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2014考研英语语法长难句精讲完备讲义

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新浪微博@老曹考研考研英语语法突破完全讲义适用对象:考研学子,四级,六级英语学习或相当者。课程目的:人生从此再无长难句。课程安排:语法讲解;难句解析;考试实战演练第一部分语法精讲基本句型:简单句&并列句1.简单句的构成Myfatherislisteningtothepopularmusicinthegarden.Thehandsomeboyismybrother.主语谓语宾语定语状语表语补语简单句的五种形式:(1)主语+谓语(不及物动词);(2)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语;(3)主语+谓语+宾语+补语;(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;(5)主语+系动词+表语。谓语。实义动词①及物动词watch,see②不及物动词sit。系动词①be动词;②一些实义动词用作系动词:feel,taste,smell等;。Heiscrying.。ParentswatchTVeverynight.。Wecanmakeourcountrybeautiful.2.并列句两个简单句并列在一起,中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。并列句不能只用逗号隔开,而要用连接词连接。连接词:(1)并列关系句型:连接词有and,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…eg:LastyearImetKateandwebecamefriends.Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoit.(2)转折概念并列句型:转折词有buteg:Ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.(3)对比关系的并列句型:eg:Helikedsports,whileIwouldrathercollectstamps.简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。1 新浪微博@老曹考研主语——施动者或动作的主体宾语——受动者(一)名词1.可数名词有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词a、an、the进行限定;若名词为复数,可以加上the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定。①不定冠词:a、an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意;eg:GermanyisaEuropeancountry.②定冠词:表示特定或特指eg:Isthisthebookthatyouarelookingfor?定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物the+名词:表示全部或者整体eg:Doyouknowwhoinventedthecomputer?用于乐器或专有名词前,如playthepiano、theTimes2.不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加the.前面可以加单位词,进行分类:常见单位词:①apieceof+advicebreadclothfortuneinformationmusicmuse②abitof、anitemof、anarticleof名词在翻译中遇到的问题:(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式:eg:water&waters(水域、海洋),sand&sands(沙滩),wood&woods(树林),goods(商品),ash和ashes(废墟)(2)名词的格:。s以及of逻辑语义:,Rachel:ImCarol.sex-husband"ssister"sroommate.,Doctor:Imyourroommate"sbrother"sex-wife"sobstetrician.(产科医生)——老友记of:理清逻辑语义,翻译方法:“AofB”翻译成“B的A”Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.特殊:Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.(二)代词1.人称代词第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格I,you,he,she,it,me,you,him,her,it,my,your,his,her,its.2.物主代词①形容词性物主代词:my,your,his,her,our,their,后面加名词;②名词性物主代词:mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs,后面不能加名词。eg:MayIborrowyourpen?Mineismissing.2 新浪微博@老曹考研3.反身代词:通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。eg:ImyselftookMarytotheairport.Icookeditmyself.4.指示代词:this,that,these,those5.不定代词:some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,noone,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything.一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别(1)all,each,every:①all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体;each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体;(2)everyone&everyoneeveryone等同于everybody,allpeople,指的是所有的人;eg:Everyonethinkstheyhavetherighttobehere.everyone既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用everyoneof;eg:Everyoneofushasfaultsandshortcomings.Everyoneofthefilmswehaveshownthisyearhasbeenasucces.(3)noone&nonenoone只能指人,none既可以指人,也可以指物,none后面还可以接of;eg:Noonefailedtheexamination.Noneofthestudentsfailedtheexamination.it的用法(1)指代人,通常用于口语中;(2)书面语:①it用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等eg:It"sthreeyearssinceIsawhim.②it用来前指或者后指eg:I"velostmybook.Whereisit?Thereisnodoubtaboutitthathewasafineteacher.③it做形式主语eg:Isitpossibletolearntypewritingveryquickly?④it做形式宾语,通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语(形容词)之间,真正的宾语放在宾补之后常见动词有:feel,consider,find,believe,make,take,imagine,think,suppose,regardeg:Shethinksitnousetellingme.Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldn"tagreetotheplan.⑤it用于强调句,构成句型It"s…thatwho…如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it?eg:It"sclearthattheyhavewon.如果It"s和that去掉后,剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子,就是强调句;否则,即为形式主语。(三)数词数词分为基数词和序数词3 新浪微博@老曹考研1.表示大约的词汇:about,approximately,around,roughly,some,moreorless,orso;eg:About200peoplewerekilledinthecrash.Thetownis5Milesorsofromhere.2.表示多于的词汇:above,morethan,over3.表示少于,不到的词汇:almost,below,lessthan,undereg:It"s2:57,andit"salmost3o"clock4.一些可以直接表示数字的单词:dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million这些词前面出现基数词,表示确切的数时,不能加复数;若不能表明确切数字,只是说大约有多少的时候,以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词,但是可以将其变为复数,后加of;eg:Therearemillionsofkindsofmatterintheworld.(四)形容词和副词。形容词还可以做表语,放在be动词之后;。英语中有一些词语作表语和作定语时,含义会有所不同:(1)certain:作定语时,表示特定的:eg:AcertainMr.Wangjustcameheretolookforyou.作表语时,表示当然的,一定,相当于besure;(2)complete:作定语时,表示完全的:作表语时,表示完成的或完美的;(3)ill:作定语时,表示坏的;作表语时,表示有病的;(4)late:作定语时,表示已故的;作表语时,表示晚的、迟到的;(5)ready:作定语时,表示现成的;作表语时,表示准备好的、愿意做……;(6)present:作定语时,表示目前的,相当于current;作表语时,表示出席,参加;。the+形容词:表示一类人;eg:theold,thepoor,theblind,therich,theyoung,thewounded。通常由副词构成,副词可以修饰动词,形容词,乃至整个句子;。副词通常是褒义的,有部分是有否定含义的,常见否定含义副词有seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely;。其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念;。形容词和副词的比较级:(1)一些没有比较级的形容词和副词:①单词本身的含义是表示比……年长、比……优秀、比……优等时,没有比较级概念;如supreme,inferior,junior,senior,prior,后面搭配的介词一般是to,而不用than.4 新浪微博@老曹考研②有些单词本身的含义即是最,独一无二,没有比较级概念;如absolute,entire,excellent,favorite,final.(2)同级比较和异级比较:①同级比较:as…as……timesas…②异级比较:(倍数或修饰词,表示多或少)+比较级+than常见的修饰比较级的词有:much、still,even,byfar,abit,alittle,agooddeal或者倍数;eg:ThephotographyofMarstakenbysatellitearemuchclearerthanthosetakenfromearth.③比较级特殊用法词汇:more…than…:eg:Heismorecleverthanhonest.the+比较级:越来越……eg:Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.谓语。实义动词①及物动词watch,see②不及物动词sit。系动词①be动词;②一些实义动词用作系动词:feel,taste,smell等;简单句的五种形式:(1)主语+谓语(不及物动词);(2)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语;(3)主语+谓语+宾语+补语;(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;(5)主语+系动词+表语。谓语动词形式一:英语时态1.一般现在时(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作;eg:Igetupat7o"clockinthemorning.Ileaveschoolforhomeat6everyevening.(2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实;eg:Theteachertoldus:theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.2.一般过去时两种变化形式:在动词后加ed或不规则变化的动词;在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态:常用时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等;eg:DidyougotoShanghailastweek?补充:usedtobeusedto一般过去式和过去完成时的对比:(1)过去完成时:过去的过去;eg:BeforeIcametoBeijing,IhadstayedinShanghai.①一个句子里有两个谓语动词,一个发生在前,一个发生在后,发生在前的用一般过5 新浪微博@老曹考研去时,发生在后的用过去完成时;eg:Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.②表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示原本…,却未能…eg:Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn"t.Wehadthoughtthathewouldtakepartinthecompetition,buthedidn"t.3.一般将来时(1)shallwill,shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替;eg:WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst?(2)begoingto+不定式,表示将来;表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹象表明要发生;eg:Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?Whatwillyoudothisafternoon?will表示纯粹的将来;(3)be+不定式:表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事;eg:WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.(4)beaboutto+不定式:意为马上做某事,后面不可以接时间状语;eg:HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意:(1)一般现在时有时也可表将来;eg:Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.①趋向性动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。eg:Whendoesthebusstar?Itstartsintenminutes.②在时间或条件句中,用一般现在时表将来;eg:I"llwritetoyouassoonasIarriveinBeijing.(2)现在进行时也可表将来:通常用于口语,翻译为打算……;come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等词可以用进行时表将来;——Iamleavingforsomeimportantthing.——OK,seeyou.4.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果对现在造成影响。(1)过去发生的动作发生到现在,刚刚完成;(2)从过去发生的动作,发生到现在,刚刚告一段落,但是后面会继续发生;eg:Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.Ithasrainedfor3days.过去时与现在完成时的区别:(1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。eg:IcametoBeijingin1995.IhavestayedinBeijingsince1995.(2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与段的时间状语连用,或无时间状语;一般过去时常用时间状语:yesterday,lastweek,…ago,in1980,inOctober6 新浪微博@老曹考研…(具体时间)现在完成时常用时间状语:for,since,sofar…(长期的段时间)eg:Hehaddinnerwithmeyesterday.Ihaveplayedbasketballfor3hours.(3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know;过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等;eg:Hegotmarriedtwoyearsago.IhavelivedinBeijingfor10years.用于现在完成时的句型(1)Itisthefirstsecondtime…。that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.(2)Thisisthe…that…结构,that从句要用现在完成时。ThisisthebestfilmthatI"ve(ever)seen.Thisisthefirsttime(that)I"veheardhimsing.典型例题——Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?——No,it"sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itiswasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中,从句要用完成时。since和for的用法:since用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度;eg:Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.for后面多接一段时间,而since后面则接一个时间点,若since后面也出现时间段,则在时间段后加ago;eg:Ihavelivedheresincetwentyyearsago.错句:Ihaveworkedheresincemanyyears.since句型:Itis+一段时间+since从句,since从句要用一般过去时;eg:ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.ItisthreeyearssinceIjoinedthearmy.5.进行时态:一般进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时;6.现在完成进行时:have、has+been+doing现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别:eg:Ithasrainedfor3days.Ithasbeenrainingfor3days.现在完成时不强调某一动作在某段时间内持续发生,现在完成进行时表示某一时间段内某动作持续发生。eg:IhavebeenlearningEnglishfor5years.7 新浪微博@老曹考研IhavebeenlearnedEnglishfor5years.谓语动词形式二:被动语态be+动词过去分词;egForestshavebeencleared.Theyweregivenawarmsendoff.Theirweddingwillbeheldinthechurch.不强调施动者,而只强调受动者;eg:Thebookwaswritten20yearsago.主动形式表示被动意思①某些既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词用的动词,在他们作不及物动词用时,可以用主动形式表示被动意思,如write,wash,wear,sell,cut,tear(撕),burn,play等,常与它们连用的词为well,easily,smoothly等。如Thecoatwasheswell.这件大衣很耐洗。②在beworthdoing句型中表示被动含义,如Thebookisworthreading③在need,want,require等后的动名词表示被动含义,如Theflowersneedwatering.④感官动词如feel,taste,smell,look等主动形式表示被动含义,如Thefishtastesgood.⑤短语runout,wearout,giveout等主动形式表被动含义,如Mysockshavewornout.谓语动词形式三:情态动词+动词情态动词是指它含有一定的含意,可以表达某种感情和说话的口气,但是它不可以单独使用作谓语动词。情态动词主要包括can,could,may,might,must,oughtto,shall,should,will,would,dare,need,haveto,usedto,hadbetter,wouldrather等。1.情态动词+动词原形Icanswimacrosstheriver.Heshouldhelpthepoorintheremoteareas.You"dbettertakeyourparents"adviceifyouwanttofulfillyourdream.2.couldmight+have+动词过去分分词※特殊语言现象:虚拟语气would+have+过去分词should+have+过去分词补充:非谓语动词作主语作表语作宾语(1)todo(2)+doingacknowledge,admit,advocate,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,delay,escape,deny,consider,mind,miss,finish,resist,imagine,postpone,practice,suggest,prevent,keep,quit8 新浪微博@老曹考研(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1)forget2)stop3)remember4)regret5)try6)mean(4)+do1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to.feel觉得observe注意到,看到overhear听到watch注视listento听perceive察觉,感知notice注意see看见hear听Onseeingtheyoungchildfellintothelake,Ericsprangtohisfeet,andwentontherescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make,let,have等。固定句型1)Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime……)等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.Itisnogoodobjecting.Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.2)Itis+useless(nice,good,interesting,expensive等形容词)+doingsth.Itisuselessspeaking.光说没用。Itisniceseeingyouagain.真高兴又遇到了你。Itisgoodplayingchessaftersupper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。★as的用法1、as作介词,表示作为,一般情况下后面只能接一个名词;eg.Sheworksasadoctor.AsaLeaguemember,I"lltaketheleadineverything.2、as作关系代词,as引导这样的从句一般最好是放在句子的开头;eg.Themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth,whichisknowntoeverybody.Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(主语从句)Eg.Aswehaveseen,thefocusofmedicalcareinoursocietyhasbeenshiftingfromcuringdiseasetopreventingdisease——especiallyintermsofchangingourmanyunhealthybehaviors,suchaspooreatinghabits,smokingandfailuretoexercise.3as充当连词来构成状语从句;①时间状语从句(当……的时候),eg.Asthesummercomes,thedaybecomesshorterandshorter.②原因状语从句(表示显而易见的原因),和since在用法上保持一致。eg.Asshewasnotfeelingwell,wealltoldhertostayathome.③让步状语从句,although引导的句子可以转换成as的用法eg.Althoughthegraphissimple.Simpleasthegraphis.④方式状语从句(就像……一样;正如……一样);eg.Doastheinstructionsays.9 新浪微博@老曹考研⑤比较状语从句eg.I"mastallasyou.4、as短语:aslongas只要;suchas例如;assoonas一……就……;soasto为了;asif好像;asthough好像;justas正如;状语从句的省略分词作状语;独立主格结构在状语从句中,若前后主从句主语一致,则省略从句的主语,将后面的动词发生形式上的变化,主动语态变成ing形式,若是被动语态,则变为ed形式。(1)条件:状语从句,前后主语一致(2)形式:分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句后(3)省略方式:关系词(可保留)+动词形式变化(-ing-ed)Eg.When[Assoonas]themousesawthecat,itranoff.Givenmoretime,Iwouldbeabletocompleteit.Readingtheletter,sheburstoutcrying.另:分词短语做状语时,可以保留相应的连词Eg.Afterhavingannoyedeverybody,hewenthome.Althoughexhaustedbythewalk,hecontinuedhisjourney.Eg.When_______differentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.A.comparedB.beingcomparedC.comparingD.havingcomparedEg.______withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.A.FacedB.FaceC.FacingD.TofaceEg.(1998语法)Hewasn"taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,——insufficiently(不够地)popularwithallmembers.A.beingconsideredB.consideringC.tobeconsideredD.havingconsideredEg.(1992语法)_____oftheburdenofice,theballoonclimbedupanddriftedc0thesouth.A.TobefreeB.FreeingC.TofreeD.FreedEg.(1999Text1)Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Eg.(2004.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.独立结构的构成:只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时,我们才能用独立结构。10 新浪微博@老曹考研独立结构只用做状语,多用于书面语言。★1、长难句拆分原则:把主句和从句拆分出来,把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。2、五个拆分信号:①连词:并列句的并列连词and,or,but,yet,for;从句的从属连词which,that,when,if等。②介词:引导介词短语,充当修饰语。③不定式符号to:引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。④分词:过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。⑤标点符号:或显或隐隔离主干——两个逗号或破折号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列。插入语插入语通常是说话者对所表达意思的一种补充、强调、解释或者是说话人的一种态度。它的位置比较灵活,常常会用逗号或者破折号和其他部分隔开,但是在语法上不会影响其他成分。例1_____themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality.A.GeneralspeakingB.SpeakinggeneralC.GenerallyspeakingD.Speakinggenerally小结:许多分词短语可以用作插入语,这样的分词短语有:strictlyspeaking(严格地说),generallyconsidering(一般认为),judgingfrom……(根据……判断)等。例2Twomiddle-agedpassengersfellintothesea.____,neitherofthemcouldswim.A.InfactB.LuckilyC.UnfortunatelyD.Naturally小结:常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有:indeed(的确),surely(无疑),frankly(坦率地说),obviously(显然),naturally(天然地),luckilyforsb.(算某人幸运),fortunately(幸好),briefly(简单地说)等。例3Yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn.treachtherequiredstandard,_____,youfailed.A.intheendB.afterallC.inotherwordsD.atthesametime小结:常用作插入语的介词短语有:inconclusion(总之),inaword(简而言之),inshort(简而言之),ingeneral(一般说来),inasense(在某种意义上),inmyview(在我看来),inhisopinion(按照他的看法),infact(事实上),atfirst(首先),inaddition(此外),ofcourse(当然),tomysurprise(使我惊奇的),toherregret(使她遗憾的),forexample(例如)等。例4Itissonicetohearfromher._____,welastmetmorethanthirtyyearsago.A.Whatismore11 新浪微博@老曹考研B.ThatistosayC.InotherwordsD.Believeitornot小结:用简短的句子结构作插入语,它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有:Iamsure(我可以肯定地说),Ibelieve(我相信),doyouknow(你知道吗),yousee(你明白),Iamafraid(恐怕),itissaid(据说),Isuppose(我想),whatismore(而且),whatisworse(更糟糕的是),thatis(也就是说),whatisimportant(重要的是)等。(2009)Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.(插入结构)例句:BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworldfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration)。3.五步拆分步骤:①隔离插入成分,寻找特殊标点②寻找连词,确定句子种类——并列句,主从句;③寻找句中的动词或动词结构④确定整句框架——标出主句主干部分及从属连词;⑤确定从句框架——标出从句主谓部分;⑥分別翻译——主从句分别进行翻译;⑦词句推敲——中文语言进行表述。。双重否定在阅读当中出现的频率更高一些。在一个句子中出现两个否定词:not,never,hardly,scarcely,rarely,seldom,few,little,none等,双重否定表示肯定的概念。eg.Noonecancommandotherswhocannotcommandhimself.。形式否定,意义肯定eg.Amancanneverhavetoomanyties.eg.Wecanhardlypraisehisachievementtoomuch.eg.Amothercanneverbepatientenoughwithherchild.。形式肯定,意义否定①moreAthanB意思为“是A不是B;与其说是B,不如说是A”eg.Thebookseemstobemoreadictionarythanagrammar.eg.Heismoreacomposerthanasinger.②anythingbut意思为“一点都不是,根本不是,绝对不是”eg.Iamanythingbutateacher.我一定不是一个老师。eg.Iwilldoanythingbutthat.我决不干那件事。③nomore……than与notmore……thannomore……than意为“两者都不……”eg.Thisbookisnomoreinterestingthanthatone.这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。notmore……than意为“两者都肯定,前者不如后者”12 新浪微博@老曹考研eg.Thisbookisnotmoreinterestingthanthatone.这本书不如那本书有趣。。部分否定&全部否定eg.Allthebirdscannotfly.Noneofthebirdscanfly.代词或副词如all,both,every,everybody,everyday,everyone,everything,everywhere等与not搭配使用时,表示部分否定,意思为“并非都是等。eg.Allisnotgoldthatglitters.发光的并非都是金子。=Notallisgoldthatglitters.第二部分自我练习一、隔离结构:1.Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.2.Itisnotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.3.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.4.Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.5.Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"of"atouchonthebrakes",makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.6.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.7.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.8.Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted--suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.9.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedkingdom.13 新浪微博@老曹考研10.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25---0.5%ofGDP.11.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend--of--lifecare.12.Thenotionthatlearningshouldhaveinitanelementofinspiredplaywouldseemtothegreaterpartoftheacademicestablishmentmerelysilly,butthatisnonethelessthecase.13.ThefindingsaddweighttothetheorythatlargeareasoftheAmazonhaverecoveredsowellfrompastperiodsofagriculturalusethattheregrowthhasbeenmistakenbygenerationsofbiologistsfor“virgin”forest.14.Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents"careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationreform.二、并列结构:1.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.2.Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artists"onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.3.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter.4.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleast"afewdecisionsforthem-selves-goalsthatposearealchallenge.5.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.6.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.8.IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Mwavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers"demands.14 新浪微博@老曹考研9.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedkingdom.10.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.11.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridge/offwhich/theybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers,"Pluff!Pluff!"Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms."12.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.13.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo"slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.14.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon.com,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.三、同位语:1.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.2.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth"sstockholders"meeting,Levinassertedthat"musicisnotthecauseofsociety"sills"andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.3.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect",acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects--agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.4.Therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.5.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthe19thcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthe20thcentury.15 新浪微博@老曹考研6.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.7.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners:andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.四、后置定语:1.Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.2.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”(看翻译)附加句:3.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.4.It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.5.Ifitdid,itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.6.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow--levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead--scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.7.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.(看翻译)(名词到动词)8.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.五.状语:1.PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.2.It’salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(with16 新浪微博@老曹考研abeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.3.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.(看翻译)单独成句法4.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof"jugglingyourlife",andmakingthealternativemoveinto"downshiftingbringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.5.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe"Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents".6.Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.7.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybeevenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.8.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.9.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.六表语:1.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.2.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.七插入语:1.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.2.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.3.The"trueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrllchofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,are17 新浪微博@老曹考研thosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.4."Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn","liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe..."5.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologist,ispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualism”overthelastcentury.6.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortuningfortunes.stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.7.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoff-spring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribe.8.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.9.Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn"tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.10.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead--hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting.八比较结构:1.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe"80s,down-shiftinginthemid"90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlift--growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.2.Ahomewithoutloveisnomoreahomethanabodywithoutasoulisaman.3.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.4.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.5.Surelythereisnomorecommandingmoralimperativeforpeopleinthewestthantourgeeachother,andtheirgovernments,tobringrelieftotheworld’spoorest九强调:18 新浪微博@老曹考研1.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.十倒装:1.Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.2.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.3.Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.4.Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization:fully76percentofJapan"s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,tow-generationhouseholds.5.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam."十一省略和简洁:1.In1992,theUnitednationsenvironmentalprogrammeandtheworldHealthOrganization(WHO)concludedthatallofasampleoftwentymegacities–placeslikeytomorethantenmillioninhabitantsinatleastonemajorpollutant.Two-thirdofthemexceededtheguidelinesfortwo,sevenforthreeormore.2.Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword"amateur"doescarryaconnotationthatpersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotshareitsvalues.3.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.4.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsforreasonitself."Andsoitdoes-andallwoundbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.5.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.参考译文一、隔离结构:19 新浪微博@老曹考研1.参考译文:这个成功以及后来的研究——这些研究表明记忆本身并不是由基因决定的——导致爱立信得出一个结论,即:记忆活动与其是一个直觉还不如说是一个认知活动。2.参考译文:那些能够形象地描述事物和勾画出无数模式的能力是如何让一个人能够回答那些最好的诗人和哲学家都能不能回答的问题的,这一点还不是很明显。3.参考译文:那些凡是参加过SAT考试的人都会证明考试技巧也是很重要的,即是否知道什么时候该猜测答案或者什么样的问题该跳过去。4.参考译文:在过去的20多年时间里,那些曾经依靠辛勤工作和公平竞争就可以保证自己财政收支安全的美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济风险和新的现实所改变。5.[参考译文]有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇,例如"轻踩刹车"以"操纵经济软着陆",使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际情况的了。6.参考译文:根据他们在《自然》杂志上发表的最新论文,一个新的渔场大型捕食者数量(杀死并吃掉其他动物的动物)在开发的头15年平均减少80%。7.参考译文:有些因此可能会逃过一劫,因为那时没有用带诱饵的鱼钩抓它们,这样就低估了过去的鱼的储量。8.[参考译文]在另一个层面上,很多医疗界的人士承认,关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论部分是因为病人的绝望情绪,对病人来说,现代医学已经延长了死亡的身体痛苦。9.[参考译文]很自然,这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域中表现的最为明显,并且可以用英国的地质学发展作例证来说明。10.[参考译文]OECD在其最近的《经济瞭望》中估计,如果石油价格与1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均为每桶22美元,那些富裕国家在石油进口上多花的费用也只占其GDP的0.25%到0.5%。11.[参考译文]它把对疼痛的治疗不足和盲目积极使用"有可能延长死亡时间甚至让死亡过程蒙羞的无效并且强迫性的医疗手段"视为生命临终医护的两个问题。12.[参考译文]对于学术圈中的大多数人而言,在学习中加入有启发性的玩耍是很傻的,但是这又是通常存在的情况。13.[参考译文]这些发现又更加证实了这个理论:亚马逊地区从长期的农业耕作中恢复的非常好以至于长期以来好几代生物学家都把这些再生的地方错误的当成是原始森林。14.[参考译文]有些人认为电脑的课堂教学是为了学生的就业前景,有些人认为电脑的课堂教育是为了教育的彻底改革,这两群人之间有一条无形的界线。二、并列结构:1.参考译文:他们的研究方法并不是想估计出某些特定地区的实际生物量(活的生物总量),而是估计出这些生物量随着时间发生的变化。2.参考译文:许多事情让人们认为艺术家是古怪之人,而最古怪的也许是:艺术家的唯一工作就是研究感情,而他们还往往选择研究那些感觉不好的感情。3.参考译文:而一名顶级权威认为,这些极其强烈的大脑活动不仅可以被抑制,实际上还可以受到意识的控制,进而帮助我们睡眠,使我们感觉好一些。4.[参考译文]但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段,它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作,而且还要能够自己作出至少几个决定--这些目标才会引发真正的挑战。5.[参考译文]但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面,然后立刻放弃98%的不相关部分,而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子,或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。6.[参考译文]将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较,(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升,而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。8.[参考译文]我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力同时也就是促进全球化进程的那方基石:即降20 新浪微博@老曹考研低交通运输成本,逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒,以及大幅度拓展市场,这些都要求更大规模的经营管理以满足消费者需求。9.[参考译文]很自然,这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域表现最为明显,并且可以用英国的地质学发展作例证来说明。10.[参考译文]相反,我们看到了这样一些虚伪的壮观景象,他们似乎比以前的任何时候都更供应充足:美国式物质主义的批判者却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄:激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐;倡导在人生各个阶段实施参与式民主的记者,他的子女却就读于私立学校。11.[参考译文]但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉进河里,而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着"扑通,扑通,185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描写时,我们不免感到困惑不安。12.[参考译文]审查者完全有理由相信,知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机,另一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了注意力。13.[参考译文]因为现今的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆胚胎(人类在出生前的最早阶段)用于研究或者有意地威胁胚胎的生命,NBAC在胚胎研究上将保持沉默。14.[参考译文]像VirtualVineyards,Amazon.com这样的先驱网站表明,一个将交互性、服务性和安全性合理结合,且销售正确产品的网站是可以吸引来网上客户的。三、同位语:1.参考译文:他们尽其所能收集的一切数据,这些数据不仅包括所统计的表现活动和生物信息,而且也包括了他们的成果极高的实验室的实验结果。2.[参考译文]在-上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中,莱文宣称说:“音乐不是社会问题的原因”,他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克斯的一个教师,他儿子正在用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。3.[参考译文]尽管最高法院已经裁定出医生帮助下的自杀行为并不受宪法的支持,但最高法院实际上支持了被称为"双重效果"的医疗原则;这个已有几个世纪历史的道德原则认为一个行为可能会有两个效果--一个想要达到的好的效果和一个已经预见到的有害的效果。如果行为的实施者想要的只是要好的效果的话,这个行为是被允许的,4.[参考译文]现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术——这要比极具技巧的医生单单用手精确得多。5.[参考译文]这样一来总的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊上发表文章就更难了,而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果,该种制度先是出现在19世纪的国家级刊物上,后又在20世纪,被几家地方级地质学刊物所使用。6.[参考译文]与此同时,美国法律协会,由一群法官、律师和专家学者组成的组织,他们的建议分量极重,发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针,宣称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险,也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意一些可能会出现的危险。7.[参考译文]这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性,他们是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素,这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任,而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。四、后置定语:1.参考译文:斯顿伯格指出传统的测试能最好的评估出分析能力和语言能力而不能衡量一个人的创造性和实际才能以及那些对于解决问题和成功人生也极其重要的因素。2.参考译文:但科学的确能为我们的将来提供最好的指导,而且最关键的是,关于现在采取的行动将来会产生什么样的结果,科学是能够做出很好的判断的,我们的国家乃至整个世界也应该将我们重要的政策置于这样的判断之上。21 新浪微博@老曹考研附加句:3.参考译文:他们应该迅速回复给编辑的来信(读者来信),以免动物权利的错误信息不受质疑、并且披上貌似真理的骗人外衣。4.参考译文:这是一种交互性的搜索器,访客可以键入自己的求职要求,比如地点、职务和薪水,当数据库里张贴出相应的职位时搜索器就可以给访问者发送电子邮件通知他们。5.[参考译文]如果新闻界真的注意到了问题的关键,(itdid)它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目,这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工,新闻界应该进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层都大相径庭的各种记者。6.[参考译文]很遗憾,这次新闻机构可信度调查计划只获得了一些十分低层次的发现,比如新闻报道中的事实错误,拼写或语法错误(和这些低层次发现)交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么。7.[参考译文]将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较,(我们)就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升,而且一篇可接受的科研论文所包含的内容的定义也有所变化。8.[参考译文]企业重组的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是对一个经济体的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献。这种经济体还受许多其他因素的驱动,比如结合设备和机械上的投资、新技术,以及在教育和培训上的投资。五、状语:1.参考译文:布什总统致力于将社会保障转变为帐户储蓄模式,在这个模式里,退休人员将用他们大量甚至是全部的有保障的收入换来依靠于投资回报的收入。2.参考译文:想想给他们带来生机的莎士比亚本人就是一个演员(而且留胡子),他也是这些噪音的一部分,你就会觉得这一切颇具讽刺意味。3.参考译文:有一些人他们不知道动物研究对于这些治疗方法和一些新的治疗方法以及疫苗而言是必须的,对于他们来讲,动物研究说的最好听是浪费,说得最难听是残忍。4.[参考译文]我已经发现,放弃那种"为生活忙碌"的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。或许凯尔西因不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《女友》杂志社的编辑一职之后也会发现。5.[参考译文]去年,时任教育部长濑户光夫争辩说二战后由美国占领当局引入的自由主义革新削弱了日本民族"尊敬父母的道德品质"的时候,舆论一片哗然。6.[参考译文]当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时,最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图,因为,不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理,很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常。7.[参考译文]然而就未来主义诗歌来说,情况则不这么简单了,因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么--就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的--这种形式也很难被归入文学。8.[参考译文]他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类,并下令.不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验--尽管还没有人建议这么做--他还请一个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得•夏皮罗为主席的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。9.[参考译文]除去议会用来规范广告的第27条法案的限制之外,没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种不符合其广告承诺的商品。六、表语:1.参考译文:意思就是说人们没有发现海里发生的巨大变化,因为他们相对来说只看了过去一小段时间。2.[参考译文]另外一个不因油价上涨而失眠的原因是,这次涨价不像70年代的那些次上涨,它并不是在普遍的商品价格暴涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生的七、插入语:1.参考译文:对于那些还不了解这种危害的人来说,它指的是对姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧22 新浪微博@老曹考研视。2.参考译文:Hofstadter说,从我们的历史一开始,我们对于民主化和大众化的渴求就迫使我们拒绝一切带有精英主义色彩的东西。3.[参考译文]环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗•厄尔里西认为,科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。4.[参考译文]“对任何一个民主社会的考验,”他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中写到,"不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达,而在于这个社会是否能给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由,不管有时候这种结果是多么的富有争议或令人不快…"5.[参考译文]一个法国社会学家观察到,从家庭生活到独居生活的转变是过去一个世纪以来“不可抗拒的独立主义动力”的一个部分。6.[参考译文]整个铁路业尽管形式很好,其收入仍不足以支付日益增加的运输需求而必须做的资本投入。7.[参考译文]当今人与人在很大程度上的平等--即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等,并且连子嗣的数目都一样—这意味着和印度土著部落的情况相比,自然选择在印度中上层阶级中已丧失了80%的作用。8.[参考译文]但是,对一个小部分学生来说,职业教育也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下,技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。9.[参考译文]尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的--比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告--许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的,然而(我们)并不清楚,如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。10.[参考译文]这种发展--以及其对美国政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的影响一一使得南部在全国人口普查中有史以来首次成为美国人口最密集的地区。八、比较结构:1.[参考译文]对于我这一代曾在整个80年代为生活奔波的女人来说,90年代中期出现的归隐恬退与其说是我们寻求一种神话般的美好生活--用有机肥种植蔬菜,并且自己放弃一切的风险--不如说是我们清醒地认识到自身;能力是有限的这一事实。2.[参考译文]正像一个没有灵魂的躯体不成其为人,一个没有爱情的家庭不成其为家庭。3.[参考译文]1980的人口普查数据表明远西地区是对宽敞住宿条件需求最高的地区。4.[参考译文]当然,人们现在对成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。消夏别墅、欧陆旅行、宝马车--地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化,但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不会亚于一二十年前。5.[参考译文]毫无疑问,对西方人来说,没有什么道德标准要比相互督促和督促国家给世界上最穷困的地区带来救助更重要的了。九、强调:1.[参考译文]因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合,一起决定了什么应该被制造,以及资源如何被用来制造它们。十、倒装:1.一百多个独立的小型火山活跃区域分布在全球,它们被地质学家称为热点。2.幸运的是,如果门垫或者是火炉没有能警告即将到来的灾难,你可以通过一场成功的法律诉讼来赔偿你的麻烦。从1980年代的早期开始人们的想法就是这样的了,法庭认为商家对消费者的不幸应该负担更多的责任。4.[参考译文]随着经济的增长,出现了集中化:全国1.19亿公民,其中整整76%的人口定居城市:在这里,原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃,取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的核心家庭。5.[参考译文]如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像他论文的写作所反映的一样,那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的"思维与众不同的人",喜欢其中较为传统的"善于团队合作"的思想者而受到指责了。23 新浪微博@老曹考研十一、省略和简洁:2.[参考译文]科学领域的专业人员和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线:因为任何规则都有例外。然而,"业余"一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界,尤其未能分享科学圈子的价值。3.[参考译文]如果野心的传统具有生命力,那么这传统必会为许多人分享;尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐,在这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数。4.[参考译文]在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上,史蒂芬•杰伊•古尔德写道:"这本书本身就代表理性。"而它确实是这样的--而且如果理性成为神造论/地化论之间的辩论中的惟一评判标准的话,一切就都好办了。5.[参考译文]随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区,离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系,非正式的信息流动被切断了,随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。第三部分真题演练例1.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife,”andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.69.“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby________.[A]non-materialisticlifestyle[B]abitofeverything[C]extremestress[D]anti-consumerism例2.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.47.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis________.[A]cruelbutnatural[B]inhumanandunacceptable[C]inevitablebutvicious[D]pointlessandwasteful例3:Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.40.Washington’sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis[A]moralconsiderations.[B]militaryexperience.[C]financialconditions.[D]politicalstand.例4:Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercise24 新浪微博@老曹考研thananintuitiveone.23.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.[C]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.例5.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers–whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming–arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.24.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.[B]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.例6.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.例7:AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat________.[A]thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%[B]thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago[C]thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount[D]thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold例8:Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.57.IntheviewofNetpurists,________.25 新浪微博@老曹考研[A]thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture[B]moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb[C]theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset[D]thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests例9.Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.31.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries_______.[A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts[B]hasfallenvictimofbias[C]isconventionaldowngraded[D]hasbeenoverestimated例10.Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition—wealth,distinction,controloverone’sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf.67.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif________.[A]itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrifices[B]itisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpower[C]itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial[D]itissharedbytherichandthefamous例题1Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference”,Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th——centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite,”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday’simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelsnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation–language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish“well”or“verywell”aftertenyearsofresidence.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”forlanguages.By1996foreign–bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.26 新浪微博@老曹考研Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S–bornwhitesandblacks.”Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian–Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.”AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica‘sturbulentpast,today’ssocialinduceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating[D]monopolizing22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.[A]areresistanttohomogenization.[B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.[B]Torevealthepublic’sfearofimmigrants.[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.25.Intheauthor’sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis[A]rewarding.[B]successful.[C]fruitless.[D]harmful例题2Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld"sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea"sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America"smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesof27 新浪微博@老曹考研America"sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride."Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,"accordingtoRichardCavanaugh,executivedeanofHarvard"sKennedySchoolofGovernment."ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,"saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,D.C.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas"agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates."51.TheUSachieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarⅡbecause________.[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy52.ThelossofUSpredominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican________.[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises[C]machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket53.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.54.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheUSeconomyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe________.[A]turningofthebusinesscycle[B]restructuringofindustry[C]improvedbusinessmanagement[D]successineducation例题3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight"ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandrears,bythelate1970s.neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind"semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It"syourdream”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago"sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon"tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved,thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyofdepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr,WilliamDement.28 新浪微博@老曹考研32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow[A].itsfunctioninourdreams.[B].themechanismofREMsleep.[C].therelationofdreamstoemotions.[D].itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex.29