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一、不定式和动名词:1、省略了to的不定式:(助动词后面加动词原形)havesb.dosth.letsb.dosth.makesb.dosth.helpsb.dosth./helpsb.withsth.can/may/haveto/mustdosth.seesbdosth(看见某人做某事,看见全过程,类似的还有:hearsbdosth,watchsb.dosth,findsb.dosth.,noticesb.dosth等)2、带to的不定式:wanttodosth.wantsb.todosth.asksb.todosth.decidetodosthwouldliketodosth.hopetodosth.liketodosth(一般指一次性的行为)lovetodosth.remembertodosth(记得去做某事,此事还未做)stoptodosth(停下来去做某事,此事是即将要做的事)3、带to的不定式可以作后置定语,如:somethingtoeat(吃的东西)4、不定式表目的:如Tosaveclasstime,ourteacherhasusdohalfoftheexercisesinclassandcompletetheotherhalfforourhomework.为了节约课堂时间,我们的老师要求我们在课堂上做一半练习,剩下的一半在课后作为家庭作业完成。注意:for也可表目的,但for后面加名词或动名词,如Ibuyitforyou.5、动名词:(介词后面加名词或动名词)havefundoingsth.practicedoingsth.enjoydoingsth.what/howaboutdoingsth.bebusydoingsth.spendtimedoingsth.begoodatdoingsth.(begoodatsth.)likedoingsth(经常性的行为,习惯爱好)rememberdoingsth(记得做过某事,此事已经做了)stopdoingsth(停止做某事,此事是要停止的)seesbdoingsth(看见某人正在做某事,类似的有:hearsbdoingsth,watchsb.doingsth,findsb.doingsth.,noticesb.doingsth)Notalking(与之类似的:Noswimming,Nosmoking等)thanksfordoingsth.二、冠词不定冠词:a,an可数名词前可以加a或an。以元音(不是元音字母)开头的名词前加an,以辅音开头的名词前加a如:auniformanhourThereisa“u”andan“n”intheword.定冠词:the,有指定性的名词前加the,前文出现过再次出现时前面也加the注意:物主代词后面不加冠词(myhome);某些名词前不加冠词(如国家,城市,有名字的街道,三餐,具体的年份和月份等);球类运动前不加the,而乐器前要加the。含冠词的短语:onweekends和ontheweekend,takeabus/taxi/walk,takeaphoto和takephotos,gotoamovie和gotothemovies,havealook,haveawalk,havearest,haveagoodtime,intheneighborhood等。三、介词(后加名词或动名词,还可组成固定短语。但注意:home,here,there,today,tomorrow,yesterday等词除固定短语外前面不加介词;由this,that,these,those,each,any,every,some,all等用于表示时间概念的名词前往往不加介词。)1、介词in表示一天中某段时间,指天、年、月、季节、周次等。如:inthemorning表示“在……里面”thewindowisinthewall,Isitinthechair.Heisintheredshirt.Thebirdisinthetree.表示“排、行、组,前、后”,如:WeareinTeamOne.infrontof(在前面),inthefrontof(在前部)表示较大的地方,如大城市、国家、洲等,如:HelivesinBeijing.arriveinYueyang表示“包含”如:BeijingisinthenorthofChina.表示“用材料、语言”如:CanyousayitinEnglish?What’sthisinEnglish?2、介词on用来表示某一天或星期几,指明具体的某一天。如:onarainyday表示一物放在另一物上面,两者紧贴在一起,如:Thebookisonthetable.Theappleisonthetree.(树的一部分)在…队里用on,如:onthebasketballteam表示“左、右”,如:LiPingisonmyleft.用于路名,如:HelivesonNanjingRoad.表示“紧邻”如:CanadaliesonthenorthoftheU.S.3、介词at表示特定的时间、节日、年龄等(具体的,小的时间)。如:atnoon,at6am表示较小的地方,如家、村、乡村等,如:Helivesatasmallvillage.用于门牌号,如:HelivesatNo.200,NanjingRoad.4、介词for表示“当作、作为”。如:Ilikesomebreadandmilkforbreakfast.我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:ThankyouforhelpingmewithmyEnglish.谢谢你帮我学习英语。表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对……(而言)”。如:Letmepickitupforyou.让我为你捡起来。表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:Iusuallydotherunningforanhourinthemorning.我早晨通常跑步一小时。表示以具体价格购买。如:Youcantakeitfor5yuaneach.5、介词under表示“在…下方”(不接触),如:Theywereseenunderthetree.6、介词across着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”,强调从表面穿过。如:Shewentacrossthestreettomakesomepurchases.7、介词through着重于“穿越”,强调从一定的空间内穿过。如:Thesunlightwascominginthroughthewindow.8、介词to表示向某处移动,如:gotoschool,gettoschool
9、介词with表示“用工具、某物”如:withapen还可表示“和…..一起”HewithhisparentsiswatchingTV.10、介词by表示“用、以、靠、通过…方法”如:Hepreferstravelingbycar.11、介词between表示“在两者之间”如:Don’tsitbetweenthetwogirls.四、词语1、常见短语asetof一套lostandfound失物招领inEnglish用英语firstname名字family/lastname姓氏familytree家谱Dave’sfamily/theDaves大卫一家myfamilyphoto/aphotoofmyfamily我的一张全家福take…to…把…带到…去bring…to…把…拿到….来playvolleyball/basketball/tennis/chessplaycomputergames玩电脑游戏playsports做运动playtheguitar/thepiano/thedrumonTV在电视上alot非常alotof/lotsof(后加名词)许多watchTV看电视watchthematch观看比赛everyday每天everyday日常的icecream冰淇淋Frenchfries炸薯条healthyfood健康食品arunningstar跑步明星makealist列个清单have/eatbreakfast/lunch/dinner吃早餐/中餐/晚餐have/eat…forbreakfast早餐吃…let’s=letus让我们…howabout/whatabout…怎么样howmuch多少钱whatcolor什么颜色ata(very)goodprice以优惠的价格havealook(at)看一看dateofbirth出生日期want(sb.)todosth.想要(某人)做某事forsale待售onsale降价出售inOctober在十月onOctorbertenthhappybirthday生日快乐twoyearsold两岁two-year-old两岁的schooltrip学校旅行社ArtFestival艺术节speechcontest演讲比赛Englishparty英语晚会SchoolDay校庆whatkindof哪种…BeijingOpera京剧gotoamovie/gotothemovies/seeamovie/gotoseeamovie去看电影院gotowork去上班gotoschool去上学gohome回家gotothemountains去爬山goshopping/swimming/skating/hiking/sightseeing去购物/游泳/滑冰/徒步旅行/观光gotobed去睡觉beinbed入睡getup起床gettoschool到学校gethome到家learn/knowabout了解Chinesehistory中国历史onweekends/ontheweekend在周末speekEnglish讲英语scienceteacher科学老师jointheartclub/theswimmingclub加入艺术俱乐部/游泳俱乐部callsb.at….拨…号码找某人whattime(具体)什么时候begoodwithsb.相某人相处得好begoodatsth/doingsth擅长于某事/做某事brushone’steeth刷牙afewof一点儿alittleof一点儿(加不可数名词)alittle一点儿kindof有点alittlebit有点akindof一种allkindsof各种各样的takeashower淋浴afterbreakfast早餐后doone’shomework做家庭作业helpsb.withsth/helpsb.dosth.帮助某人干某事allnight整夜inthemorning/afternoonevening在上午/下午/晚上atnoon/night在中午/晚上bestwishes(toyou)最好的祝愿tellsb.aboutsth.告诉某人关于某事yourfavoritesubject你最喜欢的科目havemath/music上数学课/音乐课betired累afterclass下课后afterschool放学后Class3Grade2二年级三班at6:00am在上午6点playwith和…一起玩havevolleyball打排球runaround到处跑penpal笔友befrom/comefrom来自于…livein住在….inChina在中国writetosb.给某人写信posttosb.寄给某人postoffice邮局payphone投币式公用电话acrossfrom在…对面nextto靠近intheneighborhood附近between…and…在…和…之间infrontof在….前面队inthefrontof在…前部gostraight直走go/walkdown顺着…走gothrough经过turnleft/rightat在…向左/右转ontheright在右边havefun/haveagoodtime/enjoyoneself玩得开心haveagoodtrip旅途愉快takeawalk/bus/taxi散步/乘巴士/乘出租车takeaphoto/takephotos拍照thebeginningof…的开端keep/bequiet安静in/duringtheday在白天listento听lookat看shopassistant店员bankclerk银行职员TVstation电视台workwith和…一起工作goout出去TVshow电视节目study/workhard努力学习/工作givesb.sth./givesth.tosb.给某人某物getsth.fromsb.从某人那里得到某物notbad不错workforsb.为…效力talkto/withsb.和某人交谈talkaboutsth.谈论某事talkonthephone打电话asksb.todosth.asksb.sth.问某人某事waitfor等候atschool在学校(学习)inschool在学校readbooks看书onvacation度假thankyoufordoingsth.谢谢你做某事thanksfor因…..谢谢你lieonthebeach躺在沙滩上playbeachvolleyballlookcool看上去酷looklike看起来像prettygood好极了longcurlyblackhair卷的黑色的长发mediumheight中等身高mediumbuild中等身材thecaptainof…的队长lovetodosth.喜爱做某事wouldlikesth/todosth.想要某物/做某事likedoingsth.喜欢做某事stopdoingsth.停止做某事telljokes讲笑话popsinger流行歌手whatsize什么型号/尺寸beefandtomatonoodles牛肉西红柿面条orangejuice橘子汁greentea绿茶stayathome呆在家里allday整天haveaparty举行晚会dosomereading阅读practiceEnglish练习英语practicedoingsth.练习做某事talkshow脱口秀studyfothetest准备测验lastweekend上周末cleanone’sroom打扫房间goforawalk去散步goonvacation去度假gotosummercamp去参加夏令营havefundoingsth.做某事玩得高兴inthewater在水中inthecorner在角落walkbackto走回到…decidetodosth.决定做某事theGreatWall长城thePalaceMuseum故宫Tian’anmenSquarethinkof认为,想到gameshow比赛节目soapopera肥皂剧sportsshows体育节目infact事实上inclass在课堂上inthehallways在走廊里inthedininghall在餐厅enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事arrivelateforclass上课迟到goout出去onschoolnights在有课的晚上toomanyrules太多规定makedinner做晚饭theChildren’sPalace少年宫haveto不得不onone’swayhome在某人回家的路上onone’swayto在某人去…的路上thewayto去…的路2、常见词的辨析(1)bring和takebring意为“拿来,取来,带来”,常和介词to连用;take意为“拿走,带走”。
(2)some和any两者都表示“一些”,既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。some常用于肯定句中,any用于疑问句和否定句中。但在表示委婉语气、请示,希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中,也可以用some。如:Thereissomemilkinthebottle.Isthereanymilkinthebottle?Thereisn’tanymilkinthebottle.CanIhavesomerice?(希望得到肯定回答)(3)need的用法need既是情态动词,又是实义动词,意为“需要”。作为情态动词时,没有人称和数的变化,并且常用于否定句和疑问句中,后接动词原形。如:NeedIgonow?Sheneedn’tcomehere.作实义动词时,后可接名词、不定式或动名词作宾语。注意用法:sb.needsth某人需要某物,sb.needtodosth.某人需要做某事,sth.needdoing=sth.needtobedone某物需要被…如:Ineedsomeapples.Sheneedstobuyanewskirt.Theclassroomneedscleaning.=Theclassroomneedstobecleaned.(4)intime及时,ontime按时Everydayshegoestoschoolontime.(5)inthetree和onthetreeinthetree意为(其他东西)在树上,onthetree意为(树叶、果实)在树上Thebirdisinthetree.Theapplesareonthetree.(6)onthedesk和atthedeskonthedesk意为在桌子上,atthedesk意为在桌子上(做事)。Heissittingonthedesk.Heisreadingbooksatthedesk.(7)have和therebe两者都表示“有,拥有”。have常表示“某人有某物”,而therebe句型表示“某地有某物”。如:Shehasapetcat.Thereisacatunderthetable.(8)runner和runningstarrunner意为赛跑选手,runningstar意为赛跑明星(9)much和many两者都表示“许多”的意思,much修饰不可数名词,many修饰可数名词。与之类似的还有alittle和afew,前者修饰不可数名词,后者修饰可数名词(注意:little和few表否定),而alotof和lotsof则既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。(10)socks(短袜),shoes(鞋),pants(裤子),shorts(短裤),glasses(眼镜)等都是由不可分割的两部分组成的一个物品,常以复数形式出现,当它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。表示一双(副、对)时,要用apairof,如果词组作主语,谓语动词要根据pair的数来变化。如:apairofshortstwopairsofshorts(11)when和whattime当询问某年、某月或某日时,一般用when,不用whattime;当询问具体的时刻(几点钟)时,一般用whattime.如:Whenisyourbirthday?Whattimeisit?(12)work和jobwork是不可数名词,不能与不定冠词连用,一般指比较抽象的工作;job是可数名词,可与不定冠词连用,指具体的工作。如:What’syourfather’sjob?(13)数字的表示:21-99除整十位外,十位和个位间要加连字符“—”,如:twenty-one(序数词:twenty-first)百、千、百万、十亿后面不加s,且百和十之间要加and(其余的除非中间为零,否则不加and)如:720:sevenhundredandtwenty75720:seventy-fivethousand,sevenhundredandtwenty7005:seventhousandandfivethousandsof和hundredsof前面不能加数字,分别表示“几千”、“几百”(14)look,see,watch,readlook强调看的动作,不及物动词,lookatme;see强调看的结果,及物动词;watch意为“观看”,主要用于观看比赛或电视;read意为“读”,主要用于读书、读报等。(15)listen和hearlisten强调听的动作,不及物动词,listentome;hear强调听的结果,及物动词。(16)also和too两者都可表示“也”,also一般放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之后,实义动词之前,用于肯定句中;too一般放在句尾。(too如果放在句中——形容词的前面,表示“太”)(17)speak,tell,talk,sayspeak常用作不及物动词,作及物动词时宾语为某种语言;tell意为“讲述,告诉”telljokes开玩笑,tellastory讲一个故事;talk“讲话,交谈”,不及物动词,常用于talkto/withsb.talkabout;say作及物动词或不及物动词,强调说话的内容。CanyousayitinEnglish?CanyouspeakEnglish?(18)usually、often、always、sometimes、never等频率副词,在句中通常位于be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前。Sheisoftenlateforclass.Sheoftenarriveslateforclass.(19)gotoschool,gettoschoolgotoschool去上学;gettoschool到达学校(与之类似的还有gohome 和gethome.但地点副词home,here,there等前面不加介词)(20)kindof,akindof,kindsofkindof表示“有点儿,有几分”;akindof表示“一种”,kindsof表示有多种。(21)other,theother,another,others,theothersother意为“其他的”,后接可数名词的复数或不可数名词;如:Pleasegivemesomeotherbooks.others意为“其他的人或物”,指剩余的部分,但不是剩余的全部,相当于other+名词复数,常与some构成“some…others…”句型;如:Somestudentslikeactionmovies,others(otherstudents)likecomedies.theother意为“另一个”,特指两个中的另一个,常与one构成“one…theother…”句型;如:Ihavetwosweaters,oneisred;theotherisyellow.theothers意为“另一些人或物”,指剩余的全部,相当于theother+名词复数,常与some构成“some…theothers…”;如:Therearethirtystudentsinourclass.Twentyaregirls,theothers(theotherstudents)areboys.another意为“又一个,另一个”,泛指三个或三个以上的同类人或事物的不定数目中的另一个。如:Wouldyoulikeanotherdrink?(22)everyone,everybody,nobody,everything,nothing等作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。如:Everyonelikesmoney.
(23)名词作定语修饰名词时常用单数,但man,woman和sports例外。如:appletrees,girlstudents,menteachers,sportsshoes。(24)单个形容词作定语时一般放在它所修饰词的前面,但形容词修饰由some,any,every,no等构成的复合不定代词(something,somebody,anything,everything,nothing等)时,要放在复合不定代词的后面。如:Thisisadifficultquestion.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.(25)形容词顺序:冠、数、性、大、形、年、色、国、材。比如头发:长短+形状+颜色,longcurlyblackhair。两个或两个以上的形容词作表语,通常在最后一个形容词前加and。Hersisteristall,youngandbeautiful.(26)else,other两者都表示“其他的”。else既可作形容词又可作副词,作形容词时常放在疑问代词who,what,whose或不定代词something,anything,nothing,someone,anyone之后,如:Whatelsewouldyoulike?Isanyoneelsecominghere?作副词时常置于疑问副词when,where等后面。Whenelsecanwemeetnexttime?other只能作形容词,后要接可数名词的复数或不可数名词,如:otherstudents.(27)beinbed,onthebedbeinbed意为“睡觉”,表示人在床上一般用介词in,bed前不加冠词;但表示物在床上用介词on,onthebed表示物在床上。(28)名词所有格表示有生命的东西或者国家、城市、时间等名词的所属关系:在单数名词词尾加’s,在以s结尾的复数名词词尾加’,在不规则复数名词词尾加’s如:Jim’sshirt,thestudents’basketball,Children’sDay,city’smuseum;表示无生命物体的名词所有格一般用of构成,如:thedooroftheroom,thenameoftheschool.3、词性名词、数词、代词既可作主语(行为的发起者),又可作宾语(行为的承受者)或表语。如Ilikeit.I和it都是代词,I作主语,it作宾语。有些名词后面加y或ly(重读闭音节以一个辅音字母结尾的要双写辅音字母再加y)可以变成形容词,如:cloud(n.云),cloudy(adj.多云的),friend——friendly,sun——sunny,health——healthy。形容词可作定语修饰名词,也可作表语放在be动词之后,但形容词不可放在行为动词之后。如:acleverboy.(clever作定语)Theboyisclever.(clever作表语)有些形容词后面加ly可以变成副词,如:loud(adj.大声的),loudly(adv.大声地),heavy——heavily,quick——quickly.副词分为一般副词、时间副词、地点副词和频率副词等。一般副词(adv.)放在行为动词后面,但不可放在be动词之后。如:studyhard,speakloudly,playitwell等;时间副词、地点副词一般放在句首或句尾(一般时间放在地点的后面),如:gohome(这里的home是地点副词),inthemorning等;频率副词在句中通常位于be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前。动词在句中作谓语,分为be动词、行为动词、助动词和情态动词(后两者不能单独作谓语,后面加动词原形一起构成谓语)。一个单句中只能有一个谓语,如果已经有谓语了后面还有动词,那后面的动词需要变形(要么变成不定式,要么变成动名词或过去分词)。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词,前者后面可以直接加名词,后者必须加上介词后才能加名词,如:listen,look就是不及物动词,后面如果要加名词中间必须有介词。Listentome.Lookattheblackboard.介词后面可以加名词或动名词,介词还可以构成很多短语。如:begoodatsth./begoodatdoingsth.五、句型——一个单句只能有一个谓语1、肯定句句子中的谓语可以是be动词,行为动词或情态动词+行为动词。I’mGina.Shelikesactionmovies.ShecanspeakEnglish.2、否定句如果谓语是be动词或情态动词+行为动词,直接在be动词或情态动词后接not即可;如果谓语是行为动词,在行为动词前加助动词do(或did,does),行为动词变回原形。IamnotGina.Shedoesn’tlikeactionmovies.Shecan’tspeakEnglish.3、一般疑问句如果谓语是be动词或情态动词+行为动词,直接把be动词或情态动词提前即可(但要注意人称变化);如果谓语是行为动词,在行为动词前加助动词do(或did,does),然后把助动词提前,行为动词变回原形。AreyouGina?Doesshelikeactionmovies?CanshespeakEnglish?4、特殊疑问句如果谓语是be动词或情态动词+行为动词,把be动词或情态动词提前再在句首加上特殊疑问词即可(但要注意人称变化);如果谓语是行为动词,在行为动词前加助动词do(或did,does),把助动词提前再在句首加上特殊疑问词,行为动词变回原形。Whoareyou?/What’syourname?Whatkindofmoviesdoesshelike?Whatlanguagecanshespeak?5、感叹句两种句型:How+形容词+主语+谓语!(主、谓可以省略)Howcleverheis!/Howclever!What+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!(主、谓可以省略)Whatacleverboyheis!/Whatacleverboy!Whataninterestingstoryitis!注意:如果后面的名词为不可数名词或名词的复数,前面不加冠词。如:Whatniceweatheritis!6、祈使句(1)带有please的祈使句,please可放在句首或句尾,但放在句尾时,please前要加“,”。如:Pleaseopenthedoor.Openthedoor,please.
(2)命令式的祈使句。如:Don’tspeakloudlyintheclassroom.=Nospeakingloudlyintheclassroom.常见句型:What’syourname?MynameisGina/I’mGina.Isthereyourpencil?Yes,itis/No,itisn’t.What’sthisinEnglish?It’sapencil.What’syourtelephonenumber?/What’sthenumberofyourtelephone?It’s281-9716.Howdoyouspellpencil?It’sP-E-N-C-I-L.Thisismybrother.Thesearemyfriends.Isthisyoursister?Isthatyourbrother?Thanksforthephotoofyourfamily.Hereismyfamilyphoto.Whereismybackpack?It’sunderthebed.Aremybooksonthechair?No,theyaren’t/Yes,theyare./Idon’tknow.Doyouhaveasoccerball?Yes,Ido./No,Idon’t.Let’swatchTV.Thatsoundsgreat/good.Doesshelikepears?Yes,shedoes./No,shedoesn’t.Whataboutyou?Hedoesn’tlikeicecream.Howaboutapples?Howmuchisthissweater?It’seightdollars.Howmucharethesepants?这条裤子多少钱?Theyarenineyuan.Whenisyourbirthday?MybirthdayisMay1st.Howoldareyou?I’mthirteen.Doyouwanttogotoamovie?Yes,Ido./No,Idon’t.Whatkindofmoviesdoesshelike?她喜欢哪种电影?Shelikescomediesbutshedoesn’tlikethrillers.Whatmoviesdoeshelike?他喜欢什么电影?HelikesHarryPotter.Canhedance?Yes,hecan./No,hecan’t.Whatclubdoeshewanttojoin?Hewantstojointhemusicclub.Whattimedoesshegetup?Shegetsupatsixo’clock.Whattimedoesyourmothereatbreakfast?Sheeatbreakfastatseveno’clock.What’syourfavoritesubject?MyfavoritesubjectisEnglish.WhydoyoulikeEnglish?Becauseit’sfun.WhoisyourEnglishteacher?Mr.Ren.Whereisyourpenpalfrom?=Wheredoesyourpenpalcomefrom?HeisfromAustralia.=HecomesfromAustralia.Wheredoeshelive?HelivesinSydney.Whatlanguagedoeshespeak?HespeaksEnglish.Isthereabanknearhere?=Isthereabankintheneighborhood?Yes,thereis.It’sonZhanqianRoad.WhereisNO.12MiddlesSchool?GodownZhanqianRoadandturnleftatthepostoffice.It’sacrossfromthelibrary.Whydon’tyoulikelions?Becausetheyarekindofunfriendly.Whatdoeshedo?=Whatishe?=What’shisjob?Heisadriver.Whatdoeshewanttobe?Hewantstobeanactor.Wheredoesshework?Sheworksinahospital.Whatareyoudoing?Iamdoingmyhomework.Doyouwanttogoswimming?Yes,Ido.Whendoyouwanttogo?Atthreeo’clock.How’stheweather?=What’stheweatherlike?It’sraining.=It’srainy.How’sitgoing?=Howaregettingon?最近怎么样?Prettygood.Notbad.It’sterrible.IsUncleLithere?李叔叔在吗?Who’sthat?(打电话或别人敲门时)Who’sthatspeaking?ThisisLiLei.我是李雷。Whatdoeshelooklike?他长的什么样?He’stall./Heisoftallheight.He’sshortandhehaslongstraightblackhair.He’satallboywithlongcurlyblackhair.=He’stallandhehaslongcurlyblackhair.Hehasabigbeard.DoyouknowDavid,theshortmanwithfunnyglassesandabigbeard?Whatsizebowlofnoodleswouldyoulike?I’dlikealarge/medium/smallbowlofnoodles.Whatkindofnoodleswouldyoulike?I’dlikebeefandtomatonoodles,please.What’syouraddress?Myaddressis818ZhanqianRoad.Whatdidyoudolastweekend?OnSaturdaymorningIcleanedmyroom.OnSaturdayafternoonIwenttothemovies.Howwasyourweekend?Itwasgreat.Wheredidyougoonvacation?Wewenttothepark.Howwastheweather?Itwasrainy.Whatdoyouthinkofsoapoperas?Idon’tmindthem./Ican’tstandthem./Ilikethemverymuch.Idon’tmindthem,either.Ilove“Tellitlikeitis!”我喜欢“实话实说!”Ido,too.Don’teatinclass!Canwewearhats?Wedon’thavetowearaschooluniform.Notalkingloudlyintheclassroom.六、可数名词单数变复数1.基本变化规则①一般在名词后加s,变成复数。如boy→boys,pen→pens等。②以s,x,sh,ch结尾的,在后面加es。如class→classes,fox→foxes,brush→brushes,watch→watches。但stomach的复数为stomachs。③“以辅音字母+y”结尾的,y变为i,然后再加es。如baby→babies。④以f或fe结尾的名词英语中共有100多个,其中直接加s的有92个,但这些绝大多数不常用,如safe,roof,belief等;把f或fe改为v,再加es的只有13个,但13个都是常用的名词,如thief,life,wife,shelf,self,knife,half,leaf,wolf等。⑤以o结尾的名词,除hero,tomato,potato等少数在后面加es外,一般是在后面直接加s。如kilo→kilos,photo→photos,zoo→zoos,
radio→radios,piano→pianos,video→videos。2.不规则变化名词单数变复数的不规则变化要注意以下几点:①含man的名词,一般变man为men。如woman→women,policeman→policemen,Englishman→Englishmen。但German→Germans。②将oo改为ee的有foot→feet,tooth→teeth,goose→geese等。③复数以en结尾的有child→children,ox→oxen等。④将ouse改为ice的有mouse→mice,louse→lice(虱子)等。⑤单复数同形的有sheep,deer,fish,means,works(工厂),Swiss,Japanese,Chinese等。(注意fish意为“一条条鱼”时,是可数名词,但单复数同形,意为“鱼肉”时,是不可数名词;fishes意为“不同种类的鱼”)七、时态:时态的变化主要体现在时间和动词的形式上。1、一般现在时 (1)含义:表示经常性的或习惯性的动作,表示主语具备的性格和能力。常有always,often,usually,every等提示词。(2)动词的变化:只有第三人称单数作主语时,动词才有变化;其余的作主语,动词保持原形。一般动词在词尾加s如:Helikesswimming.Hedoesn’tlikeswimming.Ilikeswimming.以字母s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的动词后加es。如:Hegoestoschoolbybuseveryday.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词先变y为i,再加es。如:Hestudieshard.2、现在进行时(1)含义:表示说话时动作正在发生或进行,表示现阶段或不限于说话时特定的时间范围内进行的动作,有时还能表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作。常有now,atpresent,atthismoment,look,listen等提示语。(2)动词的变化:be动词(随人称变化而变化)+动词的现在分词一般动词在词尾加ing如:HeisstudyingEnglishnow.以不发音的e结尾的动词,先去e再加ing如:Sheishavingbreakfast.Sheistakingaphoto.以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母(除r外)的动词,先双先辅音字母再加ing如:Sheisrunning.Iamswimming.以ie结尾且是重读音节的动词,先把ie变成y再加ing如:Theyarelyingonthebeach.Heiscomingbacktomorrow.(用现在时表示已经计划和安排好了的、即将发生的动作。)Heisalwaystellinglies.(用现在时表示反复出现的问题,带有感情色彩)3、过去时(1)含义:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常有过去时间等提示语。(2)动词的变化:动词变过去式。一般动词在词尾加ed如:Icleanedmyroomonlastweekends.Iplayedbasketballwithmyfriendsjustnow.以e结尾的动词在词尾加d如:Idecidedtobuyacomputeryesterday.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词先变y为i,再加ed如:Yesterday,IstudiedEnglishfor2hours.以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母(除r外)的动词,先双先辅音字母再加ed.如:Istoppedtalkingwhenhecamein.不规则动词的过去式:is/am—was,are—were,do—did,go—went,have—had,buy—bought,teach—taught,can—could,will—would,read—read,let—let,put—put,bring—brought,come—came,run—ran,say—said,write—wrote,spend—spent,eat—ate,take—took,get—got,see—saw,hear—heard等。八、人称代词主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词第一人称单数Imemyminemyself第二人称单数youyouyouryoursyourself第三人称单数hehimhishishimself第三人称单数sheherherhersherself第三人称单数itititsitsitself第一人称复数weusouroursourselves第二人称复数youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称复数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves如:Iloveyou,andyouloveme.Thisismypen,thatismine.Doityourself.