初中+英语语法之+主谓一致 4页

上海乐之教育培训有限公司初中英语语法本章内容选自张道真先生主编的《初中英语语法》第十六章主谓一致学习导航主谓一致情况比较复杂，学习时要熟练掌握语法一致、意义一致和就近一致三个原则。要做到主谓一致，除了要考虑句子中主语人称和数的变化，还要考虑到谓语动词时态和语态的变化。很多情况下还要结合具体的语言环境加以判断。语法视窗一、主谓一致的三条原则主语和谓语保持一致，即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化叫主谓一致。主谓一致一般要遵循三条原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1、语法一致原则。谓语动词与其主语在人称和数上要保持一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。Tomlikeseggs，orangesandbananas.Allthestudentsinmyclassarehard-working.2、意义一致原则。有些名词形式为单数，但表示复数意义；有些名词形式为复数，却表示单数意义。这种情况下，谓语动词要采取意义一致的原则，即谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致。Peoplereadforpleasureduringtheirsparetime.（people表示复数概念）Threemonthshaspassedsinceyouleft.（threemonths表示单数概念）3、就近一致原则。就近一致原则指的是谓语动词的人称和数与并列主语中最靠近它的那个主语保持一致。Nofoodorwaterisallowedtotakewith.Eitherseveraltelephonesorafaxmachineisneededinmyoffice.Neitheryounorheknowshowtoanswerthequestion.Notonlythestudentsbut（also）theirteacherlikesthefilm.Thereisatableandfourchairsintheroom.Therearefourchairsandatableintheroom.二、主谓一致的具体情况1、不定式、动名词作主语单个的不定式、动名词作主语时谓语动词一般用单数形式。由and连接的两个或多个不定式、动名词作主语表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。Tolearnaforeignlanguagewellisnoteasy.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.Todoandtosayaretwodifferentthings.2、and，both...and连接的并列成分作主语在连词and或both...and连接的并列主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。NewYorkandBostonareAmericancities.Bothbreadandbutteraresoldout.特别提示：由and连接的并列主语，如果是指一个人或一种事物时，其后的谓语动词就用单数形式。Thewriterandartisthascome.那位作家兼艺术家已经来了。Aknifeandforkisonthetable.餐桌上有一副刀叉。Fishandchipsisapopularfood.炸鱼加薯条是一种很受欢迎的食物。Fiveandfivemakesten.5加5等于10。3、Morethanone...，manya...作主语“morethanone+名词，manya+名词，a（n）...andahalf”等短语作主语时，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词需要用单数形式。乐之学习方法论：先预习、后复习、带着问题进课堂、做好乐之笔记！ 上海乐之教育培训有限公司初中英语语法AmonthandahalfhaspassedsinceIsawhim.Morethanonepersonhereisgoingtofindanewjob.4、假性主语主语后有with/togetherwith/except/but/like/aswellas...等短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式不受这类短语影响，仍与短语前的主语一致。Mr.Green，togetherwithhischildren，hascometoChina.I，withsomeoneelseinmyclass，amstayinginaChinesehome.Thestudentsaswellastheirteacherwereplayingagameontheplayground.Nooneexcepttheteachersknowstheanswer.She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.5、表示由两部分构成的物体的名词作主语主语为表示由两个相同的部分构成的物体的名词，如glasses，trousers，pants，shoes等时，谓语动词用复数形式。但如果它们前面用了pair修饰时，谓语动词的数取决于pair的单、复数形式。Mynewtrousersareabittight.Herearesomenewpairsofshoes.6、“the/anumberof+可数名词复数”作主语主语为“thenumberof+可数名词复数（...的数量）”时，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为“anumberof+可数名词复数（很多...）”时，谓语动词用复数形式。Thenumberofcarsisincreasing.Therewereanumberofpeopleoutthisafternoon.7、each及复合不定代词作主语each或由some-，any-，every-，no-构成的复合不定代词用作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Somebodyislookingforyou.Everybodyisdoinghisbest.Thereisnothinginterestinginthenewspaper.Ican’tfindmypen---hasanyoneseenit？8、either、neither作主语either、neither用作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。但是，如果后面接“of+可数名词复数或代词的复数”时，谓语动词用单复数均可。Eitherisverygood.Neitherofuswants/wanttoeatoutside.Neitherofthesisterswas/werealive.9、定语从句中关系代词作主语在定语从句中，关系代词that，who，which等用作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。Thisisthemanwhowantstoseeyou.Thegirlswhoarecomingsoonaremystudents.10、what引导的主语从句作主语由what引导的主语从句，主句谓语动词一般用单数形式。但如果表示复数意义，主句谓语动词一般用单数形式。Whatweneednowistime.Whatheleftmeareonlysomeoldbooks.11、表示时间、金额等的名词短语作主语表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等名词的复数形式用作主语时，通常作为整体看待，谓语动词要用单数形式。Sixweeksisaverylongtimetobeawayfromhome.Ahundredmilesisalongdistance.Tenthousanddollarsischeapenoughforthathouse.12、以-s结尾表示单数意义的名词作主语有些表示学科的名词或专有名词以s结尾，但表示单数意义，如news，physics，maths，politics，James等。这些词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Physicsismyfavouritesubject.JamesisgoingtospendhisholidayinHawaii.乐之学习方法论：先预习、后复习、带着问题进课堂、做好乐之笔记！ 上海乐之教育培训有限公司初中英语语法13、集体名词作主语集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于集体名词的意义。当集体名词指整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；当侧重其中的个体成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。这类集体名词常见的有army，class，club，family，group，team等。但集体名词cattle，people，police一般总看成复数形式。Theclassisthebestoneinthegrade.Thewholeclassarelisteningtotheteachercarefully.Almosteveryfamilythereownsacar.Allmyfamilyenjoythelifeinthecountry.Beforethematchourteamwasexpectedtobethebestone.Theteamaredrivingtothegameintheirowncars.14、Noneof后接可数名词复数或代词的复数作主语口语中，noneof后接可数名词复数或代词的复数时，谓语动词常用复数形式；书面语中，谓语动词常用单数形式。Noneofourfactoriesis/areinoperationyet.Noneofthestudentshas/haveeverbeentotheisland.15、“some，most，分数等+名词”作主语some，any，most，all，more，therest，分数或百分数等作主语时，谓语动词要与他们所指代的名词的数一致。Someoftheapplesremaingreen.Mostofthemoneywasspentonclothes.Allwasquietinthestreet.Allofthepeoplehavegone.Twothirdsofthesetaskshavebeendone.模拟训练I.用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.NeitheryounorI______（have）beentoHawaiiBefore.2.NotonlyyoubutalsoTom______（have）passedtheexam.3.Eachofyou______（be）responsiblefortheaccident.4.Everymeans______（have）beentriedbutwithoutmuchresult.5.NotonlyIbutalsoDavidandIris______（be）fondofplayingbasketball.5.Thegasworks_______（be）nearthecity.6.Cattle______（be）grazingonthehillsidenow.7.ThePhilippines______（lie）tothesoutheastofChina.8.Earlytobedandearlytorise_______（make）amanhealthy，happyandwise.9.Noneofthem_______（be）myfriends.II.下列各句中均有一处错误，请改正。1.Lily,withhermotherhavegonetothezootoseebirds.__________________2.Inourschoollibrarythereareanumberofbooksonscienceandthenumberofthemaregrowinglargerandlarger.________3.Chinese，aswellasEnglish，areveryimportantinmiddleschools._______________4.Everythingbegintogrowfastinspring.______________5.Thepolicehascaughtinthemurderer.______________6.Todoaremuchmoredifficultthantosay.________________7.Howtimeflies！Threeyearsarereallyashorttime.______________8.Mr.Greenwithtwobooksinhishandarestandingoutsidetheclassroom.______________9.EveryoneexceptBillandJimweretherewhenthemeetingbegan._____________10.Theoldwoman，togetherwithhertwograndsons，arecrossingtheroad.____________III.单项选择题。乐之学习方法论：先预习、后复习、带着问题进课堂、做好乐之笔记！ 上海乐之教育培训有限公司初中英语语法1.---Mum，I’mhungry._________nomilkinthefridge.---Oh，I’llgoandbuysomeatonce.A.ThereisB.ItisC.ThereareD.Theyare2.---Sixteen-year-olds_______todriveinChina.---ButinAmerica，theycan.A.isallowedB.isnotallowedC.areallowedD.arenotallowed3.Betweenthetwohills______adeepriver.A.AreB.haveC.hasD.is4.Heisoneofthebestmanagerswho______inthefirm.A.worksB.workingC.isworkingD.work5.---Twomonths_____quitealongtime.---Yes，I’mafraidthathismotherwillworryabouthim.A.isB.areC.wasD.were6.Thegirlwithtwocats_______intheyardwhentheearthquakehappened.A.wasplayingB.isplayingC.areplayingD.wereplaying7.Thispairofshoes_____toobigforme.Wouldyoupleaseshowmeanotherpair?A.areB.isC.wasD.Were8.EveryoneexceptMaryandMike______theresincethemeetingbegan.A.havebeenB.wereC.wasD.hasbeen9.Morethanonefriendofmine_______theSummerPaLace.A.visitB.visitsC.havevisitedD.hasvisited10.TheSmiths______nicetomewhenIwasinEngland.A.wasB.isC.wereD.are11.Ididn’tthinkphysics_______asimportantasEnglishatthattime.A.isB.wasC.areD.were12.Tom，withhisfriends，________basketballeverySaturdayafternoon.A.playB.playsC.hasplayedD.haveplayed13.Nothingbutflowersandtrees________thehill.A.coversB.coverC.coveringD.iscovering14.Ourknowledge_______growingallthetime.A.beB.isC.areD.were15.Oneofmyfriends______movedtoAmerica.Imisshersomuch.A.hasB.haveC.isD.areIV.用括号内所给动词的适当形式完成短文Mostofusprobably___________（notenjoy）doinghousework.Thethoughtofcleaningthebathroomorcookingdinnerforthefamily______（make）mostofustired.However,thefactisthatsomeone_______（have）todoit.Mostofthetimeitistheparentswho______（end）updoinghousework.Isthisreallyfair?LearntodolittlethingsDoinghousework______（be）reallynotsobad.Ifwealldoourpart,itwillseemmuchlessfrighting.Whyshouldyourmotherhavetowashdishes?Youareabletotakecareofyourself.Doinglittlethingsaroundthehousewillshowthatyouarebecomingmoremature（成熟的）andself-sufficient（自立的）.DividehouseworkamongthefamilySomeofus______（think）thatwearetoobusytodohousework,butmostparentsworkalldayandthen______（be）tokeepacleanhouse!Dividinghouseworkamongthewholefamilywillmakeeveryone’sjobeasier.Itseemsmuchmoremanageable（便于管理的）tohavethreeormorepeopleallworkingtogethertokeepthehouseclean.MakeitfunCookingisonepartofhouseworkthatcanbeveryfun.Learninghowyoucancookmeals_______（be）averyvaluableskill.Ifyoulearnhowtocookyourfavouritefood,youwillbeshowingyourindependenceandalso_______（have）averyspecialtalent.Learningtodoyourshareofhouseworkwillprovideyouwithvaluableskillsforthefuture.Itgivesyouasenseofresponsibilitythatwillstaywithyouasyoumeetlargerandlargertasks.Don’tbeafraidtohelparoundthehouse,yourparentswillgreatlyappreciateit.Thenexttimeyouseesomethingthat_______（need）tobedoneathome，doityourselfandshowthatyoucandoanything.乐之学习方法论：先预习、后复习、带着问题进课堂、做好乐之笔记！