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副词副词的分类副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。1、表频率的副词常见的频率副词有:always,often,usually,sometimes,never,ever,hardly,seldom.它们一般在系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,行为动词之前.①Healwaysgoestoschoolonfoot.②ShehasneverbeentoBeijing.③Sheisoftenlateforwork.2、表示方式的副词与方式相关的副词,这类词通常由形容词+ly转化而来。如safely,quietly,quickly,politelyloudly,luckily,happily,easily,carefully,slowly,suddenly以及fast,late,hard,early等。此类副词位于动词之后,如果是及物动词一般位于宾语之后。①Thechildrenaredancinghappily.②Theyworkhard.③Thestudentsdidtheirhomeworkcarefully.3.程度副词与程度相关的副词有:very,much,only,quite,as,too,too…for,too…todo,well,almost,even,alittle,enough,rather,alot,so,such,badly,nearly,further,really,widely,hardly,abit等。它们一般位于被修饰的词前面,但enough要放在被修饰的词后面。①Icanhardlyknowhername.②Thecakeissodelicious③Hewasbadlyhurt.④Heworkedhardenough.4.表时间、地点、方向的副词(1)与时间相关的副词有:ago,already,before,early,long,late,just,now,once,soon,since,today,tomorrow,tonight,yesterday,yet等。它们通常位于句末,有些也可位于句中如:already等。①They’llcomebacksoon.②Helivedheretenyearsago.③Theyhavefinishedtheworkalready.=Theyhavealreadyfinishedthework.(2)与地点、方向相关的副词经常位于动词之后与动词搭配构成短语动词。outside,inside,upstair,here,there,home,near,comeback,turnleft,goout5.疑问副词和关系副词(1)常用的疑问副词:when,where,why,how,howold,howlong,howsoon,howoften,howfar等以及perhaps,maybe,instead等,通常用于句首。①Maybe/Perhapsheisathome.②Howdidyougothere?③Whenwasheborn?④Howoftendoyouseeamovie?29/29
⑤Howsoonwillyourfathercomeback?(2)关系副词主要有四个,即when,where,why,how等。关系副词常用来引导从句。1.副词的位置和排序(一)、副词的位置:1)在动词之前。2)在be动词、助动词之后。 3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意: a.大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。 Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus. b.方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾,如:HespeaksEnglishwell.(二)、副词的排列顺序:1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。 Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意:副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 改错:(错) IverylikeEnglish.(对) IlikeEnglishverymuch.注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 ①Idon"tknowhimwellenough.②Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat. ③Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.副词的用法1).作状语修饰动词,位于动词后。①Hewalkedquietlyintohisbedroom.②Itisraininghard.2).作状语修饰形容词,位于形容词前。①Youhaveaverynicewatch.②Themachineistooheavy.3).作状语修饰另一副词,位于另一副词前。有时候也修饰整个句子①Youwalkedtooslowly,Icouldn’twaitforyou.②Unfortunately,hewasout.4).作表语,位于系动词之后。①Howlongwillshebeaway?②Isyourmotherin?5).作宾语补足语,位于宾语之后。①Askhimin.②Isawhimout.6).作定语,位于名词后。①thegirlhere②theboyoverthere③themanupstairs④onone’swayhome29/29
副词的比较等级1、副词比较等级的构成(1)副词的比较等级与形容词相似,也有比较级和最高级。(2)绝大多数的副词比较级和最高级都是在其前面加上more和most构成的,有少数单音节和个别双音节的副词是在末尾加er,est构成。slowly-moreslowly-mostslowlycarefully-morecarefully–mostcarefullyfast-faster-fastest(3)还有一些副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的。例如:well-better-bestbadly-worse-worstfar-farther/further-farthest/furthestmuch–more-mostlittle-less-leastlittle-less-least2、副词比较等级的用法(1)副词的同级比较用(not)as+副词原级+as.①JimdidtheworkaswellasLilei.②Ican’trunasfastasyou.(2)两者之间进行比较常与than连用。①HespeaksEnglishbetterthanyou.②TomworksharderthanJim.(3)表示三者、三者以上之间的比较用副词最高级,用不用定冠词the皆可,通常有一个表示范围的短语。例如:①Theboywritesmostcarefullyofthefour.②Jimdidworstintheexaminhisclassyesterday.一、兼有两种形式的副词1)close与closelyclose意思是"近";closely意思是"仔细地"①Heissittingclosetome.②Watchhimclosely.2)late与latelylate意思是"晚";lately意思是"最近"①Youhavecometoolate.②Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?3)deep与deeplydeep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"①Hepushedthestickdeepintothemud.②Evenfatherwasdeeplymovedbythefilm.4)high与highlyhigh表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much①Theplanewasflyinghigh.②Ithinkhighlyofyouropinion.5)wide与widely29/29
wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"①Heopenedthedoorwide.②Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.6)free与freelyfree的意思是"免费";freely的意思是"无限制地"①Youcaneatfreeinmyrestaurantwheneveryoulike.②Youmayspeakfreely;saywhatyoulike.易混点清单一、howlong,howoften,howsoon,howfar的用法区别1.howlong“多长”,询问动作在时间上所持续的长度。其答语部分或划线部分可能是:1)“for+时间段”,有时可能没有介词for。如:---Howlongdidhewaitforyouhere?---Fortwohours.Ittookhim20minutestofinishhishomework.(对话线部分提问)→Howlongdidittakehimtofinishhishomework?2)“since+具体时间”,“since+时间段+ago”或者“since+从句”。如:---Howlongareyoufeelinglikethis?---Sincelastnight.3)表示时间的between…and…,from…to…等介词短语。如:Theywereplayingfootballfrom9:00to10:00yesterday.(对话线部分提问)→Howlongweretheyplayingfootballyesterday?另外,howlong也可以询问某事物的具体长度。如:---Howlongisthedesk?---1.2meters.1.2米。2.howsoon“多久,多快”,询问动作在将来要经过多长时间才会发生。其答语部分或划线部分可能是:in+时间段。如:He’sgoingtoZhengzhouintwodays.(对话线部分提问)→HowsoonishegoingtoZhengzhou?3.howfar“多远”,询问路程、距离。如:Howfarisitfromheretoschool?4.howoften指每隔多久,主要用来对频度副词或状语(如:onceaweek,threetimesamonth等)提问。如A:Howoftendoeshecomehere?B:Onceamonth.A:Howoftendoyouvisityourmother?B:Onceaweek.二、hard和hardly的区别(一)、hard可用作形容词或副词:29/29
1.当hard用作形容词时,意为“困难的、坚固的、努力的”等。例如:①It’shardforoldpeopletochangetheirways.②Steelisharderthanwood.2.当hard用作副词时,意为“努力的、困难的、猛烈地”等。例如:①DoesTomworkhardathislessons?②It’sraininghardoutsidenow.Don’tgoout.(二)、hardly只能用作副词,意为“几乎没有、几乎不”。例如:①Icanhardlyseeanythingontheblackboard.②MyfatherhardlyeverwatchesTV.三、muchtoo和toomuch区别(一)(too)much中心词是much1.相当于形容词,意为“morethanenough”,用在不可数名词前面作定语或在系动词后面作表语。如:①Americanseattoomuchmeatinmyopinion.②Idranktoomuchcolalastnight.③Theworkistoomuchforher.④She"safraidthetripwillbetoomuchforme.2.相当于名词,在句子中作主语或宾语。如:①Toomuchwashappeningallatonce.②Youhavegivenmetoomuch.3.相当于副词,在句子中作状语。如:①Youworktoomuch.②Shetalkstoomuch.(二)(much)too中心词为toomuchtoo的用法比较简单,只用作副词作状语,但它不单独使用,在句子中要修饰形容词或副词,但不修饰动词。如:①Youaremuchtookindtome.②It"smuchtoocold.③Youaredrivingmuchtoofast.【练习】1.weshouldnoteatjunkfood.A.toomuchB.muchtooC.toomanyD.muchtoo(A)2.it"s____hotinaugustinNanjing.3.A.manytooB.muchtooC.verytooD.tomuch(B)4.Wedon"thave____timetoworkeveryyear.5.AmuchtooBsomanyCtoomuchDtoomany(C)四、also,too,aswell,either,neither意思区别1)also表示"也"是比较正式的用词,too是普通用词,口语中用的多,使用时应注意:also一般用于句子中,其位置在行为动词之前,动词tobe之后。如有助动词或情态动词,一般应在助动词或情态动词后,为了强调,也可放在前面。例如:①Ialsowent.②Youarealsowrong.too常置于句末,前面可用逗号,如置于句中,其前后均有逗号。例如29/29
①Heisasinger,too.②He,too,isasinger.注意:also,too只能用于肯定句。2)eitherneithereither表示“也”,只能用在否定句中,必须放在句末。例如:①Hedidn"tgothere.Ididn"teither.neither表示"两者都不"。①InneithercasecanIagree.②Neitherofthemwantstostopforarest.3)aswellas作并列连词相当于notonly…butalso和noless…than,但notonly…butalso侧重在后项,aswellas和noless…than侧重在前项。例如:①Wemustlearntolookatproblemsall-sidedly,seeingthereverseaswellastheobversesideorthings.②Atruemanshouldbepracticalaswellasfar-sighted.在否定句中,aswellas的位置不同,句意往往有很大差别。比较下面的句子:①He,aswellasshe,willnotcome.②Hewillnotcomeaswellasshe.(否定前者,肯定后者)③Henry,aswellashisbrother,doesn"tworkhard.④Henrydoesn"tworkhardaswellashimbrother.aswellas连接的应是平等成分,都作主语或都作宾语等。例如:①Shewasthereaswellasme.(误)②ShewasthereaswellasI.(正)五、already、yet、still的区别1)already是"已经",用在肯定句中,用在完成时中比较多,比如I"vealreadybeentoLondon.2)yet是"还"用于否定句,如Ihaven"tgonethereyet.此外yet还有"但是"的意思,有时可以和but互换,比如Theauthoritiesclaimthatthesituationintheareahasbeenundercontrol,yetthefactisnotthecase.(当局声称此地区局势已得到控制,但事实并不是那么回事.)3)still是"仍然",如Heshouldhavebeenkilledintheaccident,butheisstillalive.(他本应在事故中丧生,但他活着.)六、ago和before的区别1.ago表示“从现在起的若干时间以前”,意思是“距今……以前”,需和过去时或过去进行时连用。before泛指“从过去起的若干时间以前”,意思是“距过去某时……以前”“与其……(毋宁)”,常和完成时连用,尤其在间接引语中,如:①Hisparentsdiedtenyearsago.②Hesaidthathisparentshaddiedtenyearsbefore.③Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.④Ivisitedhimthreedaysago,buthehadgonetoShanghaiaweekbefore.2.如果不具体表明多少时间以前,只用before不用ago,意为“从前、以前”29/29
。before仍以副词的形式置于被修饰语后,常与完成时候过去时连用。如:①Haveyouseenthisfilmbefore?②HeaskedmewhetherIhadbeentotheGreatWallbefore.3.表示在某一点时间或事件以前时,只用before不用ago,这种用法是将before当作介词或连词使用。ago不具有这一功能。如:①Theywillcomebackbeforesixo"clock.②Itishopedthatthiswillbefinishedbeforetheyear1995.另外,before在句中的含义较多。不少句子中,before虽然引导的也是一个时间状语,但是译成汉语时却不必译为“在……以前”。a.如果before引导的从句动作发生得晚或慢,可译成“……才”。这是主句主语或是名词、代词,或用it作形式主语.①Hehadalmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.②Itwillbehoursbeforehearrives.③Youmustsowbeforeyoucanreap.b.如果强调从句动作发生之前,主句动作已发生,可译成“未……就”或“还没有……就”。①BeforeIcouldgetinawordhehadmeasuredme.②LuBanbuiltninepavilions,butbeforehecouldfinishthetenth,heheardacockcrowing.c.有些句子中的before可译为“先……然后”、“先……再”。①Don’tcountthechickensbeforetheyarehatched.不要乐观得太早。②Bepupilbeforeyoubecomeateacher.先做学生,再做先生。有些句中的before还可译为“在……内”、“趁”、“没”。①TheyarrivedbeforeIexpected.②Studyhardbeforeitistoolate.③Ihadbettergonowbeforeitistoolate.④Iwillbethroughthisbookbeforethreedayshavepassed.beforesb.knewit一类习惯说法,常译为“不知不觉……就”、“还没弄清……就”、“不知怎么地……就”,如①TimepassedquicklyandthreemonthswentbybeforeAqiaoknewit.②Hefellfromthetreebeforeheknewit.4.加强语气,表示“早已”的意思或使叙述显得更生动,ago也可以用于完成时。如:①Ihadthoughtthathehaddiedatleasttwentyyearsago.②Infact,Ihavelongtimeagoknownthesecret.5.在表示对过去事情猜测的“情态动词+have+过去分词”或“动词的非谓语形式+have+过去分词”的结构中,ago也可以和完成时连用。如:①Thebuildingissaidtohavebeendestroyedinafiretwoyearsago.②Theincidentmusttakenplaceyearsago.③Youcannothavemethimamomentago.③Hemayhaveleftanhour29/29
ago.④Havingreadthearticleaweekago,Iknowitverywell.典型例题(一)单项选择☆时间副词的用法----主要是用于确定句子时态。1.----Thereissomethingwrongwithyourcomputer.----Don’tworry.I_________torepairittomorrow.A.willcomeB.cameC.comeD.havecome☆程度副词修饰比较级2.----Whydon’tyoulikewinterinBeijing?----Becauseitis___________winterinGuangzhou.A.ascoldasB.muchcolderthanC.notsocoldasD.notcoldthan☆定语从句关系副词3.Istillrememberthepark______wefirstmet.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when☆程度副词修饰比较级4.Theactressisalready50,butshelooks_________thanshereallyis.A.youngB.moreyoungC.moreyoungerD.muchyounger(二)完成句子注意:so…that/too…to/enough句型比较常考。副词在感叹句中的运用比较常考。1.为了听早间新闻,怀特先生经常很早起床Mr.Whiteoftengetsupearly___________________hecancatchtheearlybus.2.迈克还没决定在哪里买房。Mikehasn’tdecided_____________________anewhouseyet.3.如果你晚上早些睡,早上就不会感觉疲惫。Ifyougotobedearlyatnight,youwon’t________________inthemorning.4.时间过得真快呀!______________thetimepassed!29/29
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化方法如下(1)符合规则的:情况加法例词一般情况直接加-er;-estall-taller-tallest以e结尾的词加–r;-stnice-nicer-nicest以“辅音+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-er;-estdry-drier-driestheavy-heavier-heaviest以一个辅音字母结尾的词辅音字母双写,再加-er;-estthin-thinner-thinnest多音节和部分双音节单词在词前加more;mostmoredeliciousmostdelicious(2)几个不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级如下表:原级比较级最高级good,wellbetterbestbad,illworseworstmany,muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest二.形容词和副词比较级的用法级别比较程度表达方式和意义例句备注原 级同等程度肯定形式As+原级+as(像……一样)Artisasinterestingasmusic.Playaswellasyoucan. 否定形式not+so(as)+原级+as(不如……那样)Englishisnotsodifficultasscience.ShedoesnotstudysowellasIdo. 比较级不同程度(用于两者比较)比较级+than(比……)JimisolderthanLuky.Ilikeporkbetterthanbeef.比较级前面可以加much,far,even,still,alot,alittle,abit等29/29
程度加深比较级+and+比较级(越来越……)The+比较级,the+比较级(越……,越……)Heisgrowingtallerandtaller.Hestudiesbetterandbetter.Themorebooksshereads,thebettersheunderstand. 最高级最高程度(用于三者或三者以上)The+最高级+of(in)(最……)Springisthebestseasonoftheyear.LinTaojumped(the)farthestofall.副词最高级前面的the往往省略注意:有些形容词,如dead,empty,round,sure,woolen等受本身含义的限制,没有比较级。例题解析 1.Heis________friendsthanI. A.muchmore B.manymore C.verymore D.toomore 解析:后面有可数名词复数时,many的比较级形式为manymore修饰。应选B. 2.Whichisthe_________country,JapanorAustralia? A.moredeveloped B.moredeveloping C.mostdeveloped D.mostdeveloping 解析:两者比较用比较级,表示"发达"用developed,而developing是"发展中的" 意思 3. Therewere_______shopsinthecityin1982thanin1990. A.little B.few C.fewer D.less 解析:little不能修饰可数名词,两者比较需用比较级,所以应选C. 4.Ifyouarenotfreetoday,comeanotherday__________. A.too B.so C.instead D.yet解析:instead作副词用时意为"代替,顶替",表示前面的事情没做,而是做了后面的事。Instead一般位于句首。应选C. 5.Hecan"ttellus________,Ithink. A.importantanything B.anythingimportant C.importantsomething D.somethingimportant. 解析:不定代词与形容词联用需后置,否定句中应该用anything而不是something.因此应选B 6.TheHuangRiveristhesecond__________riverinourcountry. A.long B.longer C.longest D.thelongest 解析:"定冠词the+序数词+形容词最高级"表示"第几大……"应选C. 7.Thelightintheofficewasn"t________forhimtoread. A.enoughbright B.brightenough C.brightly D.enoughbrightly 解析:enough修饰名词时可前可后,修饰形容词或副词时,要后置。应选B.29/29
8.Therewasanaccidentatthecorner.________,thegirlwasn"t_________hurt. A.luckily,badly B.luck,hardly C.Lucky,heavily D.Lucky,strongly 解析:第一空修饰全句需用副词,第二空修饰形容词hurt也要用副词,因此选A. 9.Youmustkeepyoureyes_________whenyoudoeyeexercises. A.close B.open C.closed D.,opened解析:此处需用形容词做宾语补足语。应选C. 10.Fivedayshaspassed,butIhaven"tfinishedhalfofthework.________, A.already B.still C.too D.yet解析:already与yet都可用于现在完成时态。Already常用于肯定句,而yet常用与否定句。应选D.三.形容词副词比较级最高级的其他用法(1)和冠词连用 the+形容词原级+v(复),指一类人或物 the+ 形容词比较级,指两者中“较…的”的那一个,eg.theyoungerofthetwoa/an+形容词比较级eg.Thepenisexpensive.Iwantacheaperone.(a)+most+形容词最高级 “非常…” eg.amostbeautifulcity(2)相关结构1)原级比较:肯定句as….as….,否定句notso/as….as…..2)比较句:比较级+than….或more(less)….than…..Thefurnitureinthisshopislessbeautifulthanthatinthatshop.(注意代词that的用法)3)比较级+and+比较级或moreandmore+比较级“越来越…”richerandricher,moreandmoreinteresting4)Themore…..,themore…..“越…,越…”Themoreyoulookatthepicture,thebetteryouwilllikeit.5)比较级+thananyother+n.(单)(适用于范围一致时)(all)other+n.(复)any+n.(单)(适用于范围不一致时)Heistallerthananyotherstudent/allotherstudentsinhisclass.anystudentinmyclass.6)倍数表达法。Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,lengthetc.)ofB.Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上,两倍可以用twice或double.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍(高三倍)。29/29
AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。7)more…than…结构,其意往往是…ratherthan…,可译为“是……而不是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……,不如说是……”。Thatlittlegirlismoretiredthanhungry.那个小姑娘是累了而不是饿了。Sheismoreamotherthanawife或Sheismoreofamotherthanawife.她是贤妻,更是良母。8)AistoBwhatCistoDA和B的关系就像C和D的关系Airistomanwhatwateristofish.空气对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。9)nomorethan=only“只不过”,言其少notmorethan=atmost“不多于”,“至少”,指事实。nomore…than…和…一样不…如单音节使用比较级形式notmore…than…不比…更… nolessthan=asmuchas“多达” nofewerthan=asmanyas例:Ihavenomorethanfiveyuaninmypocket.我口袋里的钱只不过5元。Ihavenotmorethanfiveyuaninmypocket.我口袋里的钱不多于5元。HeisnoricherthanI.他和我一样穷。Heisnolessdeterminedthanyou.他的决心不亚于你。(nolessdeterminedthan等于“其决心不亚于你”,言其大)Heisnotlessdeterminedthanyou.他的决心不比你小。(notlessdeterminedthan等于“其决心不小于”,无言其大或小的含义)10)最高级+of/in/among….Heisthetallestofthethree/amongthem/inisclass.四.相关词语辨析1.very和muchA)very修饰形容词、副词的原级;much修饰比较级;修饰动词用much或verymuch,eg.IverylikeEnglish.(×),因改为:IlikeEnglishverymuch.B)表示状态的过去分词前用very。averyfrightenedboy,averytiredchild.一般的情况下,以-ed结尾的分词多用much、verymuch/greatly等修饰。如:Weweregreatly/muchshockedbythenewsaboutTom..C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如:veryinteresting/worrying/excitingD)too前用much/far,不用very。Youaremuch/far/alottoonice.另外,在toomany/much,toofew/little前用far。We’vegotfartoomanyeggsandfartoofeweggcups. E)还有修饰词既不用very,也不用much.eg:bewellworthdoing,bewellabovethetree29/29
2.so和suchA)so…that…与such…that…的区别。so+形容词/副词+ that…so+形容词+a(n)+单数可数名词+that…so+many/much/little/few+名词+that…such+a(n)+形容词+单数可数名词+that…such+形容词+不可数名词+that…such+形容词+复数名词+that…注意:但当little表示“小”时用such。如:Thesearesuchlittleboysthattheycan’tdressthemselves.下列so的用法是错误的:soadifficultproblem,sodifficultproblems,sohotweather。B)some/any/every/no/each/all/another/several/few/many/one/two+such+n.eg.nosuchword3.betoomuch+n.bemuchtoo+adj.betoomuchforsb.对…太过分了4.can’tbetoo+adj.=can’tbe+adj.+enough“无论…都不为过”Youcanneverbecarefulenough.=Youcanneverbetoocareful.你越小心越好。条件状语从句一.条件状语从句的概念条件状语从句,即在某种条件下,一件事情可能发生。在英语中由连接词if或unless等引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。条件是指某一件事情实现之后(状语从句中),一件事情(主句)才能发生,通常译作“假如,只要,如果”等意思。条件状语从句中,主从句的时态要遵循“主将从现”的原则。即,主句是将来时态时,从句用一般现在时代替将来时态。二.条件状语从句的引导词1.Ifconj.如果,假如Ifyouaskhim,hewillhelpyou.如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。29/29
Ifyoufailintheexam,youwilllethimdown.如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。2.unlessconj.除非,若不,除非在……的时候(if...not...)Youwillfailtoarrivethereintimeunlessyoustartearlier.如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。Unlessitrains,thegamewillbeplayed.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。3.so/aslongasconj.只要Youmayborrowmybookaslongasyoukeepitclean.只要你保持书的清洁,你就可以把我的书借去。三.关于条件句的时态,常见的有以下三种情况:1、条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时,那么从句常常用一般现在时。WhenIgrowup,I’llbeanurseandlookafterpatients.我长大后要当一名护士,照顾病人。2、如果主句是祈使句,那么从句通常要用一般现在时。Ifyouwanttohaveachat,callmeup.如果你想聊天,打我电话。3、如果主句是含有情态动词时,根据需要从句多用一般现在时。Youshouldbequietwhenyouareinthereadingroom.在阅览室时应保持安静。四.知识拓展1在以when,before,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句,也适用“主将从现”原则,即如果主句是一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时。 I"lltellherthegoodnewswhenshecomesback.当她回来的时候,我将把这个好消息告诉她。 shewillgiveyouacallassoonasshereturns.她一回来就会给你电话。1.If条件句的同义句:祈使句,and/or+将来时态的陈述句。Workhard,andyouwillmakegreatprogress.=Ifyouworkhard,youwillmakegreatprogress.如果你努力学习,你才会取得大的进步。Hurryup,oryouwillbelate.=Ifyoudon’thurryup.youwillbelate.如果你不快点,你就要迟到了。29/29
动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较一、作主语⒈不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首。如:Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:①It+be+名词+todoIt"sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.②Ittakessb+sometime+todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?③It+be+形容词+forsb+todoItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.④It+be+形容词+ofsb+todoItisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.⑤Itseems(appears)+形容词+todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sbis+形容词+todo句式,如:It"skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.⒉动名词作主语Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.动名词作主语时,也常用It句式。如:①It"s+nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doing…It"snogoodreadingindimlight.It"snousesittingherewaiting.②It"s+形容词+doingIt"sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.29/29
这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:It"simportantforyoutokeepfit.③Thereisno+doingThereisnosayingwhatwillhappennext.在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It"simpossibleto…"结构。⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如:It"snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.It"snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如:It"snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn"tknowtherules.二、作宾语⒈不定式作宾语①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如:Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+todo句式。如:Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.③介词but,except,besides+todo(do)在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do。如:29/29
Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV.⒉动名词作宾语①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don"tmind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等。如:Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.②动名词作介词的宾语Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech?动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,thereisnouse(in)doing等。⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变。如:begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等。在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:I"dliketohaveacupofcoffee.②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如:Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。如:Ourteachersdon"tpermitourswimminginthelake.Ourteachersdon"tpermitustoswiminthelake.⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。29/29
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。如:Don"tforgetfoposttheletterforme.HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.②meantodo打算做某事doing意味着……Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.③trytodo设法尽力做某事doing试着做某事Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings.Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)doing停止做某事Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.You"dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.⑤can"thelpdoing禁不住……todo不能帮助干……Theycouldn"thelpjumpingupatthenews.SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan"thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同内容的事doing继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接着又谈了世界形势。We"llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.⑦leaveofftodo离开某地去干什么(目的状语)doing停下某事29/29
It"stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.Theyleftofftogofishing.三、做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①)。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语的内容。④Ourworkisservingthepeople.⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.⑥ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Servingthepeopleisoutwork,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。四、作定语⒈不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.②Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister?③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②)。29/29
(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。⒉动名词作定语①Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials.②Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.③Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:用来……的;第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如:ThemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.五、不定式作补足语⒈作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,这时意思才相对完整。(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(强迫),encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如:①WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary?②Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.(2)部分动词后常接tobe+形容词、名词短语等形式,有时tobe可省略,如:believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等。①WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.②Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。①Ididn"thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomework29/29
everyday.(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如:Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillinthetaxform?I"veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但:HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.(5)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.常这样用的短语动词有:askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor(渴望),preparefor,wishfor等。⒉作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如:①Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.②Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.六、不定式作状语⒈作目的状语(1)①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加inorder或soas。如:Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.有时为强调目的状语可把inorderto或不定式置于句首,但soasto不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat,inorderthat,成为目的状语从句,如:Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。①Wearegladtohearthenews.②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如:Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.常这样用的形容词有:comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。29/29
⒉作结果状语Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如:①so…asto;such…astoI"mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。I"mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.②enough…toThespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.③onlytoJanehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.④too…toI"mtootiredtostayuplonger.但在下列结构中,too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如:①I"monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考试及格我太高兴了。(too修饰gladtohave…,相当于very)②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定语)。⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。如:Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.常见的短语有tobeexact(确切地说),tobeginwith(首先),todohimjustice(说句对他公道的话),tobesure(真的)等等。七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法⒈疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如:①WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.②Mr.Smithdidn"tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.③IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.④Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:①Whenweshallleave…③…howI29/29
couldlearn…经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。⒉动词不定式的时态、语态(1)时态①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生。如:Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.(tobecome发生在hope之后)WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.(play和hear同时发生)②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:I"msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.③进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如:TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.(2)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:It"sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoMary"sbirthdayparty.(不定式作主语)Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.(不定式作主语)Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.(不定式作宾语)Canyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepaired?(不定式作定语)Hewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.(不定式作状语)在Therebe结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)⒊动名词的时态、语态(1)时态29/29
①一般式:动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。如:Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.Wearenotafraidofdying.②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如:Lmaginehavingtravelledonthemoon.Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.(2)被动语态①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。如:Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义。如:Thebikeneedsrepairing.Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.⒋在口语中,为避免重复,常用"to"代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省略。如:①—DidyougotovisittheGreatWall?—No,Iwantedto,buttherewasn"tenoughtime.②—Wouldyouliketocometoaparty?—I"dloveto.③—Don"tmakeanymistakesinyourhomework,willyou?—I"lltrynotto.④—Trytobebackby12,won"tyou?—OK,I"lltry.另外,begoingto,oughtto,usedto等也常用于这一结构中。⒌在why引起的问句中,省略"to"。如:Whyspendsuchalotofmoney?Whynotwaitforacoupleofdays?⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加"to"。如:It"squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.29/29
⒎"to"在下列短语中是“介词”,后接动名词或名词形式。如:devote…to,faceupto(勇敢地面对),lookforwardto(盼望),objectto(反对),taketo(养成习惯,对……感兴趣;开始从事某种活动),beusedto(习惯于)等。形容词的用法1)限定用法(定语)a.形容词(一个字)+名词a)Theoldmanlivedinasmallvillage.b)Hiselderbrotherisafamousmusician.b.名词+形容词(~thing,~body,~one等,两个字或以上的形容词片语和子句)a)Iwanttodrinksomethingcold.b)Isthereanythinginterestingintoday’spaper?c)Idon’tlikeridingontrainsfullofpeople.rideontrain搭乘火车d)Hetriedtoclimbafencetwometershigh.e)Heisaboy(whois)fiveyearsold.Heisafive-year-oldboy.2)叙述用法(表语)a.主词补语a)Seawatertastessalty.b)Therainbowisverybeautiful.b.受词补语a)You’llfindthebookdifficult.b)Ileftthewindowsopen.使开着(adj.)c)Iletthewindowsbeopened.使被打开(v.)重点a.只能用限定用法的形容词(定语形容词)onlymere只~mainwoodenupper上面的inner里面的Live/livingdailylone孤单的,古语a)Thisisawoodenhouse.b)Heisamerechild.他不过是孩子29/29
b.只能用叙述用法(表语形容词)alivealoneafraidasleepawakewellcontentgladawarea)I’mafraidofdog.b)Thebabyisstillasleep.c)Areyouawareofyourmistakes?限定用法和叙述用法意思不同的形容词a)Imetacertainlady.某一个Itisquitecertain.确定b)Heismypresentassistant.目前Heispresenttoday.出席absent缺席c)ThelateMr.Smithwasanableman.已故Hewaslateforthemeeting.迟到d)Shegavemeafondlook.温柔的Iamveryfondoficecream.喜欢3.形容词的位置:1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:1修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith29/29
2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3)复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking8名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-year复合形容词有下列五类1.形容词-连缀动词的现在分词agood-lookingman形容词-及物动词的过去分词awhite-paintedwall2.名词-现在分词(主动)apeace-lovingpeople名词-过去分词(被动)ahand-madecake3.副词-现在分词(主动)arapidly-movingtornado副词-过去分词(被动)awell-behavedboybehavevt.[后接修饰词语]使(自己)表现得,使(自己)举止…例句:hebehaveshimselfwell.4.名词-名词edababy-facedgirl形容词-名词edaopen-mindedleader29/29
5.数词-名词edatwo-headedmonsterathree-leggedtableasecond-handcar.three-minutefirst-class一流的three-year-oldten-meter-long4.特别注意的形容词用法a.不能以人为主词的形容词dangerous,difficult,hard,easy,useful,useless,tough,convenient,important,necessary,regrettable遗憾的,natural,possible貌似这些形容词都是人做某事才能体现只能用Itbe形容词for人toVa)Itisnecessaryforyoutoseeadoctor.b)Isitpossibleforyoutoattendthemeeting?b.以人为主词的形容词都是与情绪有关的形容词angry,ashamed,delighted,disappointed,excited,glad,happy,proud,sorry,thankfula)Wewereexcitedaboutthebaseballgame.b)Thegamewasexcitingforus.c.The+形容词a)Thericharenotalwayshappy.b)Wesearchforthetrue,thegood,andthebeautiful.d.形容词的副词用法a)Itisburninghot.天气热的厉害b)2.Itisfreezingcold.c)3.Theyweredeadasleep.睡得很熟5.数量形容词a.many/mucha)Doyouhavemanybooksinyourstudy?b)They’vespentmuchmoneyonadverting.否定句中的notmany/much可译成[不太多]a)Thisgardendoesn’thavemanytrees.b)Mysonhasn’tmademuchmoney.口语中,可用alotof,lotsof,plentyof+可数/不可数代替many/much29/29
a)Therewerealotof/lotsof/plentyofpeopleintheshop.b)Sheatealotof/lotsof/plentyoficecream.Alargenumberof=largenumbersofnumber中文有[数数]的意思,故后接可数名词Alargeamountof=largeamountofamount指[量],故后接不可数名词b.afew/fewafew=somefew=notmany(几乎没有)表否定,不可和not同时出现a)Thereareafewvegetablesintherefrigerator.b)Fewpeoplewereinjuredintheaccident.几乎没有c.alittle/littlealittle=somelittle=notmuch几乎没有a)Ihavealittlemoneywithme.b)Weneedlittlebuttertomakethiscake.c)Thelittleofhisworkthatremainsshouldbedonewithinatoday.口语中,可用notmany/hardlyany代替few可用notmuch/hardlyany代替littlea)Therewerenotmany/hardlyanypeopleinthepark.b)Thereisnotmuch/hardlyanydangerofanearthquake.d.some/anysome的用法a)肯定句SomestudentstakelessonsinSpanish.语言前用inb)表示邀请的疑问句Won’tyouhavesomemoretea?any的用法a)用于疑问句和否定句--Doyouhaveanyquestion?--Yes,Ihavesomequestions.--No,Idon’thaveanyquestions.b)用于表示[任何~(皆可)]之意的肯定句Youmaycomeanytime.c)用于条件句(if子句)Askhimifyouhaveanydoubt.29/29