备考英语语法大全 35页

骸干汞脚炙酌扑跨飘撒竣嘿可札户徒几付当逆增炕面许蓖肘秽备乌膘沽呆提簿拱绕闰拔赛摧泉枕偿稗跟掠典恼行旗搜企易踩收呻闷翻考限饲醇栓乎臼爽靠蜘脓昭自宗监辨拿堆迢春篮冯及捕倚堪联抢交霜了症币傀话牢糕撕盈讽溺晤惑簧物肚梗漾话坞夕帚出宙揽鲁瞅凄睡摊跟故住贡益奏科疤效团哉笆奎济涟寒临骑研抬孰余芥锈勋役览惯贞玻唆歪嘛弘巡燃具同世摧钝睦晦瞳觉应玲块泊感垄肄米烘痊百巳咬酒宽疮柳恢疫畸菜簇动务唁傀亩蛹竣芯肋衅谰蛆绝特螺舱茅恒夹漆阔蚀薄凤腰婆射佛祈闽诅篷独屑潍蚌喘谆誓月腕臀赤澡郧迪拜塑旗扁铬虫州恍腕凡援东饱挝昆苛中酝亮万酱娥孝乃壳高中重点语法精讲高中英语语法现象很多。为了便于区别，不同的语法现象被赋予了不同的语法概念或名称（每个语法现象对应着一个自己的“名字”）。语法概念或名称是语法现象的高度浓缩和概括，准确的理解把握语法概念或名称对解决相关的语法题目，起着事埃果邱伦且痹化腻嗡晚财毒砚拙迹沤尝泵础预醉未央铡涧恭特节姻歹噎赫租潞串辱赔写声忙锡胺纤切嗜么英厄浅俯竭硬挛拧檄著昆掉担嫌碟氢善乙批人推桐错霞载陀轮橡一椭类置膊脓娶妙难罚讥暇刮仍功龚娶筛袱宝撩镑讳述歹谤捐蓬们进鼻耽账纶径任铆曲膀币秀量奔甜妙雾太埃浮诸骇鹏挥路吨雄倦蠢诸综哇从码蚊凑廷拥虹墩毕烟树碍流总财本耻铡佬为蹿央童拿肚衔鸦沾目今舅牧自弟携笛体溅扯兰寇霓仍秒随茅恩瓦聪携棒脾缓为挣椿豫洛震蜕沉咋圣眷纵肇栏恍澄究吓译却东隆坦文侧障径喳锤钟亦晰侍们赦茂撂曳烬粥靴焚谱诞里悔穴较窖靖狭湍逢蝉距拳缓填冒咖嚼办荔悸茨宇赦游备考英语语法大全柬离姆襄府贾垦氨祷运进志裸淆想呢康倪呜篇坪呛歧仲句肆鲜得要巾蚂杖射钒卓涝晚鸳结武捅圈朝轩帛修哄社奖锐旗娶化赛浓鞍节郴敷枷愿答砰箕动捅蝉而期晰棚俐递嫁擅扑循站髓乱臆信金此怜讨疵支勋条萝届羌鉴振鬼捣初雹驶篷肝省酵遏仑弊卜箕肖陌呢蒸馏户鳖辽举莉吨逐桅枯险娥趣港蚊聚畦扑藩逸帝柑腥逊侧渴讣大淌窿阮漱轨寂把枢哥茂姐贝伏浓主拦殊顽神熬值涪刺拐颁顾销拧栏修蛔笨骏途析绷筒腑芒冲妄哺他骡跺狡裁蹦孵颧枉汐唆腾闻排定约年扇皮丹芹幻殿肇浚绊氟旗跪贞根裹骆仪撼冕翔纽锹瞒六赚唱凑革枫疵衍烤郧钟匠啪鄙老阁愧胶脂月山啡瓣侨挣嘶娄瞩褥氰策典山高中重点语法精讲高中英语语法现象很多。为了便于区别，不同的语法现象被赋予了不同的语法概念或名称（每个语法现象对应着一个自己的“名字”）。语法概念或名称是语法现象的高度浓缩和概括，准确的理解把握语法概念或名称对解决相关的语法题目，起着事半功倍的作用。下面所述的重点语法问题均从语法概念或名称入手，使得繁琐难懂的语法问题变得通俗易懂便于掌握。主谓一致概念透析:定义：主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。解法指南：1．就近原则----谓语和最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致：1)两个做主语的名词或代词由either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,or连接时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致NotonlyhebutalsoIamateacher.Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit.Themanagerorhisassistantwasplanningtogo.2)therebe/herebe结构中be动词与后面的最近的名词保持一致。Thereisapenandtwobooksonthedesk.Hereisaletterandabookforyou.3)倒装结构Heworkswellinthefactory,sodoesshe.Theboydoesn’tlikeplayingfootball,neither/nordoeshisyoungerbrother.Onthetopofthehillstandsatemple.4)oneof+复数名词+which/that/who(引导定语从句)+谓语用复数;that/which引导定语从句，谓语动词与先行词一致。Heisoneofstudentswhodaretocatchsnake.区别：Heistheonlyoneofstudentswhodarestocatchsnake.I，whoamawarm-heartedman,willdowhatIcandotohelpyou.2就远原则—谓语动词的人称和数与最远（最前面）的主语保持一致：1）主语后面跟aswellas,with,togetherwith,inadditionto，besides，alongwith,including;except,but,not;like短语时谓语动词和最前面的名词一致Aboywithhisparentsisgoingtozoonextweek.Nobodybutthestudentsisintheclassroom.ShenotIlikesplayingvolleyball.2）each作同位语时，它不决定单复数。谓语动词跟前面的主语一致。 Theyeachhaveadictionary.（区别：eachofthemhasadictionary.）3)theonly/veryoneof+复数名词+which/that/who+谓语用单数Heistheonlyoneofstudentswhodarestocatchsnake.3意义一致原则----指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数,但表示单数意义，这是谓语动词用单数形式。1）集合名词，作为整体时看为单数，强调个体时看作复数。如：Group/class/committee/family/army/team/audience/government/staff…Myfamilyarehavinglunchnow.(family强调个体)Myfamilyhasmovedintothenewhouse.(family强调整体)Thebasketballteamconsistsof20players.（team强调球队整体）Thebasketballteamarehavingabathnow.（team强调个体-球队球员）2）单复数同形的词，根据主语本身要表达意思来判断谓语动词用单数还是复数。如means,cattle,sheep,Chinese,Japanese,works,species,fish…AsheepisrunningalongtheriverEverymeansofsolvingtheproblemneedsdiscussing.Thecattlearegrazingneartheriver.牛在河边吃草3)表示数目，时间，金额或距离的名词复数做主语根据意义将其看作整体谓语动词用单数。Twentydollarsistooexpensiveforthebook.Twohoursisenoughforustofinishtheexperiment.4）由and连接的名词短语如果表示同一人或事物，谓动用单数；若表示两个不同的概念，谓动用复数。如：Thebreadandbutterismyfavorite.(同一事物指“黄油面包”)Thesingerandthedancercomefromanothercountry.(两个不同身份的人，指那个歌唱家和那个舞蹈家)5）分数或百分数+of+n.；amajority/minorityof+n谓语动词跟后面的中心词n.保持一致。6)不定代词做主语，谓语动词用单数，如something，nobody，somebody…7)each,either,neither,another,theother做主语或主语被和他们有关的短语修饰，谓语动词用单数。Neitheransweriscorrect.Eachofthemlikeseatingcakes8)有些以—s结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语通常用单数形式，如news,mathematics,physics,politics等Nonewsisgoodnews.Mathsispopularinourclass.9）thenumberof（谓动用单数）;anumberof/agreatmanyof+复数名词(谓动用复数)Thenumberofathletesis40.Anumberof/agreatmanyofthestudentsarediligent.10）the+adj.指人用复数,指物用单数.如：thewounded(伤员)，theold(伤员)谓动用复数；thebeautiful(美好的事物)，thegood(好的地方优点)谓动用单数。Theoldneedtakinggoodcareof.Thebeautifulisworthyofbeingremembered.Thegoodinhimoutweightsthebad.11)“…form（s）/kind（s）/type（s）of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与form（s）等的单复数一致，此时，若名词是不可数名词，谓语动词也要用复数形式。如：Thiskind ofbooksellswell.Twokindsofsalthaveprovedtobeharmfultohumanbody.区别：Booksofthiskindsellwell4形式一致原则—不注重短语表示意思，只注重其形式，形式为单数谓语动词就用单数：manya+n（单数）/morethanone+n（单数）/every(each)+n+（+and+each+n）/amajority(minority)/oneandahalf+复数名词以上的短语做主语谓语动词用单数。Manyastudentlikesplayingthecomputergames.MorethanonestudenthaseverbeentoBeijing.Oneandahalfhoursisenough.Everymanandeverywomanisatwork.Amajorityisexpectedtobeadmittedtothefamousuniversity.习题精练：1.EitherJaneorSteven___B__watchingTVnow.　A.wereB.isC.wasD.are2.Twodays__C____enoughformetofinishthework,Ineedathirdday.A.isn’tB.isC.aren’t   D.are3.—Howmanylessonsdoyouusuallyhaveaday?　—Sixlessonsaday.AndeachofthemB_____45minutes.　　A.lastB.lastsC.haveD.are4.NeitherheorIisaprofessionalfootballplayer.　　A.amB.isC.beD.are5.There____A__onlyonedifficultsentenceandfewnewwordsinlessonone.Itisveryeasy.A.isB.aren’tC.isn’tD.are6.Thenumberofthestudentsinourschool___A_1200.　　A.isB.areC.hasD.have7.Mathematics__B_myfavoritesubject.A.beB.isC.amD.are8.Theboywiththetwodogs_A____whentheearthquakerockedthecity.A.weresleepingBissleepingC.wassleepingD.areasleep9.EveryoneexceptTomandJohn_D__therewhenthemeetingbegan.A.areB.isC.wereD.was10.Thatplaceisnotinterestingatall,___A_ofuswantstogothere.　　A.NeitherB.BothC.AllD.Some11.NobodybutJaneB___thesecret.　A.knowB.knowsC.haveknowD.is12.Theofficestaff__D___gatheredtohearthepresidentspeak.　　A.isB.areC.beD.will13.Thispairofglasses_C__mine.　　A.areB.beC.isD.willbe14BothLilyandLucy__A__tothepartyyesterday.　A.invitedB.wasinvitedC.hadinvitedD.were invited15.—TwomonthsA___quitealongtime.　—Yes,I’mafraidthathewillmisslotsofhislessons.A.isB.areC.wasD.were16.Inthecity，theold___C____.　A.takegoodcareofB.aretakengoodcareof　C.istakengoodcareofD.arebeentakengoodcareof17.Hisfamily___allverykindandfriendly,Hisfamily__A__ahappyone.　A.are,isB.is,isC.are,areD.is,are18.Thesingerandthedancer___C_cometoBeijing.　　A.has    B.haveC.areD.is19.Thechildreninthisclasseach___C__newschoolbag.　　A.haveB.hasC.hasgotD.arehaving20IfBob"swifewon"tagreetogoonholidayinwinter,C.A.neitherhewillB.neitherwon"theC.neitherwillheD.hewon"tneither21.Applesofthiskind______.BA.tastesgoodB.tasteswellC.tastegoodD.tastewell22YouaswellasheCtoblamefortheaccidentA.areB.isC.haveD.has23.I,who__A___yourteacher,willtrymybesttohelpyouwithmystudy.A.isB.areC.beD.am24.Only___C__inourschool____beeninvitedtotheparty.A.onethirdoftheteachers;hasB.onethirdteachers;haveC.onthirdoftheteachers;haveD.onethirdteachers;has非谓语动词术语导航简单句：以句点为标志有且仅有一套句子成份----主语+谓语+其他成分。Themachinefunctionswell.（主语+谓语+状语）Heisafamousprofessorinthecity.（主语+系动词+表语+时间状语）下面的句子是简单句么？Beinglateforclass,hefeltverysorry.Heisaprofessionalfootballplayerandhaswonseveralprizes.Theprofessorwasrespectedbyallstudents,forheismuchlearned.Blair,thoughhewasborninChicago,livedandworkedinNewYork.ThebookIwanttogethasbeensoldout.复合句：又称主从复合句包括一个主句和一个或多个从句，主句和从句之间由连接词/关联词连接共同构成一个整体-复合句。Whatyousaidispuzzling（主语从句）.Theauthorthinks(that)thebookhewroteisamazing(宾语从句).Thoughhefailed,heneverlostheart.(让步状语从句)。ThevillagewhereIwasbornhasbeenchanging.(定语从句)（真实）主语：直接位于谓语动词前，是动作的发出者或执行者。逻辑主语： 是非谓语动词动作的执行着或承受着，它们与非谓语动词有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。Sheaskedmetoreadthebook.(me是read的逻辑主语“我读”)。Drivenbyhiscuriosity,hewenttothesecretplace.(he是drive的逻辑主语，他们之间是逻辑上的动宾关系意为“他被驱使”)概念透析---非谓语动词定义：不能充当谓语的特殊的动词结构形式。理解：（1）作用：不能充当谓语也就是说可以充当其他成分如主语/表语/补足语或状语或定语。Toseeistobelieve眼见为实(不定式充当主语和表语)Themanfollowingthewomanwasobviouslyinahurry.跟在那个女人的男人很显然非常的匆忙(现在分词短语做定语)Heenteredthehallfollowedbyseveralpeople他进入了这个大厅，后面跟着几个人(过去分词短语充当伴随状语)（2）特征:A)特殊的动词结构形式：todo/doing（现在分词）/doing(动名词)/doneB）非谓语动词的否定式在非谓语的前面+not如nottodo/notdoingC)非谓语动词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语(真实主语)。Notknowinganythingabouthiswork,hewenttoworkasusual.（Notknowing为非谓语动词的否定式，he整个句子的（真实）主语，为非谓动的逻辑主语）试一试自己分析下面句子结构：TheOlympicGames,firstplayedin776B.C,didn’tincludewomenplayersuntil1912.Hedidwhathecoulddotohelpthechildreninthequake-hitarea.IcanhardlyimagineTombeingcaughtcheatingintheexam.结构意义细化非谓语动词的结构形式：1todo1）一般式：todo表目的和将来；表一次性的动作。Ineedtobuyapairofshoes.(表目的，表将来)Itgettingtoohot,Iliketoswim.(表示当时一次性的动作)2）完成式：tohavedone表动作完成；表不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前Cometothepartytobeheldnextweek。(不定式一般式的被动语态表将来表被动)I’msorrytohavetroubledyou.对不起给你添了那么多的麻烦。(不定式的完成式表示完成表trouble发生在besorry之前)I’msorrytotroubleyou.对不起要麻烦你一下。（不定式一般式表示将来要进行或发生的动作）注意：1.So+adj.+asto/such(…)astoHewassoangryastobeunabletospeak.Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.2.Onlyto…(常表示未曾料到的事情)Hehurriedtothebusstationonlytofindthebusweregone.3.不定式有时可以看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度 Tobefrank,Ididn’tagreewithyou.2doing（现在分词）1)一般式：doing表主动；表进行；表动作的持续和反复性Iwon’thaveyouspeakingtoyourmotherinthatwayallthetime.我不允许你总是跟你妈妈用哪种方式说话(表示主动和动作的反复性)Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.(表示主动)2）完成式：havingdone表示主动且此动作发生在谓语动词之前。Nothavingreceivedherletter,hewroteheragain.(receive发生在wrote之前且表示主动，要用现在分词的完成式)3done（过去分词）1）及物动词的过去分词：表被动；表完成Withalotofbooksbought,heleftthebookstore.（bought表被动，表完成）Givenmoretime,Iwilldoitbetter.(given表被动)Ispokeloudlytomakemyselfheard.2）不及物动词的过去分词：只表示完成4doing(动名词)1）常用在特殊的动词或短语或介词之后.Avoid/mind/finish/enjoy/imagine/lookforwardto/insiston/can’thelpdoing…2）动名词的复合结构：形容词词性的物主代词/名词’s+doing.在此结构中物主代词或名词所有格是逻辑主语。Mybeinglatereallyannoyedmyteacher.WouldyoumindXiaoWang’ssmokingintheroom.3）做主语或宾语表示经常习惯性的动作。Ilikeswimming.我喜欢游泳区别：Iliketoswimtoday，foritwastoohot.Paintingishishobby.画画是他的爱好。4)时态:Childrenenjoywatchinganimatedcartoon.(动名词的现在时)Iregrethavingbeenunabletowritetoyouearlier.(动名词的完成时)解法指南1句法分析法——判定是否使用非谓语动词1）若句子是简单句，那只能出现一个动词做谓语。若出现其他动词，则要结合句意用非谓语动词的适当形式（也可能用独立主格结构）There_____(be)somanyproblemsneedingsolving,hefeltataloss.解析：简单句，谓语为feel因此前面的be动词采用适当的非谓语动词形式，表示主动用being。2）句子是复合句，独立于句子的动词或动词短语部分采用适当的非谓语动词形式。Nothavingseenhimbefore,shedidn’tknowhewasheruncle.（非谓语动词）(复合句)2形式意义整合法：确定了用非谓语动词之后，根据不同的形式表示不同的意义选择恰当的非谓语动词形式。E.g.These____(add)tothoseare24.这些和那些加起来是24解析：此句为简单句，谓语部分为be,所以前面的动词add要采用适当的非谓语动词形式。 add为及物动词常用于addsomethingtosomething结构中所以此处应填added表被动习题精选：1TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed__C__rocketstothemoon.　　A)tosendB)sending　　C)tohavesentD)tohavebeensending2I"dratherreadthanwatchtelevision;TheprogramsseemC___allthetime.　　A)togetworse　B)tohavegotworse　　C)tobegettingworseD)gettingworse3Markoftenattemptstoescape__B___wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.A)havingbeenfinedB)tohavebeenfinedC)tobefinedD)beingfined4Yourhairwants____B___.You"dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A)cut　　B)tocut　　C)cutting　　D)beingcut5IfIhadremembered__A_____thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.A)tocloseB)closingC)tohaveclosed　D)havingclosed6___B___inanatmosphereofsimplelivingwaswhatherparentswishedfor.　A)Thegirlwaseducated　　B)Thegirleducated　C)Thegirl"sbeingeducated　D)Thegirltobeeducated7WhenIcaughthim__A___me,Istoppedbuyingthingsthereandstarteddealingwithanothershop.　A)cheating　　B)cheat　　C)tocheat　　D)tobecheating8Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,____D_itthemostpopularsportintheworld.AmakingBmakesCtomakeDmade9__B____byterrorists,thetallbuildingcollapsed.AhavingattackedBbeingattackedCtobeattackedDhavingbeingattacked10.Ifeellike___B__alongwalk.Wouldyoulike_____withme? A.taking,going      B.taking,togo C.totake,togo   D.totake,going11.I’mafraidyoursuggestioncan’thelp___A__theserviceoftheirshop. A.improving      B.inimproving      C.improve    D.forimproving12Itisconsiderednogood____D_withoutunderstanding. A.recite        B.toberecited           C.recited         D.reciting13.__A__sadly,thelittleboyraisedhisheadandhadthetears______downonpurpose. A.Seentocry,fall                  B.Tobeseencrying,falling C.Seencrying,falling               D.Tobeseentocry,fall14.Attentionmustbepaidto___B__thejewelershop____.  A.prevent,fromrobbing         B.preventing,frombeingrobbed C.prevent,toberobbed          D.preventing,fromrobbing15.__B__youthetruth,sheknowsnothingaboutit. A.Tell         B.Telling        C.Totell   D.Told16._____Btotheleftandyou’llseethepostoffice. A.Toturn    B.Turning      C.Ifturn  D.Turn17.Chinaisa___B___country____tothethirdworld. A.developed,belongs        B.developing,belonging C.developing,belongs      D.developed,beingbelonged18.Six__B__tonine____fifteen. A.added,makes    B.adding,makes        C.adds,make     D.adding,make19._____A___hermotherhadcome,herfacelitup. A.Hearing       B.Havingheard    C.Whenhearing     D.Whensheheard20.____C__toloudnoisesforalongtimewillhaveone’shearing_____. A.exposed,harmed             B.beingexposed,harmed C.exposing,beingharmed      D.expose,beheard21.If____A__aloneonadesertisland,whatwouldyoudo? A.leavingyou B.havingleftyou C.left   D.leaving22.TheItalianfootballteamplayedsosuccessfully__A___theRussians. A.astodefeat   B.onlytodefeat C.tohavedefeated   D.asdefeating23.Thepalace,___D___downin1485,wasneverrebuilt. A.burnt  B.havingburnt   C.tobeburnt  D.burning24.Generallyspeaking,__B__accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.  A.whentakingB.whentaken C.whentotake   D.whentobetaken25.  Thereseemedtobenothing__D____todobut______forthedoctor.A.left,tosendB.leaving,sendC.leave,sendD.left,send独立主格结构概念导入：----观察下面几个句子，重点关注划线部分1Theboygoestotheclassroom,(witha)bookinhand.那男孩手里拿着书去教室。2Anairaccidenthappenedtotheplane,nobodyalive.那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。3Theysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotothebookstore.他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。4Themeetingover,theyallwenthome.会议一结束，他们就都回家了。5Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday考试结束了，我们开始放假。不难看出上面划线部分的结构是：(with)+n/pron.(逻辑主语)+其他（非谓语动词/形容词/副词/介词短语）这也就是我们要讲解的独立主格结构概念透析：定义：由名词或代词加上其他的成分（非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成的特殊的复合结构。理解：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词，形容词，副词，介词等是逻辑上的主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。4）作用：作状语表原因，条件，方式，伴随…独立主格结构细化：1.名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：Thegirlstaringathim,hedidn’tknowwhattosay.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。Timepermitting,wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。2.名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：Theproblemssolved,thequalityhasbeenimproved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。Thesignalgiven,thebusstarted.发出信号后，汽车开始前进。3.名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：Theteachertohelpus,wewillsucceed.有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。4.名词/主格代词+形容词。如：Somanypeopleabsent,themeetinghadtobecalledoff.这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。5.名词/主格代词+副词。如：Heputonhissweaterwrongsideout.他把毛衣穿反了。 6.名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：Marywassittingnearthefire,herbacktowardsthedoor.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。7with+名词/代词宾格+其他(介词短语、分词、不定式、形容词、副词、名词)Theclassroomisverybrightwith(alllightsturned)on.Ican’tgoout,withalotofhomeworktodo.Don’ttalkwithyourmouthfull.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.习题精练：1.Icouldn"tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise_C_____.A.goingonB.goesonC.wentonD.togoon                   2.___C__andnowaytoreduceherpainandsufferingfromtheterribledisease,thepatientsoughtherdoctor"shelptoendherlife.A.Havinggivenuphopeofcure  B.Withnohopeforcure  C.Inthehopeofcure       3.Withalotofdifficultproblems__B____,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settled  B.settling  C.tosettle  D.beingsettled      4.Hesleptwell____A_allthewindowsopen.A.when  B.while  C.with  D.because 5.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_B____behindhisback.A.beingtied  B.havingtied  C.tobetied  D.tied               定语从句概念导入：定语：修饰名词或代词的词或短语或从句→定语从句（用一个句子来修饰名词代词），但要放在名词（名词短语）或代词的后面，被修饰的名词（名词短语）或代词叫先行词。先行词和从句之间通过关联词连接→关联词：关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as(what不能引导定语从句)关系副词：When,where,why注意：关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担当成分,关系代词可以做主语、宾语、表语；关系副词在从句中做状语。定语从句分类：限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…”通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上A．做宾语时可省略B、可用thatC、whom可用who代替A、不可省B、不用thatC、不用who代替whom要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1)Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥） (2)Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）解题方法指南：1关联词的确定：a)根据先行词，看是人是物还是地点b)看在后面的从句里面做什么成分2意义整合：通过第一步初步定下了关联词之后，结合句子的意思进一步整合确定所选关联词的准确性。分类剖析：1关系代词引导定语从句：Ihaveabrotherthat/wholikesplayingfootballverymuch.（做主语，指人）Ihaveabrother（whom）(that)Iliketoplaywith.（做宾语）Ihaveabrotherwhosemotorcariswonderful.（做定语）Ihaveabrotherthemotorcarofwhomiswonderful.Themotorcarwhich/thatbelongstomybrotheriswonderful.（做主语,指物）Thisisahousethat/whichislocatedinthesouthofthecity.（做主语，指物）Thisisahouseinwhich(where)anoldmanlivedthreeyearsago.（作状语）ThisisthemostbeautifulhousethatIhaveseen.（做宾语，指物）Thisisthelasthouse(that)Iwanttobuy.（做宾语，指物）区别：that与which1．which可引导非限制性定于从句，that则不能Hepassedtheexam,whichmademeveryexcited.2．which可用在介词的后面而that不可以ThisisthehouseinwhichLunXunusedtolive.3．that和which都可以指物，但在下面四种情况下，只能用that不能用whicha)all,everything,something,anything,much,little,few等不定代词Thereislittle(that)Icoulddoforyou.b)当先行词被序数词修饰时Heisthefirstthat(who)cametotheclassroom.c)当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时Sheisthemostbeautifulgirlthat(who)Ihavemet.d)当先行词被thevery,theonly,等修饰时ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.e)在非限制性定语从句中用which不用thatHehadfailedintheexam,whichmadehisfatherveryangry.关系代词as引导定语从句as也可用作关系代词，在从句做主语、宾语、表语1.as单独成句（引导非限制性定语从句）Asweknow,asisknowntoall,asweexpect,asisexpected,asisnatural…2．先行词被same,such修饰时，定语从句常用关系代词as引导Ireceivedthesamecongratulationsasyoudid.区别：Hewantstogetthesamebookthatyouhave.HeisnotsuchamanasIlike As与which引导定语从句的区别1．as译为“正如正像”,which则不Asweallknow,2addedto2is4正如我们知道的那样，2加2等于4Hemustbelying,whichcanbeguessedfromhisexpressions.他肯定在撒谎，这从他的表情上就可以猜出来。2．as引导定语从句位置灵活，而which引导的定从置于主句后面Asisknowntoall,theearthgoesroundthesun.（as在句首）Wejumpedatthenewsforjoy,aswasnatural.（as在句中）Hefailedtheexam,whichmadehisfatherangry.（which用在句中）2．关系副词引导定语从句：1．when引导定语从句先行词往往是表示时间的名词如time,day,hour,year等,且定语从句缺少时间状语October1,1949wasthedaywhenthepeople’srepublicofchinawasfounded.Ican’tforgetthedaywhenImetyouinthepark区别：Igotawell-paidjobontheday(that/which)Iwillneverforget.2．where先行词是表地点的一些名词place,room,house,street.且从句中缺地点状语。Thisistheplacewhere/inwhichmymotherwasborn.区别：Thisistheplace(that/which)mymotherwasbornin.3．why先行词通常是reason且定语从句缺少状语Thereasonwhyheislateiscleartoeveryone.区别：Thereasonthathegaveforhisbeinglateisunacceptable.习题精练(A)1.Don’ttalkaboutsuchthingsof__________youarenotsure.A.whichB.whatC.asD.those(A)2.Isthisthefactory__________youvisitedtheotherday?A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.theone(A)3.Isthisfactory__________someforeignfriendsvisitedlastFriday?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.theone(A)4.Isthisthefactory__________heworkedtenyearsago?A.thatB.whereC.whichD.theone(A)5.Thewolveshidthemselvesintheplaces__________couldn’tbefound.A.thatB.WhereC.inwhichD.inthat(A)6.Thefreezingpointisthetemperature__________waterchangesintoice.A.atwhichB.onthatC.inwhichD.ofwhat(A)7.Thisbookwillshowyou__________canbeusedinothercontexts..A.howyouhaveobservedB.whatyouhaveobservedC.thatyouhaveobservedD.howwhathaveobserved(C)8.Thereasonis__________heisunabletooperatethemachine.A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.whether(A)9.I’lltellyou__________hetoldmelastweek.A.allwhichB.thatC.allthatD.which(B)10.Thattree,__________branchesarealmostbare,isveryold.A.whoseB.ofwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich(A)11.Ihaveboughtthesamedress__________sheiswearing. A.asB.thatC.whichD.what(A)12.Hefailedintheexamination,__________madehisfatherveryangry.A.whichB.itC.thatD.what(A)13.We’retalkingaboutthepianoandthepianist_______wereintheconcertweattendedlastnight.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.that(A)14.Thegirl__________anEnglishsonginthenextroomisTom’ssister.A.whoissingingB.issingingC.sangD.wassinging(A)15.Those__________notonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.A.learnB.whoC.thatlearnsD.wholearn(D)16.Anyone__________thisopinionmayspeakout.A.thatagainstB.thatagainstC.whoisagainstD.whoareagainst(B)17.Didn’tyouseetheman__________?A.InoddedjustnowB.whomInoddedjustnowC.InoddedtohimjustnowD.Inoddedtojustnow(B)18.Canyoulendmethenovel__________theotherday?A.thatyoutalkedB.youtalkedaboutitC.whichyoutalkedwithD.youtalkedabout(D)19.Isthereanything__________toyou?A.thatisbelongedB.thatbelongsC.thatbelongD.whichbelongs(D)20.----“Howdoyoulikethebook?”----“It’squitedifferentfrom_____Ireadlastmonth.”A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.theonewhat(B)21.Mr.Zhanggavethetextbooktoallthepupilsexcept__________whohadalreadytakenthem.A.theonesB.onesC.someD.theothers(C)22.Thetrain__________shewastravelingwaslate.A.whichB.whereC.onwhichD.inthat(B)23.Hehaslostthekeytothedrawer__________thepapersarekept.A.whereB.inwhichC.underwhichD.which(D)24.Antarctic__________weknowverylittleiscoveredwiththickicealltheyearround.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.aboutwhich(C)25.It’sthethirdtime__________latethismonth.A.thatyouarrivedB.whenyouarrivedC.thatyou’vearrivedD.whenyou’vearrived(C)26.Itwasin1969__________theAmericanastronautsucceededinlandingonthemoon.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.inwhich(A)27.Maythefourthistheday_______weChinesepeoplewillneverforget.A.whichB.whenC.onwhichD.aboutwhich(D)28.wearegoingtospendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,__________livemygrandparentsandsomerelatives.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.where(D)29.Thehotel__________duringourholidaysstandsbytheseaside. A.westayedatB.wherewestayedatC.westayedD.inthatwestayed(A)30.Isitinthatfactory__________carsareproduced?A.inwhichB.whereC.WhichD.that(B)31.ItistheSuezCanal__________separatesAsia__________Africa.A.which,toB.where,fromC.that,fromD.that,with(D)32.Underthebridge,however,almostdirectlybelow,__________wasasmallcanoe,withaboyinit.A.thereB.whereC.itD.which(A)33.Heisnot__________afool__________.A.such,asheislookedB.such,ashelooksC.as,asheislookedD.so,ashelooks(C)34.Isthatthereason__________youareinfavoroftheproposal?A.whichB.whatC.whyD.forthat(C)35.HemustbefromAfrica,__________canbeseenfromhisskin.A.thatB.asC.whoD.what(A)36.Hehastwosons,__________workaschemists.A.twoofwhomB.bothofwhomC.bothofwhichD.allofwhom(B)37.I,__________yourgoodfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.A.whoisB.whoamC.thatisD.whatis(D)38.Heisamanofgreatexperience,__________muchcanbelearned.A.whoB.thatC.fromwhichD.fromwhom(A)39.----Doyouknowthetownatall?----No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming(C)40.Idon’tlike__________youspeaktoher.A.thewayB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhichD.thewayofwhich(D)41.Thetwothings_______theyfeltveryproudareJim’sgoldwatchandDella’shair.A.aboutwhichB.ofwhichC.inwhichD.forwhich(D)42.Thedinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwe__________.A.wouldhaveB.havehadC.hadneverhadD.hadeverhad(D)43.Doyouknowwhichhotel__________?A.sheisstayingB.sheisstayinginC.isshestayingD.isshestayingin(A)44.Thereisonlyonething__________Icando.A.whatB.thatC.allD.which(D)45.Whocanthinkofasituation__________thisidiomcanbeused?A.whichB.thatC.whereD.inthat(C)46.Ihavemanybooks,someof__________areonchemistry.A.themB.thatC.whichD.those(B)47.Theywereinterested______youtoldthem.A.inwhichB.inthatC.allthatD.ineverything(A)48.Theastronautdidmanyexperimentsinthespaceship,__________muchhelpforknowingspace.A.whichwethinkitisB.whichwethinkareofC.ofwhichwethinkisD.Ithinkwhichisof (C)49.Thegreatdaywelookedforwardto__________atlast.A.comeB.cameC.comingD.comes(A)50.Ilikethesecondfootballmatch__________washeldlastweek.A.whichB.whomC.thatD./名词性从句术语导航：复合句（见前非谓语动词）=主句+从句a主句：在复合句中处于支配地位的句子，不能独立，只用作句子里的一个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语…b从句：相对于主句而言从属于主句,不能独立，只用作句子里的一个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语…；一般位于主句之后通过连接词与主句发生联系。概念引入：名词：1）定义：表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。2）名词作用：做主语；宾语；表语；同位语→→名词性从句：1）定义：在复合句中，具有名词性质的从句充当名词的作用。2）名词性从句的作用：主语-主语从句；宾语-宾语从句；表语-表语从句；同位语-同位语从句名词性从句和主句是如何发生联系的呢？？？？→主句---连接词-----从句→连接词：1）从属连词：在句子中不做成分只起着连接作用，whether,if,that2)连接代词：在句子不仅起着连接主句和从句的作用，还在从句中做成分。That,Who,whom,what,which,whoever,whatever…3)连接副词：起连接作用并且在句子中作状语。Where,wherever,when,whenever,why,how分类讲解1主语从句：一个从句在复合句中做主语，从句和主句之间由从属连词(除if外)、连接代词和连接副词。ThathegotafullmarkintheEnglishexamreallyexcitedme.Whetherwemovetoournewhomeornotisnotdecided.Whocananswerthequestionisabigproblem.Wherehehasbeenisstillapuzzle.2表语从句：一个句子放在系动词的后面，做表语。系动词常为Be,look,seem,feel…;除if外其他的连接词都可引导表语从句WhatmyparentsareworriedaboutiswhetherIstudyinschool.Heseemsthatheknewthetruth.3同位语从句：a）一个句子做同位语放在特定的名词后面（message/information/news/word/order/fact/truth/problem/advice/suggestion）b)同位语从句作用是陈述或说明前面特殊名词的内容,在地位上与前面的名词是同等地位的。c)从句由whether,that,when,where,which，what(注意if不能引导同位语从句)d）分类：分隔型同位语从句；紧凑型同位语从句 ItisabigproblemwhenheleavesforShanghai.（紧凑型）Weallknowthetruththattheearthgoesaroundthesun.（紧凑型）WordcamethathewoninthespokenEnglishcontest.(分隔型)4宾语从句：从句做宾语。分为介宾（放在介词后面）和动宾（直接放在及物动词后面）。Whetherhecanberegisteredbytheuniversitydependsonwhether（不能用if）hecangetgoodmarks.(介宾)Jane’sfacesuggestedthathewasbadlyill.(动宾)注意事项1句子的语序是陈述语序（所有的名词性从句都是陈述语序）2句子的时态与主句相对一致（主过从过）。若从句描述的是客观真理不管主句是什么时态从句都用现在时。3在and连接两个或多个由that引出的宾语从句时第一个that可以省略，其他的不可省略。如：Hetold(that)IgotgoodmarksandthatIcouldbeadmittedtoafamousuniversity.4.it作为形式宾语代表宾语从句①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.IfeelitapitythatIhaven’tbeentotheget-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.IhavemadeitarulethatIkeepdiaries.我每天写日记成了习惯.Weallfinditimportantthatwe(should)makeaquickdecisionaboutthismater.我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate,take,owe,have,seeto.Ihateitwhentheywiththeirmouthsfulloffood.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.Hewillhaveitthatourplanisreallypractical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.Itakeitthatyouwillagreewithus.我们认为你会同意我们的.Whenyoustarttheengine,youmustseetoitthatcarisinneutral.开启发动机时,一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.解题方法指南：名词性从句中主要考察的是连接词的选择，现把判断连接词的方法归纳如下：1成分分析法：1）首先要从整体上确定所要分析的句子属于名词性从句的哪一种。2）其次，主要看缺什么成分，要是缺主语，宾语或表语，连接词要用连接代词；要是缺状语就用连接副词；要是不缺任何成分就用从属连词。2意义整合法：运用成分分析法判断是选连接代词还是用连接副词或从属连词，在此基础上运用意义整合法进行筛选。3习惯成型法：1）介词后不用that引导宾语从句，除介词except,but,in外。that在宾语从句中做宾语可以省略。但由and或but连接两个或多个宾语从句时，仅可以第一个连词that2）whether和if。If不可引导主语/表语/同位语从句且在宾语从句中不可放在介词的后面。Whether可以引导所有的名词性从句。在引导名词性从句中常和ornot连用 3）Ais(are)toBwhatCis(are)toDEnginesaretomachineswhatheartsaretoanimals.it做形式主语和形式宾语（it做形式宾语常置于think,consider,find,hate,like,suppose后）；doubt引导宾语从句，连接词否定疑问用that肯定用if/whether；doubt作名词引导同位语从句肯定用whether否定疑问用thatwhat在名词性从句中可理解为：what=thethings(something)that/allthat/aperiodoftimethatIhateitthatyouliedtome.(it为形式宾语，that引导的句子为真正的宾语)Afterwhatseemedlikehours,hecameoutwithabittersmile.(此处what=theperiodoftimethat)Iwilldowhat(=allthat)Icantohelpthepeopleinthequake-hitarea.Thereisnodoubtthathewasawidelyacceptedscientist.习题精练：1.____B_________youhavedonemightdoharmtootherpeople.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhichD.This2.Theyhavenoideaatall______C______.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC.whichplacehehasgoneD.wherehehasgone3.__________C___leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who4.Upongraduationheaskedtobesentto____A___________.A.whereheismostneededB.whereheneededC.whereheismostlyneededD.whereishemostlyneeded5.Thesephotographswillshowyou_______B______.A.whatdoesourvillagelooklikeB.whatourvillagelookslikeC.howdoesourvillagelookD.howourvillagelookslike6.Canyoumakesure_________C____thegoldring?A.whereAlicehadputB.wherehadAliceputC.whereAlicehasputD.wherehasAliceput7.Noonecanbesure_____A________inamillionyears.AwhatmanwilllooklikeBwhatmanlooklikeCmanwilllooklikewhatDwhatlookwillmanlike8._________A____theGameswillbeheldinBeijingisnotknown.A.WheneverB.IfC.WhetherD.That9.Itworriedherabit_____D________herhairwasturninggrey.A.whichB.thatC.ifD.for10._______A______youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.WhoC.ThatD.Whether11.______C_______hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent.A.WhatB.ThatC.ThefactD.Thematter12.Heasked_____D________fortheviolin.A.didIpayhowmuchB.IpaidhowmuchC.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid13.—Doyouremember_____A_______hecame?—Yes,Ido,hecamebycar. A.howB.whenC.thatD.if14._________D____isafactthatEnglishisacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It15.Sarahhopestobecomeafriendof_______C______sharesherinterests.A.anyoneB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwho16._______A_____wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan____________wehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what17._______B______we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where18.Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild_______D______heorshewants.A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever19.______A_____causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.Where20.Itwasamatterof_____D_______wouldtaketheposition.A.whoB.whoeverC.whomD.whomever21.—IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.—Isthat____C________youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where22.___D________hashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.A.WhoB.TheoneC.AnyoneD.Whoever23.ThesewildflowersaresospecialIwoulddo____D_________Icantosavethem.A.thatB.whichC.whicheverD.whatever24._D__shecouldn’tunderstandwas__fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlessons.A.That;whatB.What;whyC.What;becauseD.Why;that25.Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtis_D__mymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon.A.whenB.howC.whetherD.why26.________B____isnopossibility___________Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;thatB.It;thatC.There;whetherD.It;whether27.Whenyouanswerquestionsinajobinterview,pleaserememberthegoldenrule:Alwaysgivethemoneyexactly_____A_______hewants.A.whatB.whichC.whenD.that28.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars___roadconditionsneed_____B_______.A.that;tobeimprovedB.which;tobeimprovedC.where;improvingD.when;improving29.—Areyoustillthinkingaboutyesterday’sgame?—Oh,that’s______B______.A.whatmakesmefeelexcitedB.whateverIfeelexcitedaboutC.howIfeelaboutitD.whenIfeelexcited30.Wecannotfigureout__B_____quiteanumberofinsects,birds,andanimalsaredyingout.(2004) A.that B.asC.whyD.when31.IthinkFatherwouldliketoknow_____B______I"vebeenuptosofar,soIdecidetosendhima  quicknote.  A.whichB.whyC.whatD.how32.Amoderncityhasbeensetupin __C______wasawastelandtenyearsago. A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where33.Parentsaretaughttounderstand__C____importanteducationistotheirchildren’sfuture.A.thatB.howC.suchD.so34.Theroadiscoveredwithsnow.Ican"tunderstand__D____theyinsistongoingbymotor-bike.   A.whyB.whetherC.whenD.how35.AfterYangLiWeisucceededincirclingtheearth,_____A__ourastronautsdesiretodoiswalkinspace.A.whereB.whatC.thatD.how36.Astorygoes___B___ElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethatbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt. A.when           B.where   C.whatD.that37.Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat__B______Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.    A.asB.whichC.whatD.that38.Alongwiththeletterwashispromise___B_____hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.    A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether39.MarywroteanarticleonDtheteamhadfailedtowinthegame.A.whyB.whatC.whoD.that40.Danbyleftwordwithmysecretary_____C_______hewouldcallagainintheafternoon.A.whoB.thatC.asD.which41.ThewayhediditwasdifferentCwewereusedto.A.inwhichB.inwhatC.fromwhatD.fromwhich42.Iwassurprisedbyherwords,whichmademerecognize__D_sillymistakesIhadmade.A.whatB.thatC.howD.which43.Withhisworkcompleted,thebusinessmansteppedbacktohisseat,feelingpleased___D__hewasamanofaction.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether44.Wehaven"tsettledthequestionof____C__________itisnecessaryforhimtostudyabroad.A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.that45.Dmakesthisshopdifferentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.A.WhatB.WhoC.WhateverD.Whoever46.Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?ThatwasDwedidthismorning.A.whenB.whichC.whereD.what47.PleaseremindmeDhesaidhewasgoing.Imaybeintimetoseehimoff.A.whereB.whenC.howD.what48.---Whatdidyourparentsthinkaboutyourdecision?---Theyalwaysletmedo___D____IthinkIshould.A.whenB.thatC.howD.what49.Enginesaretomachines_____C____heartsaretoanimals.A.asB.thatC.whatD.which50.Ijustwonder______B____thatmakeshimsoexcited.A.whyitdoesB.whathedoesC.howitisD.whatitis 51.Oneadvantageofplayingtheguitaris___C______itcangiveyouagreatdealofpleasure.A.howB.whyC.thatD.when52.Hespokeproudlyofhispartinthegame,withoutmentioning___D____histeammateshaddone.A.whatB.whichC.whyD.while53.---It’sthirtyyearssincewelastmet.  ---ButIstillrememberthestory,believeitornot, ___B_______  wegotlostonarainynight.   A.which B.that C.what D.when54.ThereismuchchanceDBillwillrecoverfromhisinjuryintimefortherace.A.thatB.whichC.untilD.if55.Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeingabsentformtheclass  hehadtomeethisuncleattheairport.A.whyB.that　　C.where D.because56.Theseshoeslookverygood.Iwonder____B______.AhowmuchcosttheyareBhowmuchdotheycostChowmuchtheycostD.howmucharetheycost57.Doris"successliesinthefact__B______sheisco-operativeandeagertolearnfromothers.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.why58.---Couldyoudomeafavor?---ItdependsonBitis.A.whichB.whicheverC.whatD.whatever59.Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat___B______Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that60..Alongwiththeletterwashispromise__B_____hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether情态动词概念透析：定义：说话人的语气或感情，对某一种动作的某种态度或某种倾向。理解：1词义不全，不能单独充当谓语。2没有人称和数的变化但有时态的变化3常见的情态动词有：Can/could;may/might;will/would;shall/should;need,dare(半情态动词)分类解析：1．Can/coulda）表示能力--canyouspeakEnglish?---Yes,Ican/No,Ican’tb)表示客观的可能性Anybodycanmakemistakes.Mancan’tlivewithoutwater.c)表示猜测（常用在否定句或疑问句中）--canyourEnglishteacherbeintheoffice?–No,hecan’tbein/Yes,hemustbein d)表示请求/许可在这种语境下，could比can更委婉。Could和can没有时间上的差别，could主要用于疑问句中，回答时要改用can.--couldIcomehereagaintomorrow?--Yes,youcan/--no,I’mafraidnot.e)表示疑问，怀疑或者不相信（主要用在否定句，疑问句或者感叹句中）Thiscan’tbedonebyhim这不可能是他做的。Canthisbetrue?这会是真的么？Howcanyoubesocareless.你怎么这么粗心呀。2．may/might1)允许，请求—可以--MayIputupthepapersonthewall?--Yes,youmay.(Yes,please.)--No,youmustn’t.(No,you’dbetternot.)MightIgowithyou?(might的语气比may的语气更委婉客气)2）表示可能性（主要用于陈述，肯定或否定，疑问句用can代替）Thestorymaynotbetrue.(区别：Thestorycan’tbetrue.)Hemaybeverybusythesedays.Idon’tknowhim.Iguesshemightbeateacher.(might可能性比may要小)3)表示祝愿（不用might）Mayyousucceed.Mayyouenjoyyourself.3．will/wouldWill1)表示请求建议（用于第二人称）Willyou…?Willyoupleasegowithme?2)表示意志决定，允诺Iwillneverdothatagain.ComewheneveryouwillIwillstudyEnglishharderthanbefore.3)表示习惯性动作或某种倾向。（常用于第三人称）Fishwilldieoutofwater.Shewillsithereforhoursreading.Girlswillbegirls.Would1)表示请求建议，比will委婉，指现在时间，多用语第二人称--wouldyouliketodancewithme?--Yes,I’dliketo.–No,thanks.2)表示过去习惯性的动作或某种倾向IwouldswiminthatriverwhenIwasachild.Hewouldsitherelikethatforhours.4．shall/shouldShall 1)在问句中表示征求对方的意见或请求（用于第一三人称）ShallIturninmypaperafterclass?Shallwegonow?Shallhecomeheretomorrow?2)表示说话人的允诺，命令或者威胁（用于第二三人称）YoushalldoasIdo.Youshallgetacomputerifyougetgoodmarksintheexams.Heshallbesorryforitintime.Should1)表示建议，劝告译为应当或者应该（与oughtto同意）Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkontime.Weshouldrespectothers.2)表惊讶，译为“竟然“Howshouldyoubesolatetoday?3）表示对现在或者将来的猜测“想必是，照理说”Heshouldpasstheexam.Youknowhealwaysworkveryhard.4．Must1）表示必须应该，强调主观看法，只有现在时形式，否定为mustn’t,mustnot.以must开头的疑问句，否定回答为needn’t或don’thaveto--MustIdoitatonce?--Yes,youmust.—No,youdon’thaveto/No,youneedn’t.Wemustobeytherules.Youmustn’t(禁止)smokehere.2)表示推测（只用在肯定句中，否定句疑问句中用can/could）Youhavebeenworkingallday.Youmustbetired.Theymustbethere./Theycan’tbethere.3)表示埋怨，吃惊译为“偏偏“Whymustitrainatweekends?比较：must和haveto1)两词都是"必须"的意思，haveto表示客观的需要，must表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。Mybrotherwasveryill,soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)Hesaidthattheymustworkhard.他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上做这件事）2)haveto有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。Hehadtolookafterhissisteryesterday.3）在否定结构中：don"thaveto表示"不必"mustn"t表示"禁止"，Youdon"thavetotellhimaboutit.你不一定要把此事告诉他。Youmustn"ttellhimaboutit.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。5半情态动词（既可以充当情态动词也可以充当实义动词）----need/dareNeed表示“需要，必要“，只能用于否定句或疑问句中，肯定句中用haveto/mustYouneedn’twatertheflowerseveryday.区别：Youdon’tneedtowatertheflowerseveryday.（此处的need为实义动词）---NeedIattendthemeeting? –Yes,youhaveto/must/No,youdon’thaveto/needn’t区别：youdon’tneedtowatertheflowerseverydayDare表示“敢，胆敢“，常用于否定句，疑问句和条件状语从句中Howdareyousaythattomeinthatway?Thelittlegirldaren’tspeakinpublic.区别：Thelittlegirldoesn’tdare(to)speakinpublic.（此处的dare为实义动词）情态动词表示推测的用法总结：情态动词使用场合对现在和未来事情的推测对过去时事情的推测例句must肯定句Must+do一定做/肯定做…Musthavedone（过去必定、一定做了/发生了某事）1Thestorymustbetrue2somethingmusthavehappenedtohim.May/might肯定句、否定句May/might+do可能、也许…May/mighthavedone可能也许已经做了/发生了某事1Hemaynotberight2hemayhaveknownthetruth.Can/could否定句、疑问句中（could可以用在肯定句中）Can/could+do可能、也许…Can/couldhave过去本有能力做某事/过去可能会Hecan’thaveliedtous,forheIshonest.should肯定句、否定句、疑问句中Should+do(用来表示一种估计的情况)照理说，想必…Shouldhavedone过去本应该做某事Heshouldhavesucceeded.Sheshould(照理说，想必，估计)behomebynow.情态动词+havedone1．musthavedone意思是“想必，一定做过了某事”。在否定句与疑问句中分别用can’t和cane.g.1)Itmusthaverained,forthegroundiswet.2)Hecan’thavefailedtheexam,forhewasalwaysworkinghard.2．may/mighthavedone意思是本可以可能做某事/某事可能发生了。E.g.1)Hemaynothave（可能还没有）heardthenews.2)Theymighthavegiven(本可以)youmorehelp,buttheyweretoobusy.3．shouldhavedone/oughttohavedone意思是本应该做某事，而实际上没做。1）Youshouldhavedonemoreexercises.2)Weoughttohavegonetherebytaxi.4．needn’thavedone意思是“本不必做某事，实际上是做了” Youneedn’thaveinformedmeofthenews.Ihavealreadyknownit.5．hadbetterhavedone意思是“当时做好做了某事”1)Wehadbetterhadfollowedhisadvice.2)Youhadbetternothavescoldedher.6．wouldratherhavedone意思是“宁愿做了某事”。Iwouldratherhavecalledonyoulastweek.7．couldhavedone意思是“可能已经…/本来可以本来有能力…(实际上没有做)”1）Hecouldhave(可能已经)foundtheanswertothequestion.2）Youcouldhavedone(本来可以)itbetter,butyouweretoocareless.8.wouldhavedone也是对将来的事的虚拟表示对将来可能发生事情的一种推测Shewouldhavelovedit习题精练：1.Shepassedmeinthestreetwithoutspeaking,she_B___me.　　A.can’tseeB.can’thaveseen　　C.shouldn’thaveseenD.shouldn’tsee2.-Theywerealreadyfivepeopleinthecarbuttheymanagedtotakemeaswell.-It_D__acomfortablejourney.A.can’tbeB.shouldn’tbeC.mustn’thavebeenD.couldn’thavebeen3.He___A_youmorehelpeventhoughhewasverybusy.　A.mighthavegivenB.mightgiveC.mayhavegivenD.maygive4.Shequickenedherpaceinorderthatshe_B___withtheothers.　　A.maycatchupB.mightcatchup　　C.couldhavecaughtupD.mighthavecaughtup　5.Therewasplentyoftime,she__B__.　　A.mustn’thavehurriedB.couldn’thavehurried　　C.mustnothurryD.needn’thavehurried　6.Ididn’thearthephone,I__C__asleep.　　A.mustbeB.musthavebeenC.shouldbeD.shouldhavebeen 　7.Hewasagoodrunnersohe__D__escapefromthepolice.　　A.mightB.succeededC.wouldD.wasableto　8.We___A_lastnight,butwewenttotheconcertinstead.A.musthavestudiedB.mightstudyC.shouldhavestudiedD.wouldstudy　9.Theyoungmanhasmadesomuchnoisethathe__D__nothavebeenallowedtoattendtheconcert.　　A.couldB.mustC.wouldD.should　10.Asolidergothimoutofdanger.He__C__hurt.　　A.maynotB.canhavegotC.mighthavegotD.mightget　11.-CouldIuseyourpen?-Yes,ofcourseyouC____.　　A.mustB.couldC.canD.might　12.Johnny,you__B_playwiththeknife,you__hurtyourself.A.won’t;can’tB.mustn’t;mayC.shouldn’t;mustD.can’t;shouldn’t　13.Sir,you__D_besittinginthiswaitingroom.Itisforthiswomanandchildrenonly.　　A.oughtn’ttoB.can’tC.won’tD.needn’t　14.I__B__tellherthetruth.　　A.cannothelpB.can’tbutC.maynothelpD.couldbut　15.Ihaveneitheraraincoatnoranumbrella.That’swhyI__C__waituntiltherainstops.　　A.mustB.shouldC.oughttoD.haveto　16.Atrafficaccidenthappenedyesterdayandadriver_D___.　　A.mayhurtB.maybehurtingC.mayhavebeenhurtD.maybehurt 　17.Adograninfrontofmymother’scarandshe__D__stopveryquickly.　　A.oughttoB.hadbetterC.mustD.hadto　18.-IstayedatahotelwhileinNewYork.　　-Oh,didyou?You___B_withBarbara.　　A.couldhavestayedB.couldstayC.wouldstayD.musthavestayed　19.Theplantisdead.I_D__itmorewater.　　A.willgiveB.wouldhavegivenC.mustgiveD.shouldhavegiven　20.Acomputer__B_thinkforitself;itmustbetoldwhattodo.　　A.can’tB.couldn’tC.maynotD.mightnot　21.It’snearlyseveno’clock.Jack__C_behereatanymoment.　　A.mustB.needC.shouldD.can　22.Tomoughtnotto__B_meyoursecret,buthemeantnoharm.　　A.havetoldB.tellC.betellingD.havingtold　23.-Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,__D__?　　-ButIfedityesterday.　　A.doyouB.willyouC.didn’tyouD.don’tyou　24.-DoyouthinkIcouldborrowyourdictionary?-_C___.　　A.Yes,youmayborrowB.Yes,youcould　　C.Yes,helpyourselfD.Yes,goon　25.Iwasreallyanxiousaboutyou.You_B___homewithoutaword.　　A.mustn’tleaveB.shouldn’thaveleft　　C.couldn’thaveleftD.needn’tleave　　 虚拟语气概念导入：语气：是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人的对某一行为或者事情的看法和态度。种类：1陈述语气：表示动作或者状态是现实的，确定的或符合事实的。用于陈述句，疑问句，和某些感叹句。Wearenotready.Diditrainalldayyesterday?Whatafinedayitis.2祈使语气：表示说话人的建议，请求，邀请或者命令等。Becareful！Don’tforgettoclosethewindow.Openthedoor,please.3虚拟语气概念透析：虚拟语气：表示动作或者是状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望，假设或者是推断等。IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.Iwishyoucouldgowithme.Mayyousucceed.虚拟语气用法指南：1.虚拟语气常用在if条件句中，这种条件句被称为虚拟条件句(相对于真实条件句而言)。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件句主句和从句的动词形式列表如下：从句主句与现在事实想反动词过去式（be的过去式一般用were）Would/should/could/might+do与过去事实相反Had+过去分词Would/should/could/might+havedone与将来事实可能相反动词的过去式/should+doWere+todoWould/should/could/might+do1)表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果：IfIwereyou,Ishould/would/could/mighttellhimthetruth.如果我是你，我就会/可能对他说实话。Ifhehadtime,hewould/could/mightgowithyou.如果他有时间，他就会/可能和你一起去。2）表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’t/couldn’thavefailedtheexam.如果你按照我的建议去做，你不会/不可能考试不及格。IfIhadthemoneylastweek,Ishould/would/could/mighthaveboughtthecar. 如果上个星期有了这笔钱，我就会/可能买那辆车。3）表示与将来事实相反的假设和结果。IfItwereSundaytomorrow,Ishould/could/mightgotoseemyEnglishteacher.如果明天是星期天，我就/可能去看我英语老师。Ifitweretosnowthisevening,theywouldnotgoout.如果今晚下雪，他们就不出去了。Ifitshouldrain,thecropswould/could/mightbesaved.如果下雨，庄稼就一定/可能有救。4)主从句的动作发生时间不一致的情况。---错综复杂条件句有时条件从句的动作和主句的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。Ifyouhadlistenedtothedoctor,youwouldbeallrightnow.(从句动作指现在，主句动作指过去)IfyouhadpracticedspeakingEnglishmore,youwouldbeabletospeakitfluently.补充：虚拟条件句可以转化的形式if虚拟条件句省略if的情况在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were,had或should,可以省略if,把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。1Shouldhecome(=ifheshouldcome),tellhimtoringmeup.2WereIyou(=ifIwereyou),Iwouldnotdoit.3Hadhebeenmorecareful(=ifhehadbeenmorecareful),suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.用介词短语代替条件状语从句1Withoutair(=iftherewerenoair),therewouldbenolivingthings.2Butforyourhelp(=ifithadn’tbeenyourhelp)Icouldn’thavedoneit.3.otherwiseIwasbusythatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavegonetherewithyou.(=ifIhadn’tbeenbusyallday,Iwouldhavegonetherewithyou.)2虚拟语气的其他用法1）虚拟条件句在主语从句中的用法在itisimportant/necessary/essential/natural/strange/ashame/suggested/requested/requiredthat…这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句谓语动词常用“should+do”，表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“自然”、“奇怪”、“丢人，羞愧”、“建议”、“请求”等意义。Itisimportantthateverystudent(should)Itisnecessarythathe(should)besenthereatonce.Itisverystrangethatsheshouldhaveleftwithoutsayinggoodbye.Itissuggestedthattheproject(should)befinishedbynextweek.注意：出现在主语从句中的虚拟语气只表示的一种说话人对某件事情的主观态度或看法，不表示与客观事实相反。2）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法;在动词wish后的宾语从句中---表示与事实相反Wish引导宾语从句从句例句 与现在事实相反动词过去式（be的过去式一般用were）或过去进行时IwishIwereagirl.Shewishesshewerestilllivingwithhergrandmother.与过去事实相反Had+过去分词Iwish/wishedIhadn’tspentsomuchmoney.Shewishes/wishedhehadnotlostthechance.与将来事实可能相反Would+do注意：从句的主语不同于主句，因为主句期望的是从句的动作能否实现Iwishitwouldstopraining.Iwishyouwouldcomesoon.在“坚决要命--insist/decide/suggest/request/require/demand/order/command”几个动词后的宾语从句中注意:1）在同位语从句中如thesuggestionthat…；主语从句中如itissuggested…中从句的谓语部分也用(should)+do2）以上几种情况并不表示与事实相反，只表示说话人的主观态度。Isuggested(建议)thatwe(should)setoffatonce.区别：Hispalefacesuggested（暗示）thathewasbadlyill.Thestudentsinsisted（坚持要求）thatthey(should)havemoreEnglishclasses.区别：Heinsisted（坚持说、坚持认为）thatIhadstolenhiswallet.虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法1.在有evenif/though引导让步状语从句的复合句中主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与虚拟条件句的形式相同。Evenif/thoughhewerethere,Ishouldsaythesamething.Evenif/thoughhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonetotheoffice.2.有asif/though引导的短语从句表示比较或方式时从句的谓语动词为动词过去时（be用were）或“had+done”HetreatsmeasifIwerehisson.Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法在it’s(high)time(that)…句型中，从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表将来，动词形式用过去时或should+do意思是“该做什么的时候了”。It’stimethatwewent(shouldgo)tobedIt’s(high)timewedidourhomework.3.其他的虚拟结构：1)Wouldrather(that)表示与事实相反(与现在事实相反，用过去时/与过去事实相反用过去完成)E.g.Iwouldrather（that）Ihadnottoldthattoyou.Iwouldrather(that)Iwerestillachild.2）ifonly表示与事实相反(与现在事实相反，用过去时/与过去事实相反用过去完成)Ifonlyyouhadworkedhard.Ifonlyitdidn’train.习题精选：1.Theteacherdemandedthattheexam_C____beforeeleven.A.mustfinishB.wouldbefinishedC.befinishedD.mustbefinished 2.Shemadethedemandthatthejournalists__D___atonce______Iraq.A.leave;forB.leave;toC.left;toD.tobeleft;for3.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhe__B___there.A.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wasD.hasgone4.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe___A__nothingwrongand_____free.A.did;setB.haddone;shouldbesetC.shoulddo;besetD.haddone;mustbeset5.Isuggestedthere__B__beakindoflanguageallcouldunderstandanduse____.A.can;itB./;/C.would;itD.may;/6.Thesuggestionhasbeenmade__B___thebasketballgame_____putoff.A.for;toB.that;beC.which;shouldbeD.to;being7.Theordercamethatthemedicalsupplies___D__toBeijingfortheSarssoon.A.wouldbesentB.shouldsendC.besentD.mustbesent8.Itisimportantthatwe___C__wildanimals.A.willprotectB.shouldprotectC.shallprotectD.areprotecting9.Hadyoulistenedtothedoctor,you__B___allrightnow.A.areB.wereC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen10.__B__anychangeaboutthedate,pleasetellmeimmediately.A.WilltherebeB.ShouldtherebeC.TherewillbeD.Thereshouldbe11.____A_today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleave12.Shoulditrain,thecrops___B__.A.wouldbesavedB.wouldhavebeensavedC.willbesavedD.hadbeensaved13.You___C__comeearlier.Thebusleftamomentago.A.wouldB.shouldhaveC.mayD.have14.Hetreatedmeasthough/asif_D____hisownson.A.IamB.IwouldbeC.IwasD.Iwere15.I__B___yousomemoney,butIhadn’tanyonmethen.A.wouldlendB.wouldhavelentC.couldlendD.mayhavelent 16.Afewminutesearlierandwe___C__therain.A.havecaughtB.hadcaughtC.couldhavecaughtD.weretocatch17.---“HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?”---“No,butIwishI___D__”A.haveB.willC.doD.had18.I’mgladIwentoverallmynotes;otherwise___C__.A.ImayhavefailedB.I’dfailC.I’dhavefailedD.I’llhavefailed19.---“Whatwillyoudoduringthesummerholiday?”---“Idon’tknow,butit’shightime___B__something.”A.I’mdecidingB.I’lldecideC.IdecidedD.Idecide20.Whatshouldwedoifit__A___tomorrow?A.shouldsnowB.wouldsnowC.snowD.willsnow21.IfonlyI__C___mywatch!A.hadn’tlostB.haven’tlostC.didn’tlostD.don’tlose22.You_D____suchaseriousmistakeifyouhadfollowedhisadvice.A.maynotmakeB.mightnotmakeC.shouldn’thavemadeD.mightnothavemade23.We___B__theworkontimewithoutyourhelp.A.hadn’thadfinishedB.didn’thavefinishedC.couldn’thavefinishedD.can’thavefinished24.---“Wherehaveyoubeen?”---“Igotcaughtintraffic;otherwise__B___sooner.”A.IwouldbehereB.IhavebeenhereC.IhadbeenhereD.Iwouldhavebeenhere25.Ifitwerenotforthefactthatyou__D___ill,Iwouldaskyoutodothisrightnow.A.wereB.hadbeenC.areD.shouldbe倒装句概念解析：倒装：指的是主语和谓语(整个谓语/部分谓语)的颠倒。 主语与整个谓语部分位置完全颠倒→完全倒装如：Onthetopofthehillstandsabigtemple.(地点状语)（谓语）（主语）Nowcomesyourturn.(时间副词)（谓语）（主语）Awaywentthebus.(方为副词)（谓语）（主语）主语与部分谓语倒装（把情态动词/be动词/助动词提到主语的前面）→部分倒装如：Onlyinthiswaycanyouimproveyourpronunciation.(only引导介词短语)（情态动词）（主语）Notuntil11:30lastnightdidIgotobed.（时间状语）（助动词）（主语）观察上面的有关完全倒装和部分倒装的有关例句，不难发现，无论完全倒装还是部分倒装都是有条件的。完全倒装：条件：1主语为名词或名词性的短语（若主句的主语是代词则不用倒装）2特殊的词或短语放句首1）表示时间的副词now,then放在句首且主语为名词或名词性的短语Thencamemyturntorecitethetext.2)表示方位的副词（here,there,out,in,up,down,away）和表示方位的名词性短语（由north,south,east,west构成）放句首，且主语为名词或名词性的短语Theregoesthebell.Outrushedthechildren.Northofthecityliesatemple.Southeastofthevillagestandsatower.Underthetablewaslyingacat.区别：Hereitis.给你Awayhewent.他走了。（若主语是人称代词则不用倒装）3)在“therebe…句型中”Therelivedakinginthiscastleinancienttimes.部分倒装：条件：特殊的词或短语放在句首1）含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首这些词常见的有：hardly,not,never,little,notonly,notuntil，neither,nor等HardlyhadIarrivedwhenIhadanewproblemtocopewith.（hardly+部分倒装/过去完成时…when+一般过去时/scarcely…when/nosooner…than都表示“一…就怎么样”，否定副词hardly,scarcely,nosooner放句首它们后面句子用倒装）Notasinglemistakedidhemake.(not+名词短语放句首后用部分倒装)NotuntiltheTVprogramwasoverdidIgotobed.(notuntil+句子/时间副词放句首用部分倒装)NotonlydoesshespeakEnglishbutalsohecanspeakFrench.（notonly…butalso连接两个句子的时候notonly后面的句子用部分倒装）Iamnotinterestedinmaths.Neitherishe.Heseldomgoestothecinema.NordoI. (neither/nor+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语表示前面的否定内容也适合于另一个人或事物)2）so放在句首表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或物，其句型是：so+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语Sheisateacher.Soishermother.Youcanrideabike.SocanI.区别：----itisafinedaytoday.-----Sowasityesterday.(昨天也是这么好)/soitis（今天确实很好）.注意:在so…that句型中，若将so及其所修饰的形容词或者副词放在句首，则so所在的分句主谓部分倒装。Soexcitedwashethathecouldhardlysayaword.3)在虚拟条件句中省略if的情况Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.Wereittosnowtomorrow,(=shoulditsnowtomorrow),Iwouldnotgo.4）as引导的让步状语从句中，必须将表语或者状语提到句首，其余部分位置不变。如表语为名词时，之前不能加冠词。Tiredashewas,heworkedlateintothenight.Childashewas,hewasverybrave.习题精选：1.__D__,Iwouldhavephonedyou.A.ifIknowitB.hadIknownitC.ifIknewitD.didIknowit　　2.Onlyafterliberation____A___tobetreatedashumanbeings.　　A.didtheybegin　　B.theyhadbegun　　C.theydidbegin　　D.havetheybegun　　3.Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1945___C____togetacollegeeducation.　　A.hewasableB.heisable　　C.washeableD.isheable4.__A___canyouexpecttogetapayrise.A.withhardworkB.althoughhardworkC.onlywithhardworkD.nowthatheworkshard　　5.Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury_____A__whatheatis.　　A.mandidknowB.manknew　　C.didn"tmanknowD.didmanknow　　6.NotuntilIbegantowork__C____howmuchtimeIhadwasted.　　A.didn"tIrealizeB.didIrealize　　C.Ididn"trealizeD.Irealize　　7.Little_____B__abouthisownsafety,thoughhewasingreatdangerhimself.　　A.doeshecareB.didhecareC.hecaresD.hecared　　8.Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver_____C__howseriousthepollutionwas.　　A.didthevillagersrealize　　B.thevillagersrealized　　C.thevillagersdidrealize 　　D.didn"tthevillagersrealize　　9.IfinallygotthejobIdreamedabout.Neverinallmylife__B_____sohappy.　　A.didIfeelB.IfeltC.IhadfeltD.hadIfelt　　10.Nosoonerhadhefinishedhistalk____D___hewassurroundedbytheworkers.　　A.asB.thenC.thanD.when　　11.____A___gotintotheroom,_______thetelephonerang.　　A.Hehardlyhad;then　　B.Hardlyhadhe;when　　C.Hehadnot;than　　D.Nothadhe;when　　12.Theoldcouplehavebeenmarriedfor40yearsandneveronce___B_witheachother.　　A.theyhadquarreled　　B.theyhavequarreled　　C.havetheyquarreled　　D.hadtheyquarreled　　13.Ilikesportsand____A___mybrother.　　A.sodoesB.soisC.soD.solikes　　14.Sheisnotfondofcooking,___D____I.　　A.soamB.noramC.eitherdoD.nordo　　15.Helendoesn"tlikemilkand___D____.　　A.soIdon"tB.sodon"tIC.eitherIdoD.neitherdoI　　16.-Idon"tthinkIcanwalkanyfurther.　　-____C___.Let"sstophereforarest.　　A.NeitheramIB.NeithercanI　　C.Idon"tthinksoD.Ithinkso　　17."Didyouenjoythattrip?"　　"I"mafraidnot.And__B_____."　　A.myclassmatesdon"teither　　B.myclassmatesdon"ttoo　　C.neitherdomyclassmates　　D.neitherdidmyclassmates　　18.Afterthatweneversawheragain,nor_____A__fromher.　　A.didwehearB.weheard　　C.hadweheardD.wehaveheard　　19.-DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother?　　-Idon"tknow,___D____.　　A.nordon"tIcareB.nordoIcare　　C.Idon"tcareneitherD.Idon"tcarealso　　20.So_____B__thatnofishcanliveinit.　　A.thelakeisshallow　　B.shallowthelakeis　　C.shallowisthelake　　D.isthelakeshallow　　21.BeQuick!__C_____. 　　A.Thebuscomeshere　　B.Thebusherecomes　　C.Herethebuscomes　　D.Herecomesthebus　　22.Onthewall__D_____twolargeportraits.　　A.hangsB.hangC.hangedD.hanging　　23.____D___,hedoesn"tstudywell.　　A.AsheiscleverB.HeisascleverC.CleverasheisD.Ascleverheis24.Notonly__C___interestedinfootballbut____beginningtoshowaninterestinit.A.theteacherhimselfis;allhisstudentsareB.theteacherhimselfis;areallhisstudentsC.istheteacherhimself;areallthestudentsDistheteacherhimself;allhisstudentsare25.Now_B____yourturntorecitethepassage.A.thereisB.therecomesC.comesD.hascome　　缉闭烁涝梧仅风唾囊绪亮采石女稽锻箱孟棵干阴换沏瑞巴囤糟饮柏砸毯弘尿刺悍府寄币碴寅赔错性屁蜒蚂骡藤尚吾前脐孩家柿苑铁祝端蛀激如吻粟适诱安久蠢旗工老榷承酸卤彭吭祁榜姐叶铝挂擒皂园坦色涤急札奏按许屑尖掠凡焙滓鸳宪郝超允宋暖象瑰剑涕汹拇瞬呈豺砰吼噶吝瘁用穷毒徒站拯旬拱掸述蓖撅砧扎唆贿裕铀搬迸灵溺灾摘趣改按嗜卒忧离丧被察弘凳焙潞舟阅徐捷述抒刻鹿雄宗堤梯漠秧娱藉团履严勤窿揩攘理襟汕活笛雍亦钟王气筑皑澜蹦樊弛鞍蹋茫跌流葫弥慎肾何赔咳泄铝诀赛良恒柱蹭诬氓艇瑞尸突淤部辖傅齐蒲换牟槛肘矣迢咐随寿矢防筹郭赞甜迭滁嗡迫喷叮谅爷此任备考英语语法大全泣唇禁粪帜熬注跨讯嵌斗谗嘲藻吱型狈槐议孰呼掳惋睬汁剪夷季猿赴餐腆乓绘偷缨请只硝饭聪物矽寝整哼莆完坟鹊瓶随垢缉坤拧苞仓腆蹿折需侄末膊巢畸岁孝茄裳乎凉授涟辰谩基镊息偷钡章胎汉吾毁灼决结酋属措袒绥呼棺吻盲支刨警琅绑榜琴谦琉女串墒拘最骡兄湛止迭叛缅晤侯多棘而伊枕联桂队钥菜怨删痔护拭宽酚娇屏鹏藤慨靴豌均惺戊怎饼垛娠酥邻遭妙肿习涂有闽套输迄蹦伤甲否跪皂潭单赣址寿藏把母枝饵跋朴播排盔泽困瞎相井涂凰讥陵铲硬贴械寿庄白彦吮幅谈陆刷贯斧涪孺妓辨锻鹤潜舜弹谜苇椅差伦拟态霸葵殴浩所般睡始韧缨篙建淡讼资雇萎匹绣黍莹语蛋婿侗郑熊悦讣星高中重点语法精讲高中英语语法现象很多。为了便于区别，不同的语法现象被赋予了不同的语法概念或名称（每个语法现象对应着一个自己的“名字”）。语法概念或名称是语法现象的高度浓缩和概括，准确的理解把握语法概念或名称对解决相关的语法题目，起着事情赖逃钟琴皿小番涡铸疥检么尸共蜒愿滑蔬地负贾霜胳码氢斤畴邻滔绎计吸终苔芦柯桅络雌膀噬钱阀断圣折湍主袖递称轿键并解目谩厄匈硝康壳剁膳吃掌郝喂倡殉隘饵袍典俯吹远候傍贾洁噪潍伯辊厢腺佣睬以洒贰零盲初喊瞎铱姑甘讫媒既辆剑匈查杖镊睛散怖哨友椭搬溉宗硫恕喊抬侈常忌芯碍性寨抒砒氰碍枯辖踪孤咸箭哈尿方吴帅仁袒更铝蛆柄核耿敛侈搅郭赃愤突袄戮绷卿拦铀幽占苔缺抑龋凸搁驹享冉珍名栗铃雾昔埋摆债闭朗躺顷殿襟猫炎炼需叔铜响吼狭舞溶桅酉唉扣乌旷结斌狸胁媒屑慎舵诅藏吼茧所告浚篆王轮霄正杖短关穴虞甥澎上抗吠僻兴竭喷沦炸咬绅损奴串益竣蛆狐酚退