初中英语语法大全——形容词和副词 17页

初中英语语法大全形彖词和副词形容词是描述人或事物的性质，特征或状态的一种开放性词类，主要用来修饰名词或部分代词。副词是指句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，常用来修饰动词，形容词，其他副词或句子等。表示时间地点、方式、程度等。一，形客词和剧铜的构藏特征英语中有些单词本身即为形容词，多数形容词常以以下后缀结尾：-ble,-iblecomfortableterriblehorrible-al,-icalnationalnaturalpolitical-antimportantpleasantassistant-aryordinarynecessarysecondary-fulbeautifulwonderfulcareful-lesshopelesscarelesshelplessJylovelyfriendlyweekly-ous，-iousfamousdangerousserious-somehandsometiresometroublesome-yangrysnowysunnyHeboughtaverybeautifulcellphoneistoday.Youwereverysillytotrusthim.Hewascarelesstoleavehiswatchinthehotel.2.副词的构成和特征大多数副词都用来说明事件发生的时间、地点、行为的方式、程度，在形式上常以」y结尾。其结构形式如下： 构成规则例词形容词+lycareful—>carefullyslow—slowlyquick—>quicklysafe—>safely以“辅音字母+y”结尾的把y变成i,再加・lyeasy—>easilyheavy—heavilyhappy—>happilylucky—>luckily以结尾的，把・le改为・lygentle—>gentlynoble—>noblypossible—possiblyidle—>idly以结尾的形容词，直接加・yfull^fullydull—>dully以・ue结尾的，去掉e加・lytrue—>trulydue—>dulyThedetectivecarefullyobservedeverythingintheroom.Hewillcompletelyfinishhisworkbytheendofthismonth.Suchthingswilleasilyhappen.二.形容彳司和副彳司的种类1.形容词的种类(1)根据其结构形式分类，形容词可以分为简单形容词和合成形容词两类。分类定义组成形式例词简单形容词由一个形容词构成nicegreentiredbright合成形容词由几个词共同组成并起形容词的作用数词+名词（+形容词）atwo-monthvisittoJapanaten-metre-wideriver形容词或副词+名词+-edaone-eyedcamelamiddle-agedman形容词+v.ingagood-lookingmananeasy-goingwoman名词+v.-edaman-madelakeasnow-coveredmountain副词+v.-edawell-knownwriter anewly-builtbridgeIamnotclearaboutwhatyouexpectmetodo.Mr.Greenhasaneight-year-oldson.Chinahassentupmanyman-madesatellites.(2)根据名词的关系分类，形容词可分为限制性形容词和描绘性形容词o分类定义例词限制性形容词描绘事物本质的形容词。与名词紧紧相连，去掉会影响表达的本意。anEnglishdishaFrenchtable描绘性形容词置于名词之前，常是对名词进行描绘。省略之后不影响表达的本意。adeliciousEnglishdishasmoothFrenchtableTherearetworoundplasticplatesonthetable.Thenicegirloverthereismysister.2.副词的种类副词根据其意义和句法功能，可以分为以下几种:分类定义例词时间副词表示时间的副词nowthenrightnowtodaytomorrowagosoonsincelately地点副词表示地点的副词heretherehomeinoutinsideoutsidedownupupstairsbackover方式副词描绘动词发生的方式的副词closelyfastpolitelycarefullyslowlysuddenlysimplykindly程度副词用来描绘行为、动作或状态的程度的副词muchlittleveryenoughhardlyabittoorathernearlyalmost 频度副词描绘一定时间内动作发生的次数的副词usuallyoftensometimesneveralwayshardlyeverrarelyseldom疑问副词主要是用来构成特殊疑问句wherewhenwhyhowhowlonghowoftenhowfarhowoldhowmuch关系副词主要用来引导定语从句whywhenwhere-一Isairthelightestthingintheworld?一-Notnow.ScientistsfromZhejiangUniversityhavejustdevelopedtheworld"slightestmaterial.Thoughtheyarefarawayfromschool,thechildrenwholiveinmountains,alwaysgotoschoolonfoot.Thedictionarydefinitelyisthebestforthestudents.Wecanhardlyunderstandourforeignteachersclasses.WhywillMrs.LingotoGermany?―Toseeherdaughterthere.三，形u牝副词的句注功滋1.作定语形容词一般位于被修饰词的前面，起描述、修饰或者限制被修饰词含义的作用；副词作定语多表示时间或地点，常位于被修饰词的后面。Wehadagoodtimeyesterday.ProfessorWhitegaveusaninterestinglecture.Peoplenowoftenhavetheirfestivaldinnersatrestaurants.Womentherewerelivingaterriblelifeinthe1920s.2.作状语形容词作状语通常说明主语的情况，主要表示原因、结果或方式，可位于句首、句中和句末;副词作状况，修饰动词，形容词，其他副词或句子。Hungryandtired,Ihadtostoptohavearest.Wearrivedhomeverylate,safeandsound.Theywerewarmlywelcomedbythestudents-Thisisexactlywhathesaid.Fortunately,Iwasintimefortheinterview. 3.作表语形容词作表语通常位于系动词be,feel,get,turn,become?prove,seem等之后;副词表示主语的方位.方向、动作或状态等，如in,out,on,back,down,up,off,away,upstairs等。WhileIwasinNewYork,Ifelthomesick・Mothergotannoyedatthenews.Istheradioonoroff?Fvebeenawayfrommyhometownfornearlytwentyyears.知识归纳在句中常用作表语的形容词aloneasleepafraidawakeworthawareashamedcontentalivesureillsorryfondgladpleased4-作补足形容词和副词都可以作主语补足语和宾语补足语，说明主语和宾语所处的位置，状态，性质等。一般来说，能用作表语的形容词都可以用作宾语补足语。Wemusttryourbesttokeepourenvironmentclean.Therainydaysmakemesad・Putyourdirtysocksaway,Jim!TheyaregivingoffbadsmeltWefoundLiMingoutwhenwearrived.5.形容词的名词用法形容词可与定冠词连用，相当于一个名词，泛指一类人或事物。Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood・TheyoungoftodaylivelifeHllonthego".四，形容词莉副词的伎置出题点：（1）表语形容词的位置（2）多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序（3）形容词修饰不定代词时的位置（4）副词的位置1.形容词的位置 ⑴形容词作定语一般置于名词前。Mr.Smithisasuccessfulbusinessman.Iwaschattingwithsomeoldfriends.(2)表语形容词如asleep,afraid,awake,alive,alone,worth等作定语时，常放在被修饰的名词之后。Heistheonlypersonaliveafterthattrafficaccident.Hewastheonlyboyawakeatthetime.(3)形容词修饰somebody,something,anything,nobody,nothing等复合不定代词，置于其后。Somethingserioushashappenedtohim.Theresnothingimportantintoday"snewspaper.⑷当形容词后接“介词+名词”或其他短语作定语，形容词置于名词后。Ihaveadictionaryusefulforchildren.Shewantstofindajobsuitableforhe匸(5)形容词tall,long,wide,high,deep,thick,old等与数词短语连用时，置于名词后。Mysisterisagirl1.9meterstall.Itsverydifficultytofindclothesbigenoughforher.Themanneededtodigaholesixfeetdeep.(6)两个意思相反的形容用and,or,but连接时，该短语后置。Allthepeopleonthisisland,youngorold、areallfondofmusic.Amanwho,poorbutcontented,istobeenvied.(7)多个形容词的排列顺序1.一般与被修饰关系最密切的形容词最靠近被修饰词。2.如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后。3.通常情况下，他们的顺序大致遵循以下原则：0123456789指示形限定形序数词基数词性质大小年龄色彩国籍材料容词容词状态新旧allathefirstoneheavylargenewwhiteAmericametalbothmysecondtwonicesmalloldyellownwoolen suchtheselastseveralvaluableblackSwisswoodenthatthistheprettylittleoldChinesewoodenbridgethethirdroundbrownwoodentableboththetalloldRussianmen1.副词的位置(1)修饰形容词或副词时。副词一般位于被修饰词的前面Yourvoicesoundsratherstrangetoday.Computersworkmuchfasterthanbefore.(2)时间副词的位置时间副词可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾，有时还可以放在动词前面。Tomorrowmanypeoplewillbeonthebeach.Ioftendoexercisesinthemorning.⑶地点副词的位置地点副词一般置于句尾，往往紧跟在动词后。偶尔也可以放在句首，尤其是there和here。IhearhersinginganEnglishsongoutside.Hereyoucanfindwhateverkindsofbooksyouwan匚(2)方式副词的位置方式副词大多位于句尾，但当宾语过长时，副词可以提前以使句子平衡。Emilycoachedmiserably.Shehadbeenillforalongtime.Wecouldseeveryclearlyastrangelightaheadofus.(3)程度副词的位置程度副词修饰形容词或副词时，应放在形容词和副词之前；修饰动词时长放在第一个助动词之后，实义动词之前。IstudyEnglishveryhard.You^esuchalikableperson,Igreatlyenjoyedworkingwithyou.⑹频度副词和否定副词的位置 频度副词和否定副词通常置于系动词，情态动词，助动词之后，实义动词之前。Maryisalwayslateforschool.PveneverbeentoAmerica.(7)多个副词的排列顺序多个副词修饰动词作状语时，其副词排列顺序一般为程度和状态副词+地点+方式+频度+时间。IwilltraveltoJapanbyairnextweek.Canyouseewellintheforestatnight?ShesangthesongbeautifullyattheconcertlastSaturday.JL,形容铜和副铜的比経劣級出题点：(1)比较等级的基本形式(2)原级比较的否定形式(3)比较级的特指用法(4)比较级形式表示最高级含义的用法1.形容词和副词的构成(1)规则变化构成原级比较级最高级一般单音节词和部分双音节词highhigherhighest在词尾加-er或-est。greatgreatergreatestslowslowerslowestnearnearlynearestnicenicernicest以不发音的e结尾的单音节词largelargerlargest和少数以le结尾的双音节词，ableablerablest只在词尾加・!*或・St。latelaterlatest 以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节单词，将词尾的y改为i,再加-er或-estoeasybusyearlyhappyeasierbusierearlierhappiereasiestbusiestearliesthappiest重读闭音节词，只有一个辅音bigbiggerbiggest字母结尾时，要双写该辅音字hothotterhottestthinthinnerthinnest母，再加・er或-estowetwetterwettest部分双音节词和多音节词，在interestingmoreinterestingthemostinteresting该词前面加more和themostbeautifulmorebeautifulthemostbeautifulstupidmorestupidthemoststupid构成比较级和最高级。commonmorecommonthemostcommonHemadefewermistakesthanyoudid.Tomisoutofshape,Icanrunfasterandfartherthanhe.Ithinkthatweshouldalwayshelpthosewhoarelessfortunatethanus.(2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/badly/illworseworstoldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarther/furtherHewasadvisedtosmokefewercigarettesanddrinklessbeer.Ofallthesubjects,Ilikeartbest.1.形容词和副词的比较等级。形容词和副词比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级三种形式。他们分别以下列形式出现在句子中。 等级比较目的形式比较对象意思原级比较相同水平的两个对象as+形容词/副词+as两个和一样比较级区分两个对象的优劣形容词/副词-er+thanmore+形容词/副词+than两个比起……更……最高级区分三个以上对象中的最好、最差be+形容词/副词themost+形容词/副词三个以上最……(1)原级的用法A.as+形容词/副词原级+as表示双方在程度、特征等方面相等。He"sasexcitedashisyoungersiste匸ThiskindoflanguageappearedasearlierastheStoneAge.Jackworksashardashisbrothe匚B.not+as/so+形容词/副词原级+as表示"不如Thisroomisnotas/sobigasthatone.Marydoesn"tdressas/sostrangelyastheothergirls.C.如果第一个so/as后的形容词和副词作定语修饰名词，应该将名词及相关修饰词都放在第一个as/so之后。Wehaveproducedasmanycarsaswedidlastyear.Idon"tmakeas/somuchmoneyasyoudo.(2)比较级的用法A.形容词/副词比较级+than表示一方超过或低于另一方的情况，意为“……高于或低于……二LiMingjumpedfartherthanWangLin.Thecarisrunninglesssmoothlythanitusedto.B.形容词/副词比较级+and+形容词/副词比较级，表示事物本身程度的逐渐变化，意为“越来越……"。Thedayisgettinglongerandlonger.Thefirespreadfurtherandfurtherwiththewindblowingmoreandmorestrongly.C.the+形容词/副词比较级，the+形容词/副词比较级常表示一方的程度，非之令一方的程度平行增 长，意为“越……,就越….…Thequickeryouwork,themoreyoulearn.Themoreweknoweachother,thebetterweunderstandeachother.A.the+形容词比较级+ofthetwo(+名词)表示"某物或某人是两者中比较的Lookatthetwogirls.Mysisteristhetallerofthetwo.Ofthetwoshirts.Ichosethecheaperone.B.Whichis+形容词/副词比较级，AorB?表示“(比较A和B)哪个更......?"Whichisbigger,theearthorthemoon?Whodrawsbetter,JennyorDanny?C.使用比较急应注意的问题。得多，更a.more不可修饰比较级，但much可以用来修饰比较级，起加强语气的作用，意为ItwasmorecheaperthanIhadexpected.(X)ItwasmuchcheaperthanIhadexpected.(7)b.比较对象或范围出现错误。Thepriceofcarsishigherthanmotorcycles.(X)Thepriceofcarsishigherthanthepriceofthemotorcycles.(V)Thepriceofcarsishigherthanthatofmotorcycles.(V)Sandyistallerthanallthestudentsinherclass.(X)Sandyistallerthanalltheotherstudentsinherclass.(V)Sandyistallerthananyotherstudentinherclass.(V)Sandyistallerthanallthestudentsinthenextclass.(、")(3)最高级的用法A.the+形容词/副词最高级+表示比较范围的短语或从句意为“是……中最……的”。Heistheyoungestchildofallhisclassmates.Ilikespringbestofthefourseasons.Tomisthetallestboyinhisclass.B.oneof+・・・+the+形容词/副词最高级+复数可数名词表示"……是中最……之一"。ChiangMaihasbeenoneofthehottesttouristplacesforChinesesincethemovieLostinThailandwas第11页共17页 shown.Sheisoneofthemostbeautifulgirlsinourclass.C.特殊疑问词+…+the+形容词/副词最高级表示“......最......Whichcountryisthelargest,China,AmericanorCanada?Whichseasondoyoulikethebest,spring,summerorautumn?（4）比较级和最高级的修饰语A.比较级的修饰语修饰比较级的常用词和短语有evenstillmuchalittlealotabitfarbyfaragreatdealofratherCouldyoupleasespeakalittlemoreslowlysothatIcanfollowyou.Youhandwritingisbyfarbetterthanmine.ThetaskprovidedtoberathermoredifficultthanIhadexpected.B.最高级的修饰语常用的最高级的修饰与有序数词以及以下各词byfarmuchalmostnearlyfarandawayThisisbyfarthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.Ofallthestudents,Jack"soralEnglishisalmostthebest.以.信然的素达方式出题点：（1）主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+as+原级+as（2）主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+比较级+than+比较对象（3）主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+thesize（amount,length）+of.•.…。1.原级表示法主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+as+原级+as结构Theirhouseisthreetimesasbigasours・Ihavethreetimesasmanyasyou.2.比较级表示法主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+比较级+than+比较对象结构 Petrolistwicemoreexpensivethanitwasafewyearsago.HehasreadfourtimesmorebooksthanIhave.1.借助名词表示法主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+thesize（amount,length）+of...结构Iamalmosttwicetheageofyours.Theearthis49timesthesizeofthemoon.七，冷見形容词和剧铜的用诚料析出题点：（1）常见形容词和副词的词义辨析（2）同根副词的用法区别（3）・ed形容词和・ing形容词的用法区别1・sometime,sometimes,sometime,sometimessometime为“某一时间”，可指将来也可指过去。sometimes意为"有时，不时"，常用于描述现在和过去常发生的情况。sometime意为"一段时间"，time是不可数名词。sometimes意为“几次"，time在此是可数名词，意为“次，倍Wewillhaveatestsometimenextmonth.Timestheycomebacktoseeme,andthatmakesmeveryhappy.HestayedinBeijingforsometimelastyear.IhavebeentoBeijingsometimes.2.alone,lonelyalone意为“单独的""；还可以做副词，意为“单独，独自"。lonely意为“孤独的"，还意为“扁圆的，人迹罕至的"。Ifyouthinkyou"relonely,youmightalwaysbealone.Theywenttoalonelyplaceinthemountains.Afterhiswifedied,helivedalone.3.ago,beforeago指以现在为起点的“以前"，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。before指以故去和将来的某一时刻为基准的“以前"，常和完成时连用，可单独使用。 Hestoppedgoingtoschoolafewyearsago.I"vereadthearticleswrittenbyHanHanbefore.4・already,yet,stillalready通常用于肯定句钟，意为”已经”，有时用于疑问句中表示惊讶，怀疑的语气。yet—般用在疑问句和否定句中，在疑问句中意为”已经”，在否定句中意为“还"，通常放在句末。still意为“仍然;还",表示原先的情况未变，在说话时人在继续，可用于各种句式。We"vealreadymetbefore.HaveyoubeentoParisalready?Haveyoufoundthebookyet?Notyet.Theyarestillworkinginthefield.Doyoustillteachinthatschool?5.almost,nearly副词almost和nearly都有”几乎”、”差不多”之意。almost比nearly更接近所提到的某一程度。Mylittlesonisalmosttenyearsold.Mylittlesonisnearlytenyearsold.Almostnothingwasdonetoimprovethesituation.6.几组同根副词的意义比较有些副词具有两种形式，一种是和形容词同形，还有一种是由该形容词加后缀Jy构成。这两种形式的副词在意思上的区别有以下三种情况。(1)含义相同：两种形式的副词含义相同，在某种场合可以互换。Thesangloudlyinthehousenexttoours.Thestarswereshiningbrigh匸(2)含义不同：两种形式的副词往往有不同的含义，一般不可互换。Weareworkinghardtoserveourcountrybetterinthefuture.Hegotupverylateandhardlyhadtimeforbreakfast. ⑶含义相似：这两种情况的副词含义相似，只不过与形容词同形的副词意义比较具体，而带Jy的副词以较抽象。Look!Thekiteisflyinghighinthesky.Theteachersspokeveryhighlyofherwork.7.-ing形容词和・ed形容词・ing形容词表示主动意义，一般修饰物，多指物对人的影响；・ed形容词，表示被动意义，主语一般是人，多只人对事物的感受。interesting-interestedsurprising・surprisedpleasing・pleasedmoving-movedtiring・tiredexciting-excitedHemadeasurprisingdecision.Weweresurprisedathisliving.Thisisthemostcomfortableandexcitingperiod.What"scouldhardlydescribehowexcitedwewere.例题解析1.Afterthelongjourney,thethreeofthemwentbackhome、.A.hungryandtiredlyB.hungryandtiredC.hungrilyandtiredlyD.hungrilyandtired解析：Band连接的两个形容词在句中作状语，用来说明主语的状态。2.ThestudentsfromXinjiangenjoystayingourschoolbecauseeveryoneistothem.A.friendlyB.gentlyC.happilyD.politely解析：Ab动词后接形容词做表语，四个选项中只有A项为形容词。3.Mary"smotherboughtacoatforheryesterday.A.bignewbluesilkB.newbluesilkbigC.newsilkbigblueD.bluesilknewbig解析：A多个形容词的排列顺序为大小，新旧，颜色和材料。多个形容词修饰名词时，需把表内含 的形容词最靠近名词，把表外延的边缘化。1.Itshightimeyouhadyourhaircut;Itsgetting.A.toomuchlongB・muchtoolongC.longtoomuchD.toolongmuch解析：Bmuchtoo意为"太"，修饰形容词long,放在long的前面。toomuch意为"太多"，修饰名词。2.Ourfamilyhasboughtacarsowecantravelthanbefore.A.mosteasilyB.lesseasilyC.easilyD.moreeasily解析：D由than可知空格处选择比较级形容，排除A,C两项，再由题干前半句中可推知旅行会更加容易，故选D项。3.PmnotalittletiredtodayaftergivingtheroomathoroughcleaningandIhaveneverhadtoday.A.astiringadayasB.asatiringdayasC.tiringasadayasD.dayasatiringas解析：A在as...as结构中，如果形容词作定语修饰一个单数可数名词，它的排列顺序应为：“as+形容词+a(n)+单数可数名词+as…4.You"dbettergotherebytrain.Thetrainticketistheairplanetickets.A.ascheapthreetimesasB.asthreetimescheapasC.threetimescheaperthanD.cheaperthreetimesthan解析：c本题解题的关键是熟练掌握倍数修饰比较级时的位置倍数。倍数修饰比较等级应置于比较等级之前，所以选C。5.Paperproducedeveryyearistheworldsproductionofvehicles.A.thethreeweightofB.threetimestheweightofC・asthreetimesheavyasD.threetimesasheavieras.解析：B”A+倍数+(hesize/height/weight/width+of+B"是倍数表达方式的一种，意为”A是B的大小/高度/重量/宽度等的……倍”。6.Theydivedintotheforestandfeltfrightened.A.deeply;deepB.deeply;deeplyC.deep;deepD.deep;deeply 解析：Ddee表示具体的深度;deeply用于抽象、比喻意义。1.Hesaidhewouldcometoseeusthenextafternoon.A.sometimeB.sometimeC.sometimesD.sometimes解析：Asometime意为”某时;某个时间“,符合句意。sometime意为"一段时间,9;sometimes意为“有时”;sometimes意为"几次二