英语语法纲要 9页

英语语法纲要(2010-02-2216:32:58)标签：杂谈一、动词时态一般现在时表示特征或经常性动作，普遍真理Mybossisinabadmoodtoday.Wisdominmindisbetterthanmoneyinthehand.一般过去时Ihatedgoingtoschool.我以前不喜欢上学（不代表现在）。u在阅读中出现过去式不能代表现时的状态一般将来时Chinawillincreasedialogueandco-operationwiththeUnitedStatesandtheinternationalcommunitytocrackdownonallformsofterroristactivities.u新闻中常用一般将来时。背诵此句。IamleavingShanghaitomorrow.Myparentsarecomingherenextweek.IamtakingmyCET4nextmonth.u以上三句用现在进行时表示将来时。记住此三句形式。过去将来时表示从过去某时看将来Iwasgoingtocallyouwhenyoucamein.Shesaidshewouldcome.现在进行时注意以下两句的的含义：Youarealwayscomplaining.That’sbecauseyouarealwaysleavingyourdirtysocksonthefloor!过去进行时Iwasworkingallweekend.Iwasnottryingtoannoyyou.将来进行时说明未来某个时刻会发生的事情，中文里没有，英语中常用1、A:IsMikefreethisafternoon?B:No,heisn’t.Hewillbeattendingameeting.[表示将来的下午在开会！]2、A:Ifyouhaveanyquestions,Iwillbeworkinginthenextoffice. B:Great.现在完成时Shehasworkedhereforthreeyears.TheUShasnotputasmuchimportanceondiplomacyasitshould.SheisthemostbeautifulgirlIhaveevermet![记住句型]IhaveneverdreamedthatIcouldseeyouagain.过去完成时Bytheendoftheyear,wehadhelped5000homelesspeople.Ihadneverusedchopsticks[筷子]beforeIcametoChina.u一般而言，过去完成时中有过去的时间或过去时态现在完成进行时过去某时一直延续到现在，特别强调事情尚要继续或刚刚停止IhavebeenlearningEnglishfortenyears.[刚刚停止]IhavebeendyingtoseeyousinceItalkedtoyouonthephonelastweek.[尚要继续]Ihavebeenlookingforwardtomeetingyouforalongtime.二、情态动词can表示能力、许可或请求Shecanspeakthreedifferentlanguages.Youcandoanythingifyoutry.Icannotunderstandwhatyoumean.could表示具有的能力，可能发生的情况，也可表示一个可行的提议Hecouldspeakebetter.他能说的更好。【注意与can比较】Thatcouldbeagoodsolution.那可能是个不错的办法。couldhave表示过去能够或可能但没有发生的动作或事件Icouldhavedonealotbetter.我本来能够做的更好。Icouldhavebeenadoctor,Icouldhavebeenalawyer,butIchoosetobeateacher.我可以是个医生，可以是个律师，但我选择了做老师。Icouldhavehelpedyou,butIdidnotknowyouwereintrouble.may,might表示可能发生的事（过去现在将来皆可）ImighthavegottenstraightA’sthissemester.这学期我很可能得A。Imayknowbythisafternoon.今天下午可能就知道了。 shouldYoushouldtakecareofyourself.Youshouldgoandseeadoctor.Shouldhave表示本应该做的没有做，主要用于责备他人或自责Youshouldhavewornwarmerclothes.你应该穿暖和一点的衣服。YoushouldhavetoldmeitwascoldbeforeIlefthome.那你在我离家前就告诉我。haveto英国人常用must美国人常用haveto,表示必须Ihavetogonow.Youdonothavetocome.你没必要来。【句型】Youdonothavetotellher.你不必告诉她。would表示愿意IwouldtryChinesemedicinetocureyourcold.must表示必须或揣测Youmustfinishthejobbeforefive.[必须]Youmustbekidding.[揣测]musthave表示对过去的揣测Imusthaveleftmykeysinthecar.非谓语动词不定式做主语TobecomePresidentoftheUnitedStatesusedtobygoal.过去我的梦想是成为美国总统。Tobealeaderinyourowncityisalotmorerealistic.不定式当表语Mywishistobeateacher!不定式当宾语Iwanttobecomeamillionire.我想成为百万富翁。Icannotaffordtobuyacar.Wefinditimpossibletogeteverythingfinishedintime.Shefeltitstupidforhimtotalklikethat. 不定式做宾语补足语Jimwantsyoutocallhimback.Myteacherencouragedmetotryagain.Forceyourselftodomore.逼自己多做点。不定式当状语表示原因结果或目的IwilldoeverythingIcantohelpyou.[目的]WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoupset?[结果]动名词当宾语常用于以下动词之后：enjoy,suggest,stop,delay,fancy,consider,admit,miss,involve,finish,postpone,imagineaviod,deny,risk,practise,giveup,putoff,goon,keepon,appreciate.动名词与动词不定式区别Remember,forget,reget接不定式表示未发生，接动名词表示已经发生Irememberseeinghersomewhere,butIdonotknowhername.Iregetnothavingacceptedyouradvice.IregettotellyouIcannotgiveyouanyhelp.独立主格当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一样时，在分词前加上逻辑主语Weatherpermitting,wewillleaveforBeijingtomorrow.Alltheworkfinished,youcangohome.句型被动语句Romewasnotbuiltinaday.[被动语过去时]Idonnotlikebeingtoldwhattodo.[动名词被动语]Itissaidthat…Itisbelivedthat…Iamsupposedtobemeetingthepresidentat10.Youshouldgetyourhaircut.Jimhadallhismoneystolenwhilehewasonvacation.比较句Youstilllookasyoungasyouusedto.你还是像以前那样年轻。IguessIamnotasdumbasIusedtobe!Icanworkalotmoreefficeintly.Whatwasyourmostembarrassingmoment?你最窘迫的时候是什么情况？疑问句Youprefergoingbyplane,donnotyou?[肯定反意疑问] Youwonnottellanyoneelse,willyou?[否定反意疑问]Donnotbelateagain,willyou?[祈使句疑问]间接引语引用时注意时态转换ThePresidentsaidthathewouldlaunchanattactonterrorism.HeaskedmeifIwouldgotodinnerwithhim.Thedoctortoldmetostayinbedforanewdays.主谓一致临近原则Neitherhenortheyaremistaken.从句That引导主语从句Itisgreatthatyougotascholarship.Whether引导主语从句Whetherhewillcomeornotisunknow.疑问词引导主语从句WhatItoldyouisbetweenyouandme.That引导表语从句TheproblemisthatnoonetherespeaksChinese.Whether引导表语从句Thequstioniswhetherwecanaffordahouse.疑问词引导表语从句Thequestioniswhocantakehisplace.That引导宾语从句（that可省略）Ithinkthatkimisagoodteacher.[注意与引导表语句的区别]Wether/if引导宾语从句DoyouknowifJimwenttherelastnight?疑问句引导宾语从句IwonderthatKimhasplannedfortonight.Shecantellyouwhatistonight’shomeworkassignment.That引导同位语从句Therumorthattherewillbeacompanymergerspreadquickly. 公司将要合并的谣言很快就传开了。Wether引导同位语从句Wehavenotdecidedthequestionwhetherheiscapableornot.下面是状语从句部分，务必弄清其概念，状有状态的含义时间状语从句一般由when,while,as,since,after,befor,untill.引导Donotcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.在小鸡孵出来之前不要数鸡。IwillcomewhenIhavetime.Shealwayssingsasheworks.IwilldoitafterIfinishhiswork.IhavelivedheresinceIcametothiscity.地点状语从句一般由where、wherever引导Wherethereisawill,thereisashadow.有志者事竟成。Shefollowshimwhereverhegoes.条件状语从句一般由if，unless引导Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.Youwillnotpasstheexaminationunlessyoustudyhard.让步状语从句一般由though,although,evenif,whether引导Thoughhewasverytired,hedidnotgiveup.Iwillkeepmybusinessgoingevenifhavetosellmyhouse.Iamgoingwhetheryoulikeitornot.原因状语从句一般由because,since,as,for,now,that引导Ididnotgobecauseitrained.Asyouareevidentlyverybusy,Iwillnotwasteyourtime.既然你显然很忙，我还是不浪费你的时间了。Nowthatyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmaygo,目的状语从句一般由that,sothat,so..that,inorderthat引导Iamgivingmyboyagoodeducationsothathecanmoreeasilycopewithlife’sdifficulties.我准备让我儿子接受良好教育，这样他能更容易去处理人生的困难。结果状语从句 一般由that,sothat,such..that,so等引导IamsosleepythatIcannotkeepmyeyesopen.ItissuchbeautifulweatherthatIdonotliketostayintheoffice.方式状语从句有as引导WheninRome,doastheRomedo.入乡随俗。Ididasyoutoldme.定语从句是用来修饰的，注意与状语从句的区别关系代词做主语的定语从句一般由who,that,which引导，关系代词做主语Everyonethatknowshimlikeshim。认识他的人个个都喜欢他。Thebookisaboutagirlwhofallsinlovewithathief.关系代词做宾语的定语从句一般由whom,that,which引导，关系代词做宾语ThefaxthatIreceviedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant.Whereisthebook(which)Iboughtthismoring？[关系代词课省略]Whose引导的定语从句Themovieisaboutaspywhosewifebetrayshim.这个电影讲的是一个间谍的妻子背叛他的故事。Iwouldlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.Whowhich.引导的非限制性定语从句从句不直接限定主句，只对先行词或主句做附加说明IprefertoaskJohn,whoisaverycleverguy,whatIshoulddo.Hesaidhehadnomoney,whichwasnottrue.As引导定语从句Asweallknow,thereisnoshortcuttolearningEnglish.ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.When,where,why引导的定语从句ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.IwillneverforgetthedaywhenImetyou.ThereasonwhyIamcallingyouistoinviteyoutoaparty.介词+which,whom,引导的定语从句Therearetwoclassesfromwhichtochoose. Thisistheauthorofwhomwehaveoftentalked.倒装与虚拟语气强调句倒装ItisIwhotoldyourbossthetruth.全句倒装Never,seldom,little,nor,hardly,scarcely,nosooner,notonly等否定词在句首时倒装NorcanI.As引导的让步状语从句倒装Studentasheis,hehasstartedteachinghisownEnglishclass.他虽然是个学生，已经开始教自己的英语班了。虚拟条件句省略If时倒装WereIinyourshoes,Iwouldacceptedthejob.如果我是你，我就会接受这份工作。虚拟语气是语法难点，须加强学习与现在事实相反的虚拟语气从句中使用一般过去式，主句中用would/should+原型IfIlovedyou,youwouldnotsaythat.IfIcouldhelpyou,Iwouldhelpyou.IfIwereyou,Iwouldbuyanewcar.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气从句中使用过去完成时，主句中用would/should+have+过去分词Youwouldnothavemetherifithadnotbeenforme.如果不是我的话，你根本就不会认识她。IcouldhavedonebetterifIhadbeenmorecareful.我要是细心电话，是可以做的更好。IcouldhaveshownyouaroundthecityifIhadknowyouwereinbeijing.Ifhehadknowitwasgoingtorain,hewouldhavetakenhisumberllatowork.与将来事实相反或实现可能性不大的虚拟语气从句使用一般过去式IfIwereyoutomisstheparty,youwouldbesorryforit.如果你错过这次聚会，你一定会后悔虚拟语气错综时间条件从句与主句表示时间不一致IfJimhadtakenmyadvice,hewouldfeelmuchbetternow.Ifheknewthis,itwouldhavehadtobebyaccident.如果他知道，那一定是无意中知道的。IWish虚拟语气一般用过去式或过去完成时 IwishIhadacar.IwishIhadpassedtheexam.Asif/though中的虚拟语气一般用过去时或过去完成时Itwasasifahugepieceofchocolatehadbeenmeltddown.就像一块巨大的巧克力被融化一样。Thechildactsasifshewereagrowup.省略should的虚拟语句Itisnowonderthatshe(should)beangrywithyou.IdemendedthatI(should)beallowedtocallmylawyer.Doyouagreetohissuggestionthatwegotobeijinginsteadofshanghai?Itistime中的虚拟语气Itistimeweleft.ItistimeyougotseriousaboutlearningEnglish.itishightimethegovernnmentdidsomethingabouttheemploymentproblem.