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初中英语语法专项冠词(Artical)
什么是“冠”词?冠词,顾名思义,就是戴在名词头顶上的一顶帽子。冠词是虚词,不能单独做句子成分;Thesunrosered;主要放在名词前,不能离开名词而单独存在;在句中对名词起限制作用。openthedoor,please!冠词可分为三类不定冠词,定冠词和零冠词不定冠词a,an定冠词the零冠词(不用冠词)
不定冠词a,an的比较1、a用于辅音发音开头的词前,而不是辅音字母前面。abook,adesk有些单词虽然以元音字母开头,但是发音是以辅音开头,用a修饰。Inauniversity,aEuropeanunitedaone-eyedmantostealausefulthing,thenrangawayalongaone-road.Thisausualthing.在一所大学里,一个欧洲人联合一个独眼龙偷了一件有用的东西,然后沿着一条单行道逃跑了,这是一件平常的事情。/ju/2、an用于元音发音开头的词前,而不是元音字母前。anappleanhour有些单词虽然是辅音字母开头,但是发音是以元音开头,用an修饰。anhourago,anhonestmanacceptedanhonorabletask.一个小时前一个诚实的人接受了一项光荣的任务。做题只需看所修饰名词的第一个发音是元音还是辅音。
一、不定冠词的用法(泛指)1、a/an用于单数可数名词前,表示数量,“某一”“一…”或者“一个”的意思Abook,aboy,anhour,aman,aninterestingbook2、用在单数可数名词之前,表示类别。That is a pen, not a pencil.那是钢笔而不是铅笔.(指属于某一种类)Give him a pear, please!请给他一个梨.(指某一种类中的任何一个)An elephant is bigger than a horse.大象比马大.
和one的区别:a/an表示类别种类,而one强调数量a bus(表示是一辆公交车而不是一辆小汽车也不是火车)one bus (强调是一辆车而不是两辆或三辆)There is a cat under the chair.椅子下面有一只猫。(强调种类)There is one cat under the chair.椅子下边有一只猫。(强调数量)
3.泛指:用来指某人或某物,但又不具体说明是谁或是什么,如:Aprofessor from Shanghai is coming to give us a talk this afternoon.一位来自上海的教授今天下午将给我们作报告My mother once worked inaschool.我母亲曾在一所学校工作。
4.用在表示单位,时间,速度,价格,比率等的名词前,作“每一”讲相当于every。three times a day 10yuana kilosix class a day thirty miles an hour等。5.用在序数词前表示“再一”,“又一”,如You can try itasecond time if you fail.如果你失败了,你可以再试一次。
6.用于视为一体的两个名词之前,意为“一副、套、只”,如:a knife and fork一副刀叉a table and chair一套桌椅a watch and chain一只带表链表a bow and arrow一副弓箭7、用在表示情感的抽象名词前,表示一个具体情况,一次具体动作(抽象名词具体化)It’s a surprise to see you here.It’s a pity you can’t dance.
8.固定短语:(必背)once upon a time从前take a look看一看make a living谋生catch a cold感冒in a hurrya little一点点have a rest休息haveagoodtime玩的开心
Review1、冠词及冠词分类2、a/an的区别3、不定冠词的用法(a/an和one的区别)abook数量That is a pen, not a pencil.种类,类别
My mother once worked inaschool泛指three times a day每一You can try itasecond time if you fail.(用在序数词前,再一)a knife and fork一体的两个名词,一副刀叉It’s a surprise to see you here.抽象名词具体化
(2016•兰州)Cheerup!Youwill get() A in the listening test.A.a B.the C.an D./【解答】答案C:根据语境in the listening test(在听力测试中),可推测A的释义应为A级水平,是泛指的一种测试水平,故其前应使用不定冠词,又字母A/ei/以元音音素开头,故用an.所以答案选C.
(2016•孝感)The family will have ________ good time in Shanghai Disneyland.()A.a B.an C.the D.在上海迪斯尼,这一家将度过美好的时光.have a good time是一个固定词组,表示"玩得高兴,过得愉快.."time"在这里具体到某一段时间就是可数的.故选A
(2016•济南)What"s your dream job,Lucy?-I want tobe()doctor. A.a B.an C.the D./什么是你梦想的工作,露西?-我想成为一名医生.根据语境your dream job(你梦想的工作)和单数名词doctor(医生)可知,此处doctor是泛指一种职业,故应用不定冠词来修饰表示一类人,又doctor的首音素/d/为辅音音素,所以只能用a来修饰,故答案为A.
二、定冠词的用法(特指)1、表“特指”:表示某个或某些特定的人或物。Do you know the girl in a red skirt?你认识那个穿红裙子的女孩吗?Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。2、再次提到上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the。如:Tom has an apple, The apple is big and red.There is a boy under thetree.Theboy is my brother.
3、指谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如:Let’s go and give it to the teacher.咱们去把它交给老师吧。Open the door,please!请打开门。4、用在单数名词前表示类别The bike is useful in china.自行车在中国很实用
5、用在形容词前表示一类人。the old老人the young年轻人the rich富裕的人6、用在表示“姓”的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇二人。常用复数。The Whites are spending their holiday in England.The Greens came to China two years ago .7、用在由普通名词构成的表示场所的专有名词前。the Great Wall长城the Summer Place颐和园the United States美国
8、用在序数词或表示方位的词前或形容词最高级前The first thing I want to say is to listen carefully in class.He isthetallest one in our class.The sun rises intheeast, and sets in the west.Jiangxilies in the south of China.江西位于中国
9、世界上独一无二的事物等(月亮、地球、天空、宇宙)the globe太阳系the universe宇宙the atmosphere大气层The sun rises in the east.The earth goes round the sun.10、在世纪,年代名词前用冠词。in the 1980s或in the 1980’s 20世纪80年代in the nineteenth century二十世纪
11、在江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河前用the。theChangjangRiver长江the West Lake西湖the Pacific Ocean太平洋12、在乐器名称前常用定冠词,如:He often plays the piano at five in the afternoon.他常在下午五点弹钢琴。Can you play the violin?你会拉小提琴吗?
13、用于表示计量的名词前,by the....“以...计算”,by the dozen按打计算by the hour按小时计算14、用在报刊、杂志、条约、历史、事件、时期、朝代等前面,如:the New York Times纽约时报the Middle Ages中世纪15、固定短语:in the morning在早上the day after tomorrow后天the next day第二天by the way顺便
【对比】有the和没有the意义不同at table在吃饭at the table在桌子旁at school上学at the school在学校in hospital/prison住院(坐牢)in the hospital/prison在医院/在监狱in future今后in the future将来in office执政in the office在办公室go to church/college/hospital/prison/school做礼拜、上大学、住院坐牢、上学go to the church//college/hospital/prison/school到教堂去、到大学去、到医院去、到监狱去、到学校去
定冠词口诀:特指都熟悉,上文已提及,世上独无二,序数最高级,普名转专有,习语及乐器。
(2016•苏州)Edward and William are brothers.There is() uncommon similarity between () two boys.A.an;不填B.an;the C.a;不填【分析】Edward和William是兄弟.那两个男孩之间有罕见的相似性.【解答】答案:B第一个设空处表达的意思是"罕见的相似性"表泛指,其中形容词uncommon的发音[ʌnˈkɒmən]是以元音音素开头,所以用不定冠词an;第二个设空处表示"那两个男孩",是特指,所以用定冠词the,故选B
(2016•安顺)---Do you know ________woman in red?---Yes,she is a professor of ______AnshunCollege.()A.the;/ B.a;/ C.the;an D.the;the你认识穿红衣服的那个女人嘛?--是的,她是安顺大学的教授.【解答】答案:A.第一个空是特指,表示穿红衣服的女人,应该用the表示特指;第二个空AnshunCollege是专有名词,专有名词前面不加冠词,所以不填.故选A
三、零冠词(不用冠词)1)在不可数名词,复数名词,抽象名词前不用冠词,如:The desk is made of wood. 2)在人名地名国家等专有名词前通常不用定冠词,如:England,China MaryLileiMr.Green3)在星期、月份,季节,节日等名词前,如:We have four seasons- spring, summer, autumn and winter一年有四季:春夏秋冬We often go to sea a film on Sunday.我们经常周日去看电影。Tomorrow is National Day.明天是国庆节。
4)名词前有物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,名词所有格修饰时(this,my,that,those,these,her) this morning my pen your watch whose bike 5)在球类运动、一日三餐、学科,颜色和语言的名词前,如:have breakfast play chess play basketball (注意:在乐器前必须加定冠词如弹钢琴play the piano,play the violin) 6)在独一无二的职位、头衔、称呼的名词前,如:Mr. Smith, head of the group, will plan for the whole trip.小组的组长史密斯先生,将全面制定这次旅行的计划
7)man泛指人类时,前面不加冠词,如:Man can save the earth, man can destroy the earth.人类能够拯救地球,人类也能够毁灭地球。Man can’t live without air and water.没有空气和水,人类不能生存。8)名词在介词后不是抽象概念时,不用冠词,如:He is still in hospital.他任在住院。9)单数名词相对应使用时,不用冠词,如day by day天天little by little渐渐地step by step逐渐
10)有些一人兼多个身份的情况,只在第一个名词前加冠词,其他几个不再加冠词。A teacher and writer will come to visit our school next Monday.下周一,一个老师兼作家要来参观我们学校。11)系动词turn后如有名词,通常不加冠词,但名词前有形容词修饰时要加冠词。I hoped to become a pianist, but I turned teacher.我本想成为一名钢琴家,可最终成了教师。12)
12、固定短语:by bus乘坐公共汽车after school放学后in bed卧床at first首先at noon在中午on foot步行take care of照顾in trouble处在麻烦中take part in参加pay attention to注意with pleasure高兴地,乐意地at dinner在吃饭13)加定冠词表示整体,不加定冠词表示部分。They are students of the Class one.(部分)They are the students of the Class one.(整体)
Exercises
( )1. There is ________ “s” in the word “six” and ______ “s” is the first letter of the word. A. a; the B. a; an C. an; the D. a; a( )2. —Is it _______ English dictionary? —Yes, and it is ______ useful one.A. a; a B. a; an C. an; a D. an; an
( )3. —Tina, could you please play ________ guitar for me while I"m singing? —With pleasure.A. a B. an C. the D. /( )4. —What would you like for ________ breakfast,MrScott? —Three pieces of bread with ______cup of black tea, please.A. a; a B. /; the C. a; the D. /; a( )5. —Do you often listen to _______ radio? —No. In fact I haven"t ______ radio.A. a; an B. /; the C. a; the D. the; a
( )6. ______Nanjingis one of the oldest cities with _______ long history.A. /; a B. /; the C. A; the D. /; the( )7. You can"t see ________ sun at ________ night. A. a; / B. a; The C. the; / D. the; the( )8. —Where"s ______ key to the box, Jim? —It"s in my bag.A. a B. the C. / D. an
)9. In order to make it clear, I must go up to ______ second floor and ask him ____lot of money.A. the; a B. the; the C. a; the D. a; a( )10. Give me ___ book next to the TV set and I also need ________ pencil.A. a; the B. the; a C. a; a( )11. This is ______ song I"ve told you about. Isn"t it _______ beautiful one?A. the; a B. the; the C. a; a D. a; the
( )12. —How do you like ________ TV playDaeJangGeum(《大长今》)? —Oh, it"s ______ wonderful one. It"s one of ______ best TV plays I have ever seen.A. a; a; the B. the; the; the C. the; a; / D. the; a; the( )13. In his free time, he often plays _____ guitar and _____ football.A. a; a B. /; a C. a; the D. the; /( )14.The first letter is ___ “u” in the word “useful”. We often say “_________ useful book”.A. a; a B. /; a C. /; an D. an; an
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