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动词不定式
一、不定式结构作主语Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Toperseveremeansvictory!注①:在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行it代替主语,而把不定式后置:It’sagreatpleasuretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.注②:这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子,如:Ittookusfivehourstogetthere.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.
注③:不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出,也可以由“for+名词词组”来表示,如:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasdifficultformetodothework.注④:某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时,常在不定式之前加上“of+名词词组”来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况,如:It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake.
二、不定式结构作表语1.主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一是条件,一是结果),如:Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.2.主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组,或以what引导的名词性从句表示,后面的不定式说明其内容,如:Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.Mysuggestionistostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.注:在某些句型中,当主语部分有动作动词do时,作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”,如:Allwehavetodoispushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.AllIcoulddowassendhimatelegram.
三、不定式结构作动词宾语1.“动词+带to的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有:afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mean,intend,begin,等,例如:I’vearrangedtomeethimatteno’clock.Ididn’texpecttofindyouhere.2.“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式结构”。(这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句)。这类动词常见的有:tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder等。疑问词(也称连接代/副词)有:what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which(why除外),如:Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.
注①:如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语,则应使用先行it,把不定式后置,例如:Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注②:不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有在个别场合,即在含有否定意义的带有介词except或but(=except)的结构中才能这样用,例如:Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Thechilddidnothingexceptweep.Shecandoanythingbutsing.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrive.注意不定式符号的省略问题!
四、不定式结构作定语1.不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后,如:It’stimetogotobed.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.Haveyouanythingtodeclare?Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevocation.2.能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语,如:Idon’twishtoquarrelwithyou.→Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.Theywillattempttocrosstherivertonight.→Theywillmakeanotherattempttocrosstherivertonight.Shepromisednottodothatagain.→Shemadeapromisenottodothatagain.
3.某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词,转化成名词时,也能带不定式结构作定语,如:Hewasobviouslyanxioustogo.→Hisanxietytogowasobvious.4.不定式结构与所修饰的名词,有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系,如:Hehasalargefamilytosupport(=thathemustsupport).注:处于动宾关系的情况下,如果不定式是不及物动词,它后面应加上必要的介词,如:Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Let’sfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin.5.有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系,可以在不定式之前加上for+名词词组,如:Here’sabookforyoutoread.Hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin.
五、不定式结构作状语不定式结构可以作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词等,表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。1.表示目的:Theyranovertowelcomethedelegates.Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother.注①:不定式结构表示目的时,通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三句),但也有例外的情况,例如:Istoppedforhimtospeaktome.Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Hebroughtaportertocarrytheboxes/bags.Theysentamantomendthewindow.Hestooduptobeseenbetter.
注②:为了强调表示目的的不定式结构,特别是在不定式结构前有否定词not时,通常可以在不定式符号to之前加上inorder或soas,如:HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.Hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim.注③:表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是,置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder,但却不可以加上soas,如:Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.(Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.)Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.
2.表示结果:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?Hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型:①so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?②such(…)asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.③enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.④too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意:下列句子中的不表示结果,也无否定含义:I’monlytoogladtogo.(=I’mverygladtogo.)Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.(=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.)〖onlytoo(adv.)极;非常;太;很〗
☆☆有时,不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作,相当于一个并列限定动词词组,这种不定式结构也表示结果,如:Shewokeearlytofinditwasraining.Hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasill.这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点:①不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的,相当于一个限定动词词组,如:Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.②不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。Helefthisnativecountry(,)nevertoreturn.Hereturnedhome(,)tofindhisfatherlyingsickinbed.③不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味,其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。(有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果),如:HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.
④不定式之前有时可以加上only或butonly,以加强语气,如:Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.注:不定式结构表示结果或表示目的,往往形式相似,这时,须根据词汇意义认真加以区别,试比较:Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.(=Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.)HearrivedlatetoavoidmeetingRobert.(=HearrivedlateinordertoavoidmeetingRobert.)Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Hewenttothestationtoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.(=Hewenttothestationinordertoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.)3.表示原因:(不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作)Shewepttohearthenews.Ipretendtobehappytoknowhim.Helaughedtoseesuchfun.Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.
六、不定式结构作宾语补足语Don’tforceyourselftowritewhenyouhavenothingtosay.Hebelievedtheearthtobeaglobe.Didyouseeayoungmanenterthehouse?1.只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词:①表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词,如:wish,desire,expect,love,prefer,encourage,trust等。Whatdoyoudesiremetodo?Thedirectorpreferredhertoacttheoldlady.②含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词,如:let,allow,permit,decide,mean,lead,bring,put,hurry,cause,等。Wemustn’tletthishappenagain.Hisfatherputhimtomindthesheep.③带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词,如:ask,desire,invite,beg,request,worry等。Hebeggedmenottotellhisfatheraboutit.ShewasalwaysworryingherfathertotakehertoParis.
④含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词,如:advise,persuade,callon,urge等。Heurgedustoacceptthecompromise.Thedentistadvisedmetohavethebadtoothpulledout.⑤含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词,如:order,command,require,charge,tell,make,oblige,force,drive,forbid,warn等。Herequiredustokeepitasecret.Thedoctororderedhimtostayinbedforafewdays.Iwarnyounottodothatagain.⑥其他还有:help,teach,show,assist,report,bear,waitfor,train,dependon等。Hepromisedtoteachmetoswim.Weshouldtrainthemtomakeuseofreferencebooks.Wearewaitingforthetraintostop.
2.既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词:△see,watch,notice,lookat,hear,listento,observe,feel,have;△imagine,find,discover,like,want,understand,hate,bring,get,leave,setDidyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Don’timagineyourselftobealwayscorrect.Wefindhimtobedishonest.Hesettheboystocarrywater.I’llleavehimtosolvetheproblemforhimself.注①:有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语,所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来,用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成(即全过程);而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行,即:谓语动词所表示的动作发生时,现在分词所表示的动作正在进行,如:Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Hesawhisfathertalkingwithhisteacher.Ionceheardhimsingthissong.SheheardMr.Whitesinginginthenextroom.
注②:使用不定式作宾语补足语时,在有些动词后面,不定式符号to应当省略。△下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时,必须省去不定式符号to:let,make,have,see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,hear,listentoHeobservedsomeoneopenthedoor.Iwatchedthemgetintothecar.Didyounoticehimleavetheroom?△feel一词在使用todo型不定式作宾语补足语时,不带to;在使用tobe型不定式时,要带to,如:Hefeltthemtoberight.Didyoufeeltheearthshake?△help一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时,可以带to,也可以不带to,如:Doyouoftenhelpyourmother(to)dothehousework?△使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子,改为被动结构以后,宾语补足语就成了主语补足语,这时,“to”不可以省略,如:Thebossmadethemworkfrommorningtillnight.Theyweremadetoworkfrommorningtillnight.
不定式的一般式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语所表示的动作(或状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或者是在它之后发生例如:Whoheardhimsaythat?Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,这个不定式就要用完成式,如:I’mgladtohaveseenyourmother.(cf.I’mgladtoseeyou.)七、不定式的完成式有下列用法1.构成复合谓语,如:Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.(Itissaidthathehaswrittenanewbookaboutworkers.)Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered.(Itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered.)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.(Itseemedthatshehadalreadyheardaboutit.)
2.在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语,如:Youareluckytohavegotticketstotheconcert.(=Youareluckythatyouhavegotticketstotheconcert.)I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.(=I’msorryIhavegivenyousomuchtrouble.)Shewasverygladtohavedonesomethingforthepeople.3.在某些动词后作宾语,如:Hepretendednottohaveseenme.Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.4.有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语,如:Itwasagreatsatisfactiontohaverevisitedournativevillage.(主语)Soyouaretheonetohavecleanedalltheserooms.(定语)Theythoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedher.(复合宾语)Shefeltitanhonourtohavetakenpartinthework.(复合宾语)
如果主要谓语所表示的动作(或情况)发生时,不定式所表示的动作正在进行,这时,不定式就要用进行式。八、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法1.构成复合谓语,如:Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.Ihappenedtobegoingthatwaytoo.2.在某些动词后构成复合宾语,如:Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.3.在某些动词后作宾语,如:Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.4.有时可以作主语或状语,如:Iamgladtobeworkingwithyou.(状语)It’sniceofyoutobethinkingofus.(主语)
九、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行,就需要用完成进行式,如:TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnan.Shewishedtohavebeentrainingashardastheothers.It’sagreatpleasuretohavebeenworkingwithyou.
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要采用被动形式。十、不定式的被动形式有下列用法1.作主语:Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.2.作宾语:SheaskedtobesenttoworkinXinjiang.3.构成复合宾语:Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Shedidn’tlikeherselftobepraisedlikethat.4.构成复合谓语:Thebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutoftheroom.5.作定语:Areyougoingtothemeetingtobeheldintheteachers’office?6.作状语:Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.
十一、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式,在句中作主语、宾语、定语,或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等,如:Itisagoodthingforhimtohavebeencriticized.(主语)Shepreferredtohavebeengivenheavierworktodo.(宾语))Hethoughtitanhonourtohavebeeninvitedtotheparty.(复合宾语)Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.(复合谓语)Shewasthefirstwomantohavebeenelectedtosuchapost.(定语)
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