中考英语语法复习系列(一)——名词 5页

中学英语语法知识总结词类（一）—名词名词是表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念名称的词。一、名词的数▲可数名词复数形式的构成1．规则变化：1）直接在词尾+s,读音：清辅音后读[s]，浊辅音和元音后读[z]。如ball—balls;bed--_____;cat--____2）以s,sh,ch,x结尾，+es,读音：[iz]。如address—addresses,march--_________,watch--______bus--_________,box--________,class--_______,brush--__________3）以o结尾+es,读音：[z],只有4个，tomato--_____;potato--______;negro黑人--_______;hero--__其余以o结尾的均+s即可。如radio--radios;photo--photos,piano--_______（特殊：zero——zeros/zeroes）4)以辅音字母+y结尾，去y为i+es。如body—bodies,factory--_______,family--__________,country--__________,centry--___________,strawberry--_________;story--_______(monkey--__________;holiday--___________)5）以fe/f结尾，去fe/f为v+es,读音：[z]。如knife——knives,wife--________;leaf--________;wolf--______;thief--_______;half--_________;life--__________（roof—roofs,chef—chefs;chief—chiefs,scarf—scarfs,hankerchief—hankerchiefs,belief—beliefs）2．特殊变化：6)改变单数名词中的元音字母。如man—men;woman—women;foot—feet;goose(天鹅)—geese;tooth—teeth;policeman—policemen;mouse—mice;grow-up(成人)—grow-ups7）单复数同形。如sheep;Chinese;dear;fish8）只变化词尾。如child——children;ox—oxen9）只有复数形式。如glasses;trousers;clothes△名词是否可数，在英语与汉语中或有不同，如“smile(微笑)”，英语是可数的，而汉语是不可数的。因此，判断一个名词是否可数，不能按我们的习惯，最可靠的办法是查字典。△有些集体名词可作单数，也可做复数。作单数时指整体，作复数时指个体。常考有family,class,team,group,army（军队）等。e.g.Myfamilyisgoingtomove.我家要搬了。(指整体)MyfamilyarewatchingTVnow.我的家人正在看电视。（指成员）△a或an不可与不可数名词连用，在表示数量时，经常使用of词组。e.g.apairofglasses,twocupsoftea；apieceofnews;apieceofbread△有些名词虽以s结尾，但在意义上是单数，作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。e.g.maths,news,physics（物理学科）△一些集体名词，单数形式具有复数意义，作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。e.g.people,police△合成名词：合成名词用作定语，常见有两种形式：①数词-名词：atwo-monthholiday（一个两个月长的假期）；②数词-名词-形容词：atwo-meter-longruler（一把2米长的尺子）。二、名词的所有格（’s）定义：表示名词与名词之间的所有关系的形式。构成：1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“’s”。如：Tom’sbike,Marx’sworks-5- 中学英语语法知识总结以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“’”。如：students’homework；aworkers’nightschool一所工人夜校，不以s结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“’s”。如：men’sclothes男士衣服2）如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“’s”。如：TomandMike’sroom汤姆和迈克合住的房间Tom’sandMike’srooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间3)表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。如：thetailor’s裁缝店，thebarber’s理发店，gotothedoctor’s上诊所，atmyuncle"s在我叔叔家4)表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”来表示所有格。如：today’snewspaper,halfanhour’srest,twoweeks’work,tenminutes′walk,China’spopulation,Shanghai’sindustry（工业）5)表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如：thestudentsoftheirschool,theteachersofGrade2，amapofChina6)双重所有格：表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of＋所有格”来表示所属关系。例如：Heisanoldfriendofmyfather’s.ThisisapictureofMary’s.afriendofmine/theirs/hers7)可用’s或of短语表示的名词所有格theboy’sname=thenameoftheboythedog’sleg=thelegsofthedogChina’spopulation=thepopulationofChinaChina’scapital=thecapitalofChina三、名词作定语1）多数名词用单数形式作定语，不随数量的改变而改变。如：anappletree;twoappletrees2）sport作定语时，必须用复数形式。如：apairofsportsshoes;asportscar;asportsmeeting3）man,woman作定语时，单复数随数量的改变而改变。如：amanworker;twomenworkerse.g.(选择)1).---Howmany_____arethereinyourclass?---Thereisonlyone______.A.womenteachers;womenteacherB.womenteachers;womanteacherC.womanteachers;womanteacherD.womanteacher;womanteacher2).Ineedtobuya______shoes.A.sportsB.pairofsportC.pairofsportsD.sport3).Canyoudrawsome______forme?A.bananatreeB.bananatreesC.bananastreeD.bananastrees四、名词表示种类有三种方式：1）a/an+单数名词2）the+单数名词3）复数名词e.g.(翻译)猪是一种有用的动物。1)__Apigisausefulanimal.________2)__Thepigisausefulanimal.______3)__Pigsareusefulanimals.________名词用法的一个注意点:主谓一致1、当class,family,team,group,public等集体名词做主语时，如果看成一个整体，动词就用单数；看成一个个具体成员时,就用复数。e.gTom’sfamily___ratherbig.Tom’sfamily____filmfans.-5- 中学英语语法知识总结2.news,maths,politics表示单数意义，动词用单数。e.gThenewsmakesherveryhappy.3.chopsticks,shoes,glasses,trousers,shorts,pants,stocks,等表示复数含义的词，动词用复数。但用pair(s)of短语时，要和pair保持一致。e.gTheshorts_____hers.Thispairofshorts___hers.Thetwopairsofshorts___hers,too.4.表示时间、距离、金额、度量、书名、国名等的数名词，看作整体，动词用单数e.gTendollars_____toomuchtopay.Fiveminutes_____enoughtodothis.一．各地中考真题()1.---Ihearyouhavetogetupearlyeverymorning.---Right.It’soneofthe______inmyfamily.A.plansB.ordersC.rulesD.suggestions()2.Nobodythoughtiteasytofinishsomuchworkin______________A.twodays’timeB.two--daystimeC.twoday’stimeD.twodaystime()3.Itisfiveyearssincewebegantoenjoya______springholidayeachyear.A.ten-dayB.tendayC.tenday’sD.ten-days()4.---Two______diedintheaccident.---______terribleitis!A.policemen;HowB.policeman;WhatC.police;WhatD.policemans;How()5.Howwonderful！The________ismadeof_________A.house;glsaaesB.house;glsaaC.houses;glassD.houses;glasses()6.Thenews______veryinteresting!Tellmemore!A.isB.areC.wereD.was()7.---Howfarisyourcousin’shomefromhere?---It’sabouttwo______drive.A.hour’sB.hoursC.hours’D.hour()8.Mary’sskirtisthesameasher______.A.sistersB.bortherC.sister’sD.brothers()9.---Wheredidyougoon______Day?---Nowhere.Ijuststudiedathome.A.ChildB.ChildrenC.Children’sD.Childrens’()10._______theteachersintheirschoolisabout200andonefourthofthemare______teachers.A.Anumberof;womenB.Anumberof;womanC.Thenumberof;womenD.Thenumberof;woman()11.Jennifertakesalotofexerciseeverydayandsheisalwaysfullof______A.knowledgeB.energyC.changeD.courage()12.WhenIhurriedlygottotheairport,theladyatthewindowtoldmethattherewereno________leftonthatplane.A.placesB.seatsC.spaceD.room二．词义相近辨析或句意选词1.Asyoungadults,itisour_____totryourbesttodealwitheachchallengeinoureducationwiththehelpofourteacher.A.workB.jobC.dutyD.task2.It"syour__________asateachertoprotectyourstudents.A.dutyB.hobbyC.habitD.manner3.Today,wehavemanyother________topaybesidescoinsorpapermoney.A.excusesB.waysC.chancesD.plans4.—Excuseme.mayIknowyour_______?—Sure.It"sNo.3.BridgeStreet.A.houseB.addressC.wayD.place-5- 中学英语语法知识总结5.Themusicmademethinkofthe________ofarunningstream.A.shoutB.noiseC.voiceD.sound6.WehaveonlyoneEarth.It"sourcommon_.A.familyB.houseC.homeD.room7.—Ihave____inlearningEnglishandI’msoworried.Couldyouhelpmewithit?—Sure,I’dloveto.A.joyB.interestC.troubleD.fun8.─Mrs.ZhangwassenttoteachEnglishinapoormountainvillagelastyear.─Shesaidshewouldneverforgetsomepleasant______whileworkingthere.A.experimentsB.expressionsC.experiencesD.emotions9.—DoyouknowtheoftheConfuciusInstitutes（学院）aroundtheworld?—Morethanthreehundred,Iguess.A.listB.nameC.numberD.country10.—Whydidn’tSallyplaytheviolinattheconcertlastnight?—Shesaidthatherhandhurt,butthatwasonlya(n)___.Isawherplaytennisjustnow.A.matterB.excuseC.resultD.expression11.—I"mafraidIwillgetlostinSydney.It"smyfirsttimetobehere,yousee.—Don"tworry.Hereisa____.Itwillhelp.newspaperB.watchC.mapD.camera12.—Oh,dear!Thereisn"t,enough___________forusinthelift.—Nohurry.Let"swaitforthenext.A.floorB.scatC.roomD.ground三．可数名词的单复数与不可数名词的量1.Couldyoupleasegivesome_____tothe_____teachers?A．advice;manB．advices;menC．suggestion;manD．suggestions;men2.Ithinkcomputersareveryuseful.Theycanhelpusgetmuch___ontheInternet.A.gameB.informationC.ideaD.message3.Severalyearsago,peopleknewYaoMing.Butnowheiswell-knownallovertheworld,notonlyinChinaA.fewB.littleC.manyD.most4.—Ifeelverythirstyandhungryafteralongwalk.—Wouldyoulikesomeand_____?A.applejuice;sandwichesB.applesjuice;sandwichesC.applejuice;sandwiches四．名词所有格1.It’sfromourschooltomyhome.A.tenminutes’walkB.tenminute’swalkC.tenminuteswalk2.Canyouimaginewhatlifewillbelikein______time?A.50years’B.50year’sC.50-years’D.50-years3..Thethemeparkisabout________ridefromthemuseum.Youshouldstartoutrightnow.A.twohourB.twohour’sC.twohours’D.twohours4.Theactionfilmhasattractedmillionsofyoungpeopletothecinema.A.130-minuteB.130-minutesC.130minuteD.130minutes-5- 中学英语语法知识总结-5-