【英语】史上最精华的英语语法 7页

初中语法一，词性：名，动，形，数，量，代，副，介，助，拟，叹，连，冠二，句子成分：主，谓，宾，定，状，补，表，同。三，5种简单句1，主谓2，（定）主（同）谓（定）宾（状）3，主系表4，主谓宾宾（make,draw,buy,send,pass,give,show,teach）5，主谓宾补四，形式变化规则。名词复数动词三单现动词现在分词动词过去式形容词比较，+s+s+ing+ed最高级+er/est一般的booksbuysworkingworkedtaller以e结尾的takinglivednicer以s,x,ch,sh结尾的buseswashes以f,fe结尾的knives以辅音字母+y结尾的storiestriesstudiedeasier以o结尾的potatoes/photosgoes以ie结尾的dying以重读闭音节结尾的runningstoppedbigger部分双音节，多音节词morecareful五，名词：1，数：可数：单数a/an+名词复数:名词+s特殊:（man-men,woman-women,child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,ox-oxen,deer-deer,sheep-sheep,fish-fish,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese）不可数：a量词of+名词2，所有格：（1）有生命的+’s,以s结尾的+’时间，距离，国家，城市+’s（2）无生命的of（3）双重所有格：afriendofmine/afriendofmyfather’s六，动词：1，种类：（1）助动词：be,do,have,will（2）联系动词：be,look,seem,smell,taste,sound,feel,go,get,turn,grow,become,stay,keep,remain（3）情态动词：can,may,must,could,might,shall,should,haveto,need（4）行为动词：have,fly,dance,swim⋯2，时态：现在过去将来过去将来一般do/doesdidwilldowoulddo完成have/hasdonehaddonewillhavedonewouldhavedone进行is/am/aredoingwas/weredoingwillbedoingwouldbedoing完成进行havebeendoinghadbeendoingwillhavebeendoingwouldhavebeendoing精品学习资料可选择pdf第1页，共7页----------------------- （1）一般现在时态：意义：表示经常性或习惯性的动作或状态。常用时间状语：always,usually,often,sometimes,hardlyever,never,every⋯,twiceaday.（2）一般过去时态：意义：表示发生在过去的动作或状态。常用时间状语：yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek,in1990,⋯ago,after⋯,⋯later.（3）一般将来时态：意义：表示以后将要发生的动作或状态。常用时间状语：tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextmonth,in2010,inthefuture,in⋯（4）现在完成时态：意义：A.表示此动作已经完成，并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。B.表示此动作从以前一直持续发生到现在，以后还有可能继续发生。常用时间状语：already,yet,ever,never,since,for,sofar,uptonow,before,twice⋯瞬间性动词变延续性动词：die--bedead,borrow—keep,buy---have,open--beopen,close—beclosed,come—bein,go—bein,leave—beaway,begin—beon,finish—beover,join—bein/beamemberof（5）过去完成时态：意义：表示此动作在过去的某个时间之前已经完成了，即过去的过去。常用时间状语：by,bytheendof,before+pt（6）现在进行时态：意义：表示此动作在说话的同时正在发生，或以后将会发生。常用的时间状语：now,look,listen,it’s8o’clock（7）过去进行时态：意义：表示此动作在过去的某个时间正在进行。常用时间状语：at8yesterday,atthistimeyesterday（8）现在完成进行时态：意义：强调此动作从过去一直持续到现在，以后还将持续下去。常用时间状语：already,yet,ever,never,since,for,sofar,uptonow,before,twice⋯3,主/被动语态：bedone（1）时态的被动：一般过去was/weredone一般现在is/am/aredone一般将来willbedone过去完成hadbeendone过去进行was/werebeingdone过去将来wouldbedone现在完成have/hasbeendone现在进行is/am/arebeingdone（2）情态动词的被动：can,may,must,could,might,need,haveto,should+bedone（3）十大元帅的被动：主动省to,被动+to.（4）加双宾语动词的被动：当物体做主语时有:make,draw,buy+forgive,send,pass,show,bring+to4,虚拟语气：精品学习资料可选择pdf第2页，共7页----------------------- If条件状语从句主句与现在事实相反didshould/would/could/mightdo与过去事实相反haddoneshould/would/could/mighthavedone与将来事实相反didshould/would/could/mightdoweretodoshoulddo5,动词搭配：（1）+do:祈使句，情态动词(can,may,must,),助动词(do,did,does,will,shallshould,haveto,need),十大元帅feel,hear,listento,make,let,have,see,watch,lookat,notice),help,whynot,inorderto,couldyouplease,badbetter,usedto(2)+todo:like,love,need,plan,want,help,hope,stop,decide,learn,start,begin,forget,remember,hate,wouldlike,ask/tellsb(not)todo,havesthtodo,encourage,try,goon,can’twait,offer,prefer,attempt,volunteer.(3)+doing:like,prefer,enjoy,mind,stop,stand,practice,go,be,bebusy,dosome,find,havefun,consider,finish,begin,start,forget,remember,介词(howabout,whatabout,Thankyoufor,thinkabout,complainabout,beafraidof,careabout)，consider,haveadifficulttime,havedifficulty,try,feellike,can’thelp,prefer⋯to⋯,goon,beusedto,lookforwardto,giveup,主语(4)句型：It’sforsbtodosth.⋯I’msorrytodosth.Ittakessb⋯todosth.Ifindit..forsbtodosth.It’stimeforsbtodosth.七，形容词1，比较级与最高级的变化规则：特殊情况：good/well---better---best,bad/badly/ill---worse---worstmany/much---more---most,little---less---least,far---farther/further---farthest/furthest2,使用原级：very,so,quite,pretty,too⋯to,as⋯as,notso/as⋯as.用比较级：2,than,or,even,much,alot,alittle,far用最高级：≥3,in,ofall,3，特殊短语：越来越:比and比/moreandmore形原:tallerandtallermoreandmorebeautiful越⋯就越⋯:the比,the比Themore(moneyyouhave),thebetter(yourlifewillbe)两者中较⋯那个:the比ofthetwo⋯Thetallerofthetwowomenismyaunt.Oneof+最高级复数:Iamoneofthetallestboysinmyclass.用比较级表最高级意思：Iamthetallestinmyclass=Iamtallerthananyotherstudentinmyclass.=Iamtallerthantheotherstudentsinmyclass.大小几岁：Iam2yearsolderthanhim.不如：Iamyoungerthanhim=Iamnotasoldashim.八，数词1，种类：基数词：one,two,three,four,twelve,fifteen,twenty,thirty-one,onehundred序数词：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth,fifteenth,twentieth,thirty-first,onehundredandthirty-first考点：1,200,300,456:onebillion,twohundredmillion,threehundredthousand,fourhundredandfifty-six时间：≤30past:7:20--twentypastseven＞30to:7:45--aquartertoeight实数：200--twohundred虚数：几百--hundredsof精品学习资料可选择pdf第3页，共7页----------------------- 小数：9.876—ninepointeightsevensix分数：1/3--onethird,2/3--twothirds,1/4—onequarter,3/4--threequarters1/2--onehalf倍数：倍数+as⋯as倍数+比较级+than倍数+thesize/length/width/height/depthof⋯st年月日：June1,1990年代：inthe1990s=inthe1990’s岁数：inone’s30s=inone’sthirties编号：LessonOne=theFirstLesson,UnitOne=theFirstUnit,BookOne,Room308,ClassOne,GradeThree,BusNo.3=theNo.3bus,Exercise2,Page6,Tel.No.88888823QingnianRoad九，代词1，人称代词主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem2，物主代词形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs3，反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves4，指示代词this,that,these,those5，相互代词eachother,oneanother6，疑问代词who,whom,whose,what,which,when,whattime,where,why,how(tall,old,manymuch,far,long,often,soon)7，关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that(定语从句中)8，连接代词who,whom,what,which,whose(名词性从句中)9，不定代词one,ones,either（2者中的任意一个）,each（≥2者中的任意一个）,every（≥3者中的任意一个）,both（2者都）,neither（2者中一个都不）,all（≥3全都）,none（≥3一个都不）,some（肯）,any（否，疑）,many（可数）,much（不可数）,few（可，否）,afew,（可，肯），little（不，否）,alittle（不，肯）,another,other,others,someone,anyone,noone,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,nothing十，介词时间：at,in,on,between,since,for,during,until,till,by,after,from⋯to,before,past,behind方位：in,on,at,behind,beside,between,near,under,above,around,before,below,inside,outside,nextto,acrossfrom,among,over,infrontof,round,around运动方向：to,towards,round,around,through,across,from⋯to.,into,onto,outof,along其他：by,to,like,unlike,of,except,about,for,against,with,but,minus,plus,as,without,including,besides,except十一，连词1,并列连词：and,but,or,for,so,both⋯and,not⋯but,either⋯or,neither⋯nor,notonly⋯butalso2,从属连词：3,连接词：that,if,whether.连接代词（who,whom,what,which,whose），连接副词(when,where,why,how)精品学习资料可选择pdf第4页，共7页----------------------- 十二，冠词1,不定冠词a/an（1）一个Iamanapple.（2）某一AMrLiiswaitingforyou.（3）每一Iplaybasketballtwiceaday.（4）一种Ahorseisveryuseful.2,定冠词the（1）特指某人或某物Ilikethebook.（2）说话双方都知道的人或物Openthedoorplease.（3）上文提到过的人或物Ihaveafriend,thefriendisverykindtome.（4）世界上独一无二的事物thesun,theearth,themoon,theuniverse,（5）单数可数名词前表一类thehorse,thedog（6）乐器前playthepiano/guitar/violin（7）序数词和形容词最高级前thefirst/secondman.Thetallestboy（8）方位词前intheeast/south/west/north（9）形容词前表一类therich/poor/old/young/sick/woulded（10）河流，海洋，山脉，群岛前theChangjiangRiver,thepacificOcean,（11）姓氏复述前theWhites（12）普通名词变成的专有名词theGreatWall3,零冠词（1）专有名词前Tom,China,Sichuan（2）抽象名词和物质名词前love,happiness,water,air（3）季节，月份，星期前Spring,Summer,Autumn,January,Monday（4）复数名词表一类Horsesareusefulanimals.（5）称呼语，头衔，职务前Father,Director,monitor（6）三餐前breakfast,lunch,supper,dinner（7）节假日Children’sDay,Teachers’Day（8）语言English,Chinese（9）球类，棋类，游戏playbasketball,football,volleyball,chess十三，句子的分类1，句子种类Be动词助动词情态动词行为动词陈肯Iamold.Iwillcry.Icanrun.Ilikeit.否Iamnotold.Iwon’tcry.Ican’trun.Idon’tlikeit.疑一Areyouold?Willyoucry?Canyourun?Doyoulikeit?特Howoldareyou?Whatwillyoudo?Whatcanyoudo?Whatdoyoulike?选Areyouoldoryoung?Willyoucryorsmile?Canyourunorjump?Doyoulikeitornot?反Youareold,aren’tyou?Youwillcry,won’tyou?Youcanrun,can’tyou?Youlikeit,don’tyou?祈Bequiet!Don’tcry!Runfaster!Comeon!感Howoldheis!Howloudlyhecries!Howfastheruns!Whatatallboyheis!补充:反意疑问句:1,Be动词:Heistall,isn’the?2,助动词:Youwillcry,won’tyou?3,情态动词:Youcanrun,can’tyou?精品学习资料可选择pdf第5页，共7页----------------------- 4,行为动词:Youlikeit,don’tyou?5,已经表示否定的词:never,few,little,hardly,scarcely,seldom,nothing,nobody,noone.Henevertalksinmyclass,doeshe?6,第一人称否定转移:Idon’tthink/believe/supposeheisgood,ishe?7,祈使句:(Don’t)openthedoor,willyou?8,Let’s---shallwe,letus-----willyou:Let’sgo,shallwe?Letusgo,willyou?感叹句:1,Whata/an(adj)名词/(主谓)!Whatbadweatheritistoday!Whatacleverboyheis!Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!2,How形容词/副词/(主谓)!Howclevertheboyis!Howfasttheboyruns!2,句子类型(1)简单句：（2）并列句：and,but,or,for,so,both⋯and,not⋯but,either⋯or,neither⋯nor,notonly⋯butalso（3）复合句：A.名词性从句：a.主语从句：that,whether,who,whom,whose,what,which,when,where,why,how.b.宾语从句（直接引语—间接引语）：陈述句that:Hesaid,“Iamtall.”---Hesaid(that)hewastall.一般疑问句if/whether:Heaskedme,“Doyoulikeme?”---HeaskedmeifIlikedhim.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+陈述句:Heaskedme,“Whodoyoulike?—HeaskedmewhoIliked.祈使句:ask/tellsb(not)todosth:Hesaidtome,“Shutup.”---Heaskedmetoshutup..注意：1，时态（主现从任，主过从过），2，语序（陈述句）3，人称（1-3，2-1/3，3-3）4，代词和状语（this-that,these-those,now-then,today-thatday,thisweek-thatweek,yesterday-thedaybefore,thedaybeforeyesterday-twodaysbefore,lastweek-theweekbefore,3daysago-3daysbefore,tomorrow-thenextday,thedayaftertomorrow-2dayslater,nextweek-thenextweek,here-there,come-go.）c.表语从句：that,if,whether,who,whom,whose,what,which,when,where,why,how.d,同位语从句:that,if,whether,B.形容词性从句：--定语从句：先行词：定语从句所修饰的那个词关系代词：who人主，whom人宾，whose人物定，which物主宾，that人物主宾关系副词：when时间状语，where地点状语，why原因状语注意：不能用that的：a.在非限制性定语从句中：Ilostallthemoney,whichwasgivenbymyaunt.b.当关系词代词前有介词时：ThisistheknifewithwhichIcutpaper.只能使用that的：a.为了避免重复：Whoisthegirlthatisdancing?b.先行词为不定代词:：Thereissomethingthatisveryhardtounderstand.c.先行词既有人也有物：Doyoustillrememberthepeopleandthethingsthatwesawthere?精品学习资料可选择pdf第6页，共7页----------------------- d.先行词前有最高级或序数词：HeisthetallestpersonthatIhaveeverseen.e.先行词在定语从句中作表语:Sheisnolongerthegirlthatsheusedtobe.f.先行词前有theonly,thevery,thesame,theright,thejust：C.副词性从句：--状语从句：a.让步：though,although,evenif,eventhough,whatever=nomatterwhatb.比较：than,as⋯as,notso⋯asc.目的：sothat,inorderthatd.原因：as,since,becausee.条件：if,unlessf.结果：so⋯that,such⋯thatg.时间：as,when,while,before,after,till,until,since,assoonash.地方：where,whereveri.方式：as十四，It的用法1,时间:It’s8o’clocknow.2,距离：It’s5kilometersfrommyhometoschool.3,天气/人:It’ssohottoday.Who’sitinthepicture?4,上文出现过的物体:Iliketheredcoat.It’ssobeautiful.5,作形式主语和形式宾语:It’sadjforsbtodosth.Ifinditadjforsbtodosth.6,用于强调句中:Itishethathelpsmealot.精品学习资料可选择pdf第7页，共7页-----------------------