话人的态度/看法,可放句首、句中或句末。She is extremely popular among students, as is common knowledge.Asweallknow(=Asisknowntoall),hestudiesveryhardas位于句首常用的句式有asissaidabove,asisalreadymentionedabove,asisknowntoall,asitis,asisoftenthecase,asisreportedinthenewspaper等关系副词why(1)why修饰先行词reason,在定语从句中充当原因状语Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhecamesolate.ThatisthereasonwhyIdon’twanttogo.82 (2)当先行词是表示原因或方式的名词时,可以用that,相当于介词+which,that可以省略Thereasonthat(=forwhich/why)hecameherewastoaskforourhelp.Hedidn’tlikethewaythat(=inwhich)shespeakstohismother.Imaginethespeedthat(=atwhich)hedrivesthecar.where(1)修饰表示地点的先行词,在从句中充当地点状语ThecitywhereIworkisHuaihua.(2)如在从句中充当主语或宾语,则用that或which(重点记及物动词visit,其后面接的地点做宾语,不做状语)Thecitythat/whichIvisitedisHuaihua.(3)介词提前where = in/ on/ at /above/beside/by/fromwhich(缺什么介词,填什么介词)ThecitywhereIworkisHuaihua.(用了where,后面的从句就不能再用介词)Thecitythat/whichIworkinisHuaihua.(介词不提前,that=which)Thecityinwhich(=where)IworkisHuaihua.(介词提前,只能用which)(4)抽象名词表地点,大胆用whereIhavereachedapointinmylifeIamsupposedtomakedecisionsofmyown.Lifeislikealongracewecompetewithotherstogobeyondourselves.It’shelpfultoputchildreninasituationtheycanseethemselvesdifferently.when(1)修饰表示时间的先行词,在定语从句中充当时间状语ThedaywhenImetthefamouspopstarwasthegreatestdayofmylife.(when=onwhich)(2)如在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,则用that或which(重点记三个及物动词:spend;forget,remember,其后面接的时间做宾语,不做状语)Doyoustillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherinschool?(3)介词提前when = in/ on/ at /after/before/during/fromwhich(缺什么介词,填什么介词)Ishallneverforgetthoseyearswhen(=duringwhich)Ilivedwithher.how注意:关系副词里面没有how。how不是关系副词,如果要修饰方式,不能用how引导,用that或in which引导,或者不用引导词。I don’t like the way that(=in which) he eyed me.我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。This is the way I look at it.这就是我对这件事的看法。1.正确判断关系词在从句中所作的成分。关系代词作主、宾、定语,关系副词作状语。82 解题要点只有whom,which,that做宾语才可以省略,做其他成分不能省略。(在宾语从句中,也只有that做宾语才可以省略)2.优先考虑介词提前;缺什么介词,填什么介词:介词提前后只用which,whom,whose。选介词的依据:看先行词、或看从句中的形容词和动词与哪一个介词组成习惯搭配。3.从句只能用陈述结构:Rabbitsmaketheirhomesinfields____hidetheiryoungunderbushesoramongtallgrasses.A.canwheretheyB.wheretheycanC.wherecantheyD.wherecan4.从句中不能出现与先行词相重复的代词。Alloftheplantsnowraisedonfarmshavebeendevelopedfromplants_____wild.A.oncetheygrewB.theygrewonceC.thatoncegrewD.oncegrew5.从句的时态是否受主句时态的限制,要根据整个句子的具体语境决定。Iwasgivingatalktoalargegroupofpeople,thesametalkIhadgiventohalfadozenothergroups.6.关系词在从句中做主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。ThemanwhoishavingEnglishclassforuscomesfromtheEnglishDepartmentofHuaihuaUniversity.7.与其它从句的辨识:定语从句易与状语从句、同位语从句、并列句以及强调结构混淆。—Mom,whatdidyourdoctorsay?—Headvisedmetolive________theairisfresher.A.inwhere                  B.inwhichC.theplacewhere        D.where名词性从句主语从句(主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that都不能省略)(1)整个从句做主语。为了避免从句的谓语动词和真正的谓语碰车,则在句首加引导词(缺什么填什么,什么都不缺填that);又由于整个句子头重脚轻,所以用itis…….that……结构ThatIcan’tspeakEnglishwellannoysmeextremely.=ItannoysmeextremelythatIcan’tspeakEnglishwell.WhatIsaidisveryimportant.=ItisveryimportantwhatIsaid.(2)常用的itis….that…结构Itishopedthat…希望……Itisreportedthat…据报道……Itissaidthat…据说……Itisassertedthat…有人主张……Itissupposedthat…据推测……Itmustbeadmittedthat…必须承认……Itmustbepointedoutthat…必须指出……Itwillbeseenfromthisthat…由此可见……Itisbelievedthat…有人认为……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…大家(一般人)认为Itiswellknownthat…大家知道(众所周知)……Itwillbesaid…有人会说……Itwastoldthat…有人曾经说……Itmay82 besaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat…可以毫不夸张地说…(3)如何判断Itis/was...that...是否是强调句型①把Itis/was...that...去掉,如果剩下的成分仍然能组成一个完整的句子,就是强调句,否则就不是。Itistherethataccidentsoftenhappen.→Accidentsoftenhappenthere.(强调句)Itisclearthatnotalltheboyslikefootball.→clearnotalltheboyslikefootball(主语从句)②强调句型与时间状语从句、定语从句的判断:可采用“还原法”。如果还原后,句子成份完整,则是强调句;否则不是。ItwasonMarch1thatIhadmyhaircut.可还原成:IhadmyhaircutonMarch1.(强调句)ItwasMarch1whenIhadmyhaircut.(还原后,少介词,句子不完整,是定语从句)③中间是过去分词和形容词是主语从句,是名词、短语或句子则是强调句;强调人用who,强调其他情况都只用thatItisimportantthatyoustudyEnglishwell.(主语从句)=ItisimportantforyoutostudyEnglishwell.ItisMr.ChenwhoteachesusEnglish.ItisthismorningthatIboughtabook.同位语从句先行词等于后面从句的内容是同位语从句;否则是定语从句。只有一些特殊的名词才可以引导同位语从句,如:story,tale,report,meeting,news,information,message,fact,truth,saying,idea,thought等。Thestorythat/whichyoutoldmeyesterdayisinteresting.(定语从句,that/which可以省略)ThestorythatTangshenwenttothewesttotakeBuddhistScriptureisinteresting.(同位语从句,that不可以省略)表语从句(1)表语从句常跟在系动词be,seem,look等词后面。如:Thequestionwaswhohaddoneit.Itlooksasifitsgoingtosnow.(2)表语从句常用的引导词有:从属连词that,whether;连接代词who,what,which;连接副词when,where,why,how等。此外,asif(though),because也可以引导表语从句。(缺什么填什么,什么都不缺填that)TheproblemisthatIcan’tspeakEnglishwell.TheproblemiswhyIcan’tspeakEnglishwell.宾语从句(1)在实义动词后面的从句(缺什么填什么,什么都不缺填that)(2)宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省,在以下几种情况中that不能省略:①从句和主句谓语动词之间或从句主谓之间有插入语时Hejudgedthat,becausehewasyoung,hedidnotunderstandwine.②当that从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时Everyoneknewwhathappenedandthatshewasworried.③如带两个从句,前一个从句可以省略that,后一个则不能省略thatIsaidheboughtabookyesterdayandthathelikesthebookverymuch.④当that作介词宾语时Thereasonliesinthatsheworksharderthantheothersdo.直接引语(1)人称变化:Shesaid,“Mybrotherwantstogowithme”→She82 变间接引语saidherbrotherwantedtogowithher.(my→her;me→her)Hesaidtohisfriend,“Howisyourstudynow?”→Heaskedhisfriendhowhisstudythen.(your→his)Mr.Wangsaid,“Tomisagoodstudent.”→Mr.WangsaidTomwasagoodstudent.(Tom→Tom)(2)时态变化:①每个时态都往前推一个时间(现在→过去;过去→过去完成;将来→过去将来)②表示客观真理,时态不变;③有过去的具体时间,时态不变。Jacksaid,“IwenttoBeijingin2000.”→JacksaidhewenttoBeijingin2000.(3)时间、地点、指示代词、方向动词的变化:①now→then;today→thatday;tomorrow→thenextday;yesterday→thedaybefore;tonight→thatnight;here→there;come→go;this→that;these→those②如发生在当天,时间可不变(4)句型变化:①直接引语为陈述句:间接引语用that引导(that可省略);saidto变told.Shesaidtome,“LiLeihastriedhisbestthesedays”→ShetoldmethatLiLeihadtriedhisbestthosedays”②直接引语为一般疑问句,间接引语用whether/if引导,谓语动词用ask.Hesaid,“CanyouspeakJapanese,ChenYiying?”→HeaskedChenYiyingif/whethershecouldspeakJapanese.③直接引语为特殊疑问句,间接引语用原疑问词引导的宾语从句,从句用陈述语气.Sheaskedme,“Whendoyouhaveyourdinner?”→SheaskedmewhenIhadmydinner.④直接引语为祈使句,间接引语用改为tell(ask/order)sb(not)todosth.Shesaidtothechildren,“Don’trunintheroom.”→Shetold/askedthechildrennottorunintheroom.⑤直接引语let引导的祈使句,间接引语用为“should+动词原形”的句式.Hesaid,“Let’sgotoclimbthemountain.”→Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotoclimbthemountain.虚拟语气if条件句主句死公式现在①did②werewould/should/could/might+do将来①did②were③weretodo④shoulddowould/should/could/might+do过去haddonewould/should/could/might+havedone混合结构过去→现在/将来haddone(时间①)would/should/could/might+do(时间②)Theopeningandreformtotheoutsidebeganin1980sinChina.Ifithadstartedearlier(in1960s),Chinawouldbecomemorepowerfulandprosperousnow.省略if,把were,had,should放句首WereIyou,82 倒装结构Iwouldn’tdoit.=IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’tdoit.Hadthedoctorbeenavailable,thechildwouldhavebeensaved.=Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,…Shouldshecome,askhertoleaveamessage.=Ifsheshouldcome,askherto…=Askhertoleaveamessageifsheshouldcome含蓄条件①有介词without,butfor,ifit(be)notfor,butthat等引起的短语中,或有连词but,副词otherwise,比较级等的句子中.Withoutelectricity,therewouldbenomodernindustry.Butforyourhelp,Icouldn’thavefinishedthetaskontime.Ifitwerenotfortheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappylifetoday.Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldnothaveachievedsomuchinourwork.Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.Amorecarefulpersonwouldn’thavemadesomanymistakes.②含蓄虚拟与过去相反,主句动词形式用would/could/should/might+have+done③注意but后的真实情况Iwouldbegladtohelpyou,butIambusynow.IwouldhavehelpedyouifIhadhadtime.ButIwasbusythen.其他情况(1)ifonly和suppose(supposing)引导的虚拟条件句(ifonly用虚拟;onlyif用倒装)IfonlyIhadmoremoney,Icouldbuyacar.Supposingitwerefinetomorrow,wouldyougoswimmingwithus?Onlyifyoustudyhard,willyoumakeprogress.(倒装)Ifonlyyoustudiedhard,youwouldmakeprogress.(虚拟)①Ifonly虚拟语气与过去相反,动词形式用haddone.Ifonlyyouhadn’toffendedhim!要是你那时没有冒犯他就好了.②suppose(supposing)单独引起一个句子,用于提出建议或假设.Supposewestartedtomorrow.咱们明天动身吧.Supposingthelionshouldcomeoutofthecage?(2)wish“但愿…”,或“…就好了”.wish虚拟语气与过去相反,动词形式用haddone(wish表示“祝福”,则不用虚拟)Iwishthathewerenotsocrazy.IwishthatIhadnotmadesomanymistakes.Iwishthattherainwouldstop.(3)asif/though引起的方式状语从句和表语从句,其动词与wish引导的虚拟语气相同.Shelovesthechildreninthekindergartenasiftheywereherown.HetalkedaboutRomeasifhehadbeenthere.(4)在would(had)rather,wouldassoon,wouldsooner和wouldprefer所跟的从句中I’dratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyesterday.Iwouldpreferhedidn’tstaytheretoolong.82 另外:Would(had)rather+have+done可以用于对过去相反的情况表示感叹.Iwouldratherhaveboughtthatbook.我要是买了那本书就好了.Shewouldrathernothavegonetotheparty.她觉得真不该去参加那个晚会.(5)Itis(about,high)time+从句,表示早该做而未做的事,含建议的意味,动词用过去式表虚拟.Itishightime(that)webegantowork.Itis(about)timethatchildrenwenttoschool.(6)incase,lest,forfearthat引起的状语从句中表示“以防,以免”.其形式为+should动词原形.Hetookhisraincoatwithhimincaseitshouldrain.Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.以上should一般不可以省略,但可以不用虚拟语气,而用动词的陈述语气形式.Hetookhisraincoatwithhimincaseitshouldrain.Hetookhisraincoatwithhimincaseitrained.Hetakeshisraincoatwithhimincaseitrains.省略“should”用动词原形表虚拟表示:“建议命令要求”(1)宾语从句:常用的动词有advise,ask,command,demand,decide,desire,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,require,request,suggest,urgeHeinsistedthatTomdothejob.HeinsiststhatTomdothejob.Wesuggestedthatthemeeting(should)notbepostponed.Theuniondemandedthewages(should)beraisedby20%注:有时,上述动词+宾语从句不是表示建议/命令/要求等,而是表示其它的意义,这时则还用陈述语气.HeinsistedthatIwaswrong.他坚持说我错了.(insist表“坚持”,不用虚拟;动词用was不用shouldbe)Theexpressiononherfacesuggeststhatsheknowsthesecret.她的表情表明她知道了这个秘密.Heinsistedthatheingoodhealthandtoworkthere.(A.was,besent/B.is,issent/C.be,wassent/D.be,send)(2)主语从句:“Itis+形容词/过去分词+主语从句”.常用的形容词和过去分词有advisable,desirable,demanded,desired,essential,important,imperative,necessary,natural,ordered,preferable,required,suggested,urgent,Itisnecessarythatyoushouldbepresentatthediscussion.Itwasorderedthatthemedicinesbesentherebyplane.ItisimperativethatTomarrivethereintime.(3)表语从句和同位语从句:常用的名词有:advice,command,demand,desire,idea,insistence,motion,order,plan,proposal,preference,recommendation,requirement,suggestionTheirdemandisthattheirwagesbeincreasedby20%.Thesuggestionthathebeinvitedwasrejected.非谓语动词主动(逻辑主语能发出的动作)被动(逻辑主语不能发出的动作)1.doing①用在要求动词后;②进行;伴随;③性质;特点;用途④抽象;概括和一般性3.havingdone①2.beingdone正在进行的被动4.havingbeendone82 用于句首,必须是先、后动作;②用于句中的要求动词后表完成(有过去时间或过去动作)(同左3)5.todo①用在要求动词后;②目的;将来③具体7.tohavedone不能用于句首,只用在句中的要求动词后表完成(有过去时间或过去动作)6.tobedone将来的被动8.tohavebeendone(同左7)解题要点:①分析主谓结构②找准逻辑主语③牢记要求动词④分清主动/被动⑤确定动作时间(doing进行;todo将来;done完成)9.done①概括和一般性(用于句首没有时间限制);②用在名词后表完成(上面4、8用在要求动词后表完成)主动表被动的3种特殊用法:①beworthdoing(-ing的主动表被动)Thebookisworthreading.②物+need/want/deserve/demand/require+doing(=tobedone)(-ing主动等于不定式的被动)③sbistoblame(不定式的主动表被动)I’msorry!It’smyfault.I’mtoblame.(对不起!这事怪我。)1.doing(1)要求接-ing形式作宾语的动词:avoid避免appreciate感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认admit承认advocate提倡/主张consider考虑can"thelp不禁can"tstand受不了contemplate细想complete完成confess坦白dislike不喜欢,讨厌deserve值得delay延迟deny否认dread可怕defer拖延detest嫌恶enjoy享有/喜爱envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅fancy幻想/爱好favor造成/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨厌imagine设想involve卷入/包含keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit允许postpone推迟practice实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回想resist抵抗/阻止resume恢复repent悔悟resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受worth值得Youshouldtrytoavoidmakingmistakes.Thebookisworthreading.Thebookdeservesreading.(2)表进行(-ing形式表示进行的动作是现在分词,表示其他方面的意思是动名词)Walkingonthegrassland,Isawasnake.=WhenIwaswalkingonthegrassland,Isawasnake.ThemanspeakingEnglishisTom.=ThemanwhoisspeakingEnglishisTom.Nobodydinksboilingwaterbutboiledwater.=Nobodydinkswaterthatisboilingbutthewaterthathasboiled.(3)表主动ThemanspeakingEnglishisTom=ThemanwhospeaksEnglishisTom.=ThemanwhospokeEnglish82 isTom.(4)表伴随IstandoutsidewaitingforMr.Chen.Ilieinbedreadinganovel.Istandherehavingclassforyou.(5)表性质;特点;用途Thefilmisverymoving.Hereisawalkingstick.Sheisunderstanding,soyouhadbetterdiscussyourbusinesswithher.(6)概括性,一般性Climbingmountainisveryinteresting.Ourworkisservingthepeople.Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(7)动名词的逻辑主语为①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词"s+动名词。Tominsistedonmygoingwiththem.Hedislikeshiswife"sworkinglate.2.beingdone表示正在进行的被动TheboybeingcriticizedbyMr.ChenisTom.=TheboywhoisbeingcriticizedbyMr.ChenisTom.BeingcriticizedbyMr.Chen,theboyfeltsad.=WhentheboywasbeingcriticizedbyMr.Chen,hefeltsad.Thebuildingbeingbuiltwillbethetallestoneinthiscity.=Thebuildingthatisbeingbuiltwillbethetallestone…3.havingdone(1)用于句首,必须是先、后动作;(2)用于句中的要求动词后表完成(有过去时间或过去动作)Havingfinishedtheclass,Iwenthome.=AfterIhadfinishedtheclass,Iwenthome.(先后动作;主动;完成)HavingstudiedEnglishfortenyears,Iamgoodcommandofthislanguage.Iadmithavinggivenhimtheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.(①要求动词;②主动;③过去时间)4.havingbeendone用法同3一模一样,只不过表被动Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.(①要求动词;②被给;③过去时间)=IappreciatethatIwasgiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.Havingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago,Istillappreciateyourhelpthen.(先后动作;被给)=BecauseIwasgiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago,Istillappreciateyourhelpthen区别:Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.(①要求动词;②被给;③两年前)Iadmithavinggivenhimtheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.(①要求动词;②主动;③过去时间)82 IadmitgivingMr.Wangtheopportunitytostudyabroadnow.(①要求动词;②主动给;③现在时间)Iappreciatebeinggiventheopportunitytostudyabroadnow.(①要求动词-ing;②被给;③现在时间)Iwanttobegiventheopportunitytostudyabroadnextyear.(①要求动词-todo;②被给;③未来时间)5.todo(1)要求接todo形式作宾语的动词:attempt企图afford负担得起arrange安排appear似乎,显得ask问agree同意believe认为、相信begin开始beg请求bother扰乱/烦恼care关心,喜欢choose选择claim要求consent同意,赞同contrive设法,图谋demand要求destine注定determine决定dread害怕desire愿望decide决定enable能够expect期望endeavor努力fail不能hate憎恨/厌恶happen碰巧hesitate犹豫hope希望intend想要incline有…倾向long渴望love爱learn学习mean意欲,打算manage设法neglect忽视need需要omit忽略,漏offer提供pretend假装plan计划prefer喜欢/宁愿prepare准备profess表明promise承诺/允许propose提议refuse拒绝swear宣誓start开始seek找/寻觅try试图undertake承接volunteer志愿vow起wish希望want想要(2)表示目的和具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作(做表语)。Ourworkistoservethepeople.ThepersontodothejobisTom.=ThepersonwhowilldothejobisTom.(3)与形容词和序数词连用ItisimportanttostudyEnglishwell.Thelasttoleaveshouldturnoffthelights.(4)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。(前后一致或平衡结构)Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。Toworkmeanstoearnaliving.工作就是为了生活。=Seeingisbelieving.=Workingmeansearningaliving.(5)如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemaboutthefutureoftheplant.(6)省略to的动词不定式①情态动词(除oughtto):②使役动词let,have,make,get主动语态中to省掉;在被动语态中则to不能省掉。82 Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.=Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.附:使役动词的5种用法:makesbdo让/使/叫某人做某时ImakeyoustudyEnglish.Sbis/wasmadetodo某人被让/使/叫去做某时YouaremadetostudyEnglish.Have/makesbdoing让/使/叫某人一直/老是做某时(表示不满或发牢骚)Mymotheralwaysmakesmestudyingit.have/makesth(oneself/one’sopinion)done把某事让别人做(让别人理解自己)Ihavemyhaircut.(让别人理我头发)Ispeakslowlyandclearlytomakemyselfunderstood.(使别人理解我)havedonesth正常的完成时态,自己做完了某事Ihavecutmyhair.(我自己动手剪了头发)③感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后作宾补,省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。Isawhimdance.=hewasseentodance.注:感官动词还可以接现在分词,表示一个(短暂)动作正在进行;不定式则表示动作的整个过程。Isawhimdance.(整个跳舞的过程)Isawhimdancing.(我看见他时,他正在跳舞。强调动作正在发生)Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.(findsb.doingsth“发现某人正在做某事”)④表示个人意愿或倾向的wouldrather,hadbetter,might(just)aswell:ratherthan后面省略to。Ratherthanrideonacrowdedbus,healwayspreferstorideabike.Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,betterit—you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.A.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforget⑤why…/whynot…⑥help可带to,也可不带to,helpsb(to)dosth:⑦but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式;是其他动词时,则要带to。Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine.⑧不定式做表语时,一般要带to,但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时,符号to可省去。We"vemissedthelastbus.Allwecoulddonowiswalkhome.⑨通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后,可以省去tobe:Heissupposed(tobe)nice.他应该是个好人。82 ⑩当两个或多个不定时短语由连词and,but或or连接时,后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时,则不能省略。HewantstomovetoFranceandmarrythegirl.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,nottomakeitmoredifficult.(前后一致或平衡结构)⑩不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,介词不能省去。Ineedapentowritewith.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Ifindahousetolivein.Igetachairtositon.6.tobedone(1)用在要求动词后面,表将来的被动IwanttobetoldwhenwewillhaveanotherEnglishexam.(2)用在名词后面,表将来的被动Theworktobefinishedtomorrowisimportant.=Theworkthatwillbefinishedtomorrowisimportant.Thework(thatis)tobedoneisdifficulttofinish.7.tohavedone条件:①只能在要求动词后面出现;②主动;③有过去时间/动作;④只能在句子中间,不能放在句首Mr.Chenissaidtohavedonethejoblastweek.=Mr.Chenissaidthathedidthejoblastweek.Chinesemen’basketballteamisreportedtohaveacceptedagoodtrainingbeforetheOlympicGames.=Chinesemen’basketballteamisreportedthattheyacceptedagoodtrainingbeforetheOlympicGames.8.tohavebeendone用法同7:①只能在要求动词后面出现;②被动;③有过去时间/动作;④只能在句子中间,不能放在句首ThejobissaidtohavebeendonebyMr.Chenlastweek.=ItissaidthatthejobwasdonebyMr.Chenlastweek.9.done(1)概括和一般性(用于句首没有时间限制,表自然现象或客观事实)Seenfromthemoon,theearthlookslikeablueball.=Whenitisseenfromthemoon,theearthlookslikeablueball.(2)在名词后作定语,表被动Theworkdoneisimportant.=Theworkthathasbeendoneisimportant=TheworkthatwasdoneisimportantThetopicdiscussedisinteresting.Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled,fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.(3)在名词前作定语,表完成(ed-表完成;ing-表进行)AmericaisadevelopedcountryandChinaisadevelopingone.Pleasesweepthefallen82 leaves.(fallingleaves)Iwanttodrinkacupofboiledwater.(boilingwater)(4)在固定短语中,非谓语动词只能用-ed形式:beaddictedto;beattachedto;bearmedwith;beconcernedabout/with;bedevotedto;bedelightedwith;bedressedin;beexposedto;befacedwith;befixedon;beinterestedin;beinvolvedin;belocated/situatedin/at;beobligedto;beseatedon;besatisfiedwith;betiredof;beused/accustomedto等等Facedwithsomanydifficulties,Iworkhardeveryday.Devotedtomywork;Icarenothingelse.Thegirldressedinaredcoatismydaughter.Thesoldiersarmedwithmodernweaponareverybrave.(5)Sbmakesth(oneself;one’spoint/view/opinion)doneIhadmyhaircutyesterdayIspeakaloudtomakemyself/mypointunderstood.可以接动名词-ing和不定式todo的动词,但表达的意思不一样接doing接todo①rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)remembertodo记住去做某事(未做)②forgetdoing忘记做过某事(已做过但忘记了)forgettodo忘记要去做某事(此事未做)③regretdoing对做过的事感到遗憾、后悔regrettodo对要去做的事感到遗憾④stopdoing停止正在做的事stoptodo停止一件事去做另一件事⑤trydoing尝试做某事trytodo努力做(不一定成)managetodo(想方设法做成了)⑥meandoing意味着meantodo打算,有意要⑦goondoing继续(原先没有做完的事情)goontodo继而(去做另外一件事情)⑧proposedoing建议(做某事)proposetodo打算(要做某事)⑨like/love/hate/prefer+doingsth喜欢做什么like/love/hate/prefer+todo想做什么只能接动名词-ing的句型(1)Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore...)等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecrying.Itisnogoodobjecting.Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain.(2)Itis+useless(nice,good,interesting,expensive等形容词)+doingsth.Itisuselessspeaking.Itisniceseeingyouagain.Itisgoodplayingchessaftersupper.Itisexpensiverunningthiscar.82 (3)物+need,want,deserve,demand,require+doing(=tobedone)(-ing主动等于不定式的被动)Theblackboardneedscleaning.=Theblackboardneedstobecleaned.独立主谓结构和以上所有句子只有一个逻辑主语不同,独立主谓结构有两个不同的主语。Weatherpermitting,wewillhaveapicnic.=Iftheweatherpermits,wewillhaveapicnic.Workdone,Ihadarest.=Aftertheworkhadbeendone,Ihadarest.Classbeingover,Iwenthome.=Becausetheclasswasover,Iwenthome.Katebeingill,Icametoreplaceherposition.=BecauseKatewasill,Icametoreplaceherposition.Therebeingnobus,Iwenthomebytaxi.=Becausetherewasnobus,Iwenthomebytaxi.英语构词法构成方式概念与例子(1)合成法(compounding)将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词,叫做合成词English-speaking;man-made;100-meter;typewrite;anywhere;somebody;handwriting(2)派生法(derivation)在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词unhappy;disagree;impossible;telephone;eastern;careless;dusty;wooden;woolen;buy→buyer;fifty(3)转化法(conversion)把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化,如名词用作动词,动词转化为名词,形容词用作动词等Canyoucanthiscan?Letmehaveatry.Haveyoubookedyourticket? (4)拼缀法(blending)把两个词的某些部分结合在一起,或将一个单词的一部分与另一个单词的一部分结合在一起构成新词的方法。如:smog(烟雾)是由sm(smoke)和og(fog)构成的;motel(汽车旅馆)是由mo(motor)和tel(hotel)构成的。(5)截短法(clipping)把原词加以缩写,保留部分音节,省略部分音节。但是词性和词义都保持不变。如:gym(gymnastics);math(mathematics);bike(bicycle);phone(telephone);zoo(zoological);fridge(refrigerator)(6)首字母缩略法(acronym)把社会组织、政治组织的名称,专有名词短语或技术词语的首字母结合在一起构成新词的方法。如:VOA(VoiceofAmerica);BBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation);TV(television);AIDS(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome);NATO(theNorthAtlanticTreaty82 Organization);PRC(thePeople’sRepublicofChina);CPC(theCommunistPartyofChina);WTO;GDP:BC;AD;NBA;CBA;前缀与后缀(派生法derivation)前缀prefix意义举例ambi-two;doubleambiguity歧义ambiguous含糊的ante-beforeanteport前港;外港;antecedent先行词antedate倒添日期(填写比实际日期早)auto-selfauto-alarm自动报警器automobile汽车automatic自动的autonomous自治的anti-against/oppositeantiwar反战的antifascist反法西斯anti-illiteracy扫除文盲anti-imperialist反帝国主义cent(i)-100;1/100centennial一百年的centimeter厘米centigrade百分度centipede百脚虫(蜈蜙)circum-aroundcircumpolar两极周围的circumference圆周;周长circumnavigate环航(世界)con-strengthenconfirm使坚定consolidate加固construct建造contra-counter-againstoppositecontraposition相反位置counteraction反作用counterrevolution反革命counterrevolutionary反革命的;反革命分子counterattack反攻de-down/away/negativedepress压下deflower采花decompose分解decolor去色deca-tendecade十年decameter十米deci-one-tenthdecimeter分米dis-notdishonest不诚实力dislike不喜欢disagree不同意disinfect不感染(消毒)extra-besides;beyondextrasolar太阳系以外的extraordinary非凡的extracurricular课外的fore-beforeforetell预言forecast预报foreleg前腿forenoon上午foresight远见forefather祖先foresee预见forefinger前指(食指)foregoing在前的hyper-above;beyond;excessivelyhyperactive过度活动的;过度积极的hypersensitive过敏的hypertension过度紧张il-;ir-;im-;in-notillegal非法的impossible不可能incorrect不正确irregular不规则的impolite没礼貌的in-;im-intoimprison关押;进监狱income收入inter-betweenInternational国际的interpersonal人与人之间的interschool学校之间的kilo-kilogram千克kilometer千米kilowatt千瓦82 thousandmacro-long;big;vastmacrograph宏观图micro-small;littlemicrowave微波microbus小型公共汽车mal(e)-ill;evilmalnutrition营养不良malediction诅咒mis-wrong;illmisunderstand误解misdeed恶行mistake错误mono-one;singlemonotone单音monotony单调monologue独白monopoly垄断monopolist垄断者monoxide一氧化物monosyllable单音节mult(i)-many;lotmultiform形式多样的multilateral多边的multiple多样的;倍数multiply乘法multiplication乘法;增加;繁殖neo-newneorealism新现实主义non-notnon-align不结盟noncombatant非战斗人员non-conductor非导体nonparty无党派nonsense胡说八道noninterference不干涉out-beyond;moreoutdoor户外outlive比……活的久outgrow长得比……快over-above;beyondoverweight超重overtake超过;赶上overtime超过时间overwork过劳poly-manypolygon多角形polyglot通晓多种语言的人polygon多边形post-afterpostwar战后的post-liberation解放后的postgraduate大学毕业后的;研究生pre-beforeprewar战前的preview预先;预观prevent/prevention预防pseudo-false假pseudograph伪书;冒名作品pseudonym假名;笔名re-again;backreturn回来reform重新组合(改革)remarry再婚repeat重复semi-halfsemi-diameter半径semiconductor半导体semi-final半决赛sub-undersubway地铁;地下道subordinate下级的;次要的submarine海底的;潜水艇super-over;abovesuperstar超级明星superpower超级大国super-profit超额利润supermarket超市tran(s)-across;overthroughtransportation运输;交通transect横切transformation转变tri-threetriangle三角形triple三倍twi-twotwifold两倍twice两次ultra-excessivelyultrasonic超声的un-notunreal不真实unseen看不见的unselfish无私的unshakable不可动摇的under-belowunderfoot在脚下underline下划线underlie放在下面under-mentioned82 uni-one;singleuniform一样的(制服)unify统一unification统一unilateral单方面的vice-/deputy-nextinranktovice-chairman副主席vice-president副总统deputymanager/director副经理后缀surfix形容词后缀意义举例-able-ible可……的moveable可移动的;可感动/化的possible可能的respectable可敬的feasible可行的edible可吃的suitable合适的valuable有价值的-al-ial-ual属于……的;具有……性质national国家的partial部分的essential关键的;重要的actual实际的normal正常的-ant/-ent属于……的;具有……性质assistant辅助的-arysecondary第二的(firstly;secondly;thirdly)-ative–tive-ivetalkative健谈的sensitive敏感的active积极的productive生产的-cian……家(专家)musician音乐家physician物理学家-ern方向eastern东部(方)的southern南部(方)的northern北部(方)的western西部(方)的-ese某国(人)的;某地的;语言Chinese中国(人)的;汉语Japanese日本(人)的;日语Portuguese葡萄牙(人)的;葡萄牙语-fold倍数multifold多倍的-ful富有的;充满的useful有用的respectful充满敬意的hopeful充满希望的meaningful有意义-ic-ical属于……的;关于……的poetic诗歌的politic精明的political政治的historic历史上的historical有历史意义色economic经济的economical节约的-ish如…的;似…的childish如小孩的;孩子气的-ist主义的/者socialist社会主义的/者capitalist资本主义的/者Marxist马克思主义的/者dialecticalmaterialist辩证唯物主义的/者-less无;缺useless无用的priceless无价的;贵重的valueless没有价值的-like如…的;有…性质childlike孩子般天真的-(o)logical……学的geological地质学的biological生物学的ecological生态学的zoological动物学的……学家geologist82 -(o)logist地质学家biologist生物学家ecologist生态学家zoologist动物学家-(o)logy……学科geology地质学biology生物学ecology生态学zoology动物学-most最……的topmost最高的utmost最大的;极度的-some充满……的具有……的troublesome令人烦恼的tiresome讨厌的handsome潇洒的-ward(s)方向(副词)forward向前inward向内westward向西eastward向东northward向北名词后缀意义举例-ability-ibility-ivity行为;性质;状态possibility可能性productivity生产率sensibility感观activity活动feasibility适应性-age性质;状态shortage短缺storage储存advantage优点disadvantage缺点-ance/–ancy-ence/-ency行为;性质;状态assistance辅助dependence依靠independence独立defense防卫-ar/-ary人;物;地点beggar乞丐cellar地窖secretary秘书library图书馆-ation–tion-ion-sion行为;性质;状态reputation名声instruction教导situation情况attention注意introduction介绍rebellion反叛permission允许-cle/-cule微小corpuscle微粒particle微粒molecule分子-dom性质;状态freedom自由random任意-ee被动接受着examinee考生employee打工仔addressee收信人interviewee被采访者-er主动执行者examiner考官/监考人员employer老板addresser寄信人interviewer采访者-er–or-ar人;物reader读者teacher老师worker工人sailor海员washer洗衣机engineer工程师inventor发明者conductor导体;操作员robber强盗-ery行业;行为surgery外科医术robbery抢劫行为-ese某国人;语言Chinese中国人;汉语Japanese日本人;日语Portuguese葡萄牙人;葡萄牙语-factionsatisfaction满意classification分类purification净化beautification美化identification区别/鉴别82 -fication-hood成长阶段manhood成年adulthood成年childhood童年-ics学科politics政治学optics光学mathematics数学physics物理学-ism主义socialism社会主义capitalism资本主义Marxism马克思主义dialecticalmaterialism辩证唯物主义-ist主义者socialist社会主义者capitalist资本主义者Marxist马克思主义者dialecticalmaterialist辩证唯物主义者-cian……家musician音乐家physician物理学家-ization……化modernization现代化industrialization工业化fossilization变成化石-ment行为;性质;achievement成就movement运动improvement;agreement;development-ness性质;状态willingness心甘情愿illness疾病-ship性质;状态hardship苦难relationship关系friendship友谊partnership陪伴动词后缀意义举例-fy使……成为classify分类purify净化beautify美化satisfy满意-ize使……化modernize现代化industrialize工业化organize/organization-en加/变……widen加宽broaden扩宽soften软化harden变硬strengthen加强①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩82