2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第二部分专题1名词讲义(含参考答案) 10页

高考英语语法突破四大篇：名词名词、形容词和副词在语法填空中的考查在语法填空中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词形变换；形容词和副词相关的词形变换以及形容词和副词的比较等级考查较为频繁。应对策略1.首先要弄清名词的数与格，即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词形变换。2.作表语(系动词之后)、定语(修饰名词)或宾语补足语(表性质状态)时，通常用形容词形式。注意常考动词分词的形容词化，其形容词的形式有：-ing结尾的和-ed结尾的两种。3.若括号中所给的是形容词或副词，有可能考查其比较等级或最高级；注意than或比较级的修饰词等标志性词或上下文中暗含的比较；其次还要注意一些特殊句式，如：the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...，“否定词(can’t/couldn’t)＋比较级”表示最高级等。名词、形容词和副词在短文改错中的考查短文改错中对于名词的考查最可能考查名词的数与格；其次名词的考查还会涉及词形变换方面的错误。对于形容词和副词的考查主要涉及词性混乱或错用(含-ed形容词与-ing形容词之间的误用)、修饰词错用或多余以及比较等级的误用等方面。应对策略1.遇到名词首先注意区分它是可数名词还是不可数名词；其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。此外，还要注意名词的所有格以及名词的句法功能，判断是否存在词性转换方面的错误。2.对于形容词和副词的考查，注意以下几点：(1)作定语、表语、补语，用形容词；(2)作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、全句，用副词；(3)注意比较级与最高级的比较对象或范围；单音节形容词的比较级前，不可再加more；(4)注意many，much，(a)few，(a)little；very，so，(n)ever，hardly等修饰词的用法。专题1　名词框架结构图10 名词的分类普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人或物的名词集体名词表示若干个人或物的名词不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词抽象名词表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词专有名词表示洲、国、地、人名等表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称名词的核心考点1.可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)。(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriend→boyfriends，go-between→go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up→grown-ups；passer-by→passers-by，looker-on→lookers-on；womandoctor→womendoctors。(3)只有复数形式的名词。此类名词往往以复数形式出现，表示“衣服”“工具”等的总称，不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能加不定冠词a/an，但可以用apairof/twopairsof，many等修饰。如：clothes衣服，tights紧身裤，jeans牛仔裤，pajamas睡衣，pants(长)裤子，shorts短裤，socks短袜，stockings长袜，trousers裤子，glasses眼镜，chopsticks筷子，compasses圆规，pincers钳子，scissors剪刀，scales天平等；另外一类总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用a/an，apairof等修饰，只能用many，agreatmany,alotof等修饰。如：belongings所有物，congratulations祝贺，contents目录，earnings收入，fireworks烟火，goods商品，leavings剩余物，pains辛劳，spirits情绪，savings积蓄，stairs楼梯，surroundings环境，wages工资，arms武器等。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery10 ；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：Thecrewislarge.船员人数很多(指整体)。Thecrewarealltired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2.不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)insurprise惊讶地asurprise一件令人惊讶的事winsuccess获得成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)winhonour赢得荣誉anhonour一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失败afailure一个(件)失败的人(事)byexperience靠经验anexperience一次经历withpleasure乐意apleasure一件乐事②抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim，bath，talk)withme?Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：somecoffee一些咖啡，acoffee一杯咖啡，threecoffees三杯咖啡；somedrink一些饮料，adrink一杯饮料，threedrinks三杯饮料；hishair他的头发，afewgreyhairs几根白发；glass玻璃，aglass一只玻璃杯。3.名词所有格(1)-’s所有格theboy’smother，thechildren’stoys，theteachers’books，LucyandLily’sbedroom(共用)，Lucy’sandLily’sbedrooms(各自的)(2)“of＋名词”所有格theroofofthehouse，thecoverofthebook，thenameofthegirl，apictureofmyfather(3)双重所有格afriendofmybrother’s(＝oneofmybrother’sfriends)，apictureofmyfather’s(＝oneofmyfather’spictures)10 (4)-’s所有格的特殊表示形式有：①用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Tom’shome，thedoctor’s，thecompany’snewfactory等。②用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’snewspaper，fiveminutes’walk(drive)，fivepounds’weight，tendollars’worthofcoffee。③用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：theworld’spopulation，China’sindustry，NewYork’sparks。(5)所有格的句法功能①表所有关系Jack’sbrother②表主谓关系MrWang’spraise③表动宾关系thefamousstar’sadmirers④表修饰关系adoctor’sdegree⑤表同位关系(只用of所有格)thecityofBeijing4.名词的功能(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语Maryistomeetyouattheairport.Mybrotherisaworker.Heboughtanewbook.Wemadehimmonitorofourclass.(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。①分类意义airpollution空气污染coffeecup咖啡杯bodylanguage身体语言roadaccident交通事故theNobelPrize诺贝尔奖②时间、地点、称呼等DoctorJack杰克医生ProfessorLi李教授eveningschool夜校wintersleep冬眠③表目的、来源、材料、所属意义receptiondesk接待台10 sportsfield田径场stonetable石桌colorTV彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。Thewarlastedeightyears.(4)作同位语Tom，ourmonitor，leftschoollastyear.1.书面表达中对于复数名词易疏漏-s或-es2.部分名词的复数变化错误如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，womandoctors，tooths，childrens，medias。3.部分词性易混作名词动词误作名词形容词误作名词动词名词形容词名词succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4.可数与不可数名词混淆不可数可数takeactiontakemeasuressomeadvicesomesuggestionstakeexerciseeyeexercisesmakeprogressmakemistakesinformationcontributions考向1　名词的数与格10 Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014whichshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses(cause).(2018·全国Ⅰ)解析　cause表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，前面有all，故填cause的复数形式。2.MakingChinesedishes(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.(2018·浙江)解析　中式菜肴有很多种，故此处用dish的复数形式。3.Thistrendhashadsomeunintendedsideeffects(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease.(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析　sideeffect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweightandheartdisease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。4.In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowds(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析　crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。5.Shehasturneddownseveralinvitations(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析　several几个，其后的可数名词要用复数形式。6.LastOctober，whiletendinghergardeninMora，Sweden，LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmallcarrots(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.(2017·浙江)解析　ahandfulof一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。ahandfulofcarrots几个胡萝卜。7.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdays(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle-fed，theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析　few用来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。everyfewdays每隔几天。8.Recentstudies(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.(2016·全国Ⅱ)解析　根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludeslearningfromtextbooks，andaswell.(2018·全国Ⅲ)解析　mistake是可数名词，此处所指的“错误”不止一个，应用复数形式。10 2.WhenIwaslittle，nightwasourfamilygamenight.(2018·全国Ⅱ)解析　Fridaymorning/afternoon/night星期五的上午/下午/晚上。3.Aftersupper，wewouldplaycardgamesofallinthesittingroom.(2018·全国Ⅱ)解析　ofallsorts各种各样的。4.Theinstructorkeptrepeatingthe，“Speedup！”“Slowdown！”“Turnleft！”(2017·全国Ⅰ)解析　根据后面引号内的内容可知word应该用复数形式words。5.Besides，theyoftengetsomeusefulfromtheInternet.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析　information是不可数名词，没有复数形式。6.Ifwegoonatripabroad，wecanbroadenourviewandgainwecannotgetfrombooks.(2016·全国Ⅱ)解析　knowledge为不可数名词，没有复数形式。7.Theteenagefrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.(2016·全国Ⅲ)8.Thewebreatheinisgettingdirtieranddirtier.(2015·全国Ⅰ)解析　由后面的定语从句webreathein可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气”，air当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。句中的be动词is也是提示。故把airs改为air。9.AsItoldyoulasttime，Imadethreenewhere.(2015·四川)解析　名词friend为可数名词，其前有three修饰，需要用复数形式，故把friend改成friends。10.Myoldclassroomwasinterestingbecausethreeoftheclassroomweremadeofglass.(2015·浙江)解析　名词side为可数名词，且前面有three修饰，故side要用复数形式sides。考向2　词形变换之名词10 Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.MynameisMireyaMayor.I’mascientist(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.(2018·全国Ⅲ)解析　由空后的who可知，定语从句的先行词是表示人的名词。scientist科学家。2.Thisswitchhasdecreasedpollution(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.(2018·全国Ⅱ)解析　decrease降低，减少，后接名词作宾语，pollute的名词形式是pollution。3.Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtheriseinweight(weigh)problems.(2018·浙江)解析　此处应用名词作定语修饰problems，weightproblems意为“体重问题”。4.Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththeintroduction(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.(2017·全国Ⅱ)解析　空格前是the，其后接名词。introduce的名词形式是introduction。5.Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithhereducation(educate).(2017·全国Ⅲ)解析　形容词性物主代词her应该用来修饰名词，educate的名词形式是education。6.Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires，Asia’sbiggestbuilding，andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme，pandasareitstopattraction(attract).(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析　空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用名词形式。7.Then，handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseofachievement(achieve).(2016·全国Ⅱ)解析　介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达asenseofachievement成就感。8.SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，wholivedfromroughly551to479B.C.，influencedthedevelopment(develop)ofchopsticks.(2016·全国Ⅲ)解析　空前有冠词，此处应用名词作动词的宾语。9.Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty，whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheirability(able)to“aircondition”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.(2015·全国Ⅱ)解析　形容词性物主代词their之后应当用名词，故将able转化为其名词形式ability。Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessis.(2016·全国Ⅰ)解析　由句意“他成功的关键是诚信”可知应当用名词形式。10 2.Thismadefortheintheporcelainindustry.(2013·新课标全国Ⅱ)解析　定冠词the后面应跟名词形式，故grow应改为growth。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Hehadwitnessedtoomanydeaths(die)andwoundsattheBattleofSolferinoinItalyfouryearsearlier，inwhich40,000peoplewerekilled，woundedormissing.2.Apple’snewmachine，theLisa，provedtobeanexpensivefailure(fail).3.Iranintomyneighbor，Dennis，yesterdayafternoon.HeaskedifIwantedtwoticketstothetheater.Hehadseasonticketsbutcouldn’tgotothisperformance(perform).4.Tourismshouldalsoadvancethewealthandhappiness(happy)oflocalinhabitants.5.Thesepeoplehavemadegreatcontributions(contribute)toChinawiththeirwork.6.Theygetadvicefrom“strangers(strange)”.Whentheyneedadvice，theydon’tusuallygotopeopletheyknow.7.Myfirstimpression(impress)ofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtfulyoungman.8.Thosewhosufferfromheadachewillfindtheygetrelief(relieve)fromthismedicine.9.—Whydoyouchoosetoworkinaninternationaltravelagency?—Well，youknow，Englishismystrength(strong).Soitismybestchoice.10.Imadeadecision(decide)tolookattheflightmonitorstoseeiftherewasanearlierflighttoSanFrancisco.Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Withinthenextfew，mygrandfatheralsocaughtafish.2.Youtoldmetheofdifferentplantsandtheircharacteristics.3.Mom，IknowIhaveneverexpressedmytoyoubefore.4.Thefoodwaswonderfulwithreasonableprices，andweenjoyedseverallocal.10 5.Anotherwayistowatchoureverydayuseofwaterandathome.6.FromthetimeIwasaboutfouruntilIwasaboutsix，Idestroyedeachofmy.7.We，aswellas，cannotlivewithoutwaterandneitheragriculturenorindustrycangowithoutit.8.InearlyJanuarythisyear，therateofUFOreportswassteady，aroundthreeper.9.Tomwashavingmuchgettingupinthemorningandwasalwayslateforwork.10.Itfeltverystrangetotravelwithoutany.Ⅲ.语法填空(名词专练)BornonAugust23,1988inAmerica，JeremyShu-HowLinisaprofessionalbasketball1.player(play)withtheHustonRockets2.oftheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA).But，tosomedegree，manyChinesefansand3.coaches(coach)takehimasaChineseguyoratleastarewillingtoimaginehimas4.aChinesejustbecausehehasatypicalChinesefaceandhisparentswereborninChina.JeremyLinhasrecentlybecome5.asuccessandattractedtheworld’sattention，whichgivesChinesepeoplealotof6.imagination(imagine)and7.pride(proud).Asweknow，inmost8.people’s(people)eyes，Jeremyisamiracle.InJune,2012，whenJeremytookhisthirdtriptoChina，alargecrowdcametomeethim，amongwhomtherewerevariousfansincludingsome9.families(family)，somechildrenandevensome10.women(woman)players.10