英语语法——独立主格结构 25页

实用文案英语语法第八章独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（AbsoluteConstruction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Suchanablemantohelpyou，youwillsurelysucceedsoonerorlater.   有这么能干的人来帮你,你迟早一定会成功的。（suchanableman和tohelpyou之间存在着主谓关系） =Sincesuchanablemanwillhelpyou,youwillsurelysucceedsoonerorlater. Heseatinghimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seatinghimselfatthedesk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） =Whenheseatedhimselfatthedesk,hismotherbegantotellhimastory. Thekeytothebikelost,hehadtowalktoschool. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost的逻辑主语是thekey，lost也可以用完成式havingbeenlost） =Becausethekeytothebikehadbeenlost,hehadtowalktoschool.A． 不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1．动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Hismothertocometonight，heisbusypreparingthedinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（=Ashismotheristocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.） ——willyougototheconcerttonight  你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——Sorry.Somanyexercise-bookstocheck,Ireallycan"taffordanytime. 对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。 （＝BecauseIshallchecksomanyexercise-bookstonight,Ireallycan"taffordanytime.） Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabor,eachtotranslateaquarterofthebook. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 （＝Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflaborandeachistotranslateaquarterofthebook.） Manytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=Ifmanytrees,flowers,andgrassareplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.)B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 Beingill,hewenthome. 标准文档 实用文案 由于生病,他回家了。（=Ashewasveryill,hewenthome.） Seatinghimselfatthedesk,hebegantoreadamagazine. 在课桌旁坐好后，他开始看杂志。（=Whenhehadseatedhimselfatthedesk,hebegantoreadamagazine.） 1．表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Everyonebeingready,theteacherbeganhisclass. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。（相当于一个时间状语从句Wheneveryonewas ready) Thechairmanbeganthemeeting,everyonebeingseated. 每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句aftereveryonewasseated） 2．表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Theboyleadingtheway,wehadnotroublefindingthestrangecave.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相当于一个原因状语从句Becausetheboyledtheway） Manyeyeswatchinghim,hefeltabitnervous.许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句Asmanyeyeswerewatchinghim） 必背： 含有being的独立主格结构。 ItbeingNationalDaytoday，thestreetsareverycrowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。 =AsitisNationalDaytoday,thestreetsareverycrowded. Therebeingnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome.没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。 =Astherewasnofurtherbusinesstodiscuss,weallwenthome. 3．表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Timepermitting,wewillhaveapicnicnextweek. 时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句Iftime permits) Myhealthallowing,Iwillworkfarintothenight. 我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句Ifmyhealthallows） 4．表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构” Thestudentsarewalkingintheschoolhappily,eachwearingacardinfrontofhischest. 学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。（相当于一个并列分句andeachwearsacardinfrontofhischest） Theboylayonthegrass,hiseyeslookingatthesky.  男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句andhiseyeswerelookingatthesky）C．-ed形式“独立主格结构” 与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话，就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。 ThebookwritteninsimpleEnglish,Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit.标准文档 实用文案 该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂。 =AsthebookwaswritteninsimpleEnglish，Englishbeginnerswereabletoreadit. Theworkersworkedstillharder,theirlivingconditionsgreatlyimproved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。 =Astheirlivingconditionsweregreatlyimproved,theworkersworkedstillharder. Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 =Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,andhiseyeswerefixedontheblackboard. Thetaskcompleted,hehadtwomonths"leave. 任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假。（=Whenthetaskhadbeencompleted,hehadtwomonths"leave.） 比较： 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。 Themanagerlooksworried，manythingstosettle.经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式tosettle） Themanagerlooksrelaxed,manythingssettled.许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束） Thefoodbeingcooked,theboywaswatchingTV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行） Thefoodcooked,theboywenttobed. 饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）二、 动词独立主格结构“逻辑主语+being+其他”是独立主格结构中的“逻辑主语+动词-ing形式”的一种形式。在这种结构中，being往往可以被省去，这种省去being的结构，称之为无动词“独立主格结构”。A．逻辑主语+名词 Tenstudentsenteredforthecompetition,theyoungestaboyof12. 十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。（theyoungest和aboyof12之间省去了being） 注意： 独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，一是在“Therebeing+名词”结构中，二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。 Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 ItbeingSunday,alltheofficesareclosed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。 B．逻辑主语+形容词 Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（hiseyes和sleepy之间省去了being） =Heturnedtome,andhiseyesweresleepy. Hestoodthere,hismouthwideopen. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（hismouth和wideopen之间省去了being）标准文档 实用文案 =Hestoodthere,andhismouthwaswideopen. C．逻辑主语+副词 Schoolover,weallwenthome. 放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being） =Schoolwasover,andweallwenthome. Hesatathisdesk,hisshoesoff. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（hisshoes和off之间省去了being） =Hesatathisdeskandhisshoeswereoff. D．逻辑主语+介词短语 Heisstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,hisbacktowardsus. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。 =Hewasstandinginfrontoftheblackboard,andhisbackwastowardsus. Thenewteachercamein,asmileonherface. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。 =Thenewteachercameinandshehadasmileonherface. Theteachercameintotheclassroom，aruleinhishand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。 =Theteachercameinandarulerwasinhishand. 提示： 在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，如果名词用单数，可以不用冠词，同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。 Themusicteacherstoodatthedoor,violininhand. 音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。（=Themusicteacherstoodatthedoor,aviolininhishand.）三、 with,without引导的独立主格结构介词withwithout+宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 A．with+名词代词+形容词 Hedoesn誸liketosleepwiththewindowsopen. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 =Hedoesn誸liketosleepwhenthewindowsareopen. Hestoodintherain,withhisclotheswet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。 =Hestoodintherain,andhisclotheswerewet. 注意： 在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。 Withhissonsodisappointing，theoldmanfeltunhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。 Withhisfatherwell-known,theboydidn誸wanttostudy. 父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。 B．with+名词代词+副词 Ourschoollooksevenmorebeautifulwithallthelightson. 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。标准文档 实用文案 =Ourschoollooksevenmorebeautifulifwhenallthelightsareon. Theboywaswalking,withhisfatherahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。 =Theboywaswalkingandhisfatherwasahead. C．with+名词代词+介词短语 Hestoodatthedoor,withacomputerinhishand.或 Hestoodatthedoor,computerinhand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 =Hestoodatthedoor,andacomputerwasinhishand. Vincentsatatthedesk,withapeninhismouth.或 Vincentsatatthedesk,peninmouth. 文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。 =Vincentsatatthedesk,andhehadapeninhismouth. D．with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 Withhishomeworkdone,Peterwentouttoplay.  作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。 =Whenhishomeworkwasdone,Peterwentouttoplay. Withthesignalgiven,thetrainstarted. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。 =Afterthesignalwasgiven,thetrainstarted.  Iwouldn誸daregohomewithoutthejobfinished. 工作还没完成，我不敢回家。 =Iwouldn誸daregohomebecausethejobwasnotfinished. E．with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式 Themanfeltveryhappywithsomanychildrensittingaroundhim. 有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。 =Themanfeltveryhappywhenhefoundsomanychildrensittingaroundhim. Thegirlhidherboxwithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。 =Thegirlhidherboxandnooneknewwhereitwas. Withoutanyonenoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow.他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。 =Whennoonewasnoticing,heslippedthroughthewindow. F．with+名词代词+动词不定式 Thelittleboylookssad,withsomuchhomeworktodo. 有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。 =Thelittleboylookssadbecausehehassomuchhomeworktodo. Thekidfeelsexcitedwithsomanyplacesofinteresttovisit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。 Thekidfeelsexcitedastherearesomanyplacesofinteresttovisit. 提示： 在withwithout的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但without不能省略。 Withoutawordmorespoken,sheleftthemeetingroom. 她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）标准文档 实用文案四、 独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。 A．作状语 独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。 1．表示时间 Nightcomingon,weputourselvesupinasmallhotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。 （=Whennightcameon,weputourselvesupinasmallhotel.） Alltheguestsseated,theybegantheirdinner. 所有的客人就坐后，他们才开始吃饭。 （=Whenalltheguestswereseated,theybegantheirdinner.） Witheverythingsheneededbought,Gracetookataxihome. 所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。 （Aftereverythingsheneededwasbought,Gracetookataxihome.） 2．表示原因 Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime. 有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。 （=Ashehasalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.） Therebeingnomeansoftransportation,hehadtowalkhomeatmidnight. 由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。 (=Astherewasnomeansoftransportation,hehadtowalkhomeatmidnight.) 3．表示条件 Weatherpermitting,wewillholdouryearlysportsmeetingnextweek. 如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。 （=Ifweatherpermits，wewillholdouryearlysportsmeetingnextweek.） Alltheworkdone,youcanhavearest. 所有工作做好后，你可以休息。 （=Aslongasalltheworkisdone,youcanhavearest.） Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theplanseemstobemorepractical.如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。 （=Ifeverythingistakenintoconsideration,theplanseemstobemorepractical.） 提示： 表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。 【误】Whenclassbeingover,thestudentslefttheirclassroom. 【正】Class(being)over,thestudentslefttheirclassroom.下课了，学生都离开了教室。 【误】Themoonappearingandtheycontinuedtheirway. 【正】Themoonappearing,theycontinuedtheirway.月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。 4．表示伴随情况或补充说明 Thestrangemanwaswalkingdownthestreet,withastickinhishand.标准文档 实用文案 那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。 （=Thestrangemanwaswalkingdownthestreet,andhecarriedastickinhishand.） Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhisback. 杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。 （=Themurdererwasbroughtin,andhishandsweretiedbehindhisback.） Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren. 有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。 （Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccidentandmanyofthemwerechildren.） B．作定语 独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。 Heisthepersonwithalotofquestionstobesettled.(with的复合结构作定语,修饰thestudent) 他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。 =Heisthepersonwhohasalotofquestionstobesettled. Youcanusealargeplasticbottlewithitstopcutoff.(with的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle) 你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。 =Youcanusealargeplasticbottlewhosetopwascutoff. Hewaswalkingalongtheroadwithoutanystreetlightsonitsbothsides. 他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语,修饰theroad) =Hewaswalkingalongtheroadthatdidn誸haveanystreetlightsonitsbothsides. 提示： 在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。 Ifyoustandonthetopofthemountain，theparklooksmorebeautiful. 如果你站在山顶上,公园看上去更美。（不要改为独立主格结构） Ifyoucheckyourtestpapercarefully,somemistakescanbeavoided. 如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）五独立主格【重点语法规则】独立主格的结构：1．名词（代词）+分词/不定式。例如：Thereporthavingbeenread,alivelydiscussionbegan.这个报告读过之后，展开了激烈的讨论。Ourhousepaintedwhite,welikeitbetter.我们的房子被漆成白色之后，我更喜欢他了。标准文档 实用文案Theplanwasthatthetwopartiesshouldfirstreachanagreementonthebasicprinciple,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.计划是这样制定的：两党在原则上达成一致之后，以后在制定细节。2．with+名词（代词）+分词/不定式。例如：Withthetreegrowingtall,wegetmoreshade.随着树不断地长高，我们有了更多的树阴。Theysatintheroomwiththecurtainsdrawn.他们坐在房间里，窗帘拉着。4．名词（代词）后除了分词之外，还可以是形容词、副词、介词短语等，他们前面可视为省略了being.例如:Thechildrenwerewatchingtheacrobaticshow,theireyes(being)wideopen.孩子们正在瞪大眼睛看特技表演。非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。定义及构成　　1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：　　（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：　　Theybuiltagarden.　　Theysuggestedbuildingagarden.　　（2）都可以被状语修饰：　　Thesuitfitshimverywell.　　Thesuitusedtofithimverywell.　　（3）都有主动与被动,“体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：　　Hewaspunishedbyhisparents.（谓语动词被动语态）标准文档 实用文案　　Heavoidedbeingpunishedbyhisparents.（动名词的被动式）　　Wehavewrittenthecomposition.（谓语动词的完成时）　　Havingwrittenthecomposition,wehandeditin.（现在分词的完成式）　　（4）都可以有逻辑主语　　Theystartedtheworkatonce.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）　　Thebossorderedthemtostartthework.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）　　WeareLeaguemembers.（谓语动词的主语）　　WebeingLeaguemember,theworkwaswelldone.　　（现在分词的逻辑主语）　　2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：　　（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。　　（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。　　（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。　　（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。　　(5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。[编辑本段]功能及用法　　(一)动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.　　否定式：not+(to)do　　（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.　　例如：　　I"mgladtomeetyou.　　Heseemstoknowalot.　　Weplantopayavisit.　　Hewantstobeanartist.　　Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.　　Theteacherorderedtheworktobedone.　　（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：　　Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.　　Heseemstobereadinginhisroom.　　（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：　　Iregrettedtohavetoldalie.　　Ihappenedtohaveseenthefilm.　　Heispleasedtohavemethisfriend.标准文档 实用文案　　2．不定式的句法功能：　　（1）作主语：　　Tofinishtheworkintenminutesisveryhard.　　Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.　　动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：　　Itisveryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes.　　Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.　　常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+todo。2、Ittakessb.+sometime+todo。3、It+be+形容词+ofsb+todo。4、It+be+形容词+forsb.+todo。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。　　（2）作表语：　　Herjobistocleanthehall.　　Heappearstohavecaughtacold.　　（3）作宾语：　　常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：　　MarxfounditimportanttostudythesituationinRussia.　　动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：　　Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.　　HedidnothinglastSundaybutrepairhisbike.　　动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：　　HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.　　（4）作宾语补足语：　　在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,callon,waitfor,invite.　　此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：　　Withalotofworktodo,hedidn"tgotothecinema．　　有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to,如：　　Isawhimcrosstheroad.　　Hewasseentocrosstheroad.　　（5）作定语：　　动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：标准文档 实用文案　　①动宾关系：　　Ihaveameetingtoattend.　　注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：　　Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.　　Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.　　Whatdidyouopenitwith?　　如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：　　Hehasnoplacetolive.　　Thisisthebestwaytoworkoutthisproblem.　　如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：　　Haveyougotanythingtosend?　　Haveyougotanythingtobesent?　　②说明所修饰名词的内容：　　Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.　　③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：　　Heisthefirsttogethere.　　（6）作状语：　　①表目的：　　Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney.　　Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.　　注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：　　wrong：Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.　　right：Tosavemoney,hehastriedeverymeans.　　wrong：TolearnEnglishwell,adictionaryisneeded.　　right：TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsadictionary.　　②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果)：　　Hearrivedlateonlytofindthetrainhadgone.　　Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout.　　③表原因：　　Theywereverysadtohearthenews.　　④表程度：　　It"stoodarkforustoseeanything.　　Thequestionissimpleforhimtoanswer.　　（7）作独立成分：　　Totellyouthetruth,Idon"tlikethewayhetalked.　　（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。　　Ifyoudon"twanttodoit,youdon"tneedto.标准文档 实用文案　　（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。　　Hewishedtostudymedicineandbecomeadoctor.　　（二）动名词：　　动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。　　1．动名词的形式：Ving　　否定式：not+动名词　　（1）一般式：　　Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。　　（2）被动式：　　Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。　　（3）完成式：　　Werememberedhavingseenthefilm.我们记得看过这部电影。　　（4）完成被动式：　　HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.　　他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。　　（5）否定式：not+动名词　　Iregretnotfollowinghisadvice.我后悔没听他的劝告。　　（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+动名词　　Hesuggestedourtryingitonceagain.他建议我们再试一次。　　HisnotknowingEnglishtroubledhimalot.　　他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。　　2．动名词的句法功能：　　（1）作主语：　　Readingaloudisveryhelpful.朗读是很有好处的。　　Collectingstampsisinteresting.集邮很有趣。　　当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。　　It"snousequarrelling.争吵是没用的。　　（2）作表语：　　Intheantcity,thequeen"sjobislayingeggs.　　在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。　　（3）作宾语：　　Theyhaven"tfinishedbuildingthedam.他们还没有建好大坝。　　Wehavetopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.　　我们必须阻止空气被污染。　　注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：　　Wefounditnogoodmakingfunofothers.我们发现取笑他人不好。　　要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：标准文档 实用文案　　enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid（避免）,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit（承认），deny（否认）,mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk（冒险）,appreciate（感激）,bebusy,beworth,feellike,can"tstand,can"thelp（情不自禁地）,thinkof,dreamof,befondof,prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…（from）,protect…from,setabout,beengagedin,spend…(in),succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,insiston,feellike　　（4）作定语：　　Hecan"twalkwithoutawalking-stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。　　Isthereaswimmingpoolinyourschool?你们学校有游泳池吗？　　（5）作同位语：　　Thecave,hishiding-placeissecret.那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。　　Hishabit,listeningtothenewsontheradioremainsunchanged．　　他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。　　（三）现在分词：　　现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。　　1、现在分词的形式：　　否定式：not+现在分词　　（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成　　式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：　　Theywenttothepark,singingandtalking.他们边唱边说向公园走去。　　Havingdonehishomework,heplayedbasket-ball.做完作业，他开始打篮球。　　（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动　　词之前的被动的动作。　　Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.正在被讨论的问题很重要。　　Havingbeentoldmanytimes,thenaughtyboymadethesamemistake.　　被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。　　2．现在分词的句法功能：　　（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语　　放在名词后。　　Inthefollowingyearsheworkedevenharder.　　在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。　　Themanspeakingtotheteacherisourmonitor"sfather.　　正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。标准文档 实用文案　　现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：inthefollowingyears也可用intheyearsthatfollowed;themanspeakingtotheteacher可改为themanwhoisspeakingtotheteacher.　　（2）现在分词作表语：　　Thefilmbeingshowninthecinemaisexciting.正在这家上演的电影很棒。　　Thepresentsituationisinspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心。　　be+doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be+doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。　　（3）作宾语补足语：　　如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：　　see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listento,lookat,leave,catch等。例如：　　Canyouhearhersingingthesonginthenextroom?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？　　Hekeptthecarwaitingatthegate.他让小汽车在门口等着。　　（4）现在分词作状语：　　①作时间状语：　　(While)Workinginthefactory,hewasanadvancedworker.　　在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。　　②作原因状语：　　BeingaLeaguemember,heisalwayshelpingothers.由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。　　③作方式状语，表示伴随：　　Hestayedathome,cleaningandwashing.他呆在家里，又擦又洗。　　④作条件状语：　　(If)Playingallday,youwillwasteyourvaluabletime.　　要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。　　⑤作结果状语：　　Hedroppedtheglass,breakingitintopieces.他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。　　⑥作目的状语：　　Hewentswimmingtheotherday.几天前他去游泳了。　　⑦作让步状语：　　Thoughrainingheavily,itclearedupverysoon.　　虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。　　⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：标准文档 实用文案　　Iwaitingforthebus,abirdfellonmyhead．　　我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。　　Alltheticketshavingbeensoldout,theywentawaydisappointedly.　　所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。　　Timepermitting,we"lldoanothertwoexercises.　　如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。　　有时也可用with(without)+名词（代词宾格）+分词形式　　Withthelightsburning,hefellasleep.他点着灯睡着了。　　⑨作独立成分：　　udgingfrom(by)hisappearance,hemustbeanactor.　　从外表看，他一定是个演员。　　Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecareful.一般说来，女孩子更细心。　　（四）过去分词：　　过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。　　过去分词的句法功能：　　1．过去分词作定语：　　OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。　　Thoseselectedascommitteememberswillattendthemeeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会。　　注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。　　2．过去分词作表语：　　Thewindowisbroken.窗户破了。　　Theywerefrightenedatthesadsight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。　　注意：be+过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：　　Thewindowisbroken.（系表）　　Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy.（被动）　　有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：　　boiledwater（开水）fallenleaves（落叶）　　newlyarrivedgoods（新到的货）therisensun（升起的太阳）　　thechangedworld（变了的世界）　　这类过去分词有：gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。　　3．过去分词作宾语补足语：　　Iheardthesongsungseveraltimeslastweek.标准文档 实用文案　　上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。　　有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：　　Withtheworkdone,theywentouttoplay.工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。　　4．过去分词作状语：　　Praisedbytheneighbours,hebecametheprideofhisparents.　　受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）　　Onceseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.　　一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）　　Givenmoretime,I"llbeabletodoitbetter.　　如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）　　Thoughtoldofthedanger,hestillriskedhislifetosavetheboy.　　虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）　　Filledwithhopesandfears,heenteredthecave.心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。专项练习之独立主格结构练习一1.Thethiefstoodbeforethepoliceman，_______admittingwhathehaddone．A.withhisdroppinghead                              B.droppedhisheadC.raisinghishead                                         D.withhisheaddown2._______，hecan"tgooutforawalkasusual．A.Withsomuchworktodo                          B.WithsomuchworkdoingC.Withsomuchworkdone                           D.Withoutsomuchworktodo3.It"squitestrangethatthemansleepswithhismouth_______andhiseyes_______．A.closed；open                                          B.closed；openedC.closing；open                                          D.closing；opening4.Allthings_______，theplantripwillhavetobecalledoff．标准文档 实用文案A.beconsidered                                          B.consideredC.considering                                      D.havingconsidering5._______,wehavetogetdowntobusinessrightaway．A.Astherewasnotimeleft                          B.ThereisnotimeleftC.Therebeingnotimeleft                          D.Theretobenotimeleft6._______yesterday，wewentoutforawalk．A.Asafineday                                            B.ItwasafinedayC.Itbeingafineday                                     D.Foritwasafineday7.Theoldmanstoodthere,_______．A.withbackagainstthewall                         B.withhisbackagainstthewallC.andbackagainstwall                               D.hisbackwasagainstthewall8.Allflights_______becauseofthesnow-storm，manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain．A.werecanceled                              B.havingbeencanceledC.hadbeencanceled                                D.havebeencanceled 9._______nobus,wehadtowalkhome.A.Therewas                                             B.Therebeing               C.Becausetherebeing                              D.Thereis10._______,I"llgotherewithyoutomorrowafternoon.标准文档 实用文案A.Timepermits                                           B.Iftimepermitting   C.Timepermitting                                       D.Time"spermitting11._______,weallwenthomehappily.A.Goodbyewassaid                                  B.Goodbyehadbeensaid C.Goodbyesaid                                      D.Whengoodbyesaid12._______,weallwentswimminginhighspirits.A.Itbeingfineweather                              B.Itfineweather   C.Itwasfineweather                               D.Itbeingafineweather13._______,thebusstartedatonce.A.Thesignalwasgiven                              B.Thesignalgiving C.Thesignalgiven                                   D.Whenthesignalgiven14.Shestoodthere,_______fromhercheeks.A.tears"rollingdown                          B.tearsrolleddown C.withtearsrolleddown                             D.tearsrollingdown15._______,theleavesareturninggreen.A.Whenspringcomingon                         B.SpringcomingonC.Springcameon                                    D.Springbeingcomeon16._______,Ihadtobuyanewone.A.Mydictionarylosing                               B.Mydictionaryhavingbeenlost标准文档 实用文案C.Mydictionaryhadbeenlost                    D.Becausemydictionarylost17.Iusedtosleepwiththewindow_______.A.opened           B.open             C.opening              D.toopen18._______,thehunterwentintotheforest.A.Agunonshoulder                                  B.AgunwasonhisshoulderC.Gunonshoulder                                    D.Agunbeingonshoulder19.Hestoodtheresilently,hislips_______.A.trembling            B.trembled     C.weretrembling   D.weretrembled20._______,wewillsurelysucceed.A.Theteacherhelpingus                          B.Theteachertohelpus C.Theteacherwillhelpus                         D.Withtheteacherhelping练习二：高考试题精选1.Withalotofdifficultproblems_______,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.( 上海02春季)    A.settled           B.settling                  C.tosettle                D.beingsettled 2._______theproductionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.(NMET2000)  A.As                 B.For                       C.With                     D.Through          3.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_______behindhisback.(MET91,22)A.beingtied       B.havingtied            C.tobetied              D.tied4.Themeeting_______over,wealllefttheroomanddrovehome.(上海87)    A.is                  B.tobe                     C.being                    D.wouldbe5._______,theywillgoandvisitthezoo.(上海86)标准文档 实用文案   A.Weatherpermitting                            B.WeatherpermittedC.Weatherbeingpermitted                    D.Weatherhavingpermitted6._______twoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardthisweekend.(2004北京卷，33)   A.With              B.Besides                       C. Asfor                 D.Becauseof7.Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise_______.(2005年北京卷34)   A.goingon          B.goeson                       C.wenton                       D.togoon8. Isendyou100dollars,therest_______inayear.（2005湖南卷34）A.follow         B.followed。            C. tofollow              D.beingfollowed9._______andnowaytoreduceherpainandsufferingfromtheterribledisease,thepatientsoughtherdoctor"shelptoendherlife.(2005/江西/29)A.Havinggivenuphopeofcure           B.Withnohopeforcure  C.Therebeinghopeforcure                   D.Inthehopeofcure10.Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_______fortheday.A.finishing                B.finished            C.hadfinished          D.werefinished11.Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent_______attheendoflastMarch.A.hasbeenlaunched                              B.havingbeenlaunchedC.beinglaunched                                 D.tobelaunched练习三：复习巩固1._______,wewenthomeinahurry.A.Themeetingwasover                                     B.Asthemeetingbeingover标准文档 实用文案C.Beingover                                                      D.Themeetingover2.Thesquarelooksfarmorebeautiful_______.A.withallthelightsturningon                       B. allthelightsturningonC.turningonallthelights                              D.withallthelightsturnedon3._______,Ihadtodoherworkinstead.A.Beingill         B.Herbeingill          C.Shebeingill          D.Shewasill4._______,shewenttobedwithgreatsatisfaction.A.Afteralldone               B.Alldone          C.Allhadbeendone       D.Doingall5.Hesatlisteningtotheteacher,_______.A. openedhismouth                                     B.andopeninghismouthC.withhismouthopen                                  D.hismouthwasopened6._______,hewouldmostprobablybelate.A.Withoutanybodytocallhim                      B.AnybodytocallhimC.Nobodycalledhim                                    D.Withhimtocall7._______,theymadefortheclassroominahurry.    A.Withonlythreeminutestogo               B.Therewereonlythreeminutesleft    C.Asonlythreeminutestogo                         D.Onlythreeminuteswereleft8._______,weareallsureofitssuccess.A.Withhetakingchargeofthework             B.Withhe’stakingchargeontheworkC.Histakingchargeofthework                   D.Withhimtakingchargeofthework9.Alittleboy,_______,ranintotheroom.A.withtwoofhisfrontteethmissed              B.twoofhisfrontteethweremissingC.withtwoofhisfrontteethmissing             D.missedtwoofhisfrontteeth标准文档 实用文案10._______thathecouldspeakEnglishverywell,theyallcametopractiseEnglishwithhim.A.Hebeingknown                                       B.Itwasknown C.Hewasknown                                         D.Itbeingknown11.Hewalked_______.A.withhisheadheldhigh                             B.heldhisheadhighC.hisheadholdinghigh                                 D.withhisheadtoholdhigh12.Shecameherethismorning,_______.A.herboyfriendtojoinhernextmonth     B.herboyfriendwouldjoinhernextmonthC.andherboyfriendjoininghernextmonth     D.withherboyfriendjoinedhernextmonth13.Thisbookiswellwritten,_______.A.withspecialattentionpaidtowrittenEnglishB.withspecialattentionpayingtowrittenEnglishC.specialattentionispaidtowrittenEnglishD.paidspecialattentiontowrittenEnglish14._______,shewentouttogetsomethingtoeatA.Beingnofoodleft                                        B.TherebeingnofoodleftC.Therewasnofoodleft                             D.Nofoodwasleft15._______,thetreesturnedgreen.A.Asspringcomingon                                 B.SpringcameonC.Springcomingon                                      D.Withspringcomeon16._______,thesunshoneagain.A.Thedarkcloudshavingdisappeared          B.HavingdisappearedthedarkcloudsC.Thedarkcloudstodisappear                     D.Withthedarkcloudsdisappeared标准文档 实用文案17._______,hehandedittotheteacher.A.Thecompositionwriting                            B.HavingbeenwrittenC.Thecompositionwritten                            D.Afterthecompositionwrote18._______,themeetingwasover.A.Nobodyhadanymoretosay                        B.NobodyhavinganymoretosayC.Becauseofnobodyhadanymoretosay        D.Havingnomoretosay19._______timegoingon,Einstein’stheoryproved_______.A.As;correct                                              B.With;corrected            C.With;correct                                            D.As;beingcorrect20.Theboy_______theway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingthehouse.      A.leading          B.led          C.havingbeenled      D.beingled21.Theboystoodbeforetheroastedduck,hiseyes_______onitandhismouth_______.    A.werefixed,waswatered                                 B.fixed,watering    C.fixed,watered                                                 D.werefixing,waswatering22.Everything_______intoconsideration,theyoughttohaveanotherchanceA.totake                  B.taken             C.tobetaken            D.taking23.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,each_______onemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.A.makes                  B.made             C.istomake             D.making24.Peopleattendthemeeting,_______women. A.allofthem           B.allofwhom          C.allofthemwere    D.whomallwere25._______,shehadnomoneytobuyevenabusticket.标准文档 实用文案A.Herwalletstolen                               B.HerwalletstealingC.Herwalletwasstolen                        D.Withherwalletstole26.Davidissleepingonthegrasswithhisjacket_______hisstomach.      A.covered                B.tocover         C.cover                    D.covering27.Isawalotofchildrenplayinginthegarden,mostofthem_______boys.      A.being                    B.are                C.were                    D.havingbeen28.Thebuildingoverthereisalibrary,_______standingourlab.      A.ontheeastofwhich                          B.eastofitC.ontheeastofthat                             D.eastofwhich29._______thedayswenton,theweathergotworse.      A.Since                    B.With              C.As                               D.While30.Theboyfelltothegroundfromthetree,hiseyes_______andhishands_______.      A.closing;trembled                               B.closed;trembled         C.closing;trembling                              D.closed;trembling31._______Sunday,thelibraryisclosed. A.Being                  B.Itbeing          C.Therebeing          D.Itis32.----Whydoyoulooksosad?  ----Withsomanyproblems_______,Iaminadifficultsituation.A.  settled                                             B.remainedtosettle         C.settling                                              D.remainingtobesettled33._______,theybegantheirperformances.标准文档 实用文案   A.Afterwetookourseats                            B.Beingtakenourseats   C.Havingtakenourseats                             D.Takingourseats34.Theoldmanhasthreesons,noneof_______livingwithhim.   A.who                     B.whom            C.them                     D.three35.Thegirlinthesnapshotwassmilingsweetly,_______.A. herlonghairwasflowinginthebreeze             B.herlonghairflowinthebreezeC.herlonghairflowinginthebreeze                    D.herlonghairflowedinthebreeze36.Icarefullypouredtheliquidintothewater,myclassmates_______anxiouslybesidemetoseewhatwouldhappen.A.stood                    B.standing                C.tostand                D.werestanding37.Tomsatthere,face_______inhishands,andwept.A.wasburied            B.beingburied          C.burying                 D.buried练习一 1-5DABBC6-10CBBBC11-15CACDB16-20BBCAB练习二1-5CCDCA6-10AACBB11B练习三1-5DDCBC6-10AADCD11-15AAABC16-20ACBCA21-25BBDAA26-30DABCB31-35BDACC36-37BD标准文档