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数词用法专题1.百位数和十位数之间,在英式英语中要用“and”连接,在美式英语中一般不用。例:456:fourhundred(and)fifty-six2.百万以上的数字,英美表示法有所不同,详情如下:汉语英式英语美式英语万10thousand十万100thousand百万amillion千万10million亿100million十亿athousandmillionabillion百亿10thousandmillion10billion千亿100thousandmillion100billion兆(万亿)abillionatrillion十兆(万亿)10billion10trillion百兆(万亿)100billion100trillion例:80亿:eightthousandmillion(英),eightbillion(美)3.有关“零”的各种说法:zero:一般说法,在温度或数学上使用;nil/nothing:在运动比赛中使用;love:在网球比赛中专用;O(读音):电话或数学用语;cipher:书面语,指符号而不指数目(有时指温度)。例:零下10度:tendegreesbelowzeroTheresultofthematchwas5:0.(读作five(goalsto)nil)Theywon3:0.(读作three(to)nothing)Ourteamleadsby10:0inthefirsttennisgame.(读作tenlove)Dial110.Ifyouhavenochildren,enteracipherinthespaceontheform.Thethermometerfellbelowcipheryesterday.4.在某些表示概数的习语中(如“成百上千”、“成千上万”等),基数词后要加“-s”。例:thousandsofstudentsmillionsofchildrentensofthousandsofpeople5.hundredof,thousandof,millionof等被afew,some,several,many等修饰,表示不确定数字时,用单复数形式均可。例:afewthousand(s)ofbookssomethousand(s)ofsoldiers(单用:somethousands)severalhundred(s)ofworkers(单用:severalhundred)manymillion(s)ofbirds(单用:manymillions)6.表示“多少人组成一组,几个一起”时,基数词要用复数形式。例:Thestudentslinedinfives.Shecountsthemineights.Theguestscameintwos.(相当于twobytwo/twoandtwo)7.“第一名”、“第二名”可用first,second表示,并且可用复数形式。
例:几个第1名:severalfirsts3个第2名:threeseconds1.在“several/many/基数词+dozen+名词”结构中,dozen使用单数形式。(当名词前有修饰性成分时,dozen和名词之间要用of(不可省略),即“several/many/基数词+dozen+of+修饰词+名词”,另外,score的用法和dozen相同。)例:several/many/sixdozeneggsseveral/many/sixdozenofwhitebirdsseveral/many/sixscoreeggsseveral/many/sixscoreofwhitebirdsIboughtseveraldozen/scorethesedesks.(×)Iboughtseveraldozen/scoreofthesedesks.(√)2.“(some)dozens/scoresof+复数名词”结构表示“好几十,很多”。(somedozen/score(of)+…表示“大约12/20个...”)例:(some)dozens/scoresofchildren几十个儿童(some表示“一些”,对含义无影响)somedozen/score(of)children大约12/20个儿童(some表示“大约”,对含义有影响)3.“adozen+复数名词”和“ascoreof+复数名词”也可表示“很多”。例:Ihavebeenthereadozentimes.Ihavebeenthereascoreoftimes.4.基数词可以表示书页、住所、房间、教室、邮政编码、电话号码等的编号。(电话号码通常以两个数字读为一组,中间有个小停顿,但以三个数字读为一组的情况也属常见,尤其是当电话号码为六位数或六位数以上时。电话号码中两个重复的数字,常用double。)例:第8页:Pageeight(P.8)第7行:Lineseven(L.7)唐宁街10号:No.10DowningStreet第301房间:Room(No.)301第4教室:Classroom(No.)4邮政编码:223805电话号码:66023288(读作:doublesixo,twothreetwo,doubleeight)5.罗列几个并列的名词时,前面的若干个名词前用“不定冠词+序数词”结构,最后一个名词前用“定冠词+序数词”结构。例:Theoldmanhasfourdaughters.Oneisanurse,asecondisateacher,athirdisamusician,andthefourthisapainter.6.2倍:twice(AmE:twotimes),double,duple,twofold,as…againas;3倍:3times,triple,treble,threefold;4倍:quadruple,4times,fourfold;5倍:5times,fivefold;依此类推。(①double可作n/v/adj/adv。②double/twice/threetimes/fourtimes/…等表示倍数时,要放在定冠词、形容词形物主代词或名词所有格之前。③treble可作v/adj,通常可以和triple互换,但有时只能用triple,如thetriplealliance。Ref.P46<2>。)例:Youhavepaidtwice/twotimestheusualprice.Youaretwice/twotimesher/Jenny"sage.Fouristhedoubleoftwo.(double作名词)Hedoubled/trebledhisincomein6years.(double/treble作动词)Itisdoublethedistance.(double作形容词)Thedriverdemandeddoubletheusualfare.(double作副词)Duplequantityofironisneededforthisproject.Theamountofalcoholinhisbloodwastriplethelegalmaximum.Theyhaveproducedtwofold/threefoldasmanywashersastheydidlastyear.
Thisriverisaswideragainasthatone.Heearnstreblemysalary.(treble作副词)Treblesalarieswerepaid.(treble作形容词)Iaskedforatreble(portionofwine).(treble作名词)20isthequadrupleof5.(quadruple作名词)Saleshavequadrupledinthelast5years.(quadruple作动词)Aquadruplealliancecomesintobeing.(quadruple作形容词)Thisyearweproducedquadruplethatoflastyear.(quadruple作副词)1.倍数比较的表示法:1)Xtimesas+adj/adv(原级)+as...(Ref.P47<划线部分>)例:Myroomistwiceaslongashers.Myroomishalfaslongashers.(0.5倍表示法)Myroomishalfaslongagainashers.=Myroomisoneandahalftimesaslongashers.(1.5倍表示法)Jackruns3timesasfastasJim.Theyhavetwiceasmanyplanesaswehave.(此句中是n,不是adj/adv!)2)Xtimes+adj/adv(比较级)+than……(Ref.P47<划线部分>)例:Myroomistwicelongerthanhers.=Myroomisaslongagainashers.Myroomishalflongerthanhers.(0.5倍表示法)Myroomisoneandahalftimeslongerthanhers.(1.5倍表示法)Jackruns3timesfasterthanJim.Thecottonoutputis20%greaterthanthatof2009.(此句中是20%,不是倍数!)3)Xtimes+thewidth(length,breadth,level,value,size,velocity)of…例:Myroomistwicethelengthofhers.Myroomishalfthelengthofhers.(0.5倍表示法)Myroomisoneandahalftimesthelengthofhers.(1.5倍表示法)Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.2.倍数增减的表示法:1)increase/exceed/speedup/stepup/raise/rise/goup/grow/...+by+百分数(X%)/倍数(X);(A增加了X%‖A增加为原来的X倍)例:Salesincreasedby15%.TheproductionofTVsetsinthefourthquarterincreaseby3times.2)Abe/multiply/increase/exceed/speedup/stepup/raise/rise/goup/grow...+数词(X)+times/fold;(A是/增加为原来的X倍)例:Salesincreased3times.Theproductionofnotebookscomputershasbeenincreasedsixfoldover/asagainst/ascomparedwiththatof2005.3)AmultiplyXtimes&Abemultipliedby+数字;(A增加为原来的X倍)例:Saleshavebeenmultipliedby4times.Theproductionhasmultiplied8times.4)Aincrease/exceed/speedup/stepup/raise/rise/goup/grow/decrease/drop/fall/weaken/shorten/reduce/stepdown/speeddown/godown+byafactorof+百分数(X%)/数词(X);(A增加/减少/...为原来的X倍)例:Saleshaveincreased/decreasedbyafactorof5.Thespeedexceeded(theaveragevalue)byafactorof4.Itraisedbyan(average)factorof30%.5)Adecrease/drop/fall/weaken/shorten/reduce/stepdown/speeddown/godown+by+百分数(X%)/数词(X)/倍数(X);(A减少/下降/...了X‖A减少/下降/...为原来的1/X)例:Saleshavedecreasedby5,000RMB/3times.
Thepriceofricewasreducedby15%.1)A黄色部分/绿色部分to...;(A增加/减少到...)例:Salesincreased/decreasedto50million.Thesoldiershaveincreasedto1,000.2)Abe+倍数(X)+upon/overB;(A是B的X倍)例:Saleswas3timesupon/overthatoflastyear.Iamtwiceupon/overyourage.Thenumberofcollegestudentsfor2010is30timesoverthatfor1995.3)Abe+倍数(X)+what从句;(A是...的X倍)例:Salesare4timeswhatwehadforthefirstquarter.Thepopulationis(morethan)3timeswhatitwasin1985.4)Abe+百分数(X%)+above/higherthanB;(A比B高X%)例:Salesare40%above/higherthanthatoflastmonth.Theexportthismonthwas23%above/higherthanthatwasachievedinMay.5)Abeup+倍数(X);(A增加为原来的X倍)例:Sales(thismonth)wasup6times.Hisincomethismonthwasup3times.Thenation"sgrainoutputwasup4.5times.6)Ashow/register+百分数(X%)+increase/decrease(名词);(A增加/减少了X%)例:SalesinAugustregistered/showeda25%increase/decreaseoverMarch.7)Abe+百分数(X%)/数字(X)+lessthanB;(A比B少X%)例:Salesare37%lessthan(thatof)lastmonth.Thesteeloutputthisyearis10,000tonslessthanin2001.(注:by常可省略,但to则不可省略)1.5feetsquare与5squarefeet的区别:Atable5feetsquarehasanareaof25squarefeet.2.“减少一半”的表示法:1)behalfasmany/much/long/fast/...as...2)twicethinnerthan...3)reduce/decrease/...byonehalf4)beonehalfless5)cut/break/split/...Ainhalf/intohalves6)halfthe(usual)price/speed/...3.概数的表示法:1)“over/above/morethan+数字”或“数字+odd”2)below/under/lessthan+数字3)“about/nearly/some/toward(s)/moreorless+数字”或“数字+orso”(注:“数字+moreorless”和“moreorless+数字”等价)4)其它零散表示法。(Ref.P(51-52)<4>)4.“每隔”和“每逢”的表示法:1)“every+基数词+复数名词”=“every+序数词+单数名词”例:every5days=every5thday(每5天=每隔4天)2)“每两天/每隔一天”的表示法:every2days=every2ndday=everyotherday5.比例的表示法:(Ref.P(52-53)<六>)注:1(person)in10=1personoutof10=1inevery10person6.数学公式、小数和分数等的表示法:(Ref.P(53-54)<七>)7.长度、面积、重量和体积的表示法:(Ref.P(54-55)<八>)8.英美楼层的不同表示法:(Ref.P(55-56)<九>)
1)floor表示“楼层”时,指的是“第几层”(常与on连用);而story表示“楼层”时,指的是“层数”(此时等同于storey,并常与基数词连用或参与构成复合词,不与on连用)。另外,storeyed是形容词,意为“有...(层)楼的”,常参与构成复合词。2)a4-storyhouse=a4-storiedhouse1.币制的表示法:(Ref.P(55-56)<十>)2.年代、年月等的表示法:(Ref.P56<十一>)3.年龄的表示法:1)大概年龄:(Ref.P56<1)>)2)“...岁”:(Ref.P56<2)>)3)“快...岁”:(Ref.P57<3)>)4)“已...岁”:(Ref.P57<4)>)5)“不满...岁”:(Ref.P57<5)>)6)其它年龄的表示法:be/comeofage<成年>,beunderage<未成年>,beofschoolage<已到学龄>,beoverage<超龄>,be(far)advancedinyears<年迈>,attaintheadvancedageof<...岁的高龄>,long-lived/livetoagreatage<长寿>,liveto90<活到90岁>等4.时刻的表示法:1)用a.m./p.m.后便不能再用o"clock;(例:at7o"clocka.m.<×>)2)a.m./p.m.前用数字,不用文字表示时刻;(例:8:15a.m.<√>;aquarterpasteighta.m.<×>)3)不说出钟点时不能用a.m./p.m.;(例:tomorrowp.m.<×>;tomorrowafternoon<√>)4)a.m./p.m.在标题、句子开头或时间表中用大写的A.M./P.M.;(电报用语为A.和P.)5)past(过)和to(差)一般限制在30分钟内;6)零点:zerohour(s),Ohundredhours5.用阿拉伯数字表示复数名词时,阿拉伯数字后加“s”或“"s”。6.数词构成的惯用语:(Ref.P(57-58)<4>)7.数词的限定语:1)表示“大约、左右”:about,some,around,round,orso,intherough,intheneighbourhoodof,closeto,moreorless,roundabout,orthereabout(s),somewhereabout2)表示“恰好、整整”:exactly,clear,cool,just,sharp,flat,solid,good,whole,neithermoreorless3)表示“仅仅、只不过”:only,scarcely,barely,scant,nomorethan4)表示“过剩、外加”:over,more,left,other,another5)表示“接近”:near,closeto,toward(s),nearly,almost6)表示“少于、不足”:less,under,lessthan,below,off,short,within7)表示“多于、以上”:over,past,odd,good,full,upwardsof,nolessthan,morethan,allof(注:orso,intherough,left,over,flat等一般要放在“数词+名词”之后;另外,对于twohours,fivemonths,threeyears等表示整体概念时,形容词须放在它们的前面。)8.“基数词+名词”和“基数词+名词-ed”的区别:它们均可参与构成复合形容词(中间均需加连字符)作前置定语,均不可置于名词后或作表语,但“基数词+名词”强调数量,而“基数词+名词-ed”则强调特点。(注:“数词+名词+形容词”也是常用的复合形容词,其用法与上述基本相同。需要说明的是,当不使用连字符且数词>1时,名词使用复数形式。)9.half的用法:(Ref.P(60-61)<十二>)10.afallofsnow——英语量词表示法:(Ref.P(62-63)<十三>)