高考英语语法归纳突破 42页

GRAMMARContents总纲(1.句子成分2.句子种类3.数词4.主谓一致5.插入语)(Page1-Page5)专项一冠词(Page5-Page7)专项二代词(Page7-Page10)专项三形容词与副词(Page10-Page13)专项四名词与介词(Page13-Page16)专项五动词(Page16-Page18)专项六时态与语态(Page18-Page20)专项七非谓（ing分词,ed分词,不定式）(Page20-Page25)专项八情态动词与虚拟语气(Page25-Page28)专项九名词从句和定语从句(Page29-Page33)专项十连词(Page33-Page36)专项十一特殊句型(Page36-Page39)专项十二交际(Page39-Page40)总纲(一)Partsofsentences（句子成分）1.主语Iloveyou.（主语从句）2.谓语Hewentaway.3.宾语Iloveyou.（宾语从句）4.表语Heisateacher.（表语从句）5.补语(1)宾语补足语Heaskedmetoleave.(2)主语补足语Iwasaskedtoleave.6.定语Heisagoodteacher.（定语从句）7.状语Hewentabroadyesterday.（状语从句）8.同位语Mr.Lee,ourteacher,iscoming.（同位语从句）9.插入语Bytheway,hewillgotoschool.(二)Kindsofsentences（句子种类）I.简单句(五种构成方式)1.主谓（主语+不及物动词）Theydancedhappily.2.主谓宾（主语+及物动词+宾语）Mr.Greenboughtsomefoodfromthesupermarket.3.主系表（主语+连系动词+表语）(必须记住五组连系动词)Theyareallgreatscientists.4.主谓双宾（主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）wish,offer,promise,owe,envy,teach,give,lend,send,pay,cost,show,tell,buy,get,hand,write,pass,singIwishyouahappynewyear.(1)间接宾语后置,我们可以通过加入介词(to或for)来将间接宾语后置。Pleaselendmesomemoney.=Pleaselendsomemoneytome.Momboughtthebabyacomputer.=Momboughtacomputerforthebaby.(2)当两个宾语都是代词时，通常将间接宾语后置。Giveittome.(3)以下动词不跟双宾explain,complain,say,whisper,murmurtosb.sth.42 (4)以下动词不跟双宾，有ofrobsb.ofsth.warnsb.ofsth.remindsb.ofsth.informsb.ofsth.(5)注意以下动词sth.remainsofsth.expectsth.ofsb.5.主谓宾宾补（主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(宾语的动作或状态)）(1)形容词做宾语补足语使makesb.ill,drivesb.mad,leavesth.open,cutsth.short,tearsth.open,keepsb.busyfindsth.beautiful,thinksth.(tobe)good,believesb.(tobe)honest,Hethrewthefoxtothegrounddead.(2)名词或名词短语做宾语补足语maken.n,leaven.n,choosen.n.,electn.n,calln.n.,namen.n.Ican’tunderstandwhypeopleelectedhimPresident.(3)非谓做宾语补足语只须记住感观动词和使役动词的短语（见23页4,5）(4)当宾语为动词不定式,从句或-ing结构并有宾语补足语时,常用it做形式宾语。Theyfounditimpossibletofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.Hisparentsthoughtitstrangethattheirsonhadn’twrittentothemfortoolong.Theyfounditinterestingbeingbackatschoolagain.II.并列句：两个或以上简单句用分号,--或并列连词连接。必须记住七个并列连词(见33页)(1)Heisyoung,andheisgood.(2)Heisyoung;heisgood(3)Trysomeofthisjuice--perhapsyou"lllikeit.(4)(Make)Greaterefforts,andyouwillsucceedIII.主从复合句：两个或以上简单句用从句连词连接。Ifitdoesn’train,I’llgotoschooltomorrow.Imadeapromisethatifhecame,Iwouldbeathim.IV.并列复合句:Hehastoworkhard,andifhedoesn’tworkhard,hisparentswillcry.(三)Numeral（数词）I.分数1.普通分数onethird,twothirds,ahalf,aquarter,3quarters+of2.百分数(1)thirtypercent+of百分之三十的(2)therestof其余的3.具体分数oneinfour=oneoutoffour四个中的一个II.基数词1.一般基数词one,two,three…2.单位基数词dozen,score,hundred,thousand,million,billion用法(1)threedozeneggs,manydozoneggs(2)dozensof,scoresof,tensof,millionsof,billionsof,tensofthousandsof(3)threeofus,manyofthem(4)twoofthoseboys,threedozenoftheeggs,agoodmanyoftheirstudentsIII.序数词1.first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth,twentieth,hundredth…2.用法theSecondLesson=LessonTwoIV.数词短语1.everyfewdays每几天42 2.everyotherday=everytwodays=everysecondday每两天(每隔一天)3.everythreedays=everythirdday每三天(每隔两天)4.enough>plentyof+Ns/Nu足够的，许多的5.lotsof=alotof=amassof=massesof=aquantityof=quantitiesof+Ns/Nu许多的6.anumberof=agood(great)many=many+Ns=manya+Nc许多的7.agreatdealof=alargeamountof+Nu许多的8.avarietyof=differentkindsof各种各样的9.themajorityof大多数的=most(ofthe),theminorityof少数的V.英语没有量词onhisfirstvisittoChina(四)Agreement（主谓一致）I.用and连接两个名词1.表示两个人或物AandB+are,bothAandB+are2.表示一个人或物(1)Thefamoussingeranddanceriscoming.(2)Every(each/no)boyandevery(each/no)girlisgood.3.one+n.+ortwo=oneortwo+n.s+are注意:n.为时间,距离是动词只用单数oneandahalf+复数名词+isII.A介B以A为主Heaswellashisfriendsisgoingabroad.III.All单独做主语1.指人Allbutonewereherejustnow.2.指物Allhehasdoneisright.IV.集体名词audience,crew,crowd,population,family,class,group,team,staff1.强调整体Myclassisagoodone.2.强调人Myclassaresingingasong.V.二合一名词compasses,trousers,glasses,scissors,chopsticks,1.单独做主语Mytrousersarenew.2.有apairof修饰，则以pair为主ApairofnewglassesiswhatIwantformybirthday.VI.非谓或从句做主语时指一件事用单数，指两件事以上用复数1.动名词ReadingandwritingaremostdifficultforstudentsinlearningEnglish.2.不定式Whenandwheretomeetisnotdecided.3.主语从句WhatIloveandwhatIhatearenoneofyourbusiness.VII.the加形容词或分词表示一类Theoldarewise.theold,thedying垂死者,theemploying雇佣者,theemployed被雇佣者,thepolice,theChinese,theEnglish,theFrenchVIII.分数以中心名词为主Therestofthestudentsarefondofcomputergames.IX.靠近原则1.TherebeThereisabookandtwopensonthedesk.2.平行词组(见33页)NotonlyTombutalsohisparantsarekindtome.3.AorBOneboyorhisfriendsaretocome.注意：Twohoursormoreisenough.X.Time/Money/Distance+is1.Onehundredyearsisalongtime.42 2.Onemilliondollarsisalargesum.3.Twothousandmilesisalongway.XI.倒装句的主谓一致要认准主语1.Betweenthetwowindowshangsapicture.2.Sucharemyfriends.XII.固定词组1.Oneofhisbooksisverygood.HeisoneoftheboyswholikeEnglish.(定语从句)Heisthe(only)oneoftheboyswholikesEnglish.(定语从句)2.aquantityofNs/Nu+is,largequantitiesofNs/Nu+areanumberof+Ns+are,thenumberof+Ns+isanamountofNu+is,largeamountsofNu+are3.oneandahalfapples+is=oneappleandahalf+is4.morethanone+is5.manyaboy+is6.weeach+are=eachofus+is7.加减乘除算式+is8The2008OlympicGamesaretobeheldinBeijing.9.Thiskindofmanisgood.=Menofthiskindaregood.10.Mycollectionofstampsisverywonderful.(五)插入语1.(much)toone’ssurprise=toone’s(great)surprise(delight/knowledge/excitement…)2.otherwise=orelse否则≠or3.nevertheless然而≠while4.therefore=thus=asaresult因此≠so=andso5.however=still>though但是≠anyway=anyhow=regardless无论如何6.so(as)farasIcan/know/see就我所能/知/见so(as)farassb./sth.isconcerned就…而言7.also=again=besides=inaddition=what’smore=moreover=morethanthat另外(inthe)meanwhile(meantime)=atthesametime同时furthermore进一步(甚至)≠even甚至8.ononehand…ontheotherhand=foronething…foranother(thing)=firstly…secondly（可互换）一方面,另一方面9.instead=rather=inturn相反≠onthecontrary从反方面看10.asamatteroffact=in(actual)fact=actually实际上11.tomakemattersworse=what’sworsestill=what’sworse=worsestill=worsethanthat更糟的12.inthatcase在那种情况下≠incase以防万一≠incase(that)万一≠incaseof万一underthatcondition在那种条件下≠onconditionthat如果13.ingeneral一般地-inparticular特别地onthewhole整体上indetail细节上incommon共同inshort简言之inaword总而言之14.afterall毕竟(终究),atall(1)一点都不(2)究竟,aboveall最重要的是,first先(then然后)firstofall=firstly第一(secondly…其次),atfirst起初,(all)inall=altogether=intotal总共15.finally=eventually=intheendinmemoryof为了纪念…intimeof,indangerof,inneedof(5)inchargeof掌管,inthechargeof被掌管;inpossessionof拥有,inthepossessionof被拥outofquestion不成问题,outofthequestion不可能(6)inpublic在公共场合,thepublic公众(7)indoingsth.=inthedoingofsth.在干…时inplayingfootball=intheplayingoffootball(8)a(long)time,alongway=alongdistance=longdistanceshaveagoodtime,haveagoodknowledgeof,haveagoodunderstandingofhavealargecollectionof,haveagoodsupper,haveagreatinterestinsth.haveapopulationof,haveanareaof,havearesponsibilitytowardssth.2.职务名词：(1)强调职位不用冠词MrSmith,presidentofBeijingUniversity,willcometoourschool.(2)强调人按照普通可数加冠词Thepresidentiscoming.Apresidentwaskilledinthewar.3.属性名词:kindergarten,school,college,university,hospital,church,prison,bed,table,town(1)Mybabygoestoschooleveryday.(属性)(2)Theschoolisverybeautiful.(物体)Thereisaschoolbytheriver.(地点)4.专有名词(1)普通名词构成的专有名词前有the：theGreatWall,theSummerPalace注意：(1)山河theEmeiMountain=MountEmei(2)单位BeijingUniversity5.国家，省市(1)inChina(Beijing)(2)intheChina(Being)oftoday(3)amodernChina(Beijing)注意：城,镇,岛屿:thecityofChongqing=ChongqingCity,theislandofTaiwan=TaiwanIsland6.节日:(1)国际性节日不用冠词Women’sDay(2)中国特有节日用定冠词theSpringFestival7.东西南北(1)名词时用定冠词Helivesintheeast(n.),(2)副词时不用冠词Heiswalkingwest(ad.).8.具体时期theTangDynasty唐朝,theSpringandAutumnPeriod春秋时期,inthe1990’s在…年代,注意：inone’steens在…十几岁时,inone’sfifties在…五十几岁时9.姓名Mr.Green格林先生,aMr.Green一个叫(象)格林先生的人,theGreens格林一家人注意：Green’s格林的家,theGreens’格林一家人的家10.接触人体物体的部位必须用定冠词thecatchsbbythearm,takesbbythehand,patsbonthehead,hitsbinthefacewoundsb.intheleg,injuresb.onthehead,hitacarontheback11.以某一方面计bytime,byweight以具体单位计bythehour,bythepound12.最高级(1)单音节形容词thetallestboy,thebestboy(2)多音节形容词themostinteresting最,mostinteresting非常,amostinterestingbook非常13.(1)comeoutfirst得第一;Finishyourworkfirst.首先;thefirst第一42 (2)comeoutlast;lastweek上周;thelastweek最后一周(3)comeoutsecond;asecondbook=another另外;thesecondbook第…14.必须用定冠词thesame,theonly,thefollowing,therest其余的,havearest休息15.倍数halfanhour,halfthesky16.常考a,an,one之区别(1)anhour,anhonor,anhonestboy;(2)auniversity,ausefulbook,aEuropeancountryThereisa“u”andan“n”inthewordunhappy.(3)Ihaveonlyonebook.(强调数量)17.语言Chinese=theChineselanguage,Germangrammar18.某年in2000=intheyear200019.某月inOctober,2000=intheOctoberof200020.春夏秋冬insummer,inthesummerof1998,ahotsummer21.星球，世界thesun,aredsun,intheworld,anewworld22.历史inhistory,inthehistoryofourschool,haveahistoryog23.社会insociety社会上,intheoldsociety在旧社会,inasocietythat…在一个…的社会24.运动palyfootball,afootball,thefootball25.音乐活动playthepiano,apiano,thepiano26.距离inthedistance,atadistanceof5kilometers27.部分bepartof,beanimportantpartof,forthemostpart=moreoften=inmostcases多半playapartin,takepartin,takeanactivepartin28.种类akindofbook一种书,thekindofbook这种书2kindsofbooks两种书,2kindsofthebooks这些书中的两种29.twoofus我们中两个人,thetwoofus我们两个人30.withabookinherhand=bookinhand专项二　Pronoun（代词）I.“另外”和“其余”1.“另外”两表格三者以上单数another+N=asecond+N=onemore+N=oneother+Nc三者以上复数other+Ns=others两者单数theother+N.两者复数theother+Ns=theothers短语(1)一个…另一个…one…theother两者,one…another三者,one…andone两/三者一些…另一些…some…others(other+Ns)(2)另外几个anothertwoboys=twootherboys=twomoreboys=twoboysmore(3)互相eachother=oneanother(4)每隔一everyotherday;每几everyfewdays不定代词之后something,someone,somewhere+else疑问词之后what,who,where,when+else所有格someoneelse’s2.其余therest（整体中的剩余部分）Ihavedonemuchofthework.Couldyoupleasefinishtherestintwodays?II.不定代词1.两者:both都either之一neither都不42 三者:all所有every所有,each之一,any(任何一),some(某一)none都不2.所有人everybody=everyone≠everyoneofus;所有事everything某人somebody=someone≠someoneofus;某事something任何人anybody=anyone≠anyoneofus;任何事anything3.noone(nobody)没有人≠none没有人/没有事(强调数量)≠nothing没有事(强调一无所有)(1)Noneofuslikefootball.(2)Howmanylikefootball?Nobody(Noone).主语人(3)Howmanyfriendsdoyouhaveatschool?None.宾语人(4)Therearemanybookshere,butnoneismine.主语物(5)Canyoulendmesomemoney?None.宾语物(6)IknownothingaboutyouexceptthatyouareAmerican.一无所有短语(1)anyonebut+sb.,anythingbut+sth.决不(2)noonebut+sb,nonebut+sb,nothingbut+sth.只有(3)allbut=almost几乎4.no=nota;no=notany(1)Ihavenobook.=Ihavenotabook.(2)Ihavenobooks.=Ihavenotanybooks.5.表数量的代词(1)little几乎没有,alittle=abit(of)=alittlebit(of)一点,much,howmuch+Nu(2)few几乎没有,afew几个(少)≠several几个(多),many,howmany+Ns(3)一些some(肯定语气),any(否定疑问语气)+Ns/Nu用法(1)sofew(little/many/much)+n.(少少多多);suchlittleboys如此小的男孩(2)notalittle很多,notabit一点都不(3)only(just)alittle(few)只有几个,quitealittle(few)相当多6.完全肯定all,every,both:Allofuslikefootball.完全否定none,neither:Noneofuslikefootball.部分否定notall,every,both,always=all,every,both,alwaysnotNotallofuslikefootball.=Allofusdon’tlikefootball.III..人称代词1.排序(1)You,heandIaregoodfriends.(2)I,heandyouwillbepunishedbyourteacher.2.用法(1)Everyoneissuretotrytheirbest.(2)Thosewhowanttogoabroadpleaseraiseyourhands.Thosewhowanttogoabroadwilltrytheirbest.VI.反身代词1.主语同位语Hehimselfwentthere.2.宾语(主宾一致)Ihatemyself.短语(1)enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime=havefun玩得高兴(2)thinktoonself=saytooneself自言自语(3)oneself亲自,foroneself1)亲自,2)为自己,ofoneself1)自动,2)主动,byoneself独自VII.限定词(三种)用法：只用一个:mybestfriend(1)one’s:my,your,his,her,its,their,our(2)冠词a,an,the(3)指示代词this,that,these,thoseVIII.It的用法1.代词it:(1)代名词：it同一单数Thereisonlyonebikeintheshop,soIdon’twantit.42 they/them同一复数Someboysarecoming.Theyaremyfriends.one同类泛指单数Hehasmanytoys,soIalsowantone.theone同类特指单数Isthisfactorytheoneyouvisitedlastyear?ones同类泛指复数Bridgesmadeofstonearestrongerthanonesofwood.that:(1)同类特指不可数LifeinBeijingishigherthanthatinChongqing.(2)同类特指单数Hetoldmehisstoryandthatofhissister.≠theonethose(theones)同类特指复数ThestreetsinBeijingarewiderthanthoseinChongqing.(2)代句子：it>this/thatIhateitwhenmybabycries.this代替后面句Whathetoldmeisthis:hewantedtoleavehere.that代替前面句Hedidn’tcome.Thatiswhyhedidn’tknowit.交际中代替前面句用so---Thisisagoodschool.---Ithinkso.Ithinkso.→Idon’tthinkso=Ithinknot.Ihope(guess,believe,imagine,suppose,amafraid)so(not).注意：IneedtobuyanewcarandahousebadlybutIcan’taffordit/those.(3)代time/weather/distance(4)代小孩(5)代未知人2.引导词it（即形式主语和形式宾语，it只占位无意义）：(1)It’simportantforstudentstolearnEnglish.(形式主语)IthinkitimportantforstudentstolearnEnglish.(形式宾语)It’sfoolishofTomtomakethatmistake.(形式主语)IbelieveitfoolishofTomtomakethesamemistake.(形式宾语)(2)it特殊句型1)碰巧：Ithappensthatsb…=sbhappensto六个Ithappenedthathewassleepingwhentheteachercameintotheclassroom.=Hehappenedtobesleepingwhentheteachercameintotheclassroom.2)看起来：Itseems/appearsthatsb…=sbseems/appearsto六个Itseemsthattherehavebeengreatchanges.=Thereseemstohavebeengreatchanges.Ihadabook,butitseemstohavebeenlost=Ihaveabook,butitseemsthatithasbeenlost.3)结果：Itproves(turnsout)that…Itprovedthathehadstolenmypen.4)确保：see(toit)that…=makesurethat=checkthatWemustseetoitthatourclassroomiscleanandtidy.5)怎么会：Howcan(could)itbethat…?=Howcomethat…?Howcan(could)itbethatheleftwithoutaword?6)认为…理所当然：takeitforgrantedthat…Wetakeitforgrantedthatstudentsshouldworkhard.7)我突然想到：Itoccurstomethat…Itoccurredtohimthathehadn’tfinishedhiswork.8)干…没有用：It’snousedoing.9)干…是浪费时间(钱)：It’sawasteoftime(money)doing.10)难怪：Itisnowonderthat…42 3.强调句：(1)do/does/did+do强调谓语（一定/真的/的确/确实）1)Docomeontime.2)Hedoeslikefootball.3)IdidreadEnglish.(2)Itis/was…that(who主人/whom宾人)…（就）是…本句型可强调谓语之外的其他成分。如果原句为现在五时用Itis…that；如果原句为过去五时用Itwas…that。强调主语人时that可换用who；强调宾语人时that可换用whom；强调其他成分时that不能改变。陈述句:ImetTominthestreetyesterday.1)强调主语:ItwasIthat(who)metTominthestreetyesterday.强调宾语:ItwasTomthat(whom)Imetinthestreetyesterday.强调地点状语:ItwasinthestreetthatImetTomyesterday.强调时间状语:ItwasyesterdaythatImetTominthestreet.强调原因状语:Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn’tgotoschool.2)一般疑问句：Wasittheapples(that)weboughtyesterdaythatmadehimill?3)特殊疑问句：Whenwasitthathewenttoschool?Idon"tknowwhatitwasthatpreventedhimfromcoming.4)主谓一致：(Itis)I(who)amright.5)反义疑问句：Itwasyesterdaythathecried,wasn’tit?6)与定语从句区别：Itwasin2000thathewenttocollege.(强调句)Itwas2000whenhewenttocollege.(定语从句)ItwasinParisthathemetTom.(强调句)ItwasPariswherehemetTom.(定语从句)7)not…until三句型Hedidn’tgotobeduntilFathercameback.(陈述句)NotuntilFathercamebackdidhegotobed.(倒装句)Itwasn’tuntilFathercamebackthathewenttobed.(强调句)8)Itmust(may/might/could)beTomwho(that)likesswimming.一定(可能)是Itmust(may/might)havebeenTomwho(that)stolethebook..一定(可能)是专项三　AdjectiveandAdverb（形容词与副词）I.合成形容词：只能在名词前做定语1.three-year-old≠threeyearsold（形容词短语）Heisa20-year-oldboy.(定语)=Heisaboy20yearsold.(定语)2.white-haired,three-legged,yellow-skinnedwarm-hearted,kind-hearted,warm(cold)-blooded,注意：小名词是中心名词一部分。但是：20storey=20-storeyed3.face-to-face≠facetoface(ad.)Let’shaveaface-to-facetalk.(定语)=Let’talkfacetoface.(状语)hand-in-hand/arm-in-arm/heart-to-heart/mouth-to-mouth/side-by-side=shoulder-to-shoulder4.good-looking,ugly-looking,ordinary-looking,nice-tasting,sweet-smelling（逆译）5.English-speaking,history-making,man-eating（逆译）6.ice-covered,grass-covered7.newly-built,newlypublished,well-dressed,poorly-dressed,highly-developed8.rapidly-increasing,rapidly-developing,ever-lasting,long-standing42 9.environmentally-friendly10.airproof,bulletproof,fireproof,waterproofII.词序：1.all分限序基,描大长高形,新温色国材用名alltheselastfewsunnydaysmyfirstfewgoodEnglishfriends注意：都是描绘性形容词以字母少多排序atalldarkhandsomeman浅色:afinelightbluetable；深色:abrightredflag,adarkbluebowl2.somethinggood（形容词修饰不定代词要放后）3.enough(1)enoughfood=foodenuogh;(2)goodenough;(3)wellenough4.present(1)peoplepresentatthemeeting出席会议的人们;(2)presentpeople现在的人们III.程度副词1.原级前程度词(1)rather/fairly相当：rathercold(贬义)；fairlycool(褒义)(2)very=most=pretty非常It’mostkindofyou.(3)so=as=this=that如此,那么+adj./adv.:Canyourunso(as/this/that)fast?such如此+n.:suchaboy;suchgoodboys(4)too=fartoo=muchtoo=rathertoo=alittletoo太1)too…todo太…而不能：Youaretooyoungtojointhearmy.2)enoughtodo足够…能：Youareoldenoughtojointhearmy.3)onlytoo…todo太…而要：Iamonlytoopleasedtojointhearmy.4)can"t...too=can"tenough再…都不过分Youcan’tbetoopolitetocustomers.=Youcan’tbepoliteenoughtocustomers.(5)quite十分understand,follow,possible,right,true,correct,differentIdon’tquitefollowyou.Whatyousaidisquiteright.(6)well很fitsbwell,understandwell,bewellworthdoing,bewellfamous(known)wellabove(below),bewellinformedof=knowsb.(sth.)well(7)much=toomuch=prettymuch很:thesame,similar,alikemuch=verymuch非常Iverymuchloveyou.=Iloveyouverymuch.修饰动词muchtoone"sjoy=toone’sgreatjoy修饰插入语相应四词词组序:(1)averygoodboy=quitea(good)boy(2)afairlygoodboy;ratheracoldday=arathercoldday(3)suchagoodboy=so(as/this/that)goodaboy=onesuchgoodboy(4)nosuchgoodboy；nosuchgoodboy(s)；2suchgoodboys(5)toohotaday(6)whata(good)boy=howgoodaboy(7)acertainboy；2certainboys2.比较级前程度词(1)alittle=a(little)bit一点:Heisalittletallerthanme.(2)even>still甚至:Heiseventallerthanme.(3)some/any一些:Areyouanybettertoday?(4)alot多/many+(Ns):Ihavemanymorefriendsthanyou.much=rather=far≈byfar:Heismuchhappier(byfarthehappier)thanbefore.3.最高级前程度词42 (1)byfar无义表强调Heisbyfarthetallestinourclass.(2)序数词TheChangjiangRiveristhethirdlongestriverintheworld.IV.形容词的句法功能：1.定语：Heisa20-year-oldboy.=Heisaboy20yearsold.(形容词短语做定语放名词后)2.表语：Heisveryhandsome.3.宾语补足语/主语补足语:(见2页)(1)Thebeautifulmusicmadehimrelaxed.Heshotthedogdead.Heboughttheapplescheap.(2):Hewasmadehappy.4.状语(1)形容词放动词后做伴随状况状语,这时不能与副词作状语混淆Hewenttobed,coldandhungry.Theleaderssatintheirofficelazy.Hestoodstillintherainwaitingforhislover.Thesunrisesredintheeasteverymorning.Helayontheground,unabletospeak.(2)情感形容词放句首做原因状语Afraidoftrouble,hewouldn’taccepttheduty.Disappointedatthenews,hecriedinpublic.Fulloffear,heranwildlybacktohiscave.V.副词的句法功能：1.状语:修饰动词,形容词和副词Heworksveryhard.2.定语:副作定语放名词后Hestaredattheschoolnearby(thenearbyschool).3.评价状语于句首对整个句子进行评价Surprisinglyhefailedinthefinalexam.=Itwassurprisingthathefailedintheexam.Fortunatelyhesurvivedthefire.=Itwasfortunatethathesurvivedthefire.VI.句型1.倍数:(1)twice+aslargeas:Ourschoolistwiceaslargeastheirs.(2)twice+largerthan:Thecarrunsmanytimesfasterthanthebike.(3)twice+thesizeofsb.:Mypenisthreetimesthepriceofyours.HegavemetwicethebookthatIneeded.(4)twice+one’ssize:I’mtwiceyourage.=I’mtwicetheageofyou.=I’mtwiceasold(asyou).注意：double直接表示两倍:Thespeedofthiscardoublesthatofyours.2.as…as…>so…as…与…一样:HeisasagoodboyasTom.3.nomorethan两个都不:Ididnobetter(worse)thanyou.4.notmorethan=lessthan比不上:HeisnottallerthanMary=HeislesstallthanMary.5.nolessthan两个都:HeisnolessfamousthanJordan.6.themore(ofthetwo)两者之间较…的一个:Whichisthebigger,LondonorParis?7.themore…themore…=…more,themore…越…就越…(1)Themorewelookedather,thebetterwelikedher.(2)Welikedherbetter,themorewelookedather.(3)Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.注意时态8.比较表最高：42 (1)较级用于否定句Youcan’tfindabetterschoolinChongqing.I’veneverspentamoreworryingday.Ilovenothingmore(less)thanthat.(2)比较自己之外的所有对象Chinaislargerthananyothercountry/(anyof)theothercountriesinAsia.ChinaislargerthananycountryinAfrica.Heismorehandsomethananyoneelseinhisclass.VII.词组1.more…than…=rather…than…=notsomuch…as…与其说…不如说(1)Heismorelazythanstupid.(2)Heisratherateacherthanafriend.(3)(Itis)notsomuchwhathesays(that)isimportantaswhathedoesforothers.2.as…as达=uptoasmuchas50dollars;asmanystudentsas50=asmanyas50studentsasearlyas10yearsold;aslateas12o’clockasfarasthebank;aslongas5hours;asoftenastwiceaweek;注意：aswellas(1)adv和一样好(2)prep.之外还有asgoodas(1)adj.和一样好(2)adv.几乎=allbut=almost3.as…aspossible(assb.can):尽可能…(1)Youcanreadasmanybooksaspossible(asyoucan).(2)Theenemiesranawayasfastaspossible(astheycould).(3)justthe=thevery=therightadj.恰好的It’sjustthethingI’mlookingfor.(4)rightadv.恰好地I’mrightherewaitingforyou.　　　　　　　专项四　NounandPreposition（名词与介词）(一)Noun（名词）I.绝对不可数:traffic,weather,news,furniture,equipment,health,damage,harm,music,fun,advice,progress,information,luggage=baggage考点:(1)无a/an:Whatfineweather(2)无Ns(3)apieceofmusicII.相对不可数:1.物质名词：tea,silk,fruit,fertilizer…考点:物质名词加复数表示各种各样:illnesses各种病症2.抽象名词：surprise,success,knowledge…(1)抽象名词前加不定代词表示具体的一人一事BaxianHighSchoolisasuccess.Heisasuccess.(2)of+抽象名词=a+抽象名词=adj.beofgreathelptosb=begreatlyhelpfultosb=beagreathelptosbofvalue=valuable;ofuse=useful;ofdifference=differentofimportance=important;ofinterest=interesting=offun≠funnyIII.名词的句法功能：1.主语:Thebookisourfriend.2.宾语:Ilovethebook.3.表语:Thisisabook.4.宾语补足语/主语补足语：maken.n,leaven.n,choosen.n.,electn.n,calln.n.,namen.n(1)Ican’tunderstandwhypeopleelectedhimPresident.(宾语补足语)(2)HewaschosenmonitorofClassTwelve.(主语补足语)42 5.名词作定语：(1)所属：1)myfather’sshoe2)afriendofmine=oneofmyfriends3)afriendofmyfather’s=oneofmyfather’sfriends4)TomandMary’sbooks≠Tom’sandMary’sbooks(2)类别twoappletrees,twomen(women)teacher,twoboy(girl)students(3)时间atwo-dayleave=atwodaysofleave=atwodays’leave(4)地点China’sleader≠Chinesepeople(二)Preposition（介词）I.介词的句法功能1.定语:Themanwithglassesisourphysicsteacher.2.状语:Heisreadingintheclassroom.3.表语:Heisintheclassroom.4.补语:Heisfoundintheclassroom.II.灵活用法1.beyond(1)beyondone’sreach超越(2)beyondtheriver在…那边(3)beyondbedtime之后2.with(1)withfear因为(2)withglasses戴着(3)withbooks带着(4)withfriends和3.without(1)withoutme不干(2)withoutyourhelp=butforyourhelp如果不是4.for(1)foraholiday干(2)forthepeople为了(3)for$5=atthepriceof$5以…的价格5.against(1)againstthesky在蓝天衬托下(2)againstone’swill违背(3)againstthedoor背对；背靠≠oppositethedoor面对6.as(1)asateacher作为≠like(suchas)ateacher象(2)asachild当7.on>upon(1)on/uponhisarrival一…就(2)onSundaynight具体某天早中晚(3)lieonone’shead头倒立(接着地的部位)8.at(1)at(thesoundof)thenews在听到;at(thesightof)redlights在看到;at(thethoughtof)thefamily在想到(2)atthemeeting在公开场合9.across(1)acrossthestreet过街(2)acrossthestreet在街对面(3)acrosstheworld全世界10.by(1)到…为止arriveby6o’clock修饰瞬间动词≠waituntil6o’clock修饰延续动词(2)差距riseby5meters上升了五米≠riseto5meters上升到五米(3)abookbyMarx马克思写的书≠abookonMarx关于马克思的书(4)按…计算byweight,bythepound？(5)Whatdoyoumeanbythat?你那是什么意思(6)What’thetimebyyourwatch?11.from(1)from从…开始(一般时态)≠since自从…到某时为止(完成时)(2)fromfaraway(跟副词)(3)frombehindthedoor（跟介词短语）12.over(1)overtwoyears=duringtwoyears在…期间(2)overtwoyears过两年Eggswillrotoverseveraldays.(3)overalongdistance越过一长段距离(4)avictory/advantage/rule/controloversb/sth.优于13.in(1)intheroom=insidetheroom在…里面≠intotheroom=insidetheroom进…里42 MayIcomeinto(inside)theroom?=MayIcomein?(adv.)(2)inpieces成为碎片(状态)≠intopieces成为碎片(动作)注意:inhalf=intohalves成两半(3)在…之内intwoyears=withintwoyears(4)穿着in=dressedinagirlinwhite14.off(1)脱离Hefelloffthebike.(2)远离=awayfrom≠away(adv.)Ashipsankoffthecoast.15.outof(1)在外;出外outoftheroom=outsidetheroom≠out(adv.)(2)超出outofone’sreach=beyondone’sreach16.to(1)在伴奏下dancetomusic(2)去gotoschool(3)适合口味toone’staste17.inthedirectionof=toward(s)朝…方向18.around(round)(1)大约在aroundfiveo’clock(2)在周围aroundtheschool19.nextto=closeto=by=beside在旁边≠near在附近20.(1)between1)两者之间2)三者以上的两者之间(2)among三者以上之间；(3)inthemiddleof=atthecenterof在中心21.(1)on上,beneath下(有接触)(2)over正上,under正下(无接触)(3)above(1)斜上(无接触)(2)高于；below(1)斜下(无接触)(2)低于22.通过方式(抽象)byworkinghard≠throughpractice≠withapen用工具=inink用材料≠inEnglish用语言23.通过(具体)past旁边≠pass(v.),across平面≠cross(v.),through里面,over空中,by(1)旁边;(2)里面24.在…前(1)地点aheadof=infrontof(外部)≠inthefrontof(内部)(2)时间aheadoftime25.在…后in2years(将来时)≠after2years=2yearslater(过去时)≠aftersupper(时间点)26.按照accordingto=intermof27.虽然,尽管despite=inspiteof≠不管,不顾regardlessof28.鉴于,考虑到inviewof=inconsiderationof29.遍及allover=through=across=around30.沿着along(平行)≠up(向上)≠down(向下)31.关于asto=in(with)relationto=withregardto=concerning=(on专业/about业余)32.对于asfor=to=for33.与…相同aswith=incommonwith34.instepwith与…同步≠inpeacewith与…和平相处≠inharmonywith与…和谐协调35.因为dueto=owingto=with>becauseof=asaresultof=onaccountof=thanksto36.而不是ratherthan>insteadof>inplaceof37.notratherthan正是≠no(…)otherthan只有38.(1)除了otherthanconj.(2)除了exceptthat/exceptwhen/exceptwhere+句子IknownothingaboutyouexceptthatyouarefromAfrica.I’malwaysbusyexceptwhenmybabyisasleep.Ourschoolisbeautifulexceptwherethereisrubbish.(3)除了exceptfor+不同类名词42 Yourcompositionisverygoodexceptforafewmistakes.(4)之外还有besides=aswellas=inadditionto=apartfrom=togetherwith=alongwith+同类名词Fifty-ninestudentswenttothecinemabesidestheteacher.（60人）(5)包括including+同类名词Fifty-ninestudentswenttothecinemaincludingtheteacher.（59人）(6)不包括except=but=asidefrom+同类名词Fifty-ninestudentswenttothecinemaexcepttheteacher.（59人）39.身上on(about/with)sb.(外部)；in(inside)sb(内部)40.plus=addedto加；minus减；multipliedby=times乘；dividedby除41.upsidedown上下颠倒；insideout内外颠倒42.upanddown=backandforth=toandfro上上下下,前前后后,左左右右≠toandfrom来来往往onone’swaytoandfromschool上下学的路上III.固定用法1.befamous(known)for以而著名；as做而著名；to被所知2.intheeast在内；ontheeast相接；totheeast相隔3.bythesideoftheroad在路的旁边；onthesideoftheroad在路的某一半边4.inthecorneroftheroom在屋子的角落；onthecornerofthetable在桌子的角落；atthestreetcorner在街道角落；(a)roundthecorner(1)转过角落(2)即将到来5.atwork=on(about)thejob上班6.ontheschoolteam在校队7.findajobwithaschool在学校找到工作8.atthespeedof以…速度；withall所有,great大,lightening闪电般的speed9.attherateof以…比率;atareasonablecost(price)以合理价格;atone’sownexpense自费10.(1)thekey(answer,response,solution)to(2)hometo(of)(3)onone’svisit(way,road,trip,journey,voyage,tour)to(4)atthedoor(gate,entrance)to(of)(5)aninvitation,introduction,contributionto11.theticketfortomorrow,aplanforstudy,informationforsth12.theproblem(thematter,thetrouble)withsb专项五　Verb（动词）(一)LinkVerb（连系动词）1.be状态2.look+adj.≠appear(tobe)+adj.≠seem(tobe)+adj.看起来(Vi:看lookatsb.;Vt:打量looksb.upanddown)(Vi:appear出现)(1)lookfine外在appearblue与真实情况相反seemcalm与真实情况相同注意：Heisalreadyfifty,buthedoesn’tlookhisage.(2)Itappears(seems,looks)asif(asthough)itisgoingtorain.(3)Itappears(seems)thatsb…=sbseems(appears)to六个Itseemsthathehasknownthesecret.=Heseemstohaveknownthesecretsmell+adj.闻起来smellsweet(n.气味;Vt.闻smellanapple)taste+adj.尝起来tastegood(n.口味,味道;Vt.尝tasteacake)feel+adj.摸起来feelsmooth;+adj.感觉feelcold(Vt.抚摩feelyou;Vi.摸索feelforakey)sound+adj.听起来soundsweet(n.声音;Vt.按响;adj.合理的;adv.充分地besoundasleep)42 3.get+adj.变得getwarm(Vt.得到;Vt.使；Vi.逐渐gettodo)become+adj.变得becomeangry;+n.变成becomeateacherturn+adj.变成turngreen;+n.变成turnteacher;turn16变成16岁(Vt.转动turnback)make+n组成makeateam;+n.变成makeateacher(Vt.制造;Vt.使)grow+adj.变得growtall(Vt.种;Vi生长growup;逐渐growtodo)go+adj.变成gobad(Vi说asasayinggoes;Vi去)come+adj.变成cometrue(Vi来;逐渐cometodo)run+adj.变得runwild(Vi.跑；运行；流淌；褪色；Vt.经营，管理)fall+adj.变得fallill,fallasleep(Vi陷入fallinlovewith;Vi落下falldown)4.remain+adj.=bestill依然是:Tenyearshaspassed,butyouremainyoung.Vi.=stillstay依然呆在:Schoolwasover,butheremainedatschoolVi.=beleft被剩下:TheyrushedtosavewhatremainedoftheWorldBuilding.stay+adj.依然是:Ourschoolstaysthesameasitwas40yearsago.Vi.停留:PleasestaywhereyouaresothatIcanfindyouinawhile.keep+adj.保持:Wouldyoubesokindastokeepquiet?Vt.喂养/拥有:Hekeptthreehundredpigs.Vt.使:Wekeepourlightsburningalldaylong.continue+adj.保持:Itwillcontinuehotforsomedays.Vi.=goon继续：HecontinuedtolearnEnglishafterleavingschool.5.prove(tobe)=turnout(tobe)(1)+adj.被证明是(结果是):Theboyproves(tobe)good.+n.被证明是(结果是):Theboyturnsout(tobe)agoodboy.Itproves(turnsout)thatsb…结果:ItprovedthatTomwashonest.(2)Vt.prove证明:Hisresearchandexperimentsprovedtheoldtheory.Theoldtheorywasprovedbyhisresearchandexperiments.(二)成功动词1.beableto(成功)>can(未知是否成功)2.managetodo=succeedindoing成功地干(成功)→trytodo努力干(未知是否成功)3.persuadesb.todo=talksb.intodoing=reasonsb.intodoing说服某人干(成功)→trytopersuadesb.todo=advisesb.todo劝说某人干(未知是否成功)(三)非延续性动词与延续性动词1.动词还可分为非延续性动词与延续性动词，非延续性动词不能用于时间段2.常见时间段表达：howlong,for2days,sincehecame,until5o’clock,over3years,during2days,3.常见非延续性动词get,receive,give,put,bring,take,find,land,takeoff,geton,getoff…4.非延续性动词与延续性动词交换：(1)borrow,buy→keep(2)return→beback(3)die→bedead(4)become→be(5)join→beamemberof(6)leave=beoff→beawayfrom(7)arrive,reach,come,go→bein(8)begin(start)todo→do(9)getintouchwith→keepintouchwith(10)catchupwith→keepupwith(11)finish→befinishedwith(12)face→befacedwith(13)marrysb.=getmarriedtosb.→bemarriedtosb.(14)engagesb.=getengagedtosb.→beengagedtosb.42 (四)反身动词seat坐,settle=station驻扎,安置,situate=locate坐落,hide藏,prepare准备,devote贡献,dress穿,lose失去,adapt适应，concern关心1.一般动词用法：dosb/dosth.Heseatedhismotherinthechair.Idressmybabyeverymorning.IdevoteeveryminutetolearningEnglish.Ipreparedaspeech.Ihidanappleformydaughter.2.反身动词用法：(1)谓语形式dooneself=bedone:Hewasseated(seatedhimself)intheclassroomreading.Weareconcerned(concernourselves)abouttheyounggeneration.Wehavetobeadapted(adaptourselves)todifferentsituations.Wewillbedevoted(devoteourselves)totheParty.Wehavebeenprepared(preparedourselves)forthecomingexam.(2)非谓形式done=doingoneselfSeated(Seatinghimself)intheroom,hereadEnglish.Lost(Losinghimself)inthought,hefellover.Dressed(Dressingherself)inwhite,sheispretty.Isawhimhidden(hidinghimself)behindthedoor.Thereare50soldiersstationed(stationingthemselves)inChongqing.专项六Tenseandvoice（时态与语态）(一)Tense（时态）I.现在五时1.一般现在时(1)客观规律：Theearthturnsaroundthesun.交通时刻表：Theplaneleavesat4o’clock.日程安排表：Ourheadmastermeetstheforeignguestsat2tomorrowafternoon.现在的情况：Mywatchdoesn’twork.我的表坏了。注意：Mywatchwon’twork.我的表总是坏的。(本句是现在时will是情态动词表习惯)(2)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示将来I’llgoifyoucometomorrow.如果你将来注意：Ifyouwillcome,Iwillbeveryhappy.如果你愿意来(现在时will是情态动词表意愿)2.现在进行时(1)强调现在时间里正在进行的动作：Heiswritingacomposition.(2)瞬间动词用于进行时态表将来：Heisleaving.他将离开(3)bealwaysdoing总是干(表强烈情感)：Youarealwaysmakingtrouble.mustn"talwaysbedoing千万不要总是干：Youmustn’talwaysbeplayingcomputergames.(4)bebeing正表现：---IsJackstillthatnaughty?---Notalways.Look!Heisbeingagoodboy.3.现在将来时(1)will/shalldo将干(主观)：Ourteacherisill,andIwillgotoseehim.(2)begoingtodo早打算干(主观)：Whatareyougoingtodowhenyougrowup?(3)beabouttodo=beonthepointofdoing即将干(不能跟具体时间)(主观)42 Heisabouttoleave.(4)be(due,bound,supposed)todo计划(约定/理应)干(客观)WearetovisittheGreatWalltomorrow.4.现在完成时have(has)done(1)到现在为止(发生在过去持续到现在)：Ihavewaitedforyou2hours.(2)对现在有影响(发生结束在过去≠过去时)---Wherehaveyouputthebook?Iwanttouseit.（有影响）---Iputitonthedesk,butit’sgonenow.（无影响）(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示将来完成Iwon’tbelieveyouuntilIhaveseenyouinthebottlewithmyeyes.直到我亲眼将已看到你在瓶子里我才相信你。5.现在完成进行时have(has)beendoing到现在为止且正干Ithasbeenrainingfor2daysandIdon’tknowwhenitwillstop.II.过去五时1.一般过去时did;was(were)Ineverthoughtyouwouldcome.Ididn’trecognizeyou.2.过去进行时：was(were)doing见现在进行时Sorry,Iwasn’tlistening(noticing).3.过去将来时：见现在将来时4.过去完成时：haddone(1)到过去为止(必须有过去动作或时间作为前提)Theyhadpassedseveralvillagesbeforetheygottoschool.(2)希望,计划,打算,认为等动词用于过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望计划打算等。(hope,think,plan,want,mean,intend,suppose…)Ihadhopedtoseeyouyesterday,butIwasbusy.本希望5.过去完成进行时：hadbeendoing到过去为止且正干MylostdaughterhadbeencryinglongwhenIfoundherinthecrowd.III.将来两时1.将来进行时：wllbedoing将正干(与将来时时间状语相同,强调正干)Iwillbesleepingat8thisevening.2.将来完成时：willhavedone将已干(到将来某时为止)IwillhavemasteredEnglishwellbythetimeIgraduatefromuniversity.IV.灵活运用时态1.主句为过去五时之一时，宾语从句必须过去五时之一，客观规律除外(1)Ididn’tknowyouwouldcome.(2)Hetoldmetheearthcirclesthesun.2..before,after,assoonas等连词本身表示时间先后，不必用完成时表示先后。HelearnedEnglishbeforehecametoschool.Hehadsupperafterhetookashower.HebegantoreadEnglishassoonashegottoschool.3.Itisthesecondtime(that)hehasmetTom.Itwasthesecondtime(that)hehadmetTom.Itwillbethelasttime(that)Iwillgiveyoualesson.42 IstillrememberthatwasthefirsttimeIhaveplayedapartinafilm.4.Itisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.Itwasthebestfilm(that)Ihadeverseen.Ithinkitwasthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen5.Bythetimehewas14yearsold,hehadmasteredEnglishwell.BythetimeIgoton,thebuswasalreadyrathercrowded.BythetimeIheardhisangryvoiceonthephone,IsensedIwouldbebeaten.6.Itwillbe3yearsbeforeheleavesschool.还有三年他就要毕业。7.(1)Itis(hasbeen)3yearssincehejoinedthearmy.(干了)他参军三年了。（到现在为止）Itis(hasbeen)3yearssincehewasinthearmy.(没干)他退伍三年了。（到现在为止）(2)Itwas(hadbeen)5yearssincehehadleft.他离开五年了。(干了)（到过去为止）Itwas(hadbeen)5yearssincehehadsmoked.他戒烟五年了。(没干)（到过去为止）(二)PassiveVoice（被动语态）连系动词+done都是被动。1.被动的延续性和非延续性由连系动词决定。如：getdone（非延续动词）；bedone（延续动词）；remaindone（延续动词）2.被动的时态由主动的时态相应变化如：bebeingdone正被干；betobedone将被干；have/hadbeendone已被干3.以下重点词只有主动，谓语非谓语皆如此：(1)remain依然是；仍然停留；被留下：Idon’tlikewhatremainsoftheapple.(2)belongtosb属于：Thebookbelongstome.(3)last持续：Themeetingwilllast2hours.(4)takeplace,breakout,burstforth,occur,happen,goon,comeabout发生：Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceliberation.4.以下重点词主被动看具体情况，谓语非谓语皆如此：(1)prove,look,smell,sound,feel,taste…以上词为连系动词时只有主动被证明是(只有主动)：Whathesaidproved(tobe)sound.他的话被证明是可靠的。证明：Thetheorywasprovedbysomestudents.理论被一些学生证明了。(2)sell,wash,read,write,wear,keep,cook,open…表属性或特征只有主动，表动作有被动Thebooksellswell,andallthebookshavebeensoldout.(3)spread蔓延:Thefirespreadwildlyacrossthevillage.(只有主动)传播:Thenews(was)spreadthroughouttheschool.(主被动皆可)(4)blame责备:Youaretoblame.你该受责备。(只有主动)责备:Iwasblamedbymyfather.我被爸爸责备了。(5)hang悬挂:Mycapishangingfromthetree.(hung,hung只有主动)绞死:Thespywashangedatsunrise.(hanged,hanged)(6)burn燃烧:Thesun/light/stoveisburninghot.(只有主动)烧毁:Ahousewasburned.房子被烧了。(7)fix(focus)集中,聚焦:One’seyesbefixedupon(on)sth.=Sb.fixone"seyeson(upon)sth.Hiseyeswerefixeduponthebook.他注视着书。(8)impress留下印象：Sb.beimpressedwithsth.=Sth.impresssb.ForeignguestswereimpressedwithrapiddevelopmentinChina.5.以下三词动词有两种被动：Goodusemustbemadeoftimetostudy.=Timemustbemadegooduseoftostudy.42 makeuseof=takeadvantageof利用；payattentionto=takenoticeof注意catchsight(aglimpse)of突然看见；putanendto结束setfireto放火烧makeafoolof嘲弄，欺骗takecareof照顾；takeholdof抓住turnadeafearto对…根本不听keepaneyeon(1)照看；(2)密切注视；专项七非谓（ing分词/ed分词/不定式）(一)形式概念(11个)：1.将干todo2.将被干tobedone3.同时干(正干)tobedoing(固定短语);doing4.同时被干(正被干)beingdone(定语);done（状语）5.一直正干tohavebeendoing(固定短语);havingbeendoing6.已干tohavedone(固定短语);havingdone7.已被干tohavebeendone(固定短语);havingbeendone(状语);done(定语)(二)句法功能(主语，表语，宾语，定语，状语，补语，插入语)I.主语和表语1.Whathewantstosayistohavearest.（一次性）注意：Whathewantstodoishavearest.（do/does/did）2.WhatIloveisswimming.（习惯性）3.Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.(保持一致)II.宾语1.agree同意,fail失败,manage成功,afford有钱(时间),offer主动…todo2.suggest建议,advise建议,avoid避免,mind介意,enjoy喜欢,appreciate感激,practise练习，escape逃避,forgive原谅,excuse原谅,imagine想象,risk冒险,permit允许,allow允许,forbid禁止,finish完成,delay耽搁,resist抑制keep保持,admit承认,deny否认+doing(1)advise,allow,permit,forbidsbtodoWedon’tallowsmokinghere.Studentsarenotallowedtosmokehere.(2)suggest,hope,agree,demandsbtodo错误建议某人干advisesb.todo=suggestone’sdong希望某人干wishsb.todo=expectsb.todo允许某人干allowsb.todo=permitsb.todo要求某人干demandofsb.todo=requireone’sdoing3.begin,start,continuetodo=doing4.like,dislike,love,hatetodo(一次性)≠doing(习惯性)Ilikeswimming,butIdon’tliketoswimtoday.5.(1)remember,forget,regret+todo记住/忘记/遗憾去干(未干)remember,forget,regret+doing=havingdone记住/忘记/后悔干过(干了)(2)preferdoing…(todoing)喜欢干…(超过干…)prefertodo…(ratherthando…)宁愿干…(而不愿干…)(3)stoptodo停下来干；stopdoing停止干(4)considerdoing考虑干…considersbtobe=x>as认为…是Wecosiderhimtobe(x/as)ourgoodfriend.considersbto六个认为…干Marieisconsideredtohavediscoveredradium.(5)trydoing试着干；trytodo努力干42 (6)meandoing意味着干；meantodo打算干(7)want,need,requiredoingmissing=lost不见的≠missed错过的≠losing输了的(3)ademandingjob困难的≠ademandedjob被要求的(4)aseparatecountry独立的≠aseparatedcountry分裂的(5)adevelopingcountry发展中的≠adevelopedcountry发达的(6)anadvancingarmy前进中的≠anadvancedteacher先进的≠advancedEnglish高级的(7)aboycalled(named)Tom名叫≠aboycallinghimselfTom自称42 (8)light1)lighted,lighted非谓alightedhouse=aburninghouse烧着的≠aburnthouse烧毁的2)lit,lit谓语Helitahouse.(9)Ilikethecoathangingoutside.（只主动的动词）(10)Ilikethecakesmellingdelicious.（只主动的动词）IV.不定式和分词做状语：1.目的,结果,伴随,并列谓语之区别(1)目的:todo强调将干:Hewenthometogetmoney.(2)结果:(only)todo:Hewenthome,(only)tofindmoneygone.(3)伴随:doing强调同时干；done同时被干；adj.同时状态Hestayeduplate,preparinganewlesson.(主动动作)Hespentthewholedaylocked(被动动作)intheroomreading(主动动作)English.Hestoodthere,happy.(同时状态)(4)并列谓语:anddo，强调先后：Hewenttotown,boughtabookandleft.他上街接着买书然后离开。比较：Hestoodatthedesk,cryingandtrembling.他站在桌旁边同时哭同时抖。2.时间,原因,条件,方式,让步：先找准逻辑主语(非谓的逻辑主语是句子的主语)→判断是否非谓→语态(由逻辑主语确定)→时态(由谓语动词确定)(1)时间:Hearingthenews,theygotexcited.(2)原因:Havingbeenbittenbyasnake,shewasfrightenedatit.Notknowingtheaddress,hehaddifficultyfindingherhouse.(同时干)Movedbyhiswords,thegirlcried.(同时被干)(3)条件:Givenachance,Icansurprisetheworld.(4)方式:Hecamerunningtoschool.(5)让步:Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.V.宾补/主补:非谓用于宾补/主补实际上记住表感观/使役/情感的动词固定短语1.感观动词see,hear,notice,watch,observe,find,feel,catch…主要考查其宾补的形式A:(1)seesb.do干了:Iheardhersingasweetsong.(2)seesb.doing正干:Hewascaughtcheatingintheexam.(3)seesb.done被干:Theyaretalkingabouttheplan(that)wewanttoseecarriedoutnextyear.B:(1)beseentodo被看见干了:Hewasnoticedtostealawatchandsenttoprison.(2)beseendoing被看见正干:Hewascaughtcheatingintheexam.(3)beseendone被看见被干:Hewasseenbeatenbyhisfather.注意：宾补为两个以上动作时要符合逻辑1)seesbdoanddo:IsawTomclimbupthetreeandpickupanapple.2)seesb.doinganddoing:Isawhimjumpingandcrying.2.使役动词make=have=getsbdoing(句中末)Hiseasilycatchingcoldworriedhismother.Wouldyoumindmy/mesmokinghere?CanyouhearthenoiseofdesksbeingopenedI’mdreamingoftherebeingachanceformeofgoingabroad.II.非谓的否定Nottodo,Notknowingtheaddress,Neverhavingbeenabroad,=Havingneverbeenabroad,(四)特殊考点I.独立主格：是完整句子的意思,但不是句子而是词组,替换主语不同的并列分句,状从或定从。1.with+n.+todo42 (1)将被干Ican’tgooutwithsomuchworktodo.(2)将干Icanfinishtheworkintimewithmyteachertohelpme.2.(with)+n.+doing同时干(With)thePartyleadingus,wehavewonvictoryaftervictory.Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalk.3.(with)+n.+beingdone同时被干Withthedoorbeingknockingat,herheartbeatfaster.4.(with)+n.+done已被干(With)treesandflowersplantedeverywhere,ourschoolisbeautiful.5.with+n.+adj.Iliketohaveclasseswiththedooropen.6.with+n.+adv.Iliketobeasleepwiththelightsoff.7.with+n.+prep.+n.Hecameinwithabookinhishand.II.非谓用于状从特殊句：替换主语相同的相应的状语从句（连词+todo,doing,done）必须保证主从主语相同1.Youmustlookoutwhencrossingthestreet.2.Waterwillboilifheated.3.Thetigerisveryangryasiftobitesomeone.Youmustdoeverythingastoldto.BaxianMiddleSchoolismuchbetterthanexpected.Thebookisreallygoodasadvertised.Wewon’tlosehearteventhoughbeaten.Thewoundedsoldierwillsurelydieifleftuntreated.Shewon’tsayanythingunlessspokento.III.疑问词+todo=N.做主语或宾语1.Wheretospendthenightisabigproblem.(主语)2.Idon’tknowwhentostartourproject.(宾语)CanyougivesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish.(宾语)whattodo=howtodoit=whattodowithit=howtodealwithitwhattowriteabout,whattochoosefromwheretogo,whytoleave,whentostart,whichroomtolivein(五)常考句形1.以下句型只能用to六个(1)Sb.seems/appearsto六个=Itseems/appearsthatsb….(2)Sb.happensto六个=Ithappensthat….(3)Sb.issaid(mentioned/known/thought/believed/considered/reported/supposed…)to六个(4)wouldliketo/preferto/planto/wantto…Iplanedtohavegonetotheconcertyesterday,butIwasbusy.2.Movedbyhiswords,B.A.tearsrandownherface.B.thegirlcried.3.It’snotlikehertohavesaidthattohisparents.4.Hecoulddonothingbut/exceptcry.（do/does/did）Hecouldsaynothingbut/excepttocry.Hehadnochoice(option)buttocry.=Hecan’t(help)butcry.Thereisnochoicebuttowait.5.Whatwaycanyouthinkoftohelpme?TimeismadefulluseoftolearnEnglish.6.Howpleased(happy)Tomwastohearthenews!(原因状语)Howpleased(happy)Tomwashearingthenews.(伴随状语)42 HowhappilyTomwashearingthenews.(谓语)Sorrytotroubleyou.(将干)Sorrytohavetroubledyou.(已干)7.Thestoneistooheavytocarry.(只能主动)Englishisdifficulttolearn.(只能主动)8.Hedidwhathecouldtohelpme.Hemadelightsgivelight使灯发光Hemadelightstogivelight制造灯为照明专项八ModelVerbandSubjunctiveMood（情态动词与虚拟语气）(一)情态动词情态动词从时态入手，情态动词只有现在时，现在进行时，过去时，过去进行时I.现在时的情态动词+do（现在时）；+bedoing（现在进行时）1.need(1)需要Youneedtoworkhard.(2)不必Youneednotfeelsad.=Youdon’tneed(have)tofeelsad.(3)有必要吗Needshegoabroad?=Doessheneed(have)togoabroad?2.dare(1)敢Idareswimacrosstheriver.(2)不敢Idarenotswimacrosstheriver.=Idon’tdare(to)swimacrosstheriver.(3)敢吗Dareyouswimacrosstheriver?=Doyoudaretoswimacrosstheriver?3.may(1)许可=canYoumaygonow.(2)?征求对方意见can’t=maynot不要Youmustn’tplaywithfire.(3)非要…吗---MustIgoout?---No,youneedn’t7.should=oughtto(1)建议:应该:Youshouldworkhard.(2)责备:竟然/居然:Heshouldbesleepinginclass.8.will(1)意愿=wouldrather=preferto=wouldpreferto=would(should)like(love)toIfyouwillcome,I’llwaitforyou.(2)习惯：Iwillgetupatsix.(3)规律：Fishwilldiewithoutwater.=Fishdiewithoutwater.9.shall(1)?征求对方意见>mayShallhecomein?(2)命令：Youshallcleantheclassroom./Heshan’tgo.(3)许诺：IshallgivethebooktoyouwhenIfinishit.10.hadbetter=may(might)aswell最好≠may(might)well很可能You’dbetterworkhard.11.猜测(可能性)一层次：can(肯定)有时可能二层次：may=might=could(well)可能三层次：should=oughtto(mostprobably)应该四层次：must(肯定)一定；can=could?(否定)一定吗；can’t=couldn’t(疑问)一定不42 (1)ItcanbeverycoldinsummerhereinChongqing.(2)Hemaywellsayso.他很可能说这话。(3)Heshouldbereadingmostprobably.(4)Hemustbereading.注意：can用于肯定句可能性一层次，否定句和疑问句可能性四层次could用于肯定句可能性二层次，否定句和疑问句可能性四层次II.过去时的情态动词（一）以下情态动词+do（过去时）1.would(1)意愿IwouldgoabroadwhenIgraduatedfromcollege.(2)习惯≠usedtodo强调现在IwouldgoswimmingwhenIworkedbytheChangjiangRiver.Iusedtosmoke,butIhavegivenitup.Iusednottosmoke.=Ididn’tusetosmoke.Usedyoutosmoke?=Didyouusetosmoke?2.could有能力干sothat(只能句中)为了IshallwritedownyourtelephonenumberthatI(should)notforget.(2)lest=forfearthat担心/免得/惟恐:Putonmoreclotheslest(forfearthat)you(should)catchcold.(3)incase(that)以防/万一:Iwon’tgoouttonightincase(that)myfriends(should)come.8.祝愿:Mayyoulivelong.祝你长寿。II.虚拟条件句型（假）if=suppose=supposing1.公式：时态if状从主句现在did/werewould,could,should,might+do(bedoing)过去haddonewould(wasto/wereto/would(should)liketo)+havedone,could,should,might+havedone将来should(wereto)dowould,could,should,might+do(1)IfIwereyou,Iwoulddoitinanotherway.(2)Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhavemetyourfavoritesinger.(3)Ifyoushould(wereto)die,Iwouldbesad.2.if虚拟状从的变形(1)倒装:去掉if,用一般疑问句形式IfIwereyou,=WereIyou,Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,=Hadyoucomeyesterday,Ifyoushould(wereto)dietomorrow,=Shouldyou(Wereyouto)dietomorrow,(2)半边真实半边虚拟without=butfor+n.；or=otherwise；but；everythingtakenintoconsiderationYouhelpedmealot.Butfor(Without)yourhelp,Icouldn’thavefinishedmywork.Youhelpedmealot.Otherwise(Or)Icouldn’thavefinishedmywork.Iwouldhavecometoseeyouyesterday,butIwasbusy.Youcouldhavecaughtthefirstbus;youwenttherealittlelater.Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theywouldhaveraisedtheiroutput.(3)如果不是因为Ifitwerenotfor=Wereitnotfor;Ifithadnotbeenfor=HaditnotbeenforIfitwerenotfortherain,thecropswoulddie.Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,wecouldn’thavefinishedourworkaheadoftime.4.错综：Ifyouhadgonetobedearlierlastnight,youwouldn’tbesleepynow.42 专项九NounClauseandAttributiveClause（名词从句和定语从句）(一)名词从句首先认准是哪种从句，做主语的从句叫主语从句；谓语后的从句叫宾语从句连系动词后的从句叫表语从句；名词后表本身的从句叫同位语从句。I.关联词的选用：看该名词从句是否缺少成分，缺什么成分，再看逻辑意思。1.不缺成分和意思：that>x(宾从)Iamsurethatheisgood.2.不缺成分是否：whether>if(宾从)Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.3.缺少成分缺少意思：一切特殊疑问词(1)疑问代词what,who,whom,which,howmany,howmuch,howoldHevisitedwhatwasaschoollongago.Afterwhatseemedtobealongtime,hecried.Heisn’twhatheusedtobe.Whatsurprisedmemostisthathecried.Whatairistousiswhatwateristofish.=Airistouswhat(as/x)watertofish.Hesoldthewatchatwhatwethoughtwasreasonable.Whatthatmustbedonehasbeendone.Isittrue(that)whathedidworriedhisfather?Idon’tknowwhowillgoabroad.Whom(Who)youloveisnoneofmybusiness.Tellmewhichisthenearestwaytotheschool.Howmanywillbepresentatthemeetingisn’tdecided.MyquestionishowmuchIshallhavetopayforthat.Ihavenoideahowoldishe.(2)疑问副词when,where,how,why,howoftenWhenwearetohaveatalkisknowntoallofus.Myproblemiswherewewillgoouting.Pleasegivemesomeadviceonhowwewillspendourwinterholiday.Hedarednottelltheteacherwhyhewaslate.Don’tyouknowhowoftenyourmothercomestoschooltoseeyou?(3)what≈allthat>all≠that≠allwhatWhatglittersisn’tgold.≠Allthatglittersisn’tgold.WhatIwanttodoisgotouniversity.≠AllIwanttodoisgotouniversity.Hetoldus(you/them)allwhathadhappened.(allofus/allofyou/allofthem)4.感叹句的感叹词（多么）what,howIdon’tknowwhatprogressyouhavemade.It’swellknownhowgreatEinsteinwas.WhatIwanttosayishowprettyyouare.Wordcamewhatagoodboy(howgoodaboy)hewas.5.七个疑问词+ever:本专项里做名词从句，专项十里做让步状语从句（见35页）(1)whoever=anyonewho=hewho(主宾)>whomever(宾)单→thosewho=theoneswho复Iwillgivethebooktowhoeveryouthinkisexcellent.(宾从)Whoeverbreaksthelawissuretobepunished.(主从)42 Thosewhobreakthelawaresuretobepunished.Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisn’tatrueman.Ilovewhomever(whoever)youlove.(宾从)(2)whatever=anythingthat(单)→thosethat(复)≠whicheverWhateveryoudoisright.Ilikethosethatyoudon’tlike.(宾从)Iwantwhicheverbookyouwant.(宾从)(4)howeverwheneverwhereverIlearnhoweveryoudothework..(宾从)Yourparentsworryaboutwheneveryouarefree.(宾从)Iwillgotowhereveryougo.(宾从)II.名词从句常见句型1.主语从句后置的常用的句型,以it作形式主语：(1)Itiscertain(necessary/important/possible/probable/right/wrong…)that从句(2)Itisapity(ashame/ahonor/apleasure/asurprise…)that从句(3)It’ssaid(mentioned/known/thought/believed/considered/reported/supposed…)that从句(4)Itseems(appears/happens/proves…)that从句2.宾语从句(1)如果后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。Wemustmakeitclearthatanyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.(2)think,believe,imagine,suppose引出的宾从，要将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。Wedon’tthinkyouarehere.我们认为你不在这。(3)系表结构的宾语从句：Iamsure(certain,thankful,sorry,afraid)+(that)clauseWearesure(that)thefourmodernizationwillberealizedinChina.3.同位语从句不要与定语从句混淆:同位语从句强调本身,定从是修饰该名词Hetoldmethenewsthathewouldgoabroad.(同位语从句)WordcamethathewouldvisitChina.(同位语从句)Imadeapromisethatifhecame,Iwouldhithim.(同位语从句)Hetoldmethefactthathehadtoldalie.(同位语从句)Hetoldmethefactthat/which/xwecouldn’tbelieve.(定语从句)Hetoldmethefactthat/whichwasunbelievable.(定语从句)III.把名词句中的Ithink,doyouthink实际上是主句但理解为插入语：1.Givethebooktowhoeveryouthinkisthebest.Whatdoyouknowthewriterwilltalktoyouaboutisveryimportant.2.Wheredoyousuppose___he___thepen?A.x/boughtB.did/buy(二)AttributiveClause（定语从句）定语从句为一个句子作定语。定语从句修饰的名词叫先行词，关系词是代替先行词在定语从句中使用，关系词的选用关键在于它在定从中充当的成分。I.限制性1.限制性定从中的主语和宾语(可省略)：that>which/who/whomthat主人宾人主物宾物；who主人宾人；whom宾人；which主物宾物(1)Johnhasanunclewho/thathasastoreinNY.(主人)(2)Themanwho/whom/that/xIknowwellismyteacher.(宾人)(3)Thebuildingwhich/thatisneartheriverisourschool.(主物)42 (4)Thisistheschoolwhich/that/xwearegoingtovisitnextweek.(宾物)注意：that和which都可代物作主宾，但在下列情况下代物只能用that;(1)先行词为不定代词something,nothing,everything,anything,all时Allthatisneededisalotofmoney.(2)先行词被all,any,every,no,some修饰时Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.(3)先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰时，Thefirstplace(that)wevisitedyesterdaywastheGreatWall.Themostinterestingbook(that)Ihavereadis“GonewiththeWind”(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast修饰时TheonlybookthatinterestedmeisJaneEyre.(5)先行词既有人也有物时Thecarranoveradogandaboythatwascrossingthestreet.2.限制性定从中的定语：whose人定物定>ofwhich物定(1)Ilovetheboywhosehandwritingisgood.(2)Ilovetheroomwhosedoor(ofwhichthedoor/thedoorofwhich)isgreen.3.限制性定从中的时间状语：when=prep.+whichIcan’tforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)IjoinedtheParty.注意:先行词是时间名词,定语从句也可缺少主语或宾语(1)Istillrememberthedaywhich/thatwaswonderful.(主语)(2)Ilikethesummervacationthat/which/xIspentwithyouontheisland.(宾语)4.限制性定从中的地点状语：where=prep+whichIcan’tforgettheschoolwhere(inwhich)Iworked.注意:先行词是地点名词,定语从句也可缺少主语或宾语(1)Ican’tforgettheschoolwhich/thatisgood.(主语)(2)Ican’tforgettheschoolthat/which/xIlove.(宾语)(3)Hestoodbehindthedoor,fromwherehecouldseethestreet.5.定语从句固定句型(1)thesame...as同类≠thesamethat同一ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.这是一支与我昨天丢失的笔相同的笔。ThisisthesamepenthatIlostyesterday.这是我昨天丢失的那支笔。(2)such...as(不完整句，缺主语或宾语)≠such…that(完整句，此时为状语从句)so...as(不完整句，缺主语或宾语)≠so...that(完整句，此时为状语从句)Heissuchagoodboythatwelovehim.=Heissuchagoodboyaswelove.=Heissuchthatwelovehim.=Heisagoodboy,suchaswelove.=Heissuchaswelove.=Suchisheaswelove.=Suchishethatwelovehim.(3)reasonPleasetellmethereasonwhy(forwhich/x)hewaslate.（定从缺状语）Idon’tlikethereasonthat(which)isunbelievable.（定从缺主语）Idon’tbelievethereasonthat(which/x)hegaveme.（定从缺宾语）Thereasonisthathegotuplate.(表从)Pleasetellmethereasonforbeinglate.(4)wayHetoldmethewaythat(inwhich/x)helearnedEnglish.（缺状语）42 Ilikethewaythat(which)iswonderful.（缺主语）Idon’tlikethewaythat(which/x)hethoughtof.（缺宾语）Canyoutellmethewaytolearn(oflearning)English.(5)以下名词引导定语从句缺状语时situationwhere(inwhich),spotwhere(inwhich),casewhere(inwhich),occasionwhen(onwhich),pointwhere(onwhich)或when(atwhich)Theraremanysituationswhere(inwhich)ourabilitytobehonestisputtotest.ThecityofChongqingliesatthespotwhere(atwhich)tworiversjointogether.Thisisthecasewhere(inwhich)weshouldbepolite.Therearefewoccasionswhen(onwhich)membersareconfusedoruncertainoftheirroles.Therearepointswhere(onwhich)wediffer.Thisisaturningpointwhen(atwhich)wecansucceed.6.含介词的定从：介词后关系代词作宾语必用prep+whom/which(1)从句动词带有介词时，可以把介词放在先行词和关系词之间ThegirlwithwhomIshookhandsismyclassmate.=Thegirlthat(who/whom/x)Ishookhandswithismyclassmate.IlovethegunwithwhichIshottenenemysoldiers.=Ilovethegunthat(which/x)Ishottenenemysoldierswith.(2)如果是固定搭配,介词必须放在动词之后Isthisthewatchthat(which/x)heislookingfor?(3)注意：Mr.ZhouwhoseschoolIworkincametoseemeyesterday.=Mr.ZhouinwhoseschoolIworkcametoseemeyesterday.II.非限制性1.特点：非限制性定从一定有，代人代物做主语宾语时不许that(1)替换并列句，非限制定从一定按照并列句理解。Hewentabroadin1980,when(andthen)hewasastudent.HewenttoParis,where(andthere)hewasateacher.Itoldhimnottogooutmanytimes,which(butit)didn’twork.Theyarrivedatahouse,infrontofwhich(andinfrontofit)satasmallboy.Clinton,forwhom(andforhim)moneywasnoproblem,mademoneyallovertheworld.IdecidedtowriteaboutChaplin,oneofwhosefilmsIhadseenseveralyearsago.=IdecidedtowriteaboutChaplin,andIhadseenoneofhisfilmsseveralyearsago.(2)正规性IloveTom,whommyparentslovebetterthanme.（不能用who或省去whom）2.句子当先行，as或which，句首as>which，句中which>as(1)Heisagoodboy,whichweknow,(2)Asweknow,heisagoodboy.(3)Asisknowntousall,heisagoodboy.句型：Asissaid,=It’ssaidthat=What’ssaidisthat=sbissaidtodo(六个)It’sknownthatheisagoodboy.(主从)What’sknownisthatheisagoodboy.(主从+表从)Heisknowntobeagoodboy.(简单句)3.插入语和限制性不要误认为非限制性Temperaturedropstofreezing,(thatis)zerocentigrade.（插入语）42 Hegavemeabook(,however,)thatiswonderful.（插入语）Heishandsomeand(,what’sbetterstill)diligent.（插入语）Ilikethedog,ananimalthatisclever.（限制性）Hewantedtofindabook,onethatwasofusetohim.（限制性）(三)表示时间和地点的连词在各种句型中的运用1.Irememberwhentherewasaschoolhere.宾从=Irememberthetimewhentherewasaschoolhere.定从2.Isthisfactorytheone(that/which)youvisited?定从缺少先行词3.IsthisfactorytheonewhereyouplayedwithTom?定从缺少先行词4.Isthisfactorywhatyouvisited?表从=Isthisthefactorythat(which/x)youvisited?定从5.IsthiscitywhereyoulearnedEnglish?表从=IsthisthecitywhereyoulearnedEnglish.定从6.Treesgrowbestwhereitrainsoften.状从=Treesgrowbestinplaceswhereitrainsoften.定从7.ThepeniswhereIlaidit.表从=ThepenisintheplacewhereIlaidit.定从8.Iranwhereshewas.状从(towhereshewas.宾从/totheplacewhereshewas.定从)专项十Conjunction（连词）(一)平行词组：必须前后平行；谓语使用靠近原则1.notonly(just)…but(also)不但…而且…2.not…but不是…而是…3.notthat+从句，butthat+从句不是因为…而是因为…4.neither…nor既不…也不…5.either…or或者…或者…when)(3)来不及:TheWorldTradebuildingfelldownbeforepeoplecouldrunaway.6.after之后:Hearrivedafterthegamestarted.7.since(1)自从:It’sthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.(短干了)他参军三年了。自从:It’sthreeyearssincehewasinthearmy.(长没干)他退伍三年了。(2)既然:Sinceeveryoneishere,let’sstartourmeeting.(原因)8.bythetime到某时为止:HehadmasteredEnglishverywellbythetimehewas14.9.thefirsttime(day,month,year)第一次(天,月,年);each(every)time每次nexttime下次;(the)lasttime(最后)上一次;aboutthetime大约在那时HewasplayingfootballthefirsttimeIsawhim.10.tillas强调原因因为，前后为因果关系。IcamebacklateyesterdaybecauseIwasonduty.注意：Donot(Neverdo)…because…不要因为…而…Neverbelieveanythingjustbecauseanyotherpersonhasbelievedit.Useyourownhead.不要因为别人相信你就相信。自己要动脑。3.since=nowthat=now=seeingthat强调结果既然/鉴于：Now(that)theweatherhasclearedup,wecanstartourjourney.4.for强调解释说明,只能放在句中逗号后，解释说明前句的情况,即前句为推断的结果。因为:Wemustgetridofcarelessness,foritoftenleadstoerrors.（并列句）IV.目的状语从句:必用情态动词should,may(might),can(could)等放在动词之前1.inorderthat=that>sothat(只能句中)为了:IshallwritedownyourtelephonenumberthatImaynotforget.2.lest=forfearthat以免/担心:Putonmoreclotheslest(forfearthat)youshouldcatchcold.42 4.incase(that)以防:Iwon’tgoouttonightincase(that)myfriendsshouldcome.5.lest惟恐，免得:Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestlestit(should)gowrongontheway.V.结果状语从句:1.sothat结果：Hecameearlysothathecaughtthefirstbus.(.结果状语从句)≠Hecameearlysothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.(目的状语从句)2.so…that…=so…as(定语从句)=such…that=such…as(定语从句)如此…以致于…（见31页5点（2）小点）VI.条件状语从句:1.if=suppose=supposing=onconditionthat如果:Difficultiesarenothingifwearenotafraidofthem.2.unless如果不:Weshallgotheretomorrowunlessitrains(ifitdoesn’train).3.so(as)longas=while=onlyif只要:So(As)longasyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.4.so(as)faras(1)so(as)farasIcan/see/know…(据我所能/见/知)SofarasIknow,heiskind.(2)so(as)farassth.isconcerned（就…而言）AsfarasEnglishisconcerned,heknowsalot.5.once一旦:Onceyougototown,buymeanapple.6.ifonly（假）要是…就好了:IfonlyIcouldfly.VII.方式状语从句:1.as=(in)theway=thesamewayas=inthesamewayas象/按照:Doasyouaretoldto.2.asif=asthough好象:从句中可以用需要时态表示可能符合事实，也可以用虚拟语气。(1)Shelooksasifsheisill.（真）(2)Theytreattheblackboyasif(though)hewereananimal.（假）VIII.让步状语从句:1.though=although虽然：不能再用but,但可以与yet或still连用。(1)Although(Though)hewasoversixty,(yet)hebegantolearnFrench.(2)Although(Though)hewasoversixty,he(still)begantolearnFrench.2.whether…or…(1)无论…还是…:Whetherhedrivesortakesthetrain,he’llbehereontime.(2)或者…或者…=either…or:Hediditwhetherbyaccidentoronpurpose.3.evenif=eventhough即使:Evenif(eventhough)weachievegreatsuccess,weshouldn’tbeconceited.4.whoever>whomever,whatever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever(名从/状从)>nomatterwho/whom/what/which/how/when/where(状从)无论…(不管…)(1)WhoeverWhoevertakesupthematterforme,Ishallbeverygrateful.(2)whomeverWhomeveryoulove,Iwon’tletherentermyhouse.(3)WhateverWhateverhappenshappen,weshallnotloseheart.Whateveryouwanttobeinthefuture,youmustworkhardnow.Whatever(Howevermuch)thepencosts,Iwilltakeit.(4)WhicheverWhicheveryoulike,Iwillgiveittoyou.(5)HoweverHoweveroldyouare,I’llloveyouforever.(不管多么)However(hard)Iwork,Icouldn’tcatchupwithhim.(不管多么)Youcanfinishtheworkhoweveryouplease.(不管怎样)42 (6)WheneverWheneveryoucome,youarewelcome.(7)WhereverIwillgowhereveryougoIV.比较状语从句1.than比:HeismuchtallerthanI.2.as和…一样:Sheisasbeautifulasafilmstar.(四)平行词组.并列连词.状从连词.介词.插入语的交叉易混关系1.同时：while+从句(延续动词)≠as+从句(瞬间/延续动词)≠during+名词2.象：as+从句≠like=suchas+名词≠forexample=forinstance插入语asateacher作为一个教师≠asaboy当是孩子时3.一…就…：assoonas=themoment=theminute=thesecond=immediately=directly+从句≠on(upon)+名词≠once一旦(条件状语从句)≠assoonaspossible尽快4.因为：adj.+inthat≠because>as≠since=nowthat=now≠for+从句≠dueto/owingto/with+名词>becauseof/asaresultof/onaccountof/thanksto+名词5.然而：while+并列分句≠nevertheless插入语6.但是：but=yet=andyet+并列分句≠however=still>though插入语7.无论如何：however+从句≠anyway=anyhow插入语8.否则：or+并列分句≠otherwise=orelse插入语9.因此：so=andso+并列分句≠therefore=thus=asaresult插入语10.虽然：although=though>while≠as+从句≠inspiteof=despite+名词≠不管regardlessof11.到…为止：bythetime+从句≠by=upto+名词≠until+从句/+名词12.以防：incase(that)+从句≠incaseof+名词≠inthatcase插入语≠incase插入语13.担心：forfearthat+从句≠forfearof+名词14.如果不：unless+从句≠butfor=without+名词15.就：before>when16.第…次:thesecondtime+从句≠forthesecondtime=(for)asecondtime状语≠twice两次17.whetheror(1)无论…还是;(2)或者…或者>eitheror或者…或者18.before=notuntil才≠untill直到为止19.asfarasthebank远达≠as(so)farasIknow,就我所知20.aslongas5hours长达≠as(so)longasyouworkhard,只要专项十一SpecialPatterns(特殊句型)(一)Therebe1.Therelive/exist/stand/lie/sit…:Therestandsatalltreeonthehill.2.Theremust(oughtto/usedto)beaschoolhere.3.Therehavebeengreatchangessinceliberation.4.Thereseems/appearsto六个5.Doyoumindtherebeingabadboyhere?Doyouexpecttheretobeachanceforyoutosucceed?It’simportantfortheretobeaschoolhere.Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalk.6.Thereisnoknowingthat…不知道Thereisnodoubtthat…毫无疑问Thereisapossibilitythat…有可能Thereisnoneedtodo(ofdoing).不必干Thereisnosense(point)indoing干…无意义42 Thereisachanceofdoing.有机会干=Thereisachancethat…有机会…(二)It的特殊句型(见9页It的用法)(三)特殊疑问句1.Whatmadeyousad?---Losingmoney.Whatdoyoucomeherefor?---Goingtocollege.2.Whydoyoucomehere?---(1)Togotocollege.(2)Because…3.Howcanyougotokeyuniversity?---Byworkinghard.4.Tomistired.(1)---Ofwhat?(2)---Withwhat?5.I’llcutthetreedown.---Whatwith?6.(1)---Whobroketheglass?---.A.Theboyisplayingfootball.B.Theboyplayingfootball.(2)---Wheredidtheaccidenthappen?---Itwasatthepostofficenearthehotelwherethepeacetalkwouldbeheld.(四)反义疑问句I.祈使句1.Let’sgo,shallwe?----Letusgo,willyou?2.(You/Do/Don’t/Don’tyou)goout,willyou?II.must猜测1.mustbe和mustbedoing及其否定can’t=couldn’t用is,am,areHemust/can’tbeateacher,isn’t/ishe?2.musthavebeen用was,wereHemusthavebeenasleepyesterday,wasn’the?3.musthavedone分三种情况(1)无时间状语用have,has:Theymusthavegonetothecinema,haven’tthey?(2)过去时间用did:Hemusthavecriedyesterday,didn’the?(3)过去的过去用had:HemusthavelearnedEnglishbeforelastyear,hadn’the?III.复合句1.一人称+think,believe,suppose,imagine提问从句：Idon’tthinkitisright,isit?2.其它提问主句：Theydon’tthinkitisright,dothey?注意：Idon’tthinkhecanhavegonethereyesterday,didhe?IV.代词特殊提问1.Somebodyishere,aren’tthey?2.I’mright,aren’tI?V.以下不是反义疑问句1.---Youmustdoasyouweretoldto.---Oh,Imust,mustI?2.Iwishtohavealookatwhatyouarereading,mayI?(五)感叹句1.(1)Whatasuccess!(2)Whatboys!(3)Whatprogress!(4)Whatagoodboyheis!2.(1)Howgoodaboyheis!(2)Howgoodheis!(3)How(hard)heworks!(六)回答否定句时,yes/no反翻.1.---Hedoesn’tloveme.---No,helovesnonebuthimself.2.---Heisn’tateacher,ishe?---Yes,heisteachingusEnglish.3.---Pleasedon’tmakeanynoise.---No,Iwillbeasquietasamouse.4.---Aren’tyouastudent?难道不(否定疑问句)一般不需要回答---No,I’mateacher.(七)Omission（省略）I.状从省略evenso,sinceso,ifso,ifnot,ifnecessary,ifany,wheneverpossible,asiftohimself42 whenaboy=asaboy+瞬间动词;whileyoung=beingaboy+延续动词;thoughyoungII.省到to/tobe为止1.Ididn’tpasstheexam,butIstillhopeto.HelikesEnglishasheusedto.2.Heisn"twhatheusedtobe.Idon’twantto.≠Idon’twanttobe.III.介词省略1.next,this,that,lastyear2.oneday(year)某一天(年)≠inoneday(year)一天(年)中3.(for)2years4.withabookinhishand=bookinhandIV.一个句中不能出现相同词和成分1.并列句：Tomlikesfootballwhilehismotherfolksongs.2.定语从句：Shedidallshecouldtohelpme.3.Hecameherenotonlytointroducehisschoolbutalsohelpourschool.(八)替代：状语从句中用do,does,did替代整个谓语1.ThebookencouragedmemorethanitdidTom2.---ShallIinviteJohntomybirthdayparty?---Yes,itwillbeniceifyoudo.3.Americansstillusetheexpression“Iguess,justastheBritishdid300yearsago.4.Theairholdsthefeatherbackmorethanitdoestheironball.(九)Inversion（倒装）I.全部倒装(主语必为名词,整个谓语放主语前)1.方位词时间词于句首(1)方位词in,outinside,outsideoff,awayhere,thereup,downHerecomesthebus.OffjumpedTom.Inhecame.≠IncameTom.(2)时间词now,thenThencamethenews.Nowcomesmyturn.2.地点状语:(1)OnthehillstoodTom.(2)Wheretheeiswatergrowwildflowers.II.部分倒装:倒装词后加一般疑问句形式1.表语于句首(1)PresentatthemeetingwasTom.(2)Gonearethedayswhenmyheartwasyoung.2.进行时的doing和被动的done于句首(1)Sittingintheclassroomaretheboys.(2)Pinnedtotheboardarepictures.3.such,so于句首(1)SuchwasEinstein,anordinarymanwithgreatachievements.(2)SogoodishethatIlovehim.4.Only+状语于句首(1)Onlyinthiswaycanwesucceed.(2)Onlywhenheisfreecanhegoout.注意:OnlyTomlovesme.主语OnlyTomIlove.宾语5.否定词/否定词组于句首(1)否定词NevershallIforgetyou.Nota(single)wordcouldIunderstand.Nowhereelsecanyoufindsuchagoodschool.42 (2)否定词组Bynomeans(Atnotime/innoway/Innotime)canyousucceed.NotuntilfathercamebackdidIgotobed.(详见10页强调句7)点)Notonlywasheyoungbutalsohewashandsome.Neitherwasheyoungnorwashehandsome.Hardly(Rarely/Scarcely)hadsbdonewhensbdid.=Nosoonerhadsbdonethansbdid.注意:(It’s)Nowonderheishappy.(Thereis)Nodoubtheishappy.6.though/as让步状语从句中表语,状语，宾补，谓语动词于句首(1)表语于句首1)(small)Boyas(though)heis,=Thoughheisa(small)boy,2)Youngas(though)heis,=Thoughheisyoung,(2)状语于句首Verymuchas(though)Iloveyou,=ThoughIloveyouverymuch,(3)宾补于句首Difficultas(though)IfindittolearnEnglish,=ThoughIfinditdifficulttoEnglish,(4)谓语动词于句首Tryas(though)hemight(did),=Thoughhemight(did)try,7.so>as,nither=nor,soitbewithsb.=itbethesamewithsb.(1)YoulikeEnglish,sodoI(andIlikeEnglishtoo).也Maryisfriendly,so(as)isTom.(andTomisfriendlytoo).注意：Sodidhe他也这样≠Sohedid.他确实这样≠Hedidso.他做了这事(2)Youdon’tlikeEnglish,neither(nor)doI(andIdon’tlikeEnglish,either).也不Idon’tknow,neither(nor)doIcare(andIdon’tcareeither).Ifyoudon’tgo,neither(nor)willI.(Iwon’tgoeither.)(3)并列谓语或并列句TomisastudentandlikesEnglish,soitiswithMary(ItisthesamewithMary).MarxwasborninGermanyandGermanwashisnativelanguage,soitwaswithEngels.(ItwasthesamewithEngels).专项十二Communication（交际）1.It’suptoyou(todecide).由你决定≠Thatdepends.看情况定2.It’smostkind(nice)ofyou.你太好了=Somuchthebetter.如此太好了3.pleasedo=(do)asyouplease=(do)asyouwish=goahead(2)请干吧4.hereitis=hereyouare=goahead=helpyourself(2)给你/拿去吧helpyourselfto…请随便吃≠makeyourselfathome请自便5.pardon=Ibegyourpardon(1)请原谅(2)请再说一遍Excuseme(1)劳驾(2)请原谅I’msorry(1)真遗憾(2)对不起6.whatashame=whatapity(1)真遗憾(2)真惭愧7.Wouldyoulikecoffeeortea?---All(just)thesametome.无所谓/随便Happynewyeartoyou.---Thesametoyou.同喜/同乐Happybirthdaytoyou!---Thankyou.谢谢8.what’son?演什么what’sup(withyou)你怎么了(表不耐烦)what?什么事(表惊奇)whatfor?为什么whatwith?用什么？whatabout?关于什么？Sowhat?那又怎样？9.withpleasure很荣幸/很乐意noproblem没问题OK行42 notreally真的不行(委婉拒绝)真的不是(委婉否定)noway没门10.whynot=great=goodidea=I’llbegladto好极了(回答建议)11.Letmesee让我想想Letmehavealook让我瞧瞧Isee我明白了Youaretellingme.我早知道了Yousee.你知道12.It’snoneofmybusiness.不关我的事getdowntobusiness言归正传13.Don’tbenervous不要紧张(参考)Takeiteasy.放轻松(生病)Takeyourtime慢慢干(动作)14.Notexactly不完全是=I’mafraidnot.恐怕不是(委婉否定)15.WhatcanIdoforyou?=CanIhelpyou?Yes,sir先生,你要什么？Justaminute请等一会儿Atyourservice.愿为你效劳16.(Itwillbe)mytreat.我请客Areyouserious?你当真吗MayItakeyourorder?你要点什么MayIhaveyourbill?买单/算帐17.Right=you’reright=That’sit.=That’sright.正确/对Metoo(1)我也同意(2)我也要干18.不用谢It’snothing=Don’tmentionit=I’mverygladtohavebeenofhelp.=Thinknothingofit.=(It’s)my/apleasure=Forgetit.=You’rewelcome.(2)=That’sallright(2)=Notatall(2)19.没关系Nothingatall=Don’tthinkanymoreaboutit.=That’sallright.=Nevermind.=Forgetit.=Itdoesn’tmatter.Itmattersmuch…有很大关系Doesitmattermuch…?有很大关系吗20.OK(2)=(just)soso一般That(It)’sOK.=That’sallright.(1)没关系(2)不用谢21.I’mOK.=I’mallright我没事I’mnotatease.=I’mnotmyself.=Idon’tfeeleasy.我不舒服22.That’snoexcuse.那不是借口You’retoblame.你该受责备23.(Not)goodvalueformoney.物(不)有所值I’lltakeit.我买了I’llmakeit.>I’lldoit.=I’llmanageit.我搞定I’vegotit.我懂了Ican’thelpit.我爱莫能助；我无能为力24.(1)What’s…like?(1)外貌(2)内在品质What’syourfatherlike?----(1)Heishandsome.----(2)Heiskind.(2)Whatdoyouthinkof…?=Howdoyoufind…?=Howdoyoulike…?问内在品质WhatdoyouthinkofTom?=HowdoyoufindTom?=HowdoyoulikeTom?---Heisakindheartedman.注意：.Howwouldyoulikeyourcoffee?想怎么样----Thestronger,thebetter.(3)Whatabout>Howabout1)建议:Howabout(Whatabout)goingswimming?---Great.2)询问情况:HeisanAmerican.Howabout(Whatabout)you?---I’mChinese.3)---Iwanttotalkwithyou.---Whatabout?关于什么？25.WouldyoumindifIsmoked?=DoyoumindifIsmoke?=Would(Do)youmindmy(me)smoking?先回答是否介意,再看前后逻辑(1)Yes,you’dbetternot.(2)Notatall(Certainlynot),asyouwish.26.Iwouldappreciateitverymuchifyoucankeepquiet.=Wouldyoubesokindastokeepquiet?=Would(Will)youpleasekeepquiet?=Could(Can)youkeepquiet?请你干…好吗？≠Doyoukeepquiet?你经常干…吗?≠Wouldyouliketokeepquiet?你想干…吗？27.(1)Whynotdo?(建议)为什么不…?Whynottrydoingitinanotherway?(2)Whatif…?(征求意见)如果…怎么办WhatifIcan’tpasstheCollegeEntranceExamination?42 (3)Howcan(could)itbethat…?=Howcome(that)…?怎么/怎么会Howcome(that)Tomisn’tgoingwithyou?28.Youarewantedonthephone.有电话找你29.Who’sthat?---ThisisTomspeaking.（电话）Who’sit?---It’sme.（不知道谁）Whoareyou?---I’mTomSauyer.（姓名）30.I’dlike(love)to.→I’dlike(love)notto.42