高中英语语法专题——虚拟语气专题 4页

虚拟语气专题一语气的定义和分类语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人队某一行为或事情的看法和态度。包括陈述语气，表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的：wearenotready.祈使语气，表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令:Openthedoorplease!虚拟语气，表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测。如：IfIwereu,IshouldstudyEnglish.Iwishucouldgowithme.Mayusucceeded.二虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法真实条件句，假设的情况是有可能发生的。虚拟条件句，结社的情况是过去或现在都不存在、或将来也不大可能发生的。如:Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgotothepark.Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit.在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。构成如下：动词形式时间从句主句与现在事实不符V-p(be的过去式一般用were)would,should,could,might+v与过去事实不符had+v-ppwould,should,could,might+have+v与将来事实不符V-p/should+v;were+towould,should,could,might+v注：主句中的should只用于I，We，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。用法举例：1与现在事实相反的假设和结果IfIwereyou,Iwould(should,could,might)tellhimthetruth.2与过去事实相反的假设或结果Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’t(couldn’t)havefailedintheexam.3与将来的事实可能相反的假设和结果Ifitweretosnowthisevening,theywouldnotgoout.4主、从句的动作发生时间不一致的情况。当条件从句和主句中表示的时间不一致的时候，要根据实际情况调整动词形式。Ifyouhadlistenedtothedoctor,youwouldbeallrightnow.IfyouhadpractisedspeakingEnglishmore,youwouldbeabletospeakitfluently5虚拟条件句可转化的形式（1）省略连词if（此时要用倒装结构，不能用助动词的缩略否定式）:WereIyou(IfIwereyou),Iwouldnotdoit.Hadhebeenmorecareful,suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.Wereitnotfortheexpense,IwouldgotoPairs.(不能说：Weren‘tit~)（2）用介词短语代替条件状语从句Withoutair(Iftherewerenoair),therewouldbenolivingthings.Butforyourhelp(Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp)Icouldn’thavedoneit.Ihaven’thavefinishedthework,butIhavebeenill.(IfIhadn’tbeenill,Iwouldhavefinishedthework.)6省去条件从句或主句。表虚拟语气的从句或主句有时候可以省略，含义可推。（1）省去条件从句Youcouldhavewashedyourclothesyourself.(Ifyouhadwantedto)(2)省去主句（常用以表示愿望）Ifmygrandmotherwerewithme!Ifonlyshehadnotleft!（Ifonly,表示：“要是……就好了！”）Ifonlythewindwouldstop!（风要是停了该多好！）三虚拟语气的其他用法4 1在主语从句中的用法句型，Itisimportant(strange,natural,necessary,etc.)that…。从句中的谓语动词常用should+v结构。Itisnecessarythathe(should)besentthereatonce.Itisdecided(hasbeendecided)thatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtilltomorrow.Itisverystrangethatshe(should)haveleftwithoutsayinggoodbye.2宾语从句中的用法（1）动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与过去想反的事实，或将来的主观愿望，常省去引导词that。a.对现在情况的虚拟：IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.IwishitwereautumninBeijingalltheyearround.b.表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had+v-pp”。如：Hewishes(wished)hehadnotlostthechance.(3)表示对将来的主观愿望：从句动词形式为”would+v“Iwishitwouldstopraining.Iwishyouwouldcomesoon.(2)在suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,command,request,desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should+v，表示建议、要求、命令等。如：Isuggestthatwe(should)setoffatonce.Idemandthathe(should)answermeimmediately.3虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法(1)在带有evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主从句都用虚拟语气。EvenifLintaowerehere,Ishouldsaythesamething.Eventhoughhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonetohisoffice.注：当从句有though/although引导时，主句常用陈述语气，从句可用也可不用虚拟语气。如：Thisgavemesomefainthopesofrelief,althoughIwere(was)notabletoimaginehowIcouldbebroughtout.(2)由asif/asthough引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时，从句谓语形式为动词的过去式（be用were）或“had+v-pp”。如：HetreatmeasifIwereastranger.Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.注：如果表示的事情可能发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。（3）在inorderthat或sothat引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用“could/might(sometimesuseshould)+v。如：Mr.Greenspokeslowlysothathisstudentscould/mighthearclearly.Theyareclimbinghigherinorderthattheymight/couldgetabetterview.在incase,forfear(that),lest等引导的从句中，谓语动词用should+v。如：Shetookherraincoatwithherincase/forfear/lestshe(should)becaughtintherain.RemindmeofitincaseI(should)forget在Itistime(that)…句型中，定于从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式用过去式或”should+v“，意思是“该是做某事的时候了”。如：It’stimewewent(shouldgo)tobed.It’stimewedidourhomework.5虚拟语气在简单句中的用法（1）情态动词过去式用于现在时态，表说话人的谦虚、客气、礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见日常会话。Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.你最好别太晚睡觉Wouldyoubekindenoughtoopenthedoor?请你开下门好吗？（2）在一些习惯表达中You’dbebettergonow.Iwouldrathernottotellyou.（3）用“may+v”表示“祝愿”、“但愿”时，may须置于句首(多用于正是问题中)。如：Mayyoubehappy!Maygoodluckbeyours.(4)用动词原形Longlivethepeople!“Godblessyou,”saidthepriest.Exercises:Chosethebestchoiceforeachblanktomakethefollowingsentencescomplete.1.Ifthedoghadn’twokenuswethefireanditthehousenextdoor.A.hadn’tnoticed;hadspreadtoB.wouldn’thavenoticed;mighthavespreadtoC.wouldn’tnotice;wouldhavespreadtoD.didn’tnotice;spreadto4 2.IwishItalkthisoverwithMr.Zhangwhenhewasherelastnight.A.hadbeenableB.shouldbeableC.havebeenableD.wereable3.Ifyouweretodoit,theresultdifferent.A.willbeB.wouldbeC.shouldbeDwouldhavebeen4.today,hewouldgettherebySaturday.A.willbeB.wouldbeC.havebeenableD.werehavebeen5.Itwasalovelydayyesterday.IwishIattheseasidethen.A.wereB.hadbeenC.shouldbeD.shouldhavebeen6.Itwasagreatpitythathesocareless.A.wasB.willbeC.shouldbeD.canbe7.EvenifIwithyouthen,Imuchforyou.A.wouldbe;wouldnotdoB.were;shouldnothavedone.C.hadbeenwouldnotdoD.hadbeen;shouldnothavedone8.,Iwouldnotrefusehisinvitation.A.WereIyouB.IfIshouldbeyouC.IfIwasyouD.IfIhadbeenyou9.ThewholefamilygreetedmeasthoughIamemberofthefamily.A.amB.wereC.wouldD.shouldbe10.,everythingwouldhavebeenallright.A.HehadbeenhereB.HerehehadbeenC.BeenherehehadD.Hadhebeenhere11.,mancouldnotliveatall.A.WereitnotforthesunB.IfitwasforthesunC.HaditnotbeenforthesunD.Iftshouldn’tbeforthesun12.Theirsuggestionthatshetillnextweekisreasonable.A.waitB.arewaitingC.willwaitD.wouldwait13.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,Englisheasier.A.willbeB.wouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeenD.wouldbe14.Ifshehadworkedharder,she.A.wouldsucceedB.hadsucceededC.shouldsucceedD.wouldhavesucceeded15.–Theexperimenthadfailed.--Isuggestyouagain.A.tryB.tryingC.willtryD.wouldtry16.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit.A.breaksB.hadbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken17.Wetheworkontimewithoutyourhelp.A.hadn’thadfinishedB.didn’thavefinishedC.can’thavefinishedD.couldn’thavefinished18.IfonlyIasyoungasyouare!A.beB.amC.wereD.being19.Shoulditrain,thecrops.A.willbesavedB.wouldbesavedD.hadbeensavedD.wouldhavebeensaved20.Itisimportantthatwewildanimal.A.willprotectB.shouldprotectC.shallprotectD.areprotecting21.–Therewerealreadyfivepeopleinthecarbuttheymanagedtotakemeaswell.--Itacomfortablejourney.A.can’tbeB.shouldn’tbeC.mustn’thavebeenD.couldn’thavebeen22.Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifweinturn,yousotired.A.drove;didn’tgetB.drove;wouldn’tgetC.weredriving;won’tgetD.haddriven;wouldn’tget23.–IstayedatahotelwhileinNewYork.--Oh,didyou?YouwithBarbara。A.couldhavestayedB.couldstayC.wouldstayD.musthavestayedFilltheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow,changetheirformswhennecessary1.Hebrokehislegyesterday.Iwishhe(notslipandfall).2.Heleftordersthatnothing(touch)untilthepolicearrived.4 3.Ifyouhadpostedtheletter,Joan(receive)itlastMonday.4.Doyouthinkitrightthattheboy(treat)likethat?5.Hegaveuphisjobinorderthathe(have)moretimetostudy.6.Whatwouldyousayordoifsomeone(call)youafool?7.It’shightimetheweather(improve).8.Withoutelectricity,there(be)nomodernindustry.9.Ifhe(notbe)ill,hewouldhavedonesomethingtohelpus.10.Ifyouhadstudiedhardatschool,you(be)acollegestudentnow.11.Shouldheneedanoperation,she(take)tothehospital.12.Iamnottired.IfIweretied,I(have)arest.13.Shehasbeenawaysincelastweek.Ifshehadbeenhereyesterday,she(go)toseethefilmwithus.14.DoctorWanginsistedthatthepatient(stay)inbedforafewdays.15.Heissorryhemadeamistake.Hewishedhe(notmake)themistake.Completethefollowingsentenceswithsubjunctivemood.1.Ifshehadcomefiveminutesearlier,(她就能赶上早班车了)。2.Lilygotupearlyinthemorning(以便能按时到校)。3.Isuggestedthat(我们成立一个业余学习小组)。4.YouwouldhavespokenEnglishwellenough(如果你们天练习读、说英语)。5.Ifshewere(was)notsobusy,(她就会出席今天下午的会议了)。6.(如果昨天她邀请我),Ishouldhavegonetotheparty.7.Helooks(好像生过病)。8.Iwish(我是个科学家)。9.Heordered(that)(马上把这封信寄出去)。10.Itisourwish(that)(他很快康复)。TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.要是我会游泳该有多好！2.如果们天下雨，我们就将运动会推迟。3.但愿他明天收到我的信。4.如果我有许多空余时间，我要开始学另一门语言。5.他谈起巴黎来，就好像他亲自到过那儿似的。6.如果我是你的话，我会更加注意我的英语发音。7.王老师坚持要他的学生每天早上听英语广播。8.但愿书在两天之前就已寄出。9.傲视你那时听我的劝告，你就不会犯这样的错误了。10.今天天气真好。如果天气不好，就不能进行足球赛了。4