初中英语语法名师精讲---名词 22页

初中英语语法名师精讲、例题详解及强化训练——名词一、名词的数：名词复数的构成规则1)规则复数变化多数在词尾加-S①以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-ese.g.match一matches②以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，改y为i,再加-ese.g.story—stories③以f,fe结尾的名词，一般把f,fe改为v,再加-ese.g.leaf—leaves但也有只加-se.g.roof—roofs④以o结尾的名词，多数加-ese.g.hero一heroes但也有只加-se.g.piano—pianos注：以o结尾的名词，我们可按下面一条规律來记住它们的复数形式：指人和农作物的加-es、其他的加-s.(或者是有生命的加-es,无生命的加-s)2)不规则变化①名词单复数同形e.g.sheep,deer,fish②单词拼写中变化元音字母e.g.man—mentooth—teeth③有些是用-en做词尾构成复数形式e.g.child—childrenox—oxen④表示某国人的单词，单复数形式分为三种：A・单复数相同aChinese一fiveChineseB.词尾加-sanAmerican一sevenAjiiericansC.变-man为-menanEnglishman—tenEnglishmen3)复合名词的复数形式1.将复合名词屮的主题名词变为复数形式c.g.ncw-comer—new-comers2.没有主题名词的，则在词尾加-se.g.grown-up一grown-ups3.以man或woman开头的复合词，名词都要变为复数形式e.g.man-doctor—men~doctors4.其他合成的词，只把最后一个词变为复数eg.boyfriend—boyfriends5.由两部分组成的物体名词和其他一些名词常用复数形式e.g.trousers,clothes,scissors 1.专有名词一般为不可数名词，但是表示某姓一家或夫妇和同名同姓若干时，用复数e.g.TheBrownshavegonetothecinema.2.在做定语的合成词中，名词要用单数形式e・g.aneighby-three-year-o1dgrandpa&以-S结尾的专有名词有两种情况A.表示国家、报纸等名词看做单数e.g.theUnitedStatesB.表示群岛、山脉、瀑布、奥运会等专有名词看做复数，谓语也用复数形式e.g・TheAlpsareinEurope・名词复数词尾加-S或-CS的读音规则如下表构成方法读音例词在词尾加-S1.在清辅音后读作/s/2.在浊辅音后读作/z/1•desks/desks/map/m^ps/2・miles/mailz/seas/si:z/1•在以/s,z,J,3,tJ,d3/等音结尾的词之后加-es2.如词尾为e,只加-s-(e)s读作/iz/1.classes/"klaiziz/Brushes/brAjiz/2.pages/peid3iz/如词尾为-f或-fe,则一般变为-ves-ves读作/vz/leaf一leaves/li:vz/以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，改y为i,再加~es-ies读作/iz/party—parties/‘pa:tiz/以元音+y结尾的名词，加-s~s读作/z/boys/boiz/以0结尾的名词，多数加-es-es读作/z/Heroes/"hisrauz/以-th结尾的名词，加1.在长元音后，-ths读作/&z/1.mouths/maudz/ _s2.在短元音或辅音后-ths读作/0s/2・months/mAn（）s/二、名词的种类：普通名词一一个体名词，集体名词（可数）物质名词，抽彖名词（不可数）专有名词1）普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名词①个体名词：表示单个的人或物e.g.tree树doctor医生cup杯子apple苹果②表示一群人或一些事物的总称e.g.crowd人群army军队class班级family家庭group小组，团队police警方tesni队public公众③物质幺词：表示无法分为个体的物质e.g.tea茶paper纸snow雪cloth布wood木头sugar糖meat肉sand沙ink墨水coffee咖啡④抽彖名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等方面的抽彖概念e.g.happiness幸福work工作pride骄傲failure失败2）专有名词music音乐experience经历protection保护3）可数名词和不可数名词①可数名词：其所表示的事物可以用数来计算，前血可用不定冠词a,an和数词,有复数形式②不可数名词：其所表示的事物不可以用数来计算，前面不能用不定冠词a，an和数词,没apieceof一片,一块acupof—杯abottleof—瓶abagof一袋aglassof—玻璃杯有复数形式。需表示数量时,表示量的词或短语只用于可数的名词个体名词一般是对数的。单数可数名词不能独立使用，前面必须有限定词a,an,the,my等；但复数名词可以独立使用e.g.她做作业吋，经常出差错。 错Sheoftenmakesmistakeinherhomework.对Sheoftenmakesamistakeinherhomework.对Sheoftenmakes（some）mistakesinherhomework.PandasarefoundinSichuan.熊猫生在四川。2、只用于不可数名词物质名词、抽彖名词一般是不可数名词e.g.Ilowmuchmeat,fishandbreaddoyouwant?3、既可以用于可数也可以用于不可数的名词①一些名词看做彳理时为可数名词，看做物质或空7旬时为不可数名词e.g.Howmanychickenshavetheygot?她们有多少只鸡？（个体）Wouldyoulikesomechicken?你要吃点鸡肉吗？（物质）e.g.Leaveaspaceafterthatword.在那个词后面留个空。（个体）Th,emoonisquitenearinspace.在太空屮月亮离我们很近。（空间）②一些不可数名词在表示某些特殊意义时，可以用作可数名词e.g.1wantaneveningpaper.我要一张晚报。It"sapleasuretomeetyou.见到你是件高兴的事。4、集体名词的可数与不可数1）表示无生命的集体名词通常是不可数的e.g.Theywearverylittleclothing.他们衣服穿得很少。注：hair泛指头发/fruit泛指水果等，是集体名词，不可数；如果指单个的则是个体名词e.g.Goandhaveyourhaircut.去把头发理一理。Hehasafewwhitehairs.他有几根白头发。2）有些有生命的集体幺词，复数词尾不加s,而谓语动词用复数形式e.g.TheChinesepeopleareveryfriendly."I1国人民很友好。注：当people意为“民族”时，单数前加不定冠词复数后加s；policeman指具体某个警察时为个体名词，可数的。 5、有的集合名词，有时作单数看，谓语用单数；有吋作复数看，用复数。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，提及它的成员时作复数看。e.g.Hisfandlyisn"tlarge.他家不大。（指整个家庭，作单数看）Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.他家的人都喜欢音乐。（指家庭成员，作复数看）三、名词的格1）名词所有格的构成法①在单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词后面加s”e.g.mymother"sroomthechildren"sbook②以s结尾的单数名词后面加”或s”均可e.g.myboss"/boss"soffice③以s结尾的复数名词后只需加”e.g.theladies"room④复合名词的所有格，是在后面的一个名词后加s”e.g.anhourandahalf"stalkhisbrother-in-law"sphoto⑤如果一样东西为几个人所共有，则在最后一个名词后加’s；如果不是共有，则在每个名词后都加"se.g.TheseareTomandJack,sbooks.（两个人共有）/TheseareTom"sandJack"sbooks.2）名词所有格的用法①名词所有格主要用于表示人或有生命的名词②用于由人组成的集体名词e.g.thePartyJscall党的号召③也可用于一些表示无生命东两的名词后A、用于表示时间的名词e.g.11wasasummer*smorning.B、用于表示距离、价格的名词后e.g.It"saboutanhour"sdrivefromhere.C、用于表示国家、城市等地方的名词e.g.It"sthecity"sfinestpark. 3）名词所有格所修饰词的省略①表示住处、店铺等地点名词常可省略e.g.T"mgoingtomyaunt"stonight,（myaunt"s二myauntshouse）②所有格所修饰的词，如刚刚提到则可以省略，以避免重复e.g.一Whoseseatisthis?一It"sMary"s.4）表示所有关系的of短语的用法①用of短语表示所有关系，主要用于无生命的东西②e.g.thedooroftheroom③有时of短语也可以用于表示有生命的东西e.g.thesonofanengineer5）双重所有格的用法双重所有格是一种表示部分概念或含有感情色彩的结构，它含有强调或者突出的作用，其结构是“of短语+名词所有格”，其含义是“其中之一”或“其中一部分”e.g.anoldfriendofmyfather"s二oneofmyfatherysoldfriends注：有时双重所有格与“of+名词”结构含义不同，e.g.apictureofLi"s李所有照片的一张apictureofLi李的一张肖像Heisafriendofyourhusband"s.他是你丈夫的一个朋友。（强调你丈夫的朋友不止一个）Heisafriendofyourhusband.他是你丈夫的朋友。（强调他对你丈夫的友好）vLr^9^vLrvLrvLr^9^vL*^9^vL*2012中考真题欣赏【2012湖北随州】21.Theofteneatgrassonthehill.A.chickenB.horseC.cowD.sheep【答案】D【解析】选叽此题考查名词的可数与不可数。Chicken,horse和cow的复数形式应该加 s,而sheep的单复数形式相同，同时动词e泣说明应该填复数形式，由此选D。【2012贵州贵阳】34.uWhatdoweneedforthesalad?""Weneedtwoapplesandthree.”A.orangeB.tomatoesC.broccoli【答案】B考査名词的用法。orange意为“橘子”，是可数名词；tomato意为“西红柿”，是可数名词;broccoli意为“西兰花”，是不可数名词。根据句意：你们的沙拉述需耍些什么？我们需耍两个苹果和三个西红柿。故选B.【2012贵州毕节】28.一IhaveinlearningEnglishandI"msoworried.Couldyouhelpmewithit?—Sure,I"dloveto.A.joyB.interestC.troubleD.fun【答案】C考查名词的辨析。joy“快乐”；interest"兴趣”；trouble"困难”；fun“有趣”。根据“我很担心”以及“你可以帮助我吗”可知此处表示“我英语学习有困难”，故选C。【2012.安徽省】46.Themantriedseveraltimestostartthecar,andhesucceeded・A.inthepastB.intheendC.atfirstD.atonce【答案】B【2012广东】28.ThestudentsofGrade7visitedMike"sfarmandsawmanythere.A.birdB.duckC.sheepD.Rabbit【答案】C【2012广西玉林】 32.TheInternetisveryuseful.Wecangetalotoffromit.A.thingB.messageC.informationsD・information【答案】D【2012广西玉林】36.一Whatisyourfavoritefood?一1likebest・Ihadalargebowllastnight.A.potatonoodleB.potatoesnoodlesC.potatonoodlesD.potatoesnoodles【答案】c[2012贵州安顺】12.Couldyoupleasegivesometotheteachers?A.advice;manB.advices;menA.suggestion;manD.suggestions;men【答案】D【2012贵州毕节】22.一Couldyoupleasepassmesomethingtoeat?一Whataboutsome?A.waterB.orangeC.fishD.tea【答案】C考查名词的辨析owater“水”；orange“橘子汁；桔子”:fish“鱼”:tea“茶”。根据somethingtoeat可以判断属于吃的东西只有fish,故选C。【2012贵州铜仁】25.—Couldyoutellmewhat"stheofit?—Well,it"sanoval.A.timeB.dateC.shapeD.size【答案】C【解析】此题考査词义辨析。time“时间”,date“日期”，shape”形状”,his“尺寸”，根据答句句意：它是一个椭圆。故问句应该是问形状的。故选C。【解析】此题考查数词。根据句意：今年大约五分之三的九年级学生出生在九十年代。分数的分子用基数词，分母为序数词。分子不是一的，分母序数词加S。表示年代的要在后面加“s”o故选B。 【2011湖北恩施】21.—Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool?—It，sabouttwentywalk.A.minute，sB.minutes，【答案】B[2012湖北十堰】28.Here"sLucy"splanforoneweekduringhersummervacation.Whatkindofplanisthis?A.AtripplanB.ApartyplanC・minutes::Uan.nw::Sun.wlkdob£:C・AneatingplanA.Anexerciseplan【答案】C【2012•湖北•武汉】32.IfbyanychancePeterconiestous,pleaseaskhimtoleaveaA.letterB・sentenceC.messageD.notice【答案】c23.——Mrs.ZhangwassenttoteachEnglishinapoormountainvillagelastyear.[2012湖北咸宁】—Shesaidshewouldneverforgetsomepleasant_whileworkingthere・A.experimentsB・express!onsC・experiencesD.emotions【答案】c[2012湖北孝感】24.Ithinkcomputersareveryuseful.TheycanhelpusgetmuchontheInternet.A.gameB.informationC.ideaD・message【答案】B[2012湖北孝感】25.Severalyearsago,peopleknewYaoMing・Butnowheiswell-knownallovertheworld,notonlyinChina. A.fewB.littleC・manyD.most【答案】A【2012湖北宜昌】31.—DoyouknowtheoftheConfuciusInstitutes（学院）aroundtheworld?一Morethanthreehundred,Iguess・A.listB.nameC・numberD.country【答案】c【2012湖北宜昌】32.一Chinaisbeginningtotesttheairqualiwiththenewstandard（标准）PM2.5.一Goodnews!ThentheoldPM10standardwillbe・A.outofstyleB・hereandthereC.onthewayD.inahurry【答案】A24.—WhatwouldyouHketHelen?—rdlikesome—•【2012湖南怀化】A.eggsB.bevfsC・banana【答案】A（2011湖南株洲】21.Bananas,applesandorangesareal1A.fruitsB・vegetablesC・drinks【答案】A考查名词辨析。fruits意为“水果”；vegetables意为“蔬菜”;drinks意为“饮料”。根据句意“香蕉苹果和橘子都是水果。”故选A。【2012江苏淮安】7.LinShuhaoisoneofthebestbasketbal1inNBA.A.actorsB・playersC.waitersD.writers【答案】B[2012江苏南京】•Couldyoutel1mehowtoremembernewwordsquickly?Yes,Ithinkatreecanhelpyoualot. A.grammarequalionC・punctuationD・vocabulary 【答案】D[2012江苏无锡】1.Theactionfilmhasattractedmil1ionsofyoungpeopletothecinema.A・130-minuteB.130-minutesC・130minuteD.130minules【答案】A[2012江苏无锡】9.——Jasonistoostubbornsometimes.——Tquitehe"salwaysfriendlytoothers.A.acceptB.argueC・agreeD.admire【答案】C[2012江苏无锡】12.Man"sunderstandingnatureisdeveloping•Itneverstaysatthesamelevel.A.attherighttimeB.forthefirsttimeC.fromtimetotimeD.allthetime【答案】D[2012江苏宿迁】8.—WherecanIbuysomebooks,Simon?——GototheintheshoppingmallinOldStreet.Youwillfindmanybooksthere.A.restaurantB・bookshopC.cinema[)•library【答案】R【2012江苏扬州】4・一Wishyouapleasantjourney!一Thanks!I’11giveyouassoonasIarriveinParis.A.ringB.handC.rideD.present【答案】A【2012江苏扬州】 A.COB.NC.0D.CO【答案】C【2012江苏镇江】10.-MrLiwassenttoteachChineseinanAmericanhighschoollastyear.一Yes,Iknow.Hetoldmehewouldneverforgethispleasantwhileworkingthere,A.experimentsB・expressionsC.experiencesD.explorations【答案】C【2012江西】27.IfyougotovisitLondon,don"tforgetyourbecauseitrainsalot.A.passportB・moneyC.mapD・unbrella【答案】D[2012辽宁大连】10.Theofthegroatbook,TheAdvonturesofTomSawyer,isMarkTwain.•A.themeB.priceC.ownerD.writer【答案】D[2012辽宁大连】6.LiuXiangwonthefirstOlympicgoldinthe110mhurdlesforChina.A.medalB・prizeC.symbolD.record【答案】A[2012年广东省】there.28.ThestudentsofGrade7visitedMike"sfarmandsawmanyA.birdB.duckC.sheepD.rabbit【答案】C配套练习题及答案 选择填空:1.Iwanttobuy■A.twobottlesofinkB.twobottleofinkC.twobottleofinksD.twobottlesofinks2.Theydon，thavetodotoday.A.muchhomeworkB.manyhomeworksC.manyhomeworkD.muchhomeworksawoolB.thesewoodwoolsD.woolTherearethreeandseveninthecows,sheepsB.cows,sheep-cow,sheepD・cow,sheepsJune1is■children"sdayB.children，sDayChildren,sDayD・ChildresdayTheblouseismadeofA.C.5.A.C.6.A.C.theirparents，・isnexttoroompicture.A.voiceB.noisec.sound[)•noises3・Theofmachinemadeusfeelsick.4.7.A.Kate"sandJoan"sB・Kate"sandJoanC.KateandJoan"sD.KateandJoan8.MissGreenisafriendofA.Mary"smother^sC.Marymother，s9.Tomis.HeA・myafriendC.minefriendB.Mary"smotherD.mother"sofMarywillcometoseeme.B・afriend〔・afriendofmine10.Sheepwhiteandmilkalsowhite.A.is,areCWhitehasthreeA.chi1dB.chi1drenC.chiIdsD・childrens16.Beijingisoneofthebiggestintheworld.A.citysB.cityC・cityesD・cities17.一一一WheresMr.White?He"sin.A.theroom202B.Room202C.theRoom202D.room20218.Shops,hospitalsandschoolsareal1A.placesB・homesC.roomsD・buildings19.EverymorningMr.Smithtakesatohisoffice.A.20minutes"walksB.20minute"swalkC.20-minuteswalkD.20-minutewalk20.Arethese?No,theyaren^t.They，reA・sheep,cowsC・sheeps,cow21.TherearemanyA.fishC.eggs22.B.sheep,cowD・sheeps,cowsinthefridge.B.fruitD.breadWhoseroomisthis?It"sA.LiMingC・LiMingsB.LiMing，sD.LiMings" A.potatosB.somepotatoesc.threetomatosD.sometomato24.Herearesomebirthdaycardswithourbestforher.A.wishB.hopeC.wishesD・hopes25.Talwaysgotothat;tobuyfoodonSunday・A.shopB.parkC.zooD・garden26.What"stheChinesejfor“PRC”?A.中国人民解放军B.中华人民共和国C.联合国D.中国共产党27.SamgaveArmsometolookafterPollywhi1ehewasA.picture-booksB・inventionsC.instructionsD.messages28.WhichofthefollowinganimalslivesonlyinChina?A.monkeyB.elephantC.pandaD.cat29.roomis(Dnthe5thfloor.A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLily，sC.Lucy"sandLilyD.Lucy，sandLily"s30.Thethirdmonthoftheyearis•A.MarchB.JanuaryC.FebruaryD.April31.Mum,I，mquitethirsty.Pleasegiveme•A.B.twobottleoforangestwoorangeaway.TheC.twobottlesoforangeD.twobottlesoforanges32.Howwonderful!TheismadeofA.house,glassB・house,glassesC・houses,glassD.houses,glasses33.Imetsomeintheparkandtalkedwiththemtheotherday.C・ChinesesD・Engl ish A.SummerB.WinterC・SpringD・Autumn35.Tomwasbadlyhurtinthematch・Theycarriedhimtothequicklyaspossible-A.bankB.postofficeC.shopD.hospital36.Therearetwointheroom.A.shelfB.shelfsC.shelfesD.shelves37.Thereareseveninaweek.A.yearsB.monthsC.daysD.minutes38.Myfatheris•Heworksinahospital.A.teacherB・doctorC.farmerD.writer39.It"sverycoldtoday.Whydon"tyouputonyourA.watchB.shirtC.sweaterD.glasses40.Excuseme,areyou?Yes,T"mfromA.Japan,JapaneseB.China,ChineseC.England，EnglishD.American,America41・Theytooklotofinthechildren，spark.A.photoB.photocsC.photosD.thephoto42.Thereisinthebottle.A.noanyorangeB.notaorangeC・notanyorangeD.nooranges43.Mathsanimportantsubjecttaughtinthemiddleschool.A.areB.isC.wasD.were44.Therearemoreinthishospitalthaninthatone.C.women"sdoctorD.womendoctors45.Theeatalotofrice. A.JapanpeopleB.JapaneseC・JapanesesD・peopleofJapanose46.TwoandfivearestudyingChineseatBeijingUniversity.A.German,EnglishB.Germans,EnglishC