英语语法专题复习--介词 7页

语法—介词介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一定成分。　　介词分为：1、简单介词，如at,in,for等；2、合成介词，如within,inside,onto,throughout等；3、短语介词，如accordingto,outof,becauseof,bymeansof,inspiteof,insteadof等；4、双重介词，如frombehind/above/under,untilafter等；5、分词介词，如considering,including,judging(from/by)等。一、方位介词1．above，over，on；below，under，beneath(1)above______________________________________，其反义词是________________。(2)over______________________________________，其反义词是________________。(3)on______________________________________，其反义词是________________。Aplaneisflying________________themountain.有一架飞机在山的上方飞。Thereisabridge________________theriver.河上有一座桥。Thereisalamp________________thedesk.书桌上有一个台灯。Fromthehill,wecanseeariver________________us.从这座小山上，我们能看见下面的一条河。Thereisacat________________thechair.椅子底下有一只猫。2．across，over，through，pastacross意为“_______________________”，表示______________________________。over意为“________________”，表示_____________________________________。through意为“______________”，表示_____________________________________。past意为“_______________”，表示_____________________________________。TheGreatWallwindsitsway________westtoeast,________desert,_____________mountains，________________valleystillatlastitreachesthesea.3．in，on，to,off在方位名词前的区别in表示____________________；to表示____________________；on表示____________________。Off表示____________________ShandongProvinceis/lies_________theeastofChina.Japanis/lies_________theeastofChina.ThePacificOceanis_________theeastofChina.7 Helivesinavillagealittleway____themainroad.at、on、inat____________________atthedoor，attheairport，atthestation，at55ParkStreet，in____________________inChina，inthenorth，inAsia，on____________________onthedesk，onthewall二、时间介词表示_________________________________________________，一般用介词in，如：inthe1990s，intheyear，inJanuary，in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring，inthefirstweekofMay。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：inawhile，innotime，inthedaytime，inashortwhile，intime，inthemorning(afternoon，evening)。注意：①atnight/atnoon，intheday(在白天)，inthenight(在夜间)。②infivedays(weeks，months，years)中in意思是“_________________”。在_____________________________________，常用on。onSunday(s)，onTuesdaymorningonChristmasDay(但atChristmas)，onChristmasEve，onMarch8，onthemorning(afternoon，evening)ofOct.1onarainynight，onwarmwinterdaysearlyonthemorningofOct.1(区别：inthelate/earlymorningofOct.1)表示________________________________用at，如小时、分钟等。atbreakfast(supper，lunch)，atsixatnoon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)attheageof15，atthetimeofwar(但intimeofdanger/trouble)注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。nextday，lastSunday，thatmorning，theseyears.one，each，any，every，some，all修饰时，一般不用介词，如someday，oneday，allafternoon。till，until的用法:till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。Hewaitedformetilltwelveo’clock.Hedidn’tgetuptill(until)10a．m.(不可用to)．注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。Notuntil9amdidMr.Smithcomebacktoschool.in，later，after，byin＋一段时间：表示____________，与______________时连用；但表示“______________”时，用于各种时态。一段时间+later：_______________________after+时间：_______________________by+一段时间：_______________________（注意：bytheendof+过去时间将来时间）Iwillfinishtheworkinthreedays(=afterthreedays/threedayslater).Helefthometwodayslateraftertwodays.(过去时间）Iwillhavefinishedtheworkbytheendoftomorrow.Ihadfinishedtheworkbytheendofyesterday.另外，in＋一段时间＋’s＋time与within＋一段时间的用法如下：inaweek’stime＝inaweekTheywillarriveinthreedays’time.(与将来时连用)Mybrother’sbirthdayisintwoweeks’time.(作表语)I’llfinishthebookwithintwoweeks.(within＝inlessthan...用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在……之内”)2.for，from，since7 for__________________________________________________。from__________________________________________________。since___________________________________________________________________________。Mr.Brownenjoyedthecountrylifeandlivedthere______almostfifteenyearsafterhisretirement.Myyoungersisterbegantolearndancing_____theageoffive.HehasbeenworkinginTibet_____hegraduatedfromcollege.三、工具、手段、方式介词1.by，in，on三词都表示旅行的方式。bysea,bywater,bylandbybike,byplane,byshipboatbyspaceship名词前有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等时用on/in。traveltoNewYorkinthisplane；gotoschoolonmybike【说明】步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。onfoot，onhorseback,onahorse，onthecamel2、表示方式、手段、工具的介词①bytheyear/hour/day按年/小时/天。如：Herentahousebytheyear(day，hour)．(按by＋the＋单位名称，但tothepound按磅算，totheton按吨计)。②表泛指的方式、手段bypost/mail邮寄，bytelephone(radio)(但onthephone/ontheradio/onTV)，byelectricity用电，bymachinery用电器，byhardwork，learnsth.byheart，throughthesatellite，throughpractice，throughhisownefforts，throughexperience，throughthetelescope另外：bymeansof用……方法，bywayof经由，取道于；用……方法，withthehelp(permission)ofsb./withsb.’shelp(permission)。③表方式、手段的其他用法Hebeatthedogwithastick.(with＋工具/机器)Onesmellswithhisnose.(with＋人体器官，但byhand手工，用手)Hestoodupwithpride.(with＋情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如：inEnglish(ink，pencil)。另外如：inhigh(good，low)spirits，inanger，injoy，incomfort，insorrow，insafety，indanger，inneed，indebt，inlove，infun，inpain，intears，insurprise，ingood(poor)health，ingoodorder，inflower，inaway，inalowvoice，insilence，in(with)satisfaction，inahurry，in(with)words，live/feedonfood，kneelonone’sknee，take(catch)sb.bysurprise(出其不意)四、表示“除……之外”的常用词①besides除……以外(还有)。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。WellallwenttothecinemabesidesShaw.Itwastoolatetoseeafilm，andbesides，Iwastired.②except除去，除……之外(不再有)。WeallwentexceptJohn.在否定句中，两词可以换用。Hehasnootherhatsexcept/besidesthisone.③exceptfor除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与“exceptthat＋句子”意思相同。Hewasverycleverexceptforcarelessness.④exceptthat...除了……一点以外。Hehasnotchangedexceptthatheiswearingdarkglasses.⑤but与exceptbut和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：7 (A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。Allbutonearehere.NobodybutIlikesmakingmodelships.(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。Hehasnothingtodobutwait.(前有do，后省to)(C)but与一些固定结构连用。havenochoicebuttodosth._______________________，cannotbutdosth.__________________，cannothelpbutdosth.________________________，butfor..._____________________五、between与amongbetween通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。AnnisbetweenTomandBill.SwitzerlandliesbetweenFrance，Germany，AustraliaandItaly.Theysoonfinishedtheworkbetweenthemselves.(共同，合作)Shewasbusybetweencooking，washing，sewingandlookingafterthebaby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)Ahorsecanbeseenbetweentreesnow.among表示三者以上之间。Thestoryissaidtohavehappenedinavillageamongthehills.Hewashappytobeamongfriendsagain.Wemustagreeamongourselves.(一起，共同)Londonisamongthelargestcities.(＝oneof与最高级连用)六、表示原因的介词及短语主要有：for,since,with,becauseof,dueto,thanksto,owingto(还有as,because这两者为连词）becausesinceasfordueto___________________________________________________becauseof___________________________________________________owingto___________________________________________________thanksto___________________________________________________Hegotuplatethismorning___________________hestayeduplastnight.1、ThesportsmeetwillbeputofftillnextSaturday_____________theheavyrain.2、_______________________theheavyrain,ThesportsmeetwillbeputofftillnextSaturday3、Hisillnesswas___________________smokinganddrinking.4、__________________theParty’sgoodpolicy，thefarmersarenowlivingahappyandrichlife.一、单句填空请填入一个适当的词。灵活运用1.So,Ijustlookedather_____aquestioningexpressiononmyface.2.Duringthewinter,theyremindthemselves,“Thiswon’tlastlong；we’llsoonbeoutofhere.”And____thefirstwarmday,theantsareout.3.Thenewboylookedattheteacher____afewsecondsandalltheotherstudentswonderedwhattheboywoulddo.4.Ididn’twanttobelaughedatfortalkingtohimbutIdidn’tlikeleavinghim____hisowneither.5.Histeachertookadeepdrinkandthankedhisstudentverymuchforthesweetwater.Theyoungmanwenthome_____ahappyheart.6.Janestoppedwhereasmallcrowdofmenhadgathered.Shefoundsomegoodqualitypipes____sale.7.WhenJanegothome,withhersmallbutwell-chosenpresentinherbag,herparentswerealready___table7 havingsupper.8.Hewasverytired__________doingthisforawholeday.9.Irealizedthatthevillagerswhohadgatheredaroundmewerearguingastowhoshouldhavethehonourofreceivingme___aguestintheirhouse.10.Whenthetimecameformetosaygoodbyetomyfriendsinthevillage,Iwantedtorewardtheoldwoman___thetroubleIhadcausedher.11.IoncetookawalkalongthestreetonaSaturdaydusk,_____aPepsicaninmyhand.12.Weshouldtakesomemeasurestofight_______pollution.13.Duringonevisit___thePacificislandsofTonga，aspecially-prepareddinnerwasarrangedinherhonor.14.We’dbetterdiscusseverything____detailbeforeweworkouttheplan.15.Tryonthisredskirt;youwilllookgreat___it.二、语篇填空Mr.Brownwasgoingaway1_____aweek.Beforeheleft,hesaidtohisson,“Ifanyoneasks2______me,youcantellhimthatyourfatherhasbeenout3____doingsomething,andwillbeback4_____aweek,thenbesuretoaskhimtositdown5______acupoftea.”“OK,Dad,”saidhisson.Buthewasafraidhissoncouldn’trememberthis,hewrotethesewordsdown6_____apieceofpaperandgaveit7_____him.Hissonputit8_____hissmallpocket,tookitoutandlooked9_____iteverynowandthen.Fourdayspassed,butnoonecametoseehisfather.Theboythoughtthattherewasnomantocomeandthatthepieceofpaperwas10_____nomoreuseforhim,soheburntitthatevening.Thenextafternoon,someoneknocked11_____thedoor.Theboyopenedit.Amanwasstanding12_____thedoorandsaid,“Whereisyourfather?”Theboyputhishandintohispocket13_____onceandlooked14____thepieceofpaper.Hecouldnotfindit.Hesuddenlyrememberedhehadburntit,soheshouted,“Nomore.”Themanasked15____surprise,“Nomore?Imetyourfatherlastweek.Whendidithappen?”三、单句改错1.Iworkedlikeapostmanforashorttime,butIamafraidofdogsandIhadalotoftrouble.2.NosoonerhadIgotoffmybicyclethanalargedograntowardsthegate,barkingloudlytome.3.Theterrible-lookingdogpickedthecardimmediatelyandcarrieditinthehouse.Thedogwasagoodpostman.4.Inaverycoldandwindymorning,MissJoneswalkedtotheschool,andthecoldwindwentintohereyes,andbigtearsbeganrollingoutofthem.5.Inmysurprise,twofireengineswereoutsidemyhouse.6.Itoldaboutthefirementhatitwasmycarelesscookingthatcausedtheheavysmoke.7.PaddyandIwantedtogooffforhelp,butMikeinsistedstayingnearthecar.8.Japanisknownforthelandofthecherryblossom(樱花)becauseofinthespringoftheyearthecherrytreesaresobeautiful.9.Asisknownbyall,theInternetisplayingamoreandmoreimportantpartonourdailylife.10.Underhishelp,Ihavemaderapidprogressandcaughtuptheclass.7 介词与某些词类的搭配1.名词与介词的固定搭配(1)常与to搭配的名词：key，answer，visit，apology，introduction(2)常与in搭配的名词：interest，satisfaction，expert(3)常与on搭配的名词：mercy，congratulation(4)常与其他介词搭配的名词：prizefor，respectfor，victoryover，strugglewith名词与介词搭配的常见短语有：attentionto对……的注意；devotionto对……的奉献；avisitto对……的访问；interestin对……的兴趣；commentson对……的评论；applicationfor对……的申请；aninfluenceon对……的影响；confidencein对……的信心；contactwith与……取得联系Heshouldbeadmiredforhisdevotiontoimprovingeducation.他对改善教育作出的贡献应该得到赞扬。2.形容词与介词的固定搭配(1)与at搭配的形容词：afraid，angry，good，bad，clever，surprised，excited，puzzled，frightened等;(2)与of搭配的形容词：afraid，sure，certain，full，tired，fond，proud，worthy等;(3)与with搭配的形容词：angry，strict，careful，busy，popular等;(4)与in搭配的形容词：weak，strict，rich，interested，successful等;(5)与to搭配的形容词：next，good，polite，kind，cruel，rude，known，married，close，similar，due等;(6)与for搭配的形容词：sorry，famous，fit，unfit，eager，anxious，hungry等;(7)与from搭配的形容词：far，different，free，safe，absent，tired等;(8)与about搭配的形容词：sorry，worried，anxious，careful，sure，certain等;②of＋抽象名词＝形容词ofgreatvalue＝veryvaluableofnouse＝uselessamanofwealth＝awealthyman【注】①同一形容词与不同的介词搭配其含义会不同。Heisgoodtoher.他对她友好。Theadviceisgoodforher.这条意见对她有益。Hewastiredofthework.他厌倦了那份工作。Hewastiedfromthework.他因工作而疲劳。③to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”：to+one’s+delightsurprise=tothedelightsurpriseofsb.Muchtomyjoy，hewasquitefromdanger.④at与某些名词搭配表示“一……就……”atthesightof　　atthethoughtof形容词与介词搭配的常见短语有：nervousabout因……不安；successfulin在……方面很成功；dependenton依赖于……；responsiblefor对……负责；absentfrom缺席……；proudof因……自豪；famousfor因……闻名；ashamedof对……感到愧疚；loyalto忠诚于……；harmfulto对……有害；popularwith受……欢迎3.动词与介词的固定搭配1)robherofherwallet/cleartheroadofsnow(“夺去,除去”意义的动词与of连用)2)supplyuswithfood/filltheglasswithwine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)3)makeadeskofwood/makebreadfromflour/makethematerialintoacoat(“制作,制造”意义与of，from，into连用)7 4)介词＋the＋部位与动词的关系(＝动词＋sb.’s＋部位)strikehimonthehead(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)catchhimbythearm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用)hittheboyintheface(“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用)动词与介词搭配的短语比较多，需要在平时的学习中逐一记忆。如：dreamof梦想；insiston坚持；dependon依靠；belongto属于；leadto导致；dealwith处理；argueabout争论；callon拜访；referto提到ThemaninsistedonfindingataxiformeeventhoughItoldhimIlivednearby.即使我告诉他我住在附近，那个人坚持要给我找一辆出租车。核心介词用法归纳与辨析1.表示时间的at,in,onat表示片刻的时间，常用词组有：atnoon,atnight,atmidnight,attheendof,atthattime,atthebeginningof,attheageof,atChristmas,atNewYear等。in表示一段时间，如：inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening,inOctober,in1998,insummer,inthepast,inthefuture等。on总是跟日子有关，如：onMonday,onChristmasmorning,onthefollowingday,onMayDay,onawarmmorning等。2.表示时间的since和from：since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系，一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。3.表示时间的in和after：两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后”，区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”，而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”;in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。【注意】after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时中)。4.表示地理位置的in,on,to：in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外。5.表示“在……上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而in表示占去某物一部分。6.表示“穿过……”的through和across：through表示从内部通过，与in有关；across则表示从一端至另一端,在表面上的通过，与on有关。7.besides,except,but,exceptfor：besides指“除了……还有，再加上”。except指“除了，减去”，不能放在句首。but与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”，经常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything等和其他疑问词后面。exceptfor表示“如无……就，只是”，表明理由细节。8.表示“用”的in和with：表示工具的“用”，用with；而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”，用in。7