英语语法讲座 62页

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  • 2022-06-17 16:09:02 发布

英语语法讲座

  • 62页
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英语语法讲座部分冠词部分冠词是每年中考的命题之一,每年中考都有1—2分,其中考查重点是不定冠词和定冠词的用法,命题形式多为单项选择或完形填空等形式。一.冠词用法:冠词的概念:冠词是一种虚词,没有实际意义,主要位于名词之前,用来说明名词所表示的人和事物。冠词不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有三种:不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词。不定冠词—a,an。定冠词---the。冠词的泛指和特指的用法:泛指是指首次提到的,不限定的人或事物。特指是指上下文已提到的人或事物,或是指说话人双方都知道的特指的人和事物。不定冠词的用法:1.泛指某人或某物。Isthereabanknearhere?Thereisabookonthetable.2.泛指人或事物中的某一类。Apenisusedforwriting.Abookissomethingyoucanread.3.用于在叙述中第一次提到的某人或某物。Thisisadog.Thatisablueruler.Heisacleverboy.4.用于某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示“一场,一阵,一类…….”等。Aheavysnowfelllastnight.It’sapityformenottogowithyou.Agoodbeginningisagoodending.5.用于某些固定的词组中。afew,alittle,abit,alotof,foraminute,inahurry,haveacold,havearest,haveatalk,haveagoodtime,justaminute,waitamoment,havealook.定冠词的用法:1.特指上文已提到过的人或事物,或是有限制性修饰语限定的人或事物。Themaningreenisapoliceman.Thisisabook.Thebookisveryinteresting.Thisisthepersonwhosemotherisanurse.2.指双方都知道的人和物。ThetallmanisourEnglishteacher.Doyouhavethebackpack?3.表示世界上独一无二的事物。Themoonmoviesaroundtheearth.Thesunwasjustsetting.4.用于形容词最高级前。Heisthetallestoneinourclass.Whichisthebestamongthese?5.用于序数词前。Heisalwaysthefirstinouroffice.It’sthesecondtimeIcamehere.6.用于单数名词前表示一类人或事物。Thebananaisyellow.Theblackisthesameasus.62 7.用于某些形容词前表示一类人。Therichshouldhelpthepoor.Theyoungmustlookaftertheold.8.用于姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妻。TheBrownsarebothteachers.TheMillersliveinaapartment.9.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。theGreatWalltheUnitedStatestheTiananMenSquare10.用在乐器或方位名词前。Sheisplayingthepiano.Theyplayedthetrumpetswell.ShenyangisinthenorthofChina.11.用于一些习惯用语中。allthetime,allthesame,attheendof,atthesametime,atthebeginningof,attheageof,atthemoment,bytheway,inthemiddleof,ontheothersideof,intheend,inthedaytime,inthemorning/intheafternoon/intheeveninginthedaytime,ontheleft,ontheright.冠词部分易混知识一.定冠词和不定冠词加单数名词都可以表示“一类”。Theorangeisorange.Anorangeisorange.二.不定冠词a和an在用法上的区别。a用于以辅音音素打头的词前:如:abookadictionaryapencil-casean用于以元音音素打头的词前如:anappleaneraseranhouraninterestingbook注意:f,h,m,n,r,s,x虽然是辅音字母,但发音是以元音音素开头的,所以当它们前面需用不定冠词时要用an,而不是a。三.固定搭配中有定冠词和没有定冠词的区别。1.atschool在上学attheschool在学校里(不一定上学)2.attable在吃饭atthetable在桌边(不一定吃饭)3.Gotobed上床睡觉gotothebed向床边走(不一定睡觉)4.gotoschool去上学gototheschool到学校去(不一定是去上学)5.inhospital住院inthehospital在医院里(不一定住院)6.bysea乘船bythesea在海边(不一定乘船)7.infrontof在前边(……个体外部的前边)inthefrontof在前边(……个体内部的前边)8.nextyear明年thenextyear第二年序数词前用定冠词与不用定冠词的区别。“the”加序数词表示“第几的”HewantsthefirstoneandIwantthesecondone.“a”加序数词表示“又,再”It’sagoodplace.Iwanttocomehereforasecondtime.Hefailedtwotimes.Hewantstotryathirdtime.固定搭配anumberof与thenumberof的区别62 anumberof表示“许多”,相当于alotof,作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。Anumberofpeopleareinthepark.Anumberofstudentsarehere,therearemorethanonehundred.thenumberof,表示“……的数量,……的数目”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Thenumberoftheclassesinourschoolisten.Thenumberofthebooksiseighty.名词部分62 名词在中考中每年都有一定的比例,基本上是2—4分左右。考点在于名词复数,所有格等,特别是特殊名词复数要特别注意。名词的概念:用来表示人,物及抽象概念名称的词叫名词。1.名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两种。可数名词:可以用数字来统计的名词叫可数名词。可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词两种。个体名词如:student,boy,bird等。集体名词如:class,family,school等。不可数名词:不能用数字来统计的名词叫不可数名词。不可数名词包括专有名词,物质名词很抽象名词等。专有名词如:China,Lilei,NewYork等。物质名词如:plant,water,rice等。抽象名词如:music,sport,work等。名词复数的构成2.名词的复数构成分两种即:规则变化和不规则变化规则变化:见下表构成方式例词一般情况下在词尾直接加“—s”pen—pensdoctor—doctorsboat—boatsmap--maps在以“-s,-ss,-x,-ch,-sh”结尾的名词后加“-es”watch—watchesbus--busesclass—classesbox—boxesbrush--brushes以“-f”或“-fe”结尾的名词,将“-f”或“-fe”改为“-v”,再加“-es”knife—kniveshalf--halvesleaf—leaveswife--wives以辅音字母加“y”结尾的名词,先变“y”为“i”,再加“es”family—familiescity—citiesstory--stories以元音字母加“y”结尾的名词直接加“-是”boy—boysplay—playsday—daysway--ways以“o”结尾的个别名词加“-es”这样的名词只有四个,其它的都加“-s”potato—potatoeshero—heroesNegro--Negroestomato--tomatoes不规则变化:见下表构成方式例词形式不变(单复数形式一致)deer—deerfish—fishsheep—sheepChinese—ChineseJapanese--Japanese变单词内部的元音foot—feettooth—teethgoose—geeseman—menwoman—womenmouse--mice复合名词的复数变化形式有两种:1.将后面的名词由单数变成复数。62 例如:girlclassmate—girlclassmatesboyfriend—boyfriendsshopassistant—shopassistants2.复合名词中的两个名词都变成复数形式。此种复合名词中的第一个名词必须是:“man或woman”。例如:mandoctor—mendoctorswomansinger—womensingers名词所有格1.名词所有格的构成形式⑴名词加-′s(有生命力的名词)单数名词在词尾加-′sthegirl’smother,theman’sfriend规则的复数名词一般只加“′”。thetwoboys’mother,thestudents’teacher但在不规则名词复数后要加-′s。Thechildren’smother表示几个人共有的只在最后一个人的名字后加-′sAliceandMary’sroom,TomandTony’sparents但表示各自所有时,需要在各个名词后加-′s。Alice’sandMary’srooms,Liping’sandLinhui’smothers⑵名词加of加名词(无生命的和有生命的都可以)apictureofLiuying,thedoorofthebedroom名词所有格的用法⑴–’s所有格常表示有生命的东西,但也可以表示某些无生命的东西,如:时间,距离,自然现象,国家或城市等实体,工作群体等。例如:amonth’stime一个月的时间,amile’sdistance一英里的距离,themoon’srays月光,thecity’sparks城市的公园⑵–’s所有格后的名词如指商店,住宅等地点时,改名词通常省略。例如:atthedoctor’s在诊所tomyuncle’s到我叔叔家⑶of加’s结构叫做双重所有格,此结构也可由of加名词性物主代词构成。例如:afriendofmybrother’sabookofhisbrother’sapenofhersadictionaryofmine名词及名词所有格易混知识一.物质名词往往是不可数名词,但有些也可以做可数名词,此时意义有所不同。例如:room(空间)--aroom(房间)paper(纸)—apaper(论文,试卷)fish(鱼肉)—fishes(鱼的种类)drink(饮料)—drinks(饮料的种类)glass(玻璃)—aglass(玻璃杯)work(工作)–-awork(著作,工事)wood(木头)–awood(小森林)62 二.不可数名词的数量表达方式不可数名词虽然本身没有复数形式,但可以借助单位数量词来一定的数量。例如:aglassofwater一杯水acupoftea一杯茶apieceofnews一则新闻abowlofrice一碗米饭abottleofink一瓶墨水apairofglasses一副眼镜apieceofbread一片面包apieceofwork一项工作ablockofice一块冰ateaspoonofyogurt一匙酸奶三.由数词加名词加形容词构成的复合形容词,中间的名词必须用单数形式,而不能用复数形式。例如:aseven-year-oldboy一个七岁男孩athree-meter-deephole一个三米深的洞afour-foot-longrope一根四英尺长的绳子100-meter-race一百米赛跑atwo-inch-thickbook一本两英寸厚的书atwenty-floor-highbuilding一幢20层高的楼房代词部分62 代词所涉及的命题范围包括:人称代词,物主代词,指示代词,反身代词,不定代词及个别的关系代词和疑问代词等。代词在中考中所占的比例比较大,一般在3—5分左右。通常以选择填空,据意填词,完形填空等形式出现。一.人称代词,物主代词和反身代词人称代词包括主格和宾格,物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,反身代词。主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词Imemyminemyselfyouyouyouryoursyourselfyouyouyouryoursyourselveshehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselftheythemtheirtheirsthemselvesweusouroursourselvesitititsitsitself代词的用法:(一)人称代词人称代词的主格在句子中做主语,宾格在句子中做宾语。1.TheylikeEnglishverymuch.2.Iamateacherandheisaworker.3.Ittakesmethreehourstodomyhomework.4.Pleasegivethemsomewatertodrink.当几个不同人称代词做主语时,排列顺序通常是:单数为:you,he,sheandI即你,他∕她,我。You,heandIareondutytoday.复数为:we,you,andthey即我们,你们,他们∕她们We,youandtheyhavebeentotheGreatWall.(二)物主代词形容词性物主代词在句子中只能作定语。Myfatherisascientist.Heworksveryhard.Mr.WangistheirEnglishteacher.名词性物主代词,通常用来代替形容词性物主代词及其所修饰的名词。在句子中通常做主语,宾语和表语。Thispenisyoursandthatismine.Mybookisthin,buthisisthick.Youmayusemyruler.I’llusehers.名词性物主代词与of连用作定语,相当于“of加名词所有格,”如:Heisaclosefriendofmine.Sheisaneldersisterofhers.(三)反身代词反身代词在句子中可做介词和动词的宾语。当表示某一动作落实到某人或某些人自己身上时用反身代词。1.HelearnedEnglishbyhimself.62 1.Sheistoosmalltolookafterherself.反身代词常和以下词连用:byoneselfcometooneselfenjoyoneselfhurtoneselfhelponeselfteachoneselflearnbyoneselflookafteroneself二.疑问代词的用法1.who—who在句子中可以做主语和宾语。Whoisspeakingatthemeeting?Whoareyoutalkingabout?2.whom–whom在句子中做介词的宾语,但who也可以做宾语。Whomareyoutalkingwith?Withwhomareyoutalking?whose–whose在句子中做名词的定语,同时与名词一起构成主语,表语。3.Whosepencil-caseisthis?Whosecomputergameisonthetable?4.what/who–what表示询问某人的职业,who表示询问某人的身份和姓名。--What’syourmother?--SheisanEnglishteacher.--Whoisthemaninblack?--Heisourheadmaster.5.what/which---what指不定数目中的“哪一个,哪一些,什么”,没有一定范围的限定。Whatdoyoulike?Whataretheydoing?Which“哪一个“,在一定范围内特指的人和物。--Whichcarisyours,thisoneorthatone?--Thisone.--Whichbuswillyoutake,No.40orNo.50?三.指示代词英语当中有四个指示代词,this,these,that,those,其中this和these指近处,that和those指远处。Thisismypen.Thatishis.Theseareourbooks.Thosearetheirs.四.it的用法㈠代替刚提到过的事物。Ihaveamap.Itisveryuseful.Iwenttoaconcertlastnight.Itwasverysuccessful.㈡起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物。What’sthis?It’saplant.What’sthatoverthere?It’sanewdress.㈢指不明身份的人。Someoneisknockingatthedoor,pleasegoandseewhoitis.㈣表示天气,时间和距离。It’scloudytodayandit’sverycold.It’sseveno’clock.It’stimetogotoschool.Howfarisitfromheretothepostoffice?62 ㈤作形式上的主语,此时it没有实际意义。1.Itis+adj+(forsb.)todoIt’simportantforustolearnEnglishwell.2.Itis+adj+that引导的从句Isitpossiblethatshecomeshereontime?(她有没有可能准时到达这里?)3.Itseemsthat…看起来好像……Itseemsthatheisveryhappy.Itseemsthatitisgoingtorain.4.Itistime+(forsb.)todo到时间该Itistime+forsth.Itistime+that从句Itistimeforustoplaysports.It’stimeforbreakfast.Itistimethatwedoourhomework.5.Itisone’sturntodo轮到某人做……It’syourturntocleantheclassroom.㈥作形式宾语Ifounditquitepleasanttoworkwithhim.(我发现和他一起工作很愉快)Inoticeditwasveryinterestingtoplaygames.㈦引导强调句型Itis+被强调部分+that/who/whom+其它部分Itisyouwhoaremybestfriend.ItwastheschoolthatIstudiedthreeyearsago.五.It,one,that作代词的区别it代指上下文提到的同一对象,是同一事物。Thebikeismine.It’snew.Dalianisagoodplace.Itisalsoafamouscity.one泛指上下文提及的同一事物中的一个,同类但不同一。--WhohasaChinese—Englishdictionary?--Ihaveone.Theyallhavephotos.Ihaveone,too.that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复。TheweatherinBeijingiswarmerthanthatinChangchun.六.复合不定代词:由some,any,every和no与one,body,thing一起构成的代词叫复合代词。复合不定代词如下:someone,somebody,something,anyone.anybody,anything,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody,nothing㈠复合不定代词与some和any的用法一样,somebody等用于陈述肯定中,anybody等用于疑问句和否定句中。Thereissomethingwrongwiththemachine.Isthereanythingwrongwiththemachine?62 Thereisn’tanythingwrongwiththemachine.Something等有时候也用于疑问句中,表示请求,建议或反问等。Doyouwantsomethingtoeat?Willyoupleasegivemesomethingtodrink?㈡这些复合不定代词都做单数看待,做主语时谓语动词用单数形式。Nobodyisintheclassroom.Lilei,someoneiswaitingforyououtside.Hello,everythingisOK.当主句中的主语是指人的复合不定代词时,其反意疑问句的主语用代词they,而不是it.Nobodyknowsit,don’tthey?Nobodyisabsent,aren’tthey?当主句中的主语是指物的复合不定代词时,其反意疑问句的主用代词it.Somethingiswrong,isn’tit?EverythingisOK,isn’tit?㈢当复合不定代词被形容词或else修饰时,形容词或else必须放在后面。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.ThereissomethingelseIdon’tknow.Isthereanythinginterestingthere?代词部分易混知识一.little,few,alittle,afew,many,much.其中little,alittle,much是用来修饰不可数名词的。few,afew,many是用来修饰可数名词的。1.little与few表示几乎没有,在句子中起否定作用。例如:Iamnewhere,soIhavefewfriends.Fewwordsarebest.少说话最好。Thereislittlewaterintheriver.Thereislittlemilkintheglass,fillitfull.2.afew,alittle表示“有一些,有几个”。表示肯定的说法。Ihaveafewgoodfriends.Theyoftencometoseeme.Thereareonlyafewappleslefthere.Thereisalittlebread.Youfirst.Shehasalittlefood.3.many与much用来表示“很多”或“许多”。Manyhandsmakelightwork.人多好办事。Don’tdrinksomuchwater.二.Other,theother,others,theothers,another1.other指另外的。只作定语,常与复数名词或不可数名词连用;但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,one,my,your,his,she等时,可与单数名词连用。Mr.SmithandMrs.Liandfiveotherteachersarethere.Iworkintheotherworkshop.62 Ican’tgotoseeyounow,--someothertime.Arethereanyquestions?Myothersisterisadoctor.2.theother两者中另一个,常与one连用,构成“one…theother”;作定语修饰复数名词时表示“全部其余的”。Ihavetwobrothers,oneisastudent,theotherisasoldier.Hehastwodaughters.OnelivesinAmerica,theotherliveswithhim.3.others泛指别的人和物,担不是全部。不能作定语,构成some…others结构。Somestudentsdidbetterthanothers.Pleasetakethesethings,I’lltakeothers.4.theothers特指其余的人和物。Hello,boys,youtakethesethingstotheoffice,theotherstakethosetotheclassroom.Iwentswimmingwhiletheothersplayedsoccer.5.another另一个,又一个,再一个。指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作形容词或代词。Wouldyoulikeanotherdrink?Let’sdoitanothertime.Idon’tlikethisroom.Iamgoingtoaskforanotherone.HeisgoingtobeanotherJames.他要与詹姆斯齐名了。数词部分62 中考数词的考点在于基数词与序数词构成,日常生活中的数次表达方式,年,月,日的表达及相关的介词搭配,千以内的数词表达方式。多数为单项选择,完形填空等题型。所占分值为2—3分。一.数词:表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫数词。数词在句子中相当于名词和形容词的用法。1.数词分基数词和序数词两种。2.表示数目多少的词叫基数词。例如:one,two,three,four.3.表示数目顺序的词叫序数词。例如:first,second,third.二.基数词的用法1.基数词在句子中用作主语,定语,表语,宾语等。例如:ThreeofthemarefromShanghai.(主语)Therearenineteenschoolsinourcounty.(定语)--Howmanybooksdoyouwant?--Iwanttwo.(宾语)--Howoldisyourfriend?--Heisseven.(表语)2.编号的事物用基数词。例如:Number40第四十号Page102第102页Room3第3号房间Lesson18第18课Number15street第15大街Class5Grade1(一年五班)3.时间的表达法用基数词。例如:It’sfiveo’clock.It’shalfpasteight.4.加、减、乘、除用基数词。例如:Fourplusfouriseight.(4加4等于8)Twentyminusfiveisfifteen.(20减5等于15)Fivetimesfiveistwenty-five.(5乘5等于25)Tendividedbytwoisfive.(10除以2等于5)5.小数用基数词来表示。例如:20.5读作twentypointfive1.88读作onepointeighteight其中点读作“point”。6.百分数用基数词表示。百分号﹪读作percent.50﹪读作fiftypercent29﹪读作twenty-ninepercent7.两种鱼数词有关的介词短语。⑴in加定冠词the加数词的复数形式,表示年代。例如:inthe1980s在20世纪80年代。也可以表示为1980’sinthe2010s在21世纪10年代。也可以表示为2010’s⑵in加物主代词加数词的复数形式,表示某人的年龄。例如:inhistwenties,在他20多岁时inmyforties在我40多岁时有时在物主代词后面可加上形容词early或late使其含义更确切些。例如:Theyoungmanisinhisearlythirties.(这个年轻人30刚出头)⑶数词加名词加形容词作定语,其中名词用单数形式。例如:a25-year-oldboyaneighty-year-oldwoman8.分数的表达,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子如大于1,分62 母须用复数形式。整数与分数之间用and连接。One-thirdsofthestudentsareboys.(三分之一的学生是男孩)2读作twoandfiveninths9.年、月、日的表达顺序通常为月、日、年,也可以为日、月、年,其中年份用基数词,日用序数词。例如:1986年10月10日October10th,1986或10thOctober,19862010年11月1日November1st,2010或1stNovember1,2010三.序数词的用法1.序数词1---19除第一,第二,第三,第五,第八,第九,第十二(first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth)变化不规则外,其余均在后面加上-th.(fourth,sixth,seventh,tenth)2.第二十,第三十,第四十,第五十,第六十,第七十,第八十,第九十整数的序数词都是将基数词的词尾字母“y”变成“i”再加“eth”(twentieth,thirtieth,fortieth,fiftieth,sixtieth,seventieth,eightieth,ninetieth)3.几十几的序数词,只是把个位数变成序数词,十位数不变。第二十一,twenty-first第七十五seventy-fifth4.序数词主要用作定语,表语。序数词前面要加定冠词the.Theyliveontheeleventhfloor.--Whowasthefirst?--ZhangMingwas.数词部分易混知识一.数词的读法1.从后往前读,每隔三位加一个逗号。第一个三位读hundred,第二个三位读thousand第三个三位读million,第四个三位读billion.百位与十位之间加and。例如:378读作:threehundredandseventyeight259132读作:twohundredandfiftyninethousand,onehundredandthirtytwo257289751读作:twohundredandfiftysevenmillion,twohundredandeightyninethousand,sevenhundredandfiftyone2.表示年代是两位一读。例如1980读作:nineteeneighty1876读作:eighteenseventysix在英语中零一般读作“o”或and.3.整体数词的表达方式数词加hundred/thousand/million/billion加名词复数形式。Therearesixhundredstudentsinourschool.hundreds/thousands/millions/billionsof加名词复数形式Wecanseethousandsofstarsintheskyatnight.62 二.数词与冠词的关系1.序数词前要加定冠词the,但基数词前不加。It’sthefirsttimethatIsawhim.Myfatherisabouteightyyearsold.2.a/an加序数词表示“又一,再一”。Iamstillhungry.Pleasegivemeasecondbread.Hewantsathirdone.3.ofthe加基数词,表示范围。Linhaiisthetallestofthefour.形容词部分62 形容词的用法是近年来中考的必备考题,考察点主要在于形容词比较等级和最高级的用法上。形容词作表语,宾语,宾语补足语和修饰不定代词时的用法,所涉及的题型有:单项选择,用所给词的正确形式填空,汉译英和完形填空等题,所占分数在4—7分左右。一.形容词的用法及位置1.形容词的概念:用来说明人和事物的特征,性质或状态,常用来修饰名词或不定代词的词叫形容词。2.作定语放在名词前不定代词后。Heisaverycleverboy.Thereissomethingstrangeinthesky.3.做表语放在系动词后。Huipinisveryinteresting,sheoftenplaysjokesonothers.Theroseisbeautiful.Everyonelovesit.4.做宾语补足语时放在宾语后。IthinkitnecessarytolearnEnglishwell.Let’skeepourcityclean.5.某些形容词放在定冠词后变成名词,用来表示一类人或物。常见的有:deaf,blind,old,rich,poor,young,good,bad,black,white,yellow,dead等。Therichshouldhelpthepoor.Theyoungshouldgivetheseatstotheoldinthebus.二.形容词比较等级的构成:原级,比较级和最高级单音节词和少数双音节词的比较级与最高级的构成。㈠规则变化1.一般情况下直接加-er或-est例词:long—longer—longesttall—taller—tallestYoung—younger—youngestcold—colder—coldest2.一不发音的e结尾的词直接加—r或—st.例词:late---later—latestlarge—larger—largestNice—nicer—nicestfine—finer—finest3.以辅音字母加“y”结尾的形容词,把“y”变成“I”再加—er或—est.例词:easy—easier—easiestbusy—busier—busiestheavy—heavier—heaviesthappy—happier—happiest4.重读闭音节结尾的形容词先双写最后一个辅音字母,再加—er或—est。例词:big—bigger—biggesthot—hotter—hottestthin—thinner—thinnest5.部分双音节词和多音节词在形容词原级前加-more或-most。例词:beautiful—morebeautiful—mostbeautifuloutgoing—moreoutgoing—mostoutgoingcareful—morecareful—mostcarefulinteresting—moreinteresting—mostinteresting㈡不规则变化62 例词:good/well—better—bestmany/much—more—mostbad/ill—worse—worstlittle—less—leastfar—farther/further—farthest/furthestold—older/elder—oldest/eldest三.形容词原级的用法1.说明人或事物的品质,特征或状态时用形容词的原级。Thegirlisclever.Sheisbeautiful.2.有标示绝对概念的副词very,so,too,enough,quite,pretty等修饰时用形容词原级。Ifeltverycoldthismorning.TheGreatWallisprettyfamousintheworld.3.表示A与在某一方面程度相同或不同时用形容词原级。⑴肯定句的结构:A…+as+形容词原级+as+B例句:Heisascleverashisfather.Thisstoryisasinterestingasthatone.⑵否定句的结构:A…+as/so+形容词原级+as+B例句:Maryisn’tas/soexcitedasLinda.It’snotas/sowarmtodayasyesterday.⑶表示“A是B的……倍”时,用“A…+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B”结构。(一倍;once,二倍;twice,三倍以上;数字+times)例句:Thisriverisfourtimesaslongasthatone.Mybedroomistwiceasbigashers.四.形容词比较级的用法1.表示两者相比,其中一者在某方面超过或不如对方时用形容词原级。结构为:“A…+比较级+than+B”。例句:Thismovieismoreinterestingthanthatone.Heisthinnerthanhisbrother.Thisbookisbetterthanthatone.注意:为了避免重复,在比较对象中常用theone,that,those等词来替代前面提过的名词。其中theone替代可数名词单数形式,theones或those替代可数名词的复数形式,that替代不可数名词。例句:TheweatherinNovemberiscolderthanthatinOctober.Thispenisbetterthantheoneinthepencil-case.1.形容词比较级前可加much,alot,far,abit,alittle,afew,any,some,even,still等表示程度的副词来修饰该形容词。例句:Iamfeelingmuchbetterthanyesterday.Canyougetsomemoremilk?Heisalittletallerthanme.3.表示A比B具体多多少,少多少时用A+具体数字+比较级+than+B。例句:Hisfatheristwentyyearsolderthanhe.Sheisthreeyearsyoungerthanme.62 4.表示两者之间进行选择“哪一个更……时”,用句型“which/whois+比较级,AorB”来表示。例句:Whichdictionaryismoreuseful,thatoneorthatone?Whoiscleverer,LinHaiorZhangLi?5.表示“两者之间最……一个”时,常用“the+比较级”来表示。例句:Jimistheolderofthetwins.Thecarismoreexpensiveofthetwo.6.表示“越来越……”,用比较级重叠结构,即“比较级+and+比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词用“moreandmore”+形容词来表示。It’sgettingcolderandcolderinwinter.Dalianismoreandmorebeautiful.Heisbecomingmoreandmoreactiveinsports.7.表示“越……就越……”,用“the+比较级,the+比较级”。Themoreyoulearn,themoreyouknow.Thehigher,thecolder.五.形容词最高级用法1.表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用最高级形式。常用“the+最高级+比较范围”结构,比较范围常用in/of短语。例句:ChangjiangisthelongestriverinChina.Heisthetallestofthethree.Thisisthebestpictureinthehall.2.表示在三者或三者以上的人或事务中进行选择时用“which/whois+the+最高级+比较范围”。例句:Whichcityisthemostbeautiful,Shenzhen,ShuzhouorDalian?Whoisthelazieststudentinyourclass?3.表示“最……之一时”,用“oneofthe+最高级+名词”,名词用复数形式。例句:Beijingisonethemostfamouscitiesintheworld.Beihaiparkisoneofthelargestparksinourcountry.4.形容词最高级前可以加序数词,表示“第几个最……”例句:Huangheisthesecondlongestriverinourcountry.Heisthethirdheaviestinourclass.1.形容词最高级前面可以用物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等来修饰,但此时不再用定冠词the。例句:Youaremybestfriend.ThisthinnestboyisinClassFive,GradeThree.6.形容词比较级结构表示最高级含义,用“比较级+than+anyother+名词单数”;“比较级+than+theother+名词复数”;“比较级+than+anyoneelse”结构。例句:Liyingisthemostoutgoinginherclass.Liyingismoreoutgoingthananyotherstudentinherclass.Liyingismoreoutgoingthantheotherstudentsinherclass.Liyingismoreoutgoingthananyoneelseinherclass.62 形容词部分易混知识一.--ing形容词和—ed形容词--ing形容词表示主动意义,多指事物对人的影响,一般修饰事物。--ed形容词表示被动意义,多指人对事物的感受,主语一般是人,常用语“sb.+--ed形容词+介词”结构。-ing形容词-ed形容词例句exciting令人兴奋的excited感到兴奋的Thereisanexcitingnews.Themanisexcitedaboutthemovie.fascinating迷人的fascinated着迷的Shehasfascinatingeyes.Manyboysarefascinatedbysoccer.interesting有趣的interested感兴趣的Thisisaninterestingbook.HeisinterestedinEnglish.moving令人感动的moved受感动的Thisisamovingstory.Wearemovedbythestory.surprising令人惊讶的surprised感到惊讶的Thefilmhasasurprisingending.Heissurprisedatherletter.二.两者相比较表示A不如B时,多音节和部分双音节形容词除了用“not…as/so+形容词原级+as”结构以外,还可以用“less+形容词原级+than”结构。例句:1.Thisbookisnotasinterestingasthatone.Thisbookislessinterestingasthatone.2.Heisnotsocarefulasothers.Heislesscarefulasothers.三.通常形容词家—ly可以构成副词,但有些以—ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。例如:daily(日常的)friendly有好的)likely(有希望的)Lively(有生气的,活泼的)lonely(孤独的,孤单的)Lovely(可爱的,有趣的)副词部分几年来副词的考查也很多,主要是副词的比较级和最高级的用法62 副词与动词构成的固定搭配,形容词与副词的词义辨析等。考试的主要方式为:单项选择,用所给词的适当形式填空,完型填空或完句子等。所占分数为3—5分左右。一.副词的比较级与最高级副词的比较级与最高级的构成与形容词一样在此就不总结了。二.副词的用法副词时用来修饰动词,形容词,其它副词以及全句的词,表示时间,地点,程度,方式等概念的词叫副词。1.副词的主要作用是用作状语,用来修饰动词,形容词,其它副词或整个句子。例句:Pleasedrivethecarcarefully.Heisveryfunny,heoftentellsjokes.三.副词的分类1.时间副词:before,last,night,lately,now,then,today,tomorrowtonight,yesterday,ever,often,seldom,ago,sometimes,usually,already,early,soon,yet等。时间副词时句子时态的重要标志,所以要牢记不同时态的时间副词。2.地点副词:地点副词和动词连用时不用加介词。anywhere,away,downstairs,everywhere,here,home,somewhere,there,upstairs,along,behind,down,up,off,inside,outside,out,in,on,near等。3.方式副词:方式副词大多由形容词加—ly构成。hardly,carefully,clearly,differently,easily,freely,heavily,happily,loudly,quietly等。4.程度副词:有些程度副词可以修饰形容词原级,有些修饰形容词比较级。quite,rather,really,very,truly,so,too等。5.疑问副词:疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的。how,when,why,where,howfar,howlong,howoften,howsoon等。1.关系副词:关系副词可以引导关系从句做宾语。how,when,where,why等。四.副词的位置1.作状语时一般放在动词之后。如果谓语动词带有宾语,副词放在宾语之后。HespeaksEnglishcarefully.Helikessports.Herunsfast.2.表示频率的副词做状语时放在be动词词,助动词和情态动词之后,行为动词前。62 Heisalwayslateforclass.Theyoftendomorningexercises.3.有些副词放在句子前,表示强调上下文的衔接。Suddenlyheranaway.Sometimeshegoestoworkbybus.4.enough修饰形容词和副词时,放在形容词和副词之后。Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.Hestudieshardenoughtopasstheexam.副词部分易混知识一.hard/hardlyHard表示“努力地,辛苦地”是程度副词。Hardly是表示“几乎不”,是否定副词。Asstudentsweshouldstudyhard.Shecanhardlyunderstandwhatyousays.二.howlong,howoften,howsoon,howfar1.howlong表示“多久,多长时间”,是对一个持续的时间段提问,用于完成时态句子中。常用“for时间段和since时间点”来回答。--HowlonghaveyoulearnedChinese?--Ihavelearnedforthreeyears.2.howsoon表示“多块”或“多久以后”,是对一个暂短动词提问,用于一般将来时态句子中,常用“in加时间段”来回答。--Howsoonwillyoufinishyourhomework?--Inanhour.3.howfar表示“多远”是对距离进行提问。--Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool?--It’saboutfiveminutes’walk.4.howoften表示“多长时间一次”,是对频率副词进行提问,常用“once,twice,threetimesaweek,everyday,”等回答。--Howoftendoyouexercises?--Threetimesaweek.三.too/also/either都表示“也”too一般用于陈述肯定句中,放在句尾。also用于be动词或助动词之后,行为动词之前either用于否定句中,放在句尾。例句:Heisaworker,sheisateacher,too.Heisn’tanEnglishteacher,either.SheisalsofromShenzhen.Icanalsosingthissong.Healsolikesplayingbasketball.四.too/so/enough62 too“太,很”,用于“too…to…”结构中,表示否定意义“太……而不能……”。Heistooyoungtogotoschool.so“如此”,用于“so…that…”结构中,表示“如此……以至于……”。Heissoyoungthathecan’tgotoschool.enough“足够”,用于“形容词/副词原级+enoughto…”结构,表示“足够……,能……”。Heisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.五.already/yet都用于完成时态句子中,already用于肯定句中;yet用于否定句或疑问句中。例句:IhavealreadybeentoBeijingtwice.Ihaven’tbeentoBeijingyet.HaveyoubeentoBeijing,yet?六.muchtoo/toomuchmuchtoo“非常,及其,太”,much和too都是副词,much修饰too,用于加强语气,中心词是too,muchtoo用来修饰形容词或副词原级。Thatcarismuchtooexpensive.toomuch“太多”,too修饰much,用以加强语气,much是中心词。toomuch修饰不可数名词,意义与toomany一样,d但toomany修饰可数名词。Heisveryfat,heeatstoomuchmeat.介词部分介词是中考的主要词汇之一,常以选择填空,完形填空等形式,62 汉译英等形式出现,所占分数为3—5分左右。一.时间介词:1.at,in和onde用法区别at表示具体时间点:atnoon,atnight,atseveno’clockin表示星期,月,季,年,世纪:inMay2,inwinter,in1998,inthe2009s;还可用于表示某一天的上,下午晚上等。inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheeveningon表示具体某一天或具体某天的上午,下午,晚上等;onOctober1st,onSunday,onasunnyday注意:在含有this,that,next,last,yesterday,tomorrow等词或词组前不用介词。2.in与after用法区别in与after都可以表示时间,意思都是“在……以后”区别在于:In表示从现在算起到若干时间之后,用于一般将来时或过去将来时句子中。Shewillcomehereinfivedays.WearegoingtoShanghaiinafewweeks.after表示从过去算起到若干时间以后,用于一般过去时。Theywenthomeafterthreedays.in只接时间段,而after即可接时间段,又可接时间点,表示在将来某个时间之后,此时可用于一般将来时和一般过去时句子中。Iwillcomebackafter12o’clock.WewenttoShanghaiafteraweek.3.from,since和for的用法区别from说明时间的起点,可用于各种时态。Iamsittingherefrommorning.WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.since表示从某个时间一直延续至今,后接时间点,用于完成时态。HehaslivedinDaliansince1999.IhavelearnedEnglishsincefiveyearsago.for表示动作延续发生于整个过程,后接时间段,用于完成时。Theyhavebeenherefor10years.Wakehimup,hehasbeensleepingforabout12hours.4.until和till的用法区别until用于否定句中,常构成“not…until…”表示“直到……才……”,其前面的动词多用结束性的。Hisbrotherdidn’tgotobeduntil1pmlastnight.Shedidn’tcomeuntilIcalledher.till用于肯定句中,表示“直到……为止”,其前面的谓语动词必须用延续性动词。62 Hermotherwaitedforhertillshecameback.Theyhadameetingtill11o’clock.二.方位介词1.at,in和on的区别at表示较小的地点;athome,atthebusstop,atschoolin表示较大的地点;inBeijing,intheworld,inChinaon表示在一个平面上;onthetable,ontheplayground2.infrontof和inthefrontofinfrontof表示“在……之前”(范围外,不同个体之间)Thereisabigtreeinfrontofthehouse.Thereisapayphoneinfrontofthepostoffice.inthefrontof表示“在……前部”(范围内,个体自身)Thereisabigdeskinthefrontoftheclassroom.Heisstandinginthefrontoftheroom.3.in,to和on的区别in表示在某一地区之间的某个方位(属于该地区)ShenyangisinthenorthofChina.DaWaisinthesouthofPanjinCity.to表示在某一地区之外的某个方位(不属于该地区)JapanistotheeastofChina.DaWacountyistothesouthofPanShancounty.on表示两地点相邻.PanjincityisonthenorthofYingkoucity.IndiaisonthewestofChina.over,above和on的区别over指“在……正上方”,表示垂直之上。Thereisamordenbridgeovertheriver.Aplaneflewovermyheadjustnow.above指在一个平面的上方或斜上方。Look!Thereisamapabovethepictureonthewall.Thereisaclockaboveyourhead.on指的是两个物体相接触时一个物体在另一个物体的上面。Thereisabookonthedesk.Heputhisbackpackonthesofa.介词部分易混知识一.意思相近介词的区别1.between与among的区别;between指“在……两者之间”,常常和and连用。HeoftensitsbetweenLirongandZhanghai.Thereisahospitalbetweenthebankandthehotel.among指“在三者或三者以上的事物之间使用”。62 Listen!Heistalkingamongthestudents.Amongthemthereisabeautifulgirl.2.but,besides和except的区别;but表示“除……之外”常与有否定意义的词连用。Thereisnothingtodobutwait.Theoldmanhasnothingbutadog.besides表示“除……之外还有”。其前面常有other,another,afew,anyother等。ThereareafewpeopleintheroombesidesTom.Wewenttovisitmygrandmabesidesmyparents.except表示“除……之外不再有”,其前面常有no,any,every,all等。WeareallhereexceptLinheng.Everystudentisintheclassroomexceptourteacher.3.across和through的区别;两者都表示“穿过,越过”。across表示“从……表面穿过”,或“沿着某一条线的方向而进行的动作”。Canyouswimacrosstheriver?Pleasehelptheoldmantowalkacrossthestreet.through表示“从……中间穿过”Thethiefranawaythroughthedoor.Afteryouwalkthroughtheforests,youwillseeahouse.4.in,by和with表示用时的区别;in表示用语言,声音等。YoumaytalktotheminEnglish.CanyousayitinCjinese?Shesaid“Goodbye”inasweetvoice.by表示“用……手段或方式”Hecameherebyrunning.Shealwaysgoestoworkbybike.with表示“用具体有形的东西”。Pleasecutupthebananaswithaknife.Weseewithoureyesandwehearwithourears.二.“动词+介词”和“动词+副词”的区别“动词+介词”和“动词+副词”都构成动词短语,两者区别在于“动词+介词”宾语只放在介词之后。Iwillagreetoyouridea.Pleasewaitforme.I’llbebacksoon.“动词+副词”当宾语为名词时,放在副词前或后面均可。当宾语为代词时只放在动词和副词之间。Pleaseturnonthelight—Pleaseturnthelighton.Youmaylookthemupinadictionary.62 Youmustputitdown.连词部分62 连词也时近几年来的中考考点,基本上是以单项选择,句型转换或完形填空的形式出现。所占分值为2—4分。连词时一种虚词,在句子中不能独立担当句子成分而只起到连接词与词,短语与短语,句子与句子的作用。连词分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。一.并列连词表示单词,短语,从句或句子之间有并列关系。1.表示平行或对等关系的并列连词。and–和;both…and–两个都;notonly…butalso–不但而且…neither…nor-既不……也不……例句:Shewassinginganddancingallevening.You,heandIaremiddleschoolstudents.BothLileiandZhanghuilikeplayingbasketball.NotonlyyoubutalsoshecanspeakEnglish.NeitherhenorIhavebeentoShenzhen.2.表示转折关系的并列连词。but-但是(yet–然而however–然而,在初中阶段用的很少)while–而。例句:Hecanplaytheguitar,butIcan’t.Hisbrotherisstudyingwhileheisplayingcomputergames.3.表示因果关系的连词。because/as/since/for用来表示“因为”so/therefor用来表示“因此,所以”。Hedidn’tgetupontime,becausehestayeduplastnight.Histeacherdidn’tlethimin,ashewaslateforclass.Shewasverytired,soshewenttobedearly.4.表示选择关系的并列连词。or–“或者,否则”either…or…-“要么……要么……”neither…nor–“既不……也不……”。⑴以or连接的句子可以转换为以否定条件构成的主从复合句。Getupplease,oryouwillbelateforclass.﹦Ifyoudon’tgetup,youwillbelateforclass.Bequick,oryouwillmissthebus﹦Ifyoudon’tbequick,Youwillmissthebus.⑵either…or…连接主语时,谓语动词采用“就近原则”,即与靠近它的主语在人称数上都保持一致。Eitheryouoryourbrotherhastogo.Eitheryourbrotheroryouhavetogo.EitherheorIamateacher.EitherIorheisateacher.neither…nor…连接主语时,谓语动词也要采取就近原则。Neitheryounorsheisright.Neithershenoryouareright.二.从属连词62 从属连词是引导从句的连词。㈠引导状语从句的连词:1.引导时间状语从句的连词主要有:when,while,before,after,until,since,assoonas等。⑴before;“在……以前”,常与过去时,一般现在时连用。Ihavebeenherebeforeyoucame.Theymustgohomebeforehegoes.⑵after;“在……之后”,常用于过去时,现在时或完成时态句子中。Theywentawayaftertheyhadfinishedthework.I’llcallyouafterIhavespokentothem.⑶when/while两者都表示“当……的时候”。when所引导的从句中谓语动词必须是结束性动词,(即瞬间性动词)Shewassleepingwhenhermothercameback.WhatweretheydoingwhentheUFOlanded?while所引导的谓语动词必须是延续性的,动作所发生的不是瞬间,而是可持续的。Whileshewassleepinghermothercamein.WhileIwaseating,theywerewatchingTV.⑷since“自从……以来“。since连接的从句通常用过去时,而主句通常用一般现在时或现在完成时。It’sthreeyearspastsinceIcamehere.Wehaven’tseeneachothersinceyouleft.⑸assoonas“一……就……”。该连词所在的从句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句中谓语动词要用一般将来时表示将来的意义。IwilltellyouassoonasIgettheinformation.HewillgotoseeyouassoonashegetstoBeijing.2.引导地点状语从句的连词where.Pleasekeepsittingwhereyouare.Ineverforgettheplacewherewemetthefirsttime.3.引导原因状语从句的连词有:because,as,since,for。Hedidn’tgotoschoolbecauseheisill.Hetookataxiforitwasrainingthismorning.4.引导结果状语从句的连词有:so…that,such…that⑴such修饰名词句子结构为:such+a/an+adj+n+that从句Hewassuchafatmanthathecouldn’tgetthroughthedoor.﹦Hewassofatthathecouldn’tgetthroughthedoor.Sheissuchaclevergirlthatshecanworkoutthemathproblem.﹦Sheissocleverthatshecanworkoutthemathproblem.such+adj+不可数名词/可数名词的复数形式+that从句Thepeoplearesuchathleticthattheycancarrytheheavythings.so修饰形容词和副词so+adj/adv+that从句62 Heissointerestingthateveryonelikeshim.HerunssofastthatIcan’tfollowhim.当名词由many,much,few何little修饰时用so不用suchso+many/few+名词复数+that从句so+much/little+不可数名词+that从句Hehassomanybooksthathecan’tfinishesreadingthem.Shealwayseatssomuchmeatthatsheisveryfat.5.引导目的状语从句的连词有:so,sothatPleasegivemeamap,soIwon’tmisstheway.Sheworkedhardsothateverythingwouldbereadyintime.Hegotupearlysothathecouldgettoschoolontime.Pleasespeakloudlysothateveryonecanhearyouclearly.6.引导条件状语从句的连词有:if和unless等。Ifyouaskhim,hewilltellyou.Wewon’tgoifitrainstomorrow.Iwillgotothezoounlessitsnowsnextweek.7.引导让步状语从句的连词有:although/though“尽管”“虽然……但……”however“不管怎么样”等。Thoughitislate,wemustfinishthework.Heisstillworking,althoughitislatenight.㈡引导宾语从句的连词⒈that用来引导由陈述句转变成的宾语从句HesaidthathelikedEnglishverymuch.Shethoughtthathewasright.2.if和whether引导由一般疑问句转变成的宾语从句。if和whether引导宾语从句时,一般情况下两者可以互换。在下列情况下只能用whether,不用if。⑴与ornot连用时Idon’tknowwhetherIshouldgoornot.I’llseewhethersheisathomeornot.Iamgoingwhetheryoulikeitornot.⑵在介词后作宾语时IamthinkingaboutwhetherhecansingEnglishsongs.⑶与动词不定式连用时Hedoesn’tknowwhethertogo.Itseemedthathedidn’tdecidewhethertogo.3.when,where,who,whom,whose,what,which,why,how,if,whether引导的特殊疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。Idon’tknowwhytheydidn’tcome.Canyoutellmewhenitwillrain?Doyouknowwhoisourmonitor?Pleasetelluswhichbuswemaytake.㈢引导其他从句的连词that,if,whether,和what62 Whatyousaidistrue.(主语从句)Thefactisthathenevergoestoschool.(表语从句)Theproblemiswhetherhewillcome.(表语从句)连词易混知识一.if的不同用法1.当表示“如果,假如”时,引导条件状语从句,此时如果主句是将来时或是祈使句,if从句用一般现在时表示将来时Ifwehaveameeting,I’llgothereearly.I’llgowithyouifIhavetime.2.当表示“是否”时,引导宾语从句,一般可以与whether互换,从句的失态由事实而定。Idon’tknowif/whetherwewillhaveameeting.Canyoutellmeif/whetheritwillrain.二.and和or在否定句中的不同用法1.当列举的成分是主语并且在否定之前时,用and连接。Yourbrotherandyoucan’tgohomenow.Ourteacherandwewillgototheconcerttogether.当列举成分在否定词之后用or连接,构成完全否定。Idon’thaveaTVoracomputer.Theydidn’tgotoDalianorShenyang.2.在否定句中,如果所连接的两部分都有否定词,用and而不用or连接。Thebookisnotnewandnotold.Heisnottallandnotshort.在肯定句中,without之后的列举成分用or连接构成完全否定:Fishwilldiewithoutwaterorair.在否定句中,without之后的列举成分用and连接构成完全否定句Mancan’tlivewithoutwaterandair.三.不能同时出现在同一个句子中的连词1.because,“因为”so,“所以”不能同时用在一个句子中。Becausehegotuplate,hemissedtheearlybus.Hegotuplate,sohemissedtheearlybus.2.though/although不能同时出现在一个句子中。Thoughitisraining,Iwillgoout.Itisraining,butIwillgoout.Thoughit’sdark,heisstillworkinginthefactory.It’sdark,heisstillworkinginthefactory.动词时态和分类62 动词时态是中考分数比例最大的一项,每年中考都在10—15分左右,主要考点在于一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时,现在进行时,过去进行时等。就时态而然学生应学会八种时态的用法,掌握其构成,词形变化,学会利用上下文或时间状语来判断时态。一.动词的分类动词按其作用分为:实义动词;系动词;助动词;情态动词等四种。1.实义动词包括:及物动词和不及物动词。⑴及物动词:可以直接接宾语的动词叫及物动词。⑵不及物动词:不能直接接宾语的动词叫不及物动词。2.系动词:系动词包括:be,seem,sound,turn,get,become,taste,look等,系动词后接表语。3.助动词:助动词包括:be,have,do(does,did)will,shall,would,should,等。当be在句子中构成进行时态或构成被动语态时是助动词。(be+doing,be+done)当have在句子中构成完成时或现在完成进行时态时是助动词。(havedone,havebeendoing)4.情态动词:情态动词有:can,may,must,could,might,havehaveto等。二.实义动词:在句子中能独立作谓语的动词叫实义动词。㈠及物动词及物动词后接宾语1.动词+宾语WelearnEnglish.Helikesoranges.2.动词+直接宾语+间接宾语Couldyougivemeanewspaper?Myfatherboughtmeanewcomputer.常见带双宾语的动词有:bring,buy,cook,get,give,leave,Lend,make,offer,pass,return,teach,tell,write等。3.动词+宾语+宾语补足语Nothingcanmakemechangemymind.WecallhimJimGreen.Weoftenhearhersingingintheclassroom.构成这种结构的动词有:have,hear,let,make,notice,see,Watch等。㈡不及物动词:不能直接接宾语的动词叫不及物动词。IliveinPanjin.Lookattheblackboard.Pleasewaitforme.Listentomecarefully.㈢短语动词:62 有些动词与其他词搭配一起构成段与动词,其作用相当于一个单一动词。1.动词+副词课做及物动词也可作不及物动词。Hetookoffhiscoatandwenttobed.Shepickedupawalletandgaveittothepoliceman.Don’tgiveup!2.动词+介词相当于一个及物动词。Wemustlookafterourparents.Pleaselookatthephoto.It’sverygood.Pleasewaiformehere.3.动词+副词+介词Iamlookingforwardtoyourletter.(我盼望着你的来信)Hurryup,ortheywillcatchupwithus.Don’tlookoutofthewindow,wearehavingameeting.4.动词+名词+介词(这类词组前面可以加形容词做定语)Youmustmakegooduseofthetime.Theymadefriendswithalittlegirlyerterday.㈣延续性动词和非延续性动词延续性动词表示动作是可持续的,可以和表示一段的时间状语连用。如:keep,live,work,walk,wait,stay,study,learn,teach.HehastaughtEnglishfortwentyyears.Havelonghaveyoulivedhere?Canyoustayathomeforalittlelonger?非延续性动词表示瞬间动作,动作一经发生立即结束。如:get,stop,come,gobuy,finish,borrow,die,join,lend,begin.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewastenyearsold.Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortenyears.(这里不能用hasdied,因为跌是结束性动词)Thefilmhadbegunwhentheygotthere.(这里不能用hadbegun,因为begin是结束性动词)Canyoulendmeyourbike?三.系动词系动词本身有意义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起东同构成谓语。表语通常是由名词和形容词来充当,说明主语的状态,性质,特征或身份。常见的系动词有:be,look,get,become,taste,seem,smell,sound,turn,feel等。Whensheheardthis,herfaceturnedred.Thefishtastesterrible.Don’teatit.Helookshappynow.It’sgettinghotterandhotterwhensummercomes.62 Heeatstoomuch,soheisveryfat.Itseemsdifficultforhimtoswim.四.助动词助动词本身没有词汇意义疑或意义不完整,不能单独作谓语。必须与实义动词连用,一起构成各种时态,语态和语气以及否定和疑问结构。常见的助动词有:be,do,have,shall,will等。㈠助动词be(is,am,are,was,were)1.be+动词的现在分词构成现在进行时Look!Theyarehavingabasketballgame.Weweresingingwhenhecamein.Don’ttroublehim,heiswritingaletter.2.be+动词的过去分词构成被动语态Englishisspokenallovertheworld.Manytreesareplantedeveryyear.Thethifewascaughtbythepolicemen.㈡助动词have(had,has)1.have/has+动词的过去分词构成现在完成时Wehaveknowneachotherforabouttwentyyears.IhavebeentoBeijingtwice,Iwanttogoagain.Shehasbeenhereforalongtime.2.have/has+been+动词的现在分词构成现在完成进行时IhavebeenlearningEnglishsincetenyearsago.Hehasbeenteachinginthisschoolformanyyears.㈢助动词do/does助动词do/does用于构成疑问句和否定句,也用于倒装句,用来强调或代表前面动词以避免重复。--Doyoustudyinthisschool?--Yes,Ido./No,Idon’t.--Doesshelikemusic?--Yes,shedoes./No,shedoesn’t.Hedidn’tgotoworkyesterday,becausehewasill.Dostayforsomemoredays.(务必再呆几天)--Helikesswimming,--SodoI.㈣助动词will(would),shall(should)will(would),shall(should)用于构成将来时。shall仅用于第一人称,will可用于各种人称。WhatshallIdo?Shallwegonow?Weshallnotmeethimtillnextweek.Wewillgoshoppingthisafternoon.Hewillcometomorrow.Ifyouworkhard,youwillpasstheexam.Iknewyouwouldagreewithme.62 五.情态动词情态动词具有一定的词义,但本身不表示动作或状态,而仅仅表示说话人的态度,必须和动词原形构成谓语。情态动词以后讲。一.动词的五种基本形式动词主要是用来表示动作,状态和性质,而动作的状态的发生有具体的时间和表达方式,这就是英语动词的时态。英语动词的失态是由动词的不同形式来表示。英语动词的五种基本形式:动词原形;第三人称单数;现在分词;过去时和过去分词。㈠动词的第三人称单数1.一般情况下在动词后直接加-s.sing--singsmake—makesspeak—speakslet—lets2.以-ch,-sh,-s,-o,-x结尾的动词加—es。watch—watches,brush—brushes,push—pushes,pass—passesdo—doesgo—goes3.以辅音字母加—y结尾的动词,先将—y变—i再加—es。study—studiestry—triescarry—carries4.以元音字母加—y结尾的动词在后面么直接加—s。stay—staysplay—playsenjoy—enjoys㈡动词的现在分词1.一般情况下在词尾直接加--ing。do—doingplay—playingstudy—studyingsing--singing2.以不发音的—e结尾的动词,去掉—e再加—ing。make—makinghave—havinglive—livingwrite—writing3.以重读闭音节结尾的词,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写该字母,然后再加—ing。put—puttingcut—cuttingsit—sittingrun—running4.少数几个以—ie结尾的动词要先变—ie为—y再加—ing。die—dyingtie—tyinglie—lying㈢规则动词的过去时和过去分词的构成1.一般情况下在动词后加—edplay—playedwork—workedhelp—helpedwash—washed2.以辅音字母加—y结尾的动词,先变—y为—i再加—ed。carry---carriedstudy—studiedhurry—hurried3.以—e结尾的动词,在词尾直接加—dlike—likedhope—hopedarrive—arrived4.以重读闭音节结尾的动词,而末尾只有一个辅音字母的,先双写该字母,然后再加—ed。stop—stoppedplan—plannedstep—stepped㈣不规则动词的过去时和过去分词的构成1.第一类不规则动词的原形,过去时与过去分词一致。62 spreadshutcuthurtcosthitputsetsplit2.第二类不规则动词的过去时和过去分词相同。keep—kept—keptsweep—swept—sweptsleep—slept—sleptsell—sold—soldtell—told—toldlend—lent—lentsend—sent—sentsay—said—saidpay—paid—paidburn—burnt—burntlearn—learnt—learntmean—meant—meantbring—brought—broughtbuy—bought—boughtfight—fought—foughtthink—thought--thoughtcatch—caught—caughtteach—taught—taught3.第三类不规则动词的原形,过去时和过去分词都不一样。break—broke—brokenspeak—spoke—spokensteal—stole—stolenwear—wore—wornbear—bore—borntear—tore—torngrow—grew—grownblow—blew—blownknow—knew—knownthrow—thew—thown二.动词的时态初中阶段要求掌握九种时态,包括:一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时,一般将来时,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去将来时,现在完成进行时等九种。㈠一般现在时的用法1.表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态,常和always,usually,often,sometimes,everyday,onSundays等连用。Igotoworkeveryday.Theyoftenplaybasketballontheplayground.Sometimesshegoestoschoolbybus.2.表示客观事实或普遍真理Thesunrisesintheeastandgetsdowninthewest.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.3.在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来IfIseehim,Iwilltellhim.Wewillgotoseeyouassoonaswegetthere.㈡一般过去时的用法1.表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去时间概念的时间状语连用,如:amomentago,justnow,yesterday,lastyear,lastweek,in2009,inthosedays,atthattime。Iwenttobedatninelastnight.HebegantolearnEnglishthreeyearsago.Shesangasongjustnow.2.表示过去习惯性或经常发生的动作。过去常常做某事用usedtodosthSheusedtoplaysoccerwithherclassmates.62 Iusedtobeshort,butnowIamtall.Weoftenplayedbasketballtogether.㈢一般将来时1.表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。其构成是will+动词原形,常和表示将来时间概念的时间状语连用。如:tomorrow,nextweek,inafewdays,thedayaftertomorrow等。Theywillgonextmonth.Iwillbebackinafewdays.当主语是I,we时可用shall,但也可以用will。Shallwegonow?WhatshallIdo?2.begoingto+动词原形,表示计划打算或即将发生某事。Iamgoingtoplaytheviolinthisevening.Wearegoingtogoshoppingnextweek.It’sgoingtosnowsoon.be+现在分词表示将来时。IamleavingforBeijing.--Howareyougoing?--Bybusorbytrain.㈣现在进行时1.表示现在(说话人正在说话的时候)正在进行的动作。常与now,atpresent,atthismoment等连用。--Whatareyougoingnow?--Iamreadingabook.Look!Theyareplayingsoccerthere.2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作和状态。HeisstudyingEnglishthisterm.Ourteacheriswritingabookabouthowtolearnwell.3.come,go,leave,arrive,start等动词用现在进行时表示将来时。Thebusiscomingsoon.Theyarearrivingtomorrow.㈤现在完成时1.表示过去发生火已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。already与yet常和现在完成时连用,already用于肯定句中,可以放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句尾。Yet用在疑问句中意为(已经),用在否定句中表示“还”,常放在句尾。Ihavelostmykey.ShehasgonetoBeijing.Hehaswashedhiscar,it’sclean.Wehavealreadyfinishedourhomework.--Haveyouhadyourlunchyet?--Yes,Ihave.表示动作或状态在过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还要持续下去,常和for,since连用,表示持续的动作或状态,动词多为延续性动词。Ihavebeenhereforalongtime.Theyhaveperformedtheplayfortwohours.--Havelonghashebeenill?--Sincelastmonth.㈥过去进行时62 表示在过去某一时间,或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。常和表示过去的时间概念的时间状语连用。如:then,atthattime,atfiveyesterday,thistimelastnight等。Iwasn’tdoinganythingatthatmoment.TheywerewatchingTVthistimeyesterday.Iwasthinkingofyouallthoseyears.Hewasgoinghishomeworkwhenhismothercame.Iwaswritingalittlewhenshecalledme.㈦过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前或过去某一动作以前就已经完成的动作,即动作发生的时间是过去的过去。过去完成时常与时间状语从句和by引导的介词短语连用。WhenIgotthere,thebushadalreadyleft.Ihadfinishedmyworkbeforehecame.Bythetimehecamewehadhadourdinner.Byyesterdayhehadcleanedhisroom.㈧过去将来时1.表示从过去某事看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用在宾语从句中,主句中谓语动词为过去时态。Hesaidthathewouldgothenextweek.Iknewyouwouldagree.2.was/weregoingto+动词原形,表示曾经打算或准备要做的事情。(动作)OurteachersaidweweregoingtotheGreatWallnextyear.Hewasjustgoingtogotobedwhenhissoncameback.Ithoughtitwasgoingtorainsoon.㈨现在完成进行时表示从过去某事开始发生的动作,一直持续到现在,而且一直在继续用现在完成进行时。结构为have+been+动词的现在分词。常与for和since连用。TheyhavebeenlearningChineseforfiveyears.Theyhavebeensittingheresincethismorning.动词部分易混知识一.动词的分类㈠usedtodosth,beusedtodoingsth,beusedtodosth的用法区别。usedtodosth.表示过去经常做某事;beusedtodoingsth.表示习惯做某事,to后用名词或动名词;beusedtodosth.表示被用来做什么;Heusedtodomorningexerciseinthepark.Iusedtoplayvolleyball.Heisusedtoswimminginthemorning.WeareusedtoreadingEnglishattheEnglishcorner.Keysareusedtoopenthedoors.62 Pensareusedforwriting.㈡bring,take,carry和fetch得区别bring“拿来,带来”,表示“拿到靠近说话者的地方”;take“带走,拿去”,表示“拿到远离说话者的地方”;carry“扛,抬,搬”,用力挪动,没有方向;fetch“去取,去拿”表示“往返拿东西”;Doyoubringyourwalletwithyou?Pleasebringthesebookshere.It’sraining,youcantakemyumbrella.Pleasetakethesebookstotheclassroom.Letmecarrytheboxforyou.Whowillcarrythebigbag?Iamhungry.Wouldyoupleasefetchmesomethingtoeat?Hewenttoschooltofetchhisson.㈢borrow,lend和keep的区别。borrow“借”为终结性动词,表示主语“介入”,常与from连用,构成borrowsth.fromsb.lend“借”为终结性动词,表示主语“借出”常与to连用,构成“lendsth.tosb”keep“保存,借”,为持续性动词,表示长时间的借。Iborrowedsomebooksfromthelibrary.Sheborrowedabikefromhisbrother.Canyoulendmeyourdictionary?ShelentmeherpenandIdidn’tgiveittoher.HowlongmayIkeepit?Youcankeepthebookforamonth.㈣see,watch,look和read用法的区别see“看见”,表示结果;look“看”表示动作,是不及物动词,后面需加介词at,才能接宾语。watch“看(比赛,电视等)”有认真看之意;read“看(书,报,杂志)”,表示阅读;Doyouseeabirdinthetree?Ihaveseenthefilmtwice.Look,thereisaflyingkiteinthesky.Pleaselookattheblackboard.IlikewatchingTVverymuch.Haveyoueverwatchedthebasketballmatch?Hisfatherusuallyreadthenewspaperintheevening.Readingbooksinbedisbadforyoureyes.㈤arrive,reach,和getto得区别arrive“到达”,必须与in或at连用才可加宾语,大地点用in小地点用at。reach“到达”及物动词,后直接跟地点名词。getto“到达”,直接跟地点名词。62 Shearrivedatthebusstopatseventhirty.TheyarrivedinShanghaiyesterday.Whenshereachedhome,herparentshadgonetosleep.Ireachedthelibraryatteno’clock.Howdoyougettoschooleveryday?Hegetstothefactoryearlyeverymorning.㈥dress,wear,puton和in的区别dress“穿戴”,宾语是sb.,表示“给某人穿衣服”。dresssb.up表示“打扮某人”。wear“穿戴,戴着”,表示状态。puton“穿上,戴上”,表示动作。in“穿着”,表示穿“什么颜色的衣服”。Motherdressedherlittlebabyinabluedress.Shealwaysdressesinblack.Iwanttogototheparty.Wouldyoupleasedressmeup?Thewomaniswearingapairofglasses.Hewearsacoateveryday.It’scoldoutside,pleaseputonyourcoat.Putyourjacket,let’sgo.Sheisinareddresstoday.㈦die,dead,death,和dying得用法die“死”,不及物动词,终止性动词dead“死的”形容词,表示状态dying“垂死的,要死的”,形容词death“死”,名词Hisfatherdiedtwoyearsago.Whendidyourgrandfatherdie?Hehasbeendeadforthreeyears.Howlonghasyouruncledied?Thepoordogisdying.Hefelloffthetreeandheisdying.Hisdeathmadeussad.HisdeathisheavierthanMountTai.二.动词的时态㈠have/hasbeento与have/hasgoneto得区别have/hasbeento表示“曾经去过某地”,现在已经回来了have/hasgoneto表示“去了某地”,现在不在这里--HaveyoueverbeentoAmerica?--No,Ihaven’t.HehasbeentoBeiDaihetwice.--WhereisLiLei?--Hehasgonetohisoffice.--WhyTomisn’there?--HehasgonetoBeijing.㈡延续动词和非延续性动词62 延续性动词可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用,非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用,如果连用,就要用相应的延续性动词或be短语代替。borrow—keepbuy—haveclose—becloseddie—bedeadleave—beawayopen—beopenstart/begin—beonIboughtthisbooktwoweeksago.Ihavehadthisbookfortwoweeks.Themeetingbegantenminutesago.Themeetinghasbeenonfortenminutes.Helefttheroomtwohoursago.Hehasbeenawayfromtheroomfortwohours.动词的被动语态被动语态在中考时主要考查一般现在时,一般过去时,62 现在完成时和含有情态动词的被动语态。被动语态常以选择填空,句型转换,完形填空和汉译英等形式出现。一.被动语态的概念表示主语是动作的承受着,这样的语态叫做被动语态。二.被动语态的构成及用法㈠被动语态的构成1.被动语态的基本结构:be+及物动词的过去分词2.各种时态的主动和被动语态的结构与例句一般现在时的被动语态is,am,are+及物动词的过去分词;Weplanttreeseveryyear.Treesareplantedbyuseveryyear.Theymakecarsinthefactory.Carsaremadeinthefactory.一般过去时的被动语态was,were+及物动词的过去分词Hewrotealetterlastnight.Aletterwaswrittenbyhimlastnight.Shedidherhomeworkjustnow.Herhomeworkwasdonebyherjustnow.现在进行时的被动语态is,am,are+being+及物动词的过去分词Heiscookingdinner.Dinnerisbeingcookedbyhim.Sheismakingakite.Akiteisbeingmadebyher.现在完成时的被动语态have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词Theyhavefinishedthework.Theworkhasbeenfinishedbythem.Ihaveboughtanewpen.AnewpenhasbeenboughtbyI.一般将来时的被动语态will/shall/begoingto+be+及物动词的过去分词Mr.Liwillteachusmathnextterm.MathwillbetaughttousbyMr.Linextterm.Wearegoingtogrowteainthenorth.Teaisgoingtobegrowninthenorth.过去进行时的被动语态was/were+being+j及物动词的过去分词Theyweredoingtheirhousework.Theirhouseworkwasbeingdonebythem.过去完成时的被动语态hadbeen+及物动词的被动语态Ihadboughtapen.Apenhadbeenboughtbyme.过去将来时的被动语态Would/should/begoingtobe+及物动词的过去分词Shesaidshewouldcleantheroom.62 Shesaidtheroomwouldbecleanedbyher.含有情态动词的被动语态can,may,must,would,should,might+be+及物动词的被动语态Youmustfindyourbook.Yourbookmustbefound.Parentsshouldallowtheirchildrentobuyclothes.Childrenshouldbeallowedtobuyclothes.Youcandoittomorrow.Itcanbedonetomorrow.㈡被动语态的用法被动语态常用在下列几种情况下1.当不知道动作的执行者时用被动语态Mywalletwasstolenyesterday.Thefootballwastakenawayjustnow.2.当不必提出动作的执行者时用被动语态Hewasbornin1990.Theworkisfinisheddoingeverydayontime.3.当强调或侧重动作的承受者时用被动语态Sheislikedbyeveryone.Englishisspokenallovertheworld.三.主动语态和被动语态的互换㈠“主语+谓语+宾语”句型被动语态的转换1.将主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语,如果主动句中的宾语是宾格形式,在被动句中变为主格形式。1.将主动句中的主语变成被动句中的宾语,并由by引导,如果是主格,在被动句中变成宾格。3.谓语动词由主动形式变为被动形式。Theycleantheclassroomeveryday.Theclassroomiscleanedbythemeveryday.Hetookhiscomputertotheshop.Hiscomputerwastakentotheshopbyhim.㈡“主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语”句型变为被动语态只将其中一个宾语变为被动句中的主语即可,另一个宾语不变,如果将主动句中的直接宾语变为被动句中的主语,间接宾语之前必须加介词to或for。Hetoldmeastory.Astorywastoldtomebyhim.Iwastoldastorybyhim.Shegavehimanorange.Anorangewasgiventohimbyher.Hewasgivenanorangebyher.㈢“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型变为被动结构只将主动句中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,宾语补足语不变,Wefoundhimlyingonthestreet.Hewasfoundlyingonthestreetbyus.Sheoftenmakesuslaugh.Weareoftenmadelaughbyher.㈣短语动词变为被动语态许多由及物动词构成短语动词,相当于及物动词,气候也有宾语,62 故也有被动语态。注:短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动结构时短语动词中的介词或副词不可丢掉。Helookedhisfatherverywell.Hisfatherwaslookedafterverywellbyhim.Sheiswaitingforherhusband.Herhusbandisbeingwaitedforbyher.㈤被动语态后的动词形式的变化在主动句中含有感官动词feel,hear,notice,see,watch等和使役动词let,make等动词后省略不定式符号to的,在变为被动语态时,应加上to。Wesawherdanceintheclass.Shewasseentodanceintheclassbyus.Hemadehisfriendsdomanythings.Hisfriendsweremadetodomanythingsbyhim.一.被动结构中的一些特殊形式1.有些不及物动词的主动语态形式可以表示被动意义Thefoodtastesnice.Theflowerssmellsweet.need,want+doing相当于need,want+tobedoneThetreesneedwatering.Thetreesneedtobewatered.beworthdoing,表示“值得……”其意义是被动的。Thebookisworthreading.2.主动句不可以变为被动句的情况反身代词,相互代词,动词不定时和动名词不可以变为被动语态Theboydressedhimself.Theyhelpedeachotherandlearnfromeachother.Wealllikeswimming.Iprefertogohomenow.3.有些系表结构看上去是被动形式,其实则不然,作表语的是形容词而不是动词。Hismotherisworriedaboutherson.Thedoorislockednow.(门现在是锁着的)Hewassoexcitedwhenheheardthatgoodnews.Sheisveryinterestedinplayingping-pong.情态动词62 情态动词是历年中考的考查重点之一。其考查形式为,单项选择,填空或汉译英。一.情态动词的类型和特征㈠情态动词的类型1.只作情态动词的有:can,may,must。2.既可以作情态动词又可以作示意动词的有:need。3.既可作情态动词又可以作助动词的有:will(would),shall(should)。4.具有情态动词某些特征的有:haveto,beableto,oughtto。㈡情态动词的特征1.有一定的意义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和行为动词原形连用共同构成谓语。2.没有人称和数的变化,除了haveto。3.情态动词可以构成疑问句和否定句。二.情态动词的用法㈠can和could得用法1.表示能力,(能做某事)ShecansingEnglishsongswell.Wecanmakefriendseachother.2.表示怀疑,猜测,意为可能(用于否定句和疑问句中)Thatcan’tbeMary,sheisstayingathome.Thisbookcan’tbeWangMei’s.3.表示请求或允许(做某事)和may的含义差不多CanIgonow?Shecancomein.4.could是can的过去时,表示过去的能力,可能或许可,用在疑问句中表示委婉客气IcouldswimwhenIwastenyearsold.Couldyoupleasehelpmewithmyhomework?㈡may和might得用法。1.表示推测,意思为“可能,也许”Youmayberight.Hemaybeathome.2.表示请求或允许,意为“可以”MayIknowyourname?MayIaskyouquestions?注意:当may表示请求时,主语是第一人称的一半疑问句,其否定回答用mustn’t,而不用maynot,表示“不可以,不许”。--MayIdomyhomeworkrightnow?--No,youmustn’t.3.might是may的过去时,表示过去的可能或允许,多用于间接引语中。Hesaidthathemightgohomethenextday.㈢must和haveto的用法1.must表示主管意见和看法,意为必须活一定Youmustfinishyourworkbeforeyougo.Youmustwaitformeathome.62 2.must表示有很大的把握的推测,意为“一定准是”。Itmustbe12o’clock.Theymustbeintheclassroom.3.must用于一般疑问句中,其否定回答用needn’t或don’thaveto,而不用mustn’t.--MustIfinishmyhomeworknow?--No,youneedn’t.4.must用于否定句中,表示禁止“不许可,不应该”。Youmustn’tsmokehere.Youmustn’twatchTVallday.5.haveto的含义与must相似,但must多表示主观意志,haveto则强调客观需要,并且haveto有人称,数和事态的变化。It’slate,Ihavetogohome.Ican’tgo.Ihavetodomyhomework.㈣shall(should)和will(would)的用法。1.shall用于第一人称用来表示征求对方意见。ShallIopenthedoor?ShallIgowithyou?2.should常用来表示义务,责任,意为“应该”。Youshouldgotoschoolbybike.Asstudentsshouldstudyhard.3.will用于各种人称,来表示请求或询问。Willyoupleaselendmeyourpen?Iwilldoitmyself,thankyou.4.would用于请求,语气温和而委婉,也表示过去将要。Wouldyoulikebananas?Whatwouldyoulike?Hesaidthattheywouldgothenextweek.㈤need的用法1.need表示“必须,需要”时可以做实意动词,后接动词不定式有人称和数的变化。Ineedtoaskmymother.Heneedstopracticeeverymorning.2.need也可以作情态动词,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,后接动词原形。Needwecomethedayaftertomorrow?Youneedn’tdoitnow.情态动词易混知识一.can和beableto的区别can和beableto斗可以表示能力,但can只用于现在时和过去时(could)而beableto可以根据实际情况用于各种时态中。Theycanspeakseverallanguages.Icoulddoitlastyear.Ihavebeenabletodothat.Sheisgoingtobeabletodoit.二.can和may表示可能性的区别1.may用于肯定句中表示可能Hemaybeatschoolnow.Shemaystayathome.2.在否定句中,如果语气较为肯定表示“不可能”时用can’t。62 Shecan’tbeintheclassroom.如果语气不太肯定,表示“可能不”时用maynot.Hemaynotbeathome.Sometimeshegoesoutthistime.Hemaynotathome.Sometimeshegoesoutatthistime.三.could,should,would,might可以用于疑问句中,表示更委婉客气的语气。Wouldyoupassmethebook?Wouldyoulikeplayingbasketballwithus?Couldyoupleasegivemeacupoftea?非谓语动词部分62 非谓语动词在中考时经常出现,其中动词不定式,动名词,短语动词等都是中考热点。非谓语动词包括:动词不定式;动名词和分词。非谓语动词在句子中不能独立做谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但可以有自己的宾语和状语,也可以和助动词结合构成进行时,完成时和被动语态。一.动词不定式1.不定式有两种,即带to的和不带to的不定式。Mymotheraskedmetogohomeearlyafterschool.Hemademelaugheveryday.2.不定式的句法作用不定式在句子中可以作:主语,宾语,定语,状语,宾语补足语。⑴作主语Tostudyhardisimportant.Tosaywhichisbetterishard.动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语不定式放在谓语之后。结构为:it+be+adj+for/of+动词不定式。但of限定在表示人的品质的形容词后kind,good,nice等。It’sveryimportantforthestudentstolearnEnglishwell.It’sniceofyoutoseemeathome.It’sveryinterestingformetoplaythegame.It’sverykindofyoutohelpme.⑵作宾语Shelikestoplaysoccer.Hewantstobeateacher.①在有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语,常见的词有:would,like,want,hope,need,ask,decide,expect,plan等。Theyplannedtohaveameetingintheclassroom.Wedecidedtodoitatonce.②在find,think,feel等词后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正懂得宾语不定式放在句末。Ifoundithardtoworkoutthatproblem.Hethoughtitimportanttohaveameeting.Ifeltitinterestingtodothat.⑶作定语不定式在句子中作定语,通常放在所修饰名词或代词之后,它与所修饰的名词或代词可能是“主谓关系”也可能是“动宾关系”。Ihavemanyimportantthingstodo.ThenextbustoarriveisfromShenyang.Ihavenothingtosay.⑷作状语不定式在句子中作状语是可以表示目的,结果和原因等。Theystayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.(目的)Thewateristoohotforustodrink.(结果)Iamgladtobehereagain.(原因)Hegotupearlytogettoschoolontime.(目的)⑸作宾语补足语62 不定式作宾语补足语时,它与主语有主谓关系。Theywantmetohaveachance.Ireallywishyoutobehappy.注意:有些动词后用作宾语补足语的动词不定时通常是不带to。这种动词有两类。一类是感官动词:feel,hear,watch,see,notice等。另一类是使役动词:let,make等。但是这些词转换成被动语态时,后面的动词不定式要带to。Isawthemgointothehouse.Theywereseentogointothehouse.Hismothermadehimgotobedearly.Hewasmadetogotobedearlybyhismother.hadbetter后的不定式也不带to。Help后的不定式可带to也可以不带to。You’dbettergohomerightaway.You’dbettergotoschoolwithmetogether.Heoftenhelpmedomyhomework.Heoftenhelpmetodomyhomework.1.不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加上not。Hisparentsaskedhimnottoplaywithbadboys.You’dbetternotgotomeetthehimalone.4.疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,how,when,where等后面加不定式结构构成一种特殊的不定式短语。Shecan’tdecidewhichtochoose.Hedoesn’tknowwhattosay.Idon’tknowhowtodoit.Pleasetellme.二.动名词动名词是由动词原形加—ing构成,它同时具有动词特征和名词特征。动名词的动词特征和名词特征在句子中可以作主语,宾语和状语。1.作主语Smokingisbadforourhealth.Seeingisbelieving.Studyingisagoodthingforteenagers.2.作宾语Heisafraidofgoingoutatnight.Ilikeswimmingandhelikeskating.注意:有些动词或句型只能用动名词作宾语。⑴minddoingsth.mindsb.’sdoingsth.介意/反对做某事Wouldyoumindtakingyourbikeaway?It’scoldhere.Wouldyoumindputtingyourcoat?WouldyoumindhisspeakingEnglish?Wouldyoumindmysittinghere?⑵stopsb.fromdoingsth=preventsb.fromdoingsth.阻止某人做某事62 Weshouldstoptheboyfromplayingthecomputergames.Youmuststopthemfromswimminginthatlake.It’sdangerous.⑶enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事Hereallyenjoyreadingstorybooks.Myfriend,Lileienjoydoingexercise.⑷practicedoingsth.练习做某事YoumustpracticespeakingEnglisheveryday.Theyarepracticingplayingvolleyball.⑸finishdoingsth.完成某事Don’tworry,hewillfinishdoinghishomework.Ihavefinishedmendingmybike.⑹spend…(in)doingsth.花时间做某事IspendhalfanhourreadingEnglisheverymorning.Hespenttwohoursplayingcomputeryesterday.⑺thanksb.fordoingsth(因某事而感谢某人)Thankyouforcoming.Thankyouforlendingmeyourdictionary.⑻beworthdoingsth.(值得做某事)Thebookisworthreading.Themuseumisworthvisiting.⑼beusedtodoingsth.(习惯于做某事)Iamusedtogoingtoschoolbybike.Sheusedgettingupearlyeveryday.⑽havefundoingsth/haveagoodtimedoingsth(尽情做某事,做某事很快乐)Theyhadagoodtimeplayingbasketball.三.分词分词有现在分词和过去分词两种,分词在句子中起形容词和副词的作用,在句子中作定语,表语,定语或宾语补足语。有关现在分词和过去分词的变化形式以前讲过。现在分词有主动,进行之意;过去分词有被动完成之意。1.作定语分词作定语一般多置于被修饰词前。Chinaisadevelopingcountry.(中国是一个发展中国家)Americaisadevelopedcountry.(美国是一个发达国家)2.作表语Thestoryisveryinteresting.IaminterestedinspeakingEnglish.3.作宾语补足语Weheardhersinginginthenextroom.IhavemyTVrepairedyesterday.非谓语动词易混知识清单62 一.动词后接不定式和动名词的区别1.stoptodosth.停下来去做某事Youaretired,stoptohavearest.Theystoppedtostudywhentheirteachercamein.stopdoingsth.停止做某事Theystoppedtalkingwhentheirteachercamein.Hi,boys,stopplaying.Let’shaveameeting.2.forgettodosth.忘记去做某事Iforgottotellyouaboutit.Theyforgottowaitforyou.forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事Iforgotcallingyouback.我忘记已给你回过电话了。Heforgotreturningyourmoney.他忘了已经把钱还给你了。3.remembertodosth.记住要去做某事LiMei,pleaseremembertobringyourhomeworknexttime.李梅记住下次把作业带来。Remembertocallmetomorrowmorning.记住明天早上给我打电话。rememberdoingsth.记住做过的事情Iremembercleaningtheroom.我记得我打扫过房间了。Irememberbringingmyhomework.我记得把作业带来了。4.trytodosth.努力去做某事Hetriedtorunfast.他努力跑快一些。Iwilltrytostudymoreknowledge.我要努力学到更多的知识。trydoingsth.试着去做某事Thelittlegirltriedcooking.这个小女孩试着做饭。Iwilltrymendingmybike.我要试着修理自行车。5.goontodosth.做完一件事,接着做另一件事Goontodootherexerciseafteryoufinishthisone.Shewentontoreadanotherbook.goondoingsth.继续做同一件事Theywentonsingingafterafewminutes.Hewentondoinghishomework.二.动词不定式做宾语补足语和动名词做宾语补足语的区别感官动词如:see,watch,hear,notice,find,feel等,其后接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语时,表示动作的全过程已经结束,而动名词表示动作正在进行。Iheardhersing.我听过她唱歌。Iheadhersingingintheclassroom.我听到她在教室里唱歌。Isawhimplaysoccerontheplayground.我看到他在操场上踢足球了。Isawhimplayingsoccerontheplayground.我看他正在操场上踢足球。主谓一致62 主谓一致在中考时基本上以单项选择和完形填空的形式出现。考查的分数在1—2分。一.语法一致原则主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上保持一致的,即单数主语,谓语动词要用单数形式,复数主语,谓语动词要用单数形式。1.当主语由and或both…and…连接时,谓语动词用复数形式。LiMingandLiangFengaregoodfriends.BothheandIarestudents.2.不定代词either,neither,eachone,theother,another,anybody,anyone,anything,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everything,everybody,nobody,noone,nothing等做主语时谓语动词用单数形式。Someoneiswaitingforyou.Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.Nobodyknowsaboutit.Nothingisinterestinghere.Eachonehasacolorpencil.Somebodyissingingnow.Neitheranswerisright.Isthereanythingwrongwithyourcomputer?EveryoneishereexceptZhangLi.3.alotof,lotsof,plentyof,mostof+名词做主语时,谓语动词取决于名词,如果是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;如果是可数名词。则谓语动词用复数形式。AlotofpeoplearewatchingtheOlympicGames.Thereisalotofwaterintheriver.Mostofthericeisgrowninthesouth.Thereareplentybooksinthelibrary.Thereisplentyeggsinthefridge.4.anumberof+名词复数时,表示数量多,谓语动词用复数形式。thenumberof+名词复数时,表示总数,谓语动词用单数形式。AnumberofthebooksarewrittenbyauthorLi.Anumberofthestudentshaveworkedtheproblem.Thenumberofpeopleinmyfamilyissix.Thenumberofthemonkeysisgreat.某些只有复数形式的名词做主语时谓语动词用复数形式,如:shoes,shorts,pants,trousers,clothes等。Myshoesarebigger.Hispantsare¥265.5.由apairof/pairsof+复数名词做主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。Apairofglassesareonthetable.Fivepairsofshoesareonsale.Theyareeverycheap.6.由动词不定式与动名词做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Toseeisbelieve.62 Tosayisonething,todoitisanother.Walkingisgoodforyourhealth.LearningEnglishwellisn’teasy.二.意义一致原则意义一致又叫概念一致,即谓语是单数还是复数要由主语所表达的概念来决定。1.由and连接的两个名词做主语如果表示一种事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式。Thepoemandwriterhascome.那位诗人兼作家已经来了。2.表示度量,价格,时间,长度的复数名词,词组做主语时,一般被看作一个整体,谓语动词通常用单数形式。Tenyearshaspast.Butyouchangedalittle.Fivemilesisnotalongway.3.集体名词,如果表示整体概念,谓语动词用单数形式。Theschoolisbigonewithover2000students.Hisfamilyisonewithsevenpeople.但如果表示集体中的成员时,谓语动词就要用复数形式。Thefamilyeatbreakfastearlyinthemorning.这家人很早就吃早饭。Thepolicehavecaughtthemurderer.警方以抓获杀人犯。4.oneandahalf后的名词要用复数,但是谓语动词要用单数形式。Oneandahalfhoursisenoughforus.Oneandahalfmilesisdifficulttowalk.三.就近原则有事谓语动词与主语并不一致,与邻近的名词一致,这种原则叫就近原则。1.therebe句型Thereisabagandtwopensinthedesk.Therearetwopensandabaginthedesk.2.由either…or,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…连接两个并列主语时,其谓语动词要采取就近原则。Neitheryounorheisaworker.Neitherhenoryouareaworker.NotonlyshebutalsoIhavebeentoBeijing.NotonlyIbutalsoshehasbeentoBeijing.句子的种类62 英语中的句型包括四种,即陈述句,疑问句,祈使句和感叹句。在中考是常常考查的内容,尤其是考查发意疑问句和祈使句。考查的形式为单项选择或句型转换等。一.陈述句陈述句:陈述一个事实,或是表明一个看法,包括肯定式和否定式,句末用句号。例如:IlikeEnglishverymuch.Idon’tlikeEnglish.1.陈述句的否定式陈述句的否定式除了not以外,其它否定形式。⑴用no表示no=notanyHehasnofootball.=Hedoesn’thaveanyfootballs.Ihavenofriendshere.=Idon’thaveanyfriendshere.⑵few,little几乎没有Thereislittlewaterinthebottle.Shehasfewfriendshere.Sheisverycalm.⑶never绝不,从不TheyhaveneverbeentoAustralia.Hewillnevergiveup.⑷noone,nobody没有人Thereisnobodyintheroom.Nooneknowsaboutit.⑸nothing什么都没有Thereisnothinginthehouse.Nothingcantroubleme.⑹neitherof…两者都不,谓语动词用单数形式,noneof…全都不,谓语动词可以用单数形式也可以用复数形式。Neitherofthetwoboysisastudent.Neitheroftheanswersisright.Noneofthesemachinesworks/work.Wehavefourchildren,butnoneofthemlives/livehere.⑺seldom很少,hardly几乎不,常和can,could,beableto连用。IseldomgooutonSunday.Hecanhardlyunderstandwhatyousaid.⑻too…to太……以至于不能……Sheistooyoungtolookafterherself.Theyweretootiredtowalkanylonger.二.疑问句用来提问的句子叫疑问句,疑问句分一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句和反义疑问句。㈠一般疑问句62 一般疑问句表示询问事物或者情况是否属实,需要对方给予肯定或否定回答,读的时候用升调。一般疑问句以be动词,情态动词和助动词加主语,谓语等构成,使用一般疑问句时要注意问句与答语在人称和数上要保持一致。-Areyouascientist?-Yes,Iam./No,Iamnot.-Doesshelikegoingshopping?-Yes,shedoes/No,shedoesn’t.-CantheyspeakChinese?–Yes,theycan./No,theycan’t.注意:一般疑问句通常是怎么问,怎么答,但又是另外。1.用情态动词must提问时,否定回答用needn’t或don’thaveto.-MustIfinishmyworknow?-Yes,youmust/No,youneedn’t.-MustIstayhere?-Yes,youmust./No,youdon’thaveto.2.否定的一般疑问句是以be动词,情态动词和助动词与not的缩写形式开头,往往表示惊讶,赞叹,怀疑等语气。--Don’tyoubelieveme?--Yes,Ido./No,Idon’t.--Can’youseeIamagirl?–Yes,Ican./No,Ican’t.--Aren’tyouateacher?--Yes,Iam./No,Iamnot.3.用其他词语替代yes和no.用certainly,problem,perhaps,ofcourse,allright,withpleasure等代替yes。用never,notatall代替no。--Canyouhelpme?--Certainly./Ofcourse.--Willyoupleasegoshoppingwithme?--Sure.--Haveyoubeenthere?--Never.--Doyoulikethemovie?--Notatall.㈡特殊疑问句用来对句子某一特殊部分提问的疑问句,叫做特殊疑问句。1.疑问代词:可以对主语,表语,宾语提问。有:what对物提问,who对人提问,which哪一个,whose谁的,whom谁(宾格)--What’syourname?--Mynameis…--Whichbookisyours?--Thethickone.--Whoareyou?--Iamanexchangestudent.--Whosenotebookisthis?--It’smybrother’s.--Whomareyougoingwith?--LinHai.2.疑问副词:用于对状语提问。有:when,where,why,how等。--WhenwillyougotoShanghai?--Nextweek.--Wherehaveyoubeen?--Ihavebeentothelibrary.--Howareyougoingtodothat?--I’lltakeanartlesson.--Whydidyoucomelate?--Becausethetrafficwasheavy.3.疑问词组:howlong,howfar,howsoon,howoften,howmany,howmuch--Howsoonwillyouleave?--Abouttwodays.--Howoftendoyougotoamovie?--Onceamonth.--Howfarisyouschool?--It’saboutfivekilometers.--HowlonghaveyoulearnedEnglish?--Forfouryears.--Howmanypeoplearethereinyourfamily?--Three.62 --Howmuchfooddoyoueateveryday?--Notmuch.4.特殊否定疑问句,一般有劝告,建议,责备等意味。Whydon’tyougowithus?=Whynotgowithus?㈢选择疑问句选择疑问句提供两种或两种以上的情况,问对方选择哪一种。由or连接,前者用升调,后者用降调,回答不用yes或no。--Doyouwantthisoneorthatone?--Thisoneplease.--Wherewouldyouliketogo,DalianorShenzhen?--IwanttogotoShenzhen.㈣反义疑问句反义疑问句是附在陈述句之后,对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问。如果陈述句是肯定结构,附加部分就用否定结构,否则反之。附加部分的主语须用代词,并与前句主语一致,谓语动词在人称时态和数上保持一致。1.反义疑问句的主语与谓语的确定⑴陈述部分含有never,few,little,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none,too…to…等表示否定意义的词时,其附加疑问句应用肯定形式。Youhaveneverbeenthere,haveyou?Sheistooyoungtolookafterherself,isshe?Thereislittlemilkinthecup,isthere?HecanhardlyspeakEnglish,canhe?⑵当陈述部分的主语是指物的不定代词:something,everything,anything,nothing等时,附加疑问句的主语用it.EverythingisOK,isn’tit?Nothingisserious,isit?⑶陈述部分的主语是指人的不定代词:somebody,anybody,everybody,nobody等时,附加问句的主语可用he或they,但不可用it。Somebodyiswaitingforyou,isn’the?/aren’tthey?Everybodyisheretoday,isn’the?/aren’tthey?⑷陈述部分主语是this,that时附加部分主语用it,要是these,those时,附加疑问句主语就用they.ThisisaChinesebook,isn’tit?Thosearedictionaries,aren’tthey?⑸当陈述部分动词为have/has时,有下列几种情况:①have/has在一般现在时中表示有的时候,附加问句的谓语可用have或助动词do,does,did等。Youhaveacat,haven’tyou?/don’tyou?②have表示“吃,喝,玩,度过”时附加疑问句的谓语用助动词do,does,did。Theyhadagoodtimeatthepartyyesterday,didn’tthey?③haveto表示“不得不”或“必须”时,附加疑问句谓语Shehastostayathome,doesn’tshe?④hadbetter表示“最好”时,附加疑问句的谓语动词用had。You’dbettergotobedearly,hadn’tyou?62 ⑤have在完成时句子中,附加疑问句的谓语动词用have。Theyhaven’tbeentotheGreatWall,havethey?⑹陈述部分含有need时,如果need用作行为动词,附加疑问句动词应用do,如果need是情态动词,附加疑问句应用need。Youneedtogotoworkearly,don’tyou?Ineedn’tstayhere,needI?⑺陈述部分含有情态动词must时,有下列几种情况:①must表示“必须”之意,附加问句部分谓语动词用needn’t。Hemustcomeheretomorrow,needn’the?--MustIfinishmyhomeworknow?--No,youneedn’t.②must表示推测“一定,想必”时,附加问句部分谓语动词用must后面的动词。YoumustbeLinPei’ssister,aren’tyou?ThebackpackmustbeZhenghe’s,isn’the?⑻肯定的祈使句的附加问句可以用willyou?/won’tyou?否定的祈使句附加问句用willyou?Goouttoplay,willyou?/won’tyou?Don’tleavemealone,won’tyou?Don’tlethimstayhere,willyou?⑼以let’s开头的祈使句,附加问句应该用shallwe?,而以letus开头的祈使句,附加问句应该用willyou?。Let’sgotothezoo,shallwe?Letusgotozoo,willyou?⑽陈述部分若为主从复合句疑问部分的主语通常与逐句的主语一致。Shetoldusthatshewouldcomethenextday,didn’tshe?HeusuallysayshelikesEnglish,doesn’the?注意:若逐句的主语是第一人称I,we时,其谓语动词又是think,suppose,expect,believe,imagine等,疑问部分的主语一般与从句的主语一致。Ithinkyouareright,aren’tyou?Wedon’tbelieveheisapoliceman,ishe?2.翻译疑问句的答语-Sheisagoodgirl,isn’tshe?-Yes,sheis./No,sheisn’t.Hedoesn’tlikehisjob,doeshe?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.不,他喜欢。是的,他不喜欢。如果逐句是否定句,那么回答与汉语正好相反。三.祈使句㈠祈使句的结构及用法祈使句表示命令,请求,建议或劝告等。主语通常省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号。1.肯定祈使句Lokkattheblackboard,please.Hello,comein,please.62 有时为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加上do,表示“一定务必”。Docomehereontime.Dobequiet.2.否定祈使句Don’t+动词原形:Don’topenthedoor!Don’tgoout!Let’s+not+动词原形:Let’snotgo.Let’snotsithere.㈡注意:1.有时为了表达委婉的语气,可在句首或句末加上please.Sitdown,please.Pleasesitdown.2.在意思较为明显的情况下,可把谓语动词省略。Thisway,please.Overhere,please.3.有时为了明确向对方提出请求或发出命令,可加称呼语。Tom,comehere.Hello,Lilei,comewithme.1.某些名词,形容词,副词等加上感叹号,也可构成祈使句。Handsup!Booksdown!Hurryup!Out!四.感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。感叹句多数由how,what引导,但陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,甚至一个单词,一个短语,也可以做感叹句。㈠how引导的感叹句1.How加形容词或副词加主语加谓语!Howbeautifulitis!Howfasdtheruns!2.How加形容词加a,an加可数名词的单数形式加主语加谓语!Howtallaboyheis!Howredanappleitis!3.How加主语加谓语!Howtimeflies!㈡what引导的感叹句1.What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数形式+主语+谓语!Whataninterestingbookitis!Whatagoodboyheis!2.What+形容词+可数名词的复数形式+主语+谓语!Whatbeautifulphotostheyare!Whatnicechildrentheyare!3.What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!Whatfineweatheritistoday!Whatbadfooditis!㈢一些特殊形式的感叹句1.在陈述句,祈使句或疑问句句末加感叹号变成感叹句,表示某种强烈的感情。Sheissobeautiful!Openthedoor!2.用一个词或词组表示强烈的感情的句子也是感叹句。Good!Fire!Lookout!Out!3.以here,there等副词开头的感叹句。Theregoesthebell!Thereitis!62 并列句和复合句一.并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句并列在一起的句子叫并列句。1.构成:简单句加并列连词加简单句2.并列连词:常见的并列连词有:and,but,or,so,for等。⑴and“和,而且”表示并列,顺延等关系。Walkingalong,andyouwillseethepostoffice.Heisateacherandhissisterisadoctor.⑵but“但是”表示转折关系IlikeitbutIhavenomoneytobuyit.Heisyoungbutheisveryclever.⑶or“否则,或者”表示选择关系Getupquickly,oryouwillbelate.Hurryup,orthebuswillleave.⑷so“所以,因此,于是”表示因果关系It’srainingsowehavetostayathome.It’seighto’clock,soyoumusthurry.⑸for“因为”表示因果关系Hewon’tgowithus,forheisill.注意:当and连接的并列句前面是祈使句,后面是将来时的陈述句时,其含义相当于由if引导的条件状语从句。Thinkitover,andyouwillfindtheanswer.=Ifyouthinkitover,youwillfindtheanswer.Workhard,andIwilltakeyoutotheconcert.Ifyouworkhard,Iwilltakeyoutotheconcert.由or引导的此种句型意义不同。Thinkitover,oryouwillnotfindtheanswer.Ifyoudon’tthinkitover,youwillnotfindtheanswer.其它并列连词有:then,while,when,yet,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor,either…or…,等。二.状语从句状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词,状从句都是由从属连词引导。状语从句根据用途可分为:时间状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,条件状语从句,让步状语从句,方式状语从句和目的状语从句。1.时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:when,while,as,before,after,since,until,assoonas等。MyfatherwasreadinganewspaperwhenIgothome.Thebushadalreadyleftbeforehewentout.IwillgotoseeyouassoonasIgetthere.注意:⑴当逐句是一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。62 IwillgoforawalkwhenIhavetime.Shewillgotoseeyouwhenshehastime.⑵until/till引导的时间状语从句主句的谓语动词是延续性时,主句用肯定形式,表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until/till所表示的时间为止。Waituntilyouarecalled.Studyuntilyouknow.主句谓语动词时非延续性动词时,主句用否定形式,表示主句的谓语动作直到until所表示的时间才发生。构成not…until结构,有事不用not而用其它具有否定意义的词来代替,如:never,nothing等。Hedidn’tgotobeduntilhismothercameback.Don’tleaveuntilyourmotherreturn.Iwon’tgountilyoucomeback.⑶since引导的时间状语从句,表示自……以来,主句用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。Youhavechangedalotsincewemetlasttime.IhavelivedheresinceIwasyoung.2.条件状语从句主句为祈使句,一般将来时或有情态动词时,从句用一般现在时。Wecanhavearestifyouaretired.Havearestifyouaretired.IwillgowithyouifIhavetime.3.原因状语从句⑴原因状语从句由because,since和as引导,其中because语气最强。由why提出的问题要用because回答。Hedidn’tgotoschooltoday,becauseheisill.Hehastostayathome,becausehemustbabysithislittlebrother.⑵如果状语从句所表示的原因是人们已知的事实,就要用since,意思是“既然”。Sinceyouknowthestoryalready,Iwillnottellitagain.4.目的状语从句由sothat和inorderthat引导。Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchthebus.5.结果状语从句⑴由so…that,such…that引导so…that与such…that的区别。so+形容词和副词+thatHeissooldthathecan’tgoonworking.Heissostrongthathecancarrythebox.so+形容词+a/an+名词单数+thatItissolovelyadogthatweallloveit.Sheissocleveragirlthatalltheteacherlikeher.such+a/an(形容词)+名词单数+thatItissuchalovelydogthatweallloveit.62 such+(形容词)+名词复数+thatTheyaresuchgoodstudentsthattheyoftenhelpothers.当名词前面是用many或much修饰时,用so而不用such。Hehassomanybooksthathecanreadeveryday.Thereissomuchwaterintheriverthatyoucan’tpassit.⑵so…that+否定形式可以用too…to和not…enoughto代替。Heissoyoungthathecan’tgotowork.=Heistooyoungtogotowork.=Heisn’toldenoughtogotowork.三.宾语从句引导宾语从句的词有:that,what,which,who,whose,whom,when,where,why,how,if/whether㈠.主句与从句时态一致的问题1.在含有宾语从句的句子中,如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。Hedoesn’trememberwhathedid.Hedoesn’trememberwhathehasdone.Hedoesn’trememberwhatheisdoing.Hedoesn’trememberwhathehaddonebeforethat.1.在含有宾语从句的中,如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,从句中的谓语动词必须用过去时的某种形式。Hesaidthathewouldgowithus.Hesaidthathewasreadingabook.Hesaidthathehadreadthatbook.Hesaidthathelikedthebook.3.如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或是真理时,即使主句是过去时,从句也要用一般现在时。Hesaidheisolderthanyou.Hesaidthatthesunisbiggerthantheearth.Hesaidthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.㈡宾语从句的语序在含有宾语从句的句子中,不论主句是什么语序,宾语从句一定用陈述语序。Canyoutellmewherethebankis?CouldyoupleasetellmehowIcangettothepostoffice?㈢宾语从句的连接1.当宾语从句是陈述句时,用that引导。Theteachersaidthatyouwereagoodboy.2.当宾语从句时一般疑问句时,用if/whether引导。Sheaskedif/whethershewasmymother.3.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,仍然用原来的引导词引导,特别注意宾语从句用陈述语序。Couldyoutellmewherethebusstopis.Idon’tknowwhenyouaregoingtostart.4.否定的转移62 当主句的谓语动词是:think,believe,suppose等,后接从句的否定词要前移,即否定主句动词。Idon’tbelieveyouhavedonethat.Idon’tthinkyouareright.Idon’tsupposeyoucango.四.定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句放在先行词后面。引导定语从句的关系词有,关系代词:that,which,who,whose,whom。关系副词:where,when,why。㈠关系代词的用法that用法最广,在从句中即可用作主语,也可用作宾语,即可指人,也可指物,可以代替who,whom,which。1.that在句子中可做主语谓语可以代替who,whom,whichIshethemanwhosellseggs?Thisisthecarthatsheboughtyesterday.Itistheoldwomanthattheyhelpeveryday.2.which指物,在从句中做主语和谓语动词的宾语。Helostthebookwhichyoulenthim.ItisthepenwhichIboughtyesterday.3.who在从句中做主语和宾语。Themanwhowearsjeansismyfriend.Idon’tknowthewomanwhohasshortcurlyhair.4.whom在句子中做宾语。Doyouknowthepeoplewhomheistalkingto?5.whose在句子中做定语。Thisistheboywhosefatherisascientist.Doyouknowthegirlwhosehandwritingisthebest?注:在下列情况下,只能用that不能用which和who。⑴当先行词是:all,little,much,none,everything,anything,nothing等代词时用that。Haveyougoteverythingthatyouneed?⑵当先行词即有人又有物时用that。Idon’tknowthemanandthedogthatiswaitingthere.⑶当先行词前面有theonly,thevery,thelast等词修饰时用that。(但先行词是人时,也可以用who)Youaretheonlyonethat/whocanhelpme.Thisisthelastbusthatyouwilltake.⑷当先行词前面有all,any,no等词修饰时用that。Thereisnoonethatworksharderthanyou.Allthegirlsthatwenttotheconcertlikemusic.⑸当序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时用that。ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhaveeverseen.62 Heisthecleverestpeoplethatworksinthefactory.⑹当主句是以疑问词who或which开头的疑问句时用that.Whoistheboythatisplayingsocceroverthere?2.关系代词的省略:一般情况下that,whom,which可以省略。但在下列情况下不能省略。⑴that,who,which在从句中做主语时,不能省略。Theboywhoisplayingthereismybrother.Thebookthatyouborrowedfromthelibraryislost.⑵关系代词which和whom在从句中做介词的宾语时不能省略。Thewomantowhomtheyaretalkingisourteacher.㈡关系副词的用法1.when表示时间,在定语从句中做时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenyouleaveChina.2.where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。Thisisthefactorywheremyfatherworked.3.why表示原因,在定语从句中做原因状语,其先行词必须是reason。That’sthereasonwhyshespoke.复合句部分易混知识1.宾语从句变简单句。Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddo.Idon’tknowwhattodo.Hedoesn’tknowwherehecango.Hedoesn’tknowwheretogo.2.if和whether表示“是否”时,常可换用,但在下列情况下只能用whether。⑴后面直接跟ornot时SheaskedwhetherIwouldgoornot.Iwanttoknowwhethershewilldoherhomework.⑵在不定式前Iamnotsurewhethertogohomeorstayhere.Iwanttoknowwhethertogoshoppingorplaygames.⑶在介词之后Iamthinkingofwhetherhewillcome.Ilookedforwhetheritwasinthedrawer.3.when与while引导时间状语从句的用法比较。when引导的从句中谓语动词一般的是非延续性的动词,动作是暂短的。ShewascookingwhenIcamein.Theywereplayingbasketballwhentheirteachercalledthem.While引导的必须是延续性动词,表示继续的动作或状态。Whileshewascooking,Icamein.Whiletheywereplayingbasketball,theirteachercalledthem.62 语法知识综合讲座材料大洼县教师进修学校中教部刘士旺2010年12月22日星期三62