《英语语法总复习》PPT课件 110页

背单词应该注意的问题:1充分利用碎时间,小时间.遵循记忆规律,定好复习计划.扩充词汇量背单词的关键:重复记忆坚持不懈 新高考的语法难点1语法综合题目:不同语法之间的综合2语法变形题目:语法和不同句型之间的综合高考语法的核心1从句和非谓语动词2时态语态,情态和虚拟语气3代词,介词,主谓一致和倒装4冠词 定语从句关系代词1.指代人的有who,whom,whose=ofwhom2.指代物的有which,whose=ofwhich3.指代人和物的有that,asHeistheprofessorwho/thatisnamedJackson.Heistheprofessor(whom/that)Jacksonmetyesterday. HeistheprofessorwhosenameisJackson.(=thenameofwhom/ofwhomthenameisJackson.)Thebookwhich/thatwasreadbyyoubelongedtome.Thebook(which/that)youreadbelongedtome.Thebookwhosecoverwasbrokenbelongedtome.(=ofwhichthecover/thecoverofwhich) 3.Asweallknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Asisknowntousall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Don’ttrustsuchmenaspraiseyoutoyourface.不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人.Youshouldreadsuchbooksasyoucanunderstandwithoutmuchdifficulty. such…as和such…that的区别Avoidsuchmenaswilldoyouharm.Heissuchaniceboythateveryonelikeshim.ThisisthesamewatchasIlostyesterday. 关系副词先行词是时间when=适当介词+which先行词是地点where=适当介词+which先行词是原因why=for+which先行词是way用inwhich/that/不填1.Thatisthedaywhen(=onwhich)hewenttocollege.Thatistheday(which/that)hewillneverforget. Thatisthedaywhich/thatmustberememberedbyus.2.Thisistheplacewhere(=inwhich)heusedtolive.Thisistheplace(which/that)hevisitedlastyear. 3.Idon’tbelievethereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewaslateforschool.Idon’tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveus.4.Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hespoketohismother.定语从句需要注意的问题:1.标点符号和连词Ipickeduptheapples.Someofthemwerebad. Ipickeduptheapples;someofthemwerebad.Ipickedtheapplesand/butsomeofthemwerebad.Ipickeduptheapples,someofwhichwerebad.Ihaveseenmanyforeignersand/butmostofthemarefromEurope.Ihaveseenmanyforeigners,mostofwhomarefromEurope. Jackwasafamousdoctor,withthehelpofwhom,(=withwhosehelp,=andwithhishelp)theysucceededinanoperation.Heworksinafactory,infrontofwhich(inwhosefront=andinitsfront)thereisariver.2.which和that的区别只能用that的有: 1).当先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,some,…thing时Pleasegetreadyforeverything(that)weneed.2).当先行词被形容词最高级,序数词所修饰时Thisisthebestfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.Thefirstthing(that)weshoulddoistoworkoutaplan. 3).当先行词为人和物时Hetalkedaboutthethingsandpersons(that)theyrememberedintheschool.4).当先行词被every,no,any,just,only,thevery,theright等词修饰时Thereisnodifficulty(that)wecan’tsmoothaway.5).当先行词为疑问代词时Whoisthemanthatisstandingoverthere? 在介词后面和非限制性定语从句中只能用which.Theydidn’tcometoschoolontime,whichmadetheirteacherangry.Thepencilwithwhichhewaswritingbroke.Heisthepersontowhomyoucanturnforhelp. 1.IwasborninNewOrleans,Louisiana,acity____namewillcreatapictureofbeautifultreesandgreengrassinourmind.AwhichBofwhichCthatDwhose2.Iwouldneverforgetthemoment_____IfirstmetTomand_____heregardedasthehappiestinmylife.Awhen…whichBthat…whenCwhich…whenDthat…thatDA 3.Todaywe’lldiscussanumberofcases____beginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.AwhichBasCwhyDwhere注意:当先行词是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage等名词,表示情况,方面,处境时,用关系副词where.Iwillshowyouthepointwhereyoufailed.D 4Aftergraduationshereachedapointinhercareer____sheneededtodecidewhattodo.AthatBwhatCwhichDwhere5Thethoughtofgoingbackhomewas____kepthimhappywhilehewasworkingabroad.AthatBallthatCallwhatDwhichDB 6Thegrowingspeedofaplantisinfluencedbyanumberoffactors,_____arebeyondourcontrol.AmostofthemBmostofwhichCmostofwhatDmostofthat7---Wheredidyougettoknowher?---Itwasonthefarm_____weworked.(thatIgottoknowher.)AthatBthereCwhichDwhereBD 8Guncontrolisasubject____Americanshavearguedforyears.AofwhichBwithwhichCaboutwhichDintowhich9Themanpulledoutagoldwatch,____weremadeofsmalldiamends.AthehandsofwhomBwhosethehandsofCwhichthehandsofDthehandsofwhichCD 10Lastweek,onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse,_____wantedtobuyit.AnoneofthemBbothofthemCnoneofwhomDneitherofwhom11Thereatthedoorstoodagirlaboutthesameheight____.AasmeBasmineCwithmineDwithmeDB 12Thewayhediditwasdifferent_____wewereusedto.AinwhichBinthatCfromwhatDfromwhich13Iwillneverforgettheday____Weworkedtogetherandtheday___wespenttogether.Awhich…whenBwhen…whichCwhat…thatDonwhich…whenCB 14Therewasateapotlookinglikeaduck,outof_____openmouththeteawassupposedtocome.AwhichBitsCthatDwhose15LearningEnglishissuchanexcellentnewspaper____somanystudentsliketoread.AasBwhichC/DthatDA 16____isknowntousallisthatAmericaisadelevopedcountry____theFirstWorld.AWhich…belongedBAS…belongingtoCWhat…belongingtoDIt…belongingC 17Theprofessorgivesustheimpression_____heisarealexpertinthisfield.AwhichBwhatCwhereDthat18Classregulationsrequire____isthelasttoleavetheclassroom____offallthelights.Awho…shouldturnBwhom…shallturnCwhomever…turnsDwhoever…turnDD 19Pointingtothehouseon____roofgrewlotsofbush,theoldmantoldmethatwas____Iwouldstay.Aits…whatBwhose…whatCwhose…whereDits…where20---Doyouagreewithher?---Whatshe’sjustsaidistheveryidea____Iwanttoexpress.AthatBwhatCwhichDwhyCA 非谓语动词动词的非谓语形式有三种:分词,动名词和动词不定式1.分词的时态和语态分词分为现在分词（v-ing）和过去分词（v-ed）。现在分词分一般式和完成式。一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作；完成式（having+v-ed）的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。 Havingstudiedintheuniversityfor3years,heknowstheplacewell.Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.分词有一般式和完成式,且有主动语态和被动语态.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,hegaveupsmoking.Givenmoretime,Icoulddothejobbetter. 2.分词的用法分词在句子中起形容词和副词的作用,可以作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语.作定语Pollutedairandwaterareharmfultopeople’shealth.Themanstandingatthewindowisourteacher. 作状语分词作状语时,可以表示时间,原因,结果,条件,让步,行为方式,伴随状况等.Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbythestudents.(方式)Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.(时间)Nothavingfinishedthework,hecouldn’tgohome.(原因) 注意:1)分词作状语,其逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致.2)有时可由连接词while,when,if,though,unless,once等词加分词.Unlessinvited,Iwon’tgo.(UnlessIaminvited,Iwon’tgo.)WhileattendingtheconferenceinBeijing,shegottoknowthem.(Whileshewasattendingtheconference…) 当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,分词必须有自己的主语.Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.(=Iftimepermits,I….)3)作表语Hewasinspiredbywhatwehaddone.Thenewsisinspiring. 4)作宾语补足语Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.Hehadhisclotheswashed.Isawhimgetonthecaranddriveoff.注意:在see,hear,watch,have,observe,notice,listento,lookat,catchaglimpseof,catchsightof,make,let,feel,find,leave等动词后,用现在分词表示动作正在发生,用动词不定式表示动作全过程结束, 用过去分词表示宾语是被动状态.Hewasoftenheardtosingthesong.动名词动名词由动词+ing构成,具有动词和名词的性质,在句中起名词的作用,可以作主语,宾语,表语和定语.1)作主语Collectinginformationisimportanttobusinessmen.Itisnousearguingwithhim. 注意:动名词和动词不定式都可以作主语,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次行为动作,不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次动作.Swimminginsummerisfun.Toswimwithyouisfun.但在Itisnouse/notanyuse/good/notanygood/useless等后一般用动名词.2)作表语 Herjobisteaching.Seeingisbelieving.比较分词作表语Thenewsissurprising.Iamsurprisedatthenews. 3)作宾语Hefinishedreadingthebook.Heisfondofplayingfootball.注意:在admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,putoff,delay,postpone,risk,suggest,can’thelp/resist/keepfrom,fancy, can’tstand/bear(无法忍受),beworth,bebusy等动词后面必须用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式.Weallmissedseeingthefilmbecauseofthebadweather.Hewassoluckythatheescapedbeinghurt.下列动词接不定式或动名词意义不同.1)remembertodo…记住去做…rememberdoing…记得做过了… Youmustremembertoturnoffthelightsbeforeyouleavetheroom.Canyouremembertellingmethestorylastyear?2)forgettodo/doingsth忘记要去做…/忘记做过了…3)regrettodo抱歉/遗憾地说,/告诉…regretdoing后悔做过了…Heregrettedtosay/tellthathecouldn’tstayhereanylonger. Heregretted(后悔买了)buyingthebooksfromthebookstore.4)trytodo努力,企图做…trydoing试着做…Hetriedto(企图…)settletheproblem,butfailed.Hetries(试着用)usinganotherwaytosettletheproblem,ifthiswaycan’tdo. 5)goontodo继续做(另一件事)goondoing继续做(同一件事)Hewentontodoexercisetwoafterfinishingexerciseone.Hewentondoingthesameexerciseafterashortrest.6)can’thelptodo…不能帮助做…can’thelp(resist/keepfrom)doing…禁不住去做… Icouldn’thelptofinishtheworkbecauseIwassobusy.Icouldn’thelpfinishingtheworkwhenIsawhewastootired.7)stoptodo…停下来去做别的…stopdoingsth…停止做…Theystoppedtotalkafterclasswasover.Theystoppedtalkingwhenclassbegan. 8)meantodo…想要做…meandoing…意味着…Hemeanstogotouniversity,butgoingtocollegemeansworkingveryhard.Sb.needs(wants/requires)todo…需要做…Sth.needs(wants/requires)doing/tobedone某事需要被做 Heneedstolookafterhismother.Heissoyoungthatheneedslookingafter(=tobelookedafter).10)onlytodo…结果…,不料…(出人预料)onlydoing表伴随Hewenthome,onlytofindthedooropenandeverythingstolen.Hisfatherdied,onlyleavinghim3brokenhouses. 11)beworthdoing主动表被动beworthytobe/ofbeingdone被动表被动Thebookisworthreading.Thebookisworthytoberead/ofbeingread.12)prefertodo…ratherthando…=preferdoing…todoing…=wouldratherdo…thando… Shepreferredtogooutratherthanstayathome.Shepreferredgoingouttostayingathome.13)begin/starttodo/doing注意:下列情况下多用todo….1)主语为物时2)谓语动词是正在进行时态时3)非谓语动词为表示人的心理状态或精神活动的动词时(know,like, realize,understand).Iwasbeginningtogetangry.Hebegantorealizethathehadmadeamistake.Thesnowbegantomelt.动词不定式不定式由to+动词原形构成,否定形式是nottodosth.不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化.不定式可以作主语,宾语,状语, 表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语.不定式的逻辑主语有时用Itis+adj+for/ofsbtodosth.不定式的用法1)作主语Toseeistobelieve.Itisrighttogiveupsmoking.2)作宾语Hewantedtogo. 3)作宾语补足语Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhim.注意:在feel,hear,listento,lookat,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的宾语补足语中，不定式不带to,但这些句子如果变成被动态时,就必须带to.Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.Heisoftenheardtosingthesong. 4)作定语Thefarmersthoughtofwaystoprotecttheircrops.注意:作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Heislookingforaroomtolivein. 5)作状语表示目的,原因,结果.Icameheretoseeyou.(目的)目的状语还可以用inorderto或soasto来表示.Weturnedoffthelightsinordernottowasteelectricity.Checkyourcompositionsoastoavoidmistakes. Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.(原因)Hehurriedtotheschooltofindnobodythere.(结果)结果状语还可以用so…asto…,such…asto…,enoughto…,onlyto…,too…to等结构来表示.Hearrivedatthestationtoolatetocatchtheearlytrain. Heliftedarockonlytodropinonhisownfeet.注意:1)某些形容词在too…to…结构中没有否定的含义,而是表示肯定,这类形容词有anxious,delighted,eager,easy,glad,kind,pleased,ready,surprised,willing等.Shewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas.看到父亲那么生气,她非常吃惊. 2)在not,never,only,all,but等后的too…to…结构中,too的含义为very,不定式没有否定含义.Itisnevertoolatetolearn.活到老,学到老.Iamonlytoogladtostayathome.我太想留在家里了. 6)作表语Myjobistohelpthepatients.7)作独立成分Totellthetruth,Idon’tafreewithyou.常用的这类短语有:tobefrank(坦白地说),tobeexact(确切地说),tobeginwith(首先),tomakealongstoryshort(长话短说),etc. 8)不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用,在句子中起名词作用,可充当主语,表语,宾语等.Myquestioniswhentostart.(表语)Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.(主语)Hedidn’tknowwhattosay.(宾语)注意:在与why连用时,只用于whynot+V?Whynothaveatry? 不定式的时态1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作同时(或几乎同时)发生,或在它之后发生.Iplantoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.(=thatisgoingto…)比较:Didyouattendthemeetingheldyesterday?(=thatwasgoingto…) Isawhimgoout.2)如果谓语表示的动作(或情况)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这是不定式就要用进行时.Heisbelievedtobecoming.不定式的进行时也表示将来(=Itisbelievedthatheiscoming.)Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou. 3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成时态.ThenovelisbelievedtohavebeentranslatedintoChinese.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.4intended,expected,hoped,promised,wanted,wished,thought等后用不定式完成时,表示过去没有实现的愿望,期待或计划等,也表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作或状态. Iintendedtohavecometoseeyou.=Ihadintendedtocometoseeyou.Ihopedtohavefinishedtheworkearlier.=Ihadhopedtofinishtheworkearlier.5)在seem,appear,think,consider,believe等表示看法与想法的动词后用不定式的完成时,表示该动作先于另一 个动作发生.此结构也常被以it形式作形式的结构代替.Heseemstohaveboughtthebook.=Itseemsthathehasboughtthebook.不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式,多数情况下是容易判断的,但要注意以下几点:1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式 逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式.Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?(Akeyunlocksthedoor.)2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式.Iknowwhattodo.(Idowhat) Heneedsaroomtolivein.(Helivesinaroom.)Ihavealettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)3)不定式做表语的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,不定式多用主动形式.Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.Tounderstandthebookisdifficult. Itisdifficult(forsb.)tounderstandthebook.Thechairiscomfortabletositin. 1Heofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheoffice,but_____ourwork,weturneddowntheoffer.AnotfinishedBfinishedCnothavingfinishedDhavingfinished2Thinkhardandyouwon’thavethepuzzle____you.ApuzzlingBpuzzleCtopuzzleDpuzzledCB Infrontoftheclassroomsatateacher,____studentsseatedaroundhimdiscussingahardproblemwithhim.AwhoseBhisCwhichDandhis4Forbreakfastheonlydrinksjuicefromfruit____onhisownfarm.AgrownBbeinggrownCtobegrownDtogrowBA 5TheteachercalledTomtohisofficebecausehewascaught____intheexam.AtocatchBcheatingCcheatedDcheat6Asthelightturnedgreen,Istoodforamoment,not____,andaskedmyselfwhatIwasgoingtodo.AmovedBmovingCtomoveDbeingmovedBB 7Wedidn’tfindthem____thelecture.---Noonehadtoldthemabout____alecturethefollowingday.Atoattend;theretobeBattending;therebeingCattended;therebeDattend;therewasB 8Ican’tseemyoldgrandparents_____aloneinthecountryside,soI’llhavethem___withmeinthecity.Aleave;stayBleft;stayCleaving;tostayDleft;tostay9___thedishbeautiful,Marytriedherbestskillsandusedthebestmaterial.AMakingBTomakeCMadeDHavingmadeBB 10Ifthebabysittercan’tcometomorrow,doyoumind____aloneathome,doinghishomework?AFred’sleavingBFredbeingleftCFred’shavingleftDFredhavingbeenleft11____inatrafficjam,theyansweredtheexampapersontheschoolbus.AHavingcaughtBBeingcaughtCBecaughtDCaughtBD 12____ofdangerinthestreetatnight,shehadtogohome,withafriend__her.AWarned;followedBWarning;followingCHavingwarned;tofollowDHavingbeenwarned;following_____thesesuggestionswillhelpyoubecomemorecooperativeandachievemore.AFollowedBFollowingCTofollowDBeingfollowingDB 14____withsomuchtroublemadeusunabletofinishthetaskontime.AFacedBBeingfacedCFacingDToface15_____withsomuchtrouble,hewasunabletofinishthetaskontime.AFacedBBeingfaceHefoundhimself____withtrouble.AfacedBfaceCfacingDbeingfaceBAA 16Thechairlookshard,butinfact,itisverycomfortable_____.AtositBtobesittingCtositonDbeingsiton17---Didyouenjoyyourselflastnight?---Yes,it’sveryniceofyou.Iappreciated____totheparty.AtobeinvitedBtohaveinvitedChavingbeeninvitedDbeinginvitedCC 18Themanagerswerediscussingtheplantheyallwantedtosee____outthatmonth.AcarriedBtocarryCcarryingDcarry19___intoafamousuniversity,aswehadexpected,madehisparentshappy.ATomwasadmittedBTombeingadimttedCIfTomwasadmittedDTom’sbeingadmittedAD ____lotsoftimes,thesongdoesn’tsoundasniceasbefore.AHearingBTohearCHavingheardDHeardInordertomakeourcitygreen,____.AitisnecessarytohaveplantedmoretreesBmanymoretreesneedtoplantCwemustplantmoretreesDourcityneedsmoretreesDC 22MrGreenstoodupindefenceofthe16-year-oldboy,sayingthathewasnottheone____.AblamedBblamingCtoblameDtobeblamed23Itremains____whetherJim’llbefitenoughtoplayinthefinals.AseenBtobeseenCseeingDtoseeCB 24---Thelastone____paysthemeal.---Agreed!AarrivedBarrivesCtoarriveDarriving25ThechildrentalkedsoloudlyatdinnertablethatIhadtostruggle____.AtobeheardBtohaveheardChearingDbeingheardCA 26Afterhebecameconscious,heremembered____and____ontheheadwitharod.Atoattack;hitBattacking;hitCtobeattacked;tobehitDhavingbeenattacked;hit27Thechildrenturned____thefamousactressassheenteredtheclassroom.AlookedatBtolookatCtolookingatDlookatDB 28---Canthose____atthebackoftheclassroomhearme?---Noproblem.AseatBsitCseatedDsat29Hewasbusywritingastory,only____onceinawhiletosmokeacigarette.AtostopBstoppingCtohavestoppedDhavingstoppedCB 30Thetownhall____inthe1800’swasthemostdistinguishedbuildingatthattime.AtobecompletedBhavingbeencompletedCcompletedDbeingcompleted31Anideahastobeputtotestforseveraltimesbefore____bythepeople.AfullyacceptedBbeingfullyacceptedCtobefullyacceptedDisfullyacceptedCB 32_____,butheknowsalot.AYongasheisBBeingyoungCHeisyoungDThoughbeingyoung33Imustgoatonce,becauseIhaveane-mail_____.AtobeansweredBtoanswerCansweredDanswer33Ihaveapen____towrite.AwithwhichBwhichCinwhichD/CBA 状语从句1表时间的从属连词as在…时,一边…,随着Helookedbehindhimasheran.when当…的时候,每当….(就)Whenhecamein,Iwasreading.while在…期间,与…同时,WhileIwasreading,hecamein.bythetime(that)到…时候Bythetimehewasten,hehadbeguntomakehisliving. after在…以后HechangedhisnameafterheleftChina.before在…以前Itwillbemanyyearsbeforethesituationimproves.(ever)since自从…以来Ithasbeenyears/ItisyearssinceIenjoyedmyselfsomuch.Wehavebeenfriendseversincewemetatschool. Itisthefirsttime(that)sb.has/havedone.ItisthefirsttimethatIhavebeenhere.(定语从句)Itwasthefirsttime(that)sb.haddoneItis(high)timethatsbdid(shoulddo)Itishightimethathewenttoschool.(虚拟定语从句)Itis/hasbeen+timesincesbdidsthItisalongtimesinceImetyoulast.(时间状语从句) Itis/willbe+timebeforesbdoessthItwillbeanotheryearbeforehecomesback.(时间状语从句)Itis+时间名词+when…Itwasalready8o’clockwhenhecameback.(时间状语从句)Itis+地点名词+where…ItisthetownwhereIwasborn.(定语从句)Itis+地点状语+that…ItwasinthetownthatIcametoknowhim.(强调句型) Itis+时间状语+that…Itwasthreeyearsagothathejoinedthearmy.(强调句型) once一旦…就Onceyouunderstandit,youwilllikeit.everytime/eachtime每当,每次EverytimeIlistentoyouradvice,Iwillgetintotrouble.Thefirst(second…)time(that)第一次…,ThefirsttimeIsawhim,hewasfightingwithanaughtyboy.till/untill直到…才…Ihadn’trealizedshewasn’tEnglishuntilshespoke. assoonas,directly,immediately,instantly,theinstant,theminute,themoment,nosooner…than…,hardly…when…一…就IwenthomedirectlyIhadfinishedthework.Nosoonerhadshesaiditthansheburstintotears.Wehadhardlysatdowntosupperwhenthetelephonerang.whenever不管什么时候,每当… Wheneverwecomehere,weseesomeoneweknow.表地点where在…地方(方面,方向);到…地方,到…地步Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.IfindthebookwhereIleftit.wherever=nomatterwhere无论在(到)哪儿Theywentwherevertheycouldfindwork. 条件if如果Ifhecomestomorrow,hewillcometoseeus.(just)incase(that)以防万一,如果IncasehearrivesbeforeIgetback,pleaseaskhimtowait.ifonly但愿,要是…就好了IfonlyIhadlistenedtoyouradvicethen. as(so)faras至于,就…而言SofarasIknow,thereisnosuchwordinChinese.so/aslongas只要…Aslongaswedon’tloseheart,we’llfindawaytoseetoit.unless除非,如果不…Onecannotlearnaforeignlanguageunlesshestudieshard. onconditionthat条件是,只要Theyagreedtolendusthecaronconditionthatweshouldreturnitbeforetheweekend.once一旦…(就)Onceyouhearthestory,you’llneverforgetit.ontheunderstandingthat如果providing/providedthat假如suppose/supposingthat假如 Iwillgo,providing/providedthatmyexpensesarepaid.原因because因为Becausehewasill,hecouldn’tgotoschool.=Hewasill,sohecouldn’tgotoschool.as因为,既然AsDavidhadapassionfor(喜欢)walking,wewentonfoot. Asyouaresorry,I‘llforgiveyou.since既然,因为,由于Sincetheweatherhasimproved,thegamewillbeheldasplanned.Now(that)既然Nowthatyouarehere,whynothaveadrink?forfear/lest(that)以免,惟恐Hewhisperedforfearthat/lesthissonshouldhearwhathewassaying. inthat由于,因为Humanbeingsdifferfromanimalsinthattheycanthinkandspeak.considering(that)考虑到,因为Johndidquitewellintheexamsconsideringthathowlittlehestudied.seeing(that)鉴于,考虑到Wewouldhaveajointparty,seeingthatyourbirthdayisthesamedayasmine. 让步although,though虽然Although/Thoughhewaspoor,hewasgeneroustohisfriends.Hewaspoor,buthewasgeneroustohisfriends.evenif/though即使,尽管Iwouldn’tlosecourageevenifIshouldfailtentimes. as尽管(用倒装句)Childashewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.while虽然,尽管WhileIamwillingtohelp,Idon’thavemuchtimeavailable.WhileIappreciatethehonour,Ican’taccepttheposition.despitethefactthat尽管Shewasgoodatphysicsdespitethefactthatshefounditboring. nonatterwho(what,how,where,when)=who(what,how,where,when)+ever无论谁(什么,怎样,何地,何时)Thebuildingmustbesavedwhateverthecost(maybe).比较:Takewhateveryoulike.Whoever(=Nomatterwho)isagainstit,Iwillbeforit.Whoeverisagainstitputsupyourhands. 比较状语从句(not)as…as(不)像…一样Totellyouthetruth,youarenotsokindasyouoncewere.Thestudentsgotasmanybooksastheyneeded.than比…Hiswifeisseveralyearsyoungerthanheis. themore…themore…越…就越…Themoreyoupractise,themoreyouknow.Themorelearntheis,themoremodestheis.方式状语从句as象…,犹如,如,像,正像…一样WhenatRome,doastheRomansdo.入乡随俗 We’dbetterleavethingsastheyareuntilthepolicearrive.asif/asthough好象,仿佛Irememberthewholethingasifithappenedyesterday.目的状语从句sothat;inorderthat为了,以便IwenttotheclassroomearlysothatImaygetagoodseat. 结果状语从句sothat结果Itfeltundermydest,sothatIcouldn’tseeit.so…that…如此…以至于…Heissosleepythathecanhardlykeephiseyesopen.so因此ItwasdarksoIcouldn’tseeverywell. such…that…如此…以至于…Heissuchagreatpoetthatwealladmirehim.1____Iknowthemoneyissafe,Ishallnotworryaboutit.AEventhoughBUnlessCAslongasDWhile2---Howfarapartdotheylive?----____Iknow,theyliveinthesameneighborhood.AAslongasBAsfarasCAswellasDAsoftenasCB 3Wewerein____whenweleftthatweforgottheairlinetickets.AarushsoanxiousBasuchanxiousCsoananxiousrushDsuchananxiousrush4Don’tbeafraidofaskingforhelp___itisneeded.AunlessBsinceCalthoughDwhenDD 5Wewereswimminginthelake____suddenlythestormstarted.AwhenBwhileCuntilDbefore6Theshopdoesn’topenuntil11a.m,____itlosesalotofbusiness.AforBorCbutDso7Rosesneedspecialcare____theycanlivethroughwinter.AbecauseBsothatCevenifDasADB 8Toenjoythescenery,hewouldratherspendlonghoursonthetrain____travelbyair.AasBtoCthanDwhile9Idoeverysinglebitofhousework____myhusbandBobjustdoesthedishesnowandthen.AsinceBwhileCwhenDasCB 10Severalweekshadgoneby_____Irealizedthepaintingwasmissing.AasBbeforeCsinceDwhen11____Iacceptthatheisnotperfect,Idoactuallyliketheperson.AWhileBSinceCBeforeDUnless12Hegottothestationearly,____missingthetrain.AincaseofBinsteadofCforfearofDinsearchofBAC 13Scientistssayitmaybefiveorsixyears____itispossibletotestthismedicineonhumanpatients.AsinceBafterCbeforeDwhen14Jasminewasholidayingwithherfamilyinawildlifepark____shewasbittenonthelegbyalion.AwhenBwhileCsinceDonce.15Loseonehourinthemorning____you’llbelookingforitintherestoftheday.AbutBandCorDsoCAB 16IalwaystakesomethingtoreadwhenIgotothedoctor’s____Ihavetowait.AincaseBsothatCinorderDasif17Followyourdoctor’sadvice,_____You’lldie.AorBandCthenDso18HaveyoubeentoNewZealand?No,I’dliketo,_____.AtooBthoughCyetDeither.AAB 19---Howlongdoyouthinkitwillbe____Chinasendsamannedspaceshiptothemoon?---Perhapstwoorthreeyears.AwhenBuntilCthatDbefore20____tomorrow,ourshipwillsetsailforMacao.AHowevertheweatherislikeBHoweveristheweatherlikeCwhateveriftheweatherlikeDwhatevertheweatherislikeDD 21---____whenhasthecountrybeenopeningtointernationaltrade?---1978,Isuppose.AsinceBInCFromDAfter22You’dbetternotleavethemedicine____kidscangetatit.AevenifBwhichCwhereDsothatAC