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  • 2022-06-17 16:01:19 发布

高考英语语法-独立主格结构及其用法

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独立主格结构及其用法1小田@www.iloveppt.org 大家知道,独立主格结构是由两部分构成的词组组成。第一部分一般由名词、名词词组或代词担任,第二部分由动词的非谓语形式(动词不定式、现在分词短语和过去分词短语)、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语担任。这两部分在逻辑意义上有主谓关系,即第一部分是第二部分的逻辑主语。例如:Thequestionsettled,theywenttohavetheirlunch.Theweather(being)fine,wedecidedtogoonanouting..Theteachercamein,bookinhand.Themanlaythere,hishandstrembling.2小田@www.iloveppt.org 独立主格结构在句子中可担任不同的句子成分。例如:Thequestionratherdifficult,wemustspendmoretimeconsideringitcarefully.(表示原因)此句可改写为:Asthequestionisratherdifficult,wemustspendmoretimeconsideringitcarefully.Weatherpermitting,wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.(表示条件)此句可改写为:Ifweatherpermits,wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.31 独立主格结构根据其不同词类的搭配可归纳如下:1.名词(或代词)+现在分词短语;在这种结构中,名词(或代词)与现在分词短语之间为主动关系。例如:ItbeingSunday,theyhadnoclasses.此句可改写为:AsitwasSunday,theyhadnoclasses.Thebellringing,allthestudentsenteredtheclassroom.此句可改写为:Assoonasthebellrang,allthestudentsenteredtheclassroom.2.名词(或代词)+过去分词短语;在这种结构中,名词(或代词)与过去分词之间为被动关系。例如:Everythingtakenintoconsideration,heisthemostsuitablepersonforthejob.此句可改写为:Ifeverythingistakenintoconsideration,heisthemostsuitablepersonforthejob.Herhomeworkdone,Marydecidedtogoshopping.此句可改写为:Asherhomeworkwasdone,Marydecidedtogoshopping.4小田@www.iloveppt.org 3.名词(或代词)+动词不定式;在这种结构中,名词(或代词)与动词不定式之间为主动关系,动词不定式表示将来。例如:Thestudentsweredividedintothreegroups,eachtofinishonethirdofthework.此句可改写为:Thestudentsweredividedintothreegroups,andeach(group)wouldfinishonethirdofthework.Herearethefirstthreevolumes,thefourthonetocomeoutnextmonth.此句可改写为:Herearethefirstthreevolumes,andthefourthonewillcomeoutnextmonth.Hesuggestedgoingforapicnic,Marytoprovidethefood.此句可改写为:HesuggestedgoingforapicnicandMarywouldprovidethefood.5小田@www.iloveppt.org 4.名词(或代词)+形容词;例如:Thebabybegantocryagain,hisfaceverypaleandhislipscolorless.此句可改写为:Thebabybegantocryagainwithhisfaceverypaleandhislipscolorless.Theyweremakingasnowman,handsredwithcold.此句可改写为:Theyweremakingasnowmanwiththeirhandsredwithcold.6小田@www.iloveppt.org 5.名词(或代词)+介词短语;例如:Hewaslyingonthelawn,hishandsunderhishead.此句可改写为:Hewaslyingonthelawnwithhishandsunderhishead.So,Oliverrosefromthetableandwentuptothemaster,bowlandspooninhand.此可改写为:So,Oliverrosefromthetableandwentuptothemasterwithabowlandaspooninhishand.6.名词(或代词)+副词;例如:Themeetingover,theywenthomeatonce.此句可改写为:Afterthemeetingwasover,theywenthomeatonce.Hisheaddown,hewasstandingatthedooroftheclassroom.此句可改写为:Hewasstandingatthedooroftheclassroomwithhisheaddown.7小田@www.iloveppt.org 7.名词(或代词)+名词;例如:Hisfirstattemptfailure,hetriedagain.此句可改写为:Ashisfirstattemptfailed,hetriedagain.Hefoughtthethreerascalsbravely,astickhisonlyweapon.此句可改写为:Hefoughtthethreerascalsbravelywithastickashisonlyweapon.8.Here(或there)+现在分词短语;例如:Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.此句可改写为:Astherewasnobus,wehadtowalkhome.Herecominganotherguest,Ihadtobuyonemorebottleofwine.此句可改写为:Becauseherecameanotherguest,Ihadtobuyonemorebottleofwine.8小田@www.iloveppt.org 9.介词with(like,without,等)+宾语(名词或代词)+宾语补足语构成的独立主格结构;在这种结构中,作宾语补足语的主要有现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语等。现在分词表示目前状态(主动),过去分词表示动作已经完成(被动),动词不定式则表示动作将要发生。例如:Hewassotiredthathefellasleepwiththelampburning.Withyoutoleadtheway,wearesuretogetthereontime.WithsomanypeoplecommunicatinginEnglisheveryday,itwillbecomemoreandmoreimportanttohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.Withhishomeworkfinished,hewenttoseeafilm.Wecouldhardlyseeanythingwiththelightsout.Twoguardswerestandingatthegate,withagunintheirhands.Withoutonemorewordspoken,theywentaway.Theoldmanaddedafewlinesandcoloredtheopenspacelikeachildplayingwithapicturebook.Theoldmanlivesalonewiththedoghisonlycompanion.9小田@www.iloveppt.org 注意:⑴从1—8种结构可以看出,这些独立主格结构相当于相应的状语从句或其他结构,只不过这些从句的主语与主句主语不同罢了。如果从句的主语与主句主语一致,则只能变为分词短语;从句为主动语态时,变为现在分词短语;若从句为被动语态时,则变为过去分词短语。试比较:Afterhedidthework,hewenthome.=Havingdonethework,hewenthome.Aftertheworkwasdone,hewenthome.=Theworkdone,hewenthome.Ifwaterisheated,itwillturnintosteam.=Heated,waterwillturnintosteam.Assomanypeoplewereabsent,themeetinghadtobeputofftillnextweek.=Somanypeople(being)absent,themeetinghadtobeputofftillnextweek.10小田@www.iloveppt.org ⑵从第9种结构可以看出,此结构就是介词+复合宾语结构,这种结构在句中可以起到不同的语法功能。例如:Withtheboyleadingtheway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingMr.Green’shouse.此句相当于Becausetheboyledtheway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingMr.Green’shouse.WithJimtohelpmewithmyEnglish,Icandobetterinit.此句相当于IfJimhelpsmewithmyEnglish,Icandobetterinit.Helivesinaroomwithitswindowfacingnorth.此句相当于Helivesinaroomwhosewindowfacesnorth.Ourschoollooksmorebeautifulwithalltheflowerscomingout.此句相当于Ourschoollooksmorebeautifulwhenalltheflowerscomeout.Withalltheworkdone,hewentforaholiday.此句相当于Afteralltheworkwasdone,hewentforaholiday.11小田@www.iloveppt.org ⑶介词with+复合宾语结构有时也可将介词with省去,同时也可省去这种结构中的代词或冠词,这样使句子显得更简练。例如:Theteacherwentintotheclassroom,withabookinhishand.=Theteacherwentintotheclassroom,bookinhand.Jimwasstandingthere,motionless,withhiseyesfixeduponDella.=Jimwasstandingthere,motionless,eyesfixeduponDella.Tomstoodinfrontofhisteacherwithhisheaddown.=Tomstoodinfrontofhisteacher,headdownShesatonabenchinthepark,(with)hersonplayingbesideher.12小田@www.iloveppt.org