初二上册英语语法总结[1] 16页

初二上册英语语法总结初二上册英语语法总结初二上册英语语法总结动词不定式一.定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。同时动词不定式又具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。二.动词不定式的构成：to+动词原形三.动词不定式作宾语后面能接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree,ask,choose,decide,forget,hope,learn,want,wish,wouldlike等。Wehopetogettherebeforedark.我们希望天黑以前到那儿。Thegirldecidedtodoitherself.那个姑娘决定自己做那件事。动词不定式作宾语的注意事项（2点）1.有些动词既可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟动名词作宾语，但含义不同：remembertodo记住要做某事rememberdoing记得曾经做过某事forgettodo忘记要做某事forgetdoing忘记曾经做过某事stoptodo停下来去做某事stopdoing停止做某事goontodo继续做另一件事goondoing继续做原来在做的事Irememberseeingyousomewherebefore.我记得以前在哪儿见过你。Pleaseremembertoturnoffthelightwhenyouleave.离开时请记得关好灯。 2.不定式作宾语时，如带有宾语补足语，则要把不定式放到后面，用it作形式宾语，构成“主语+动词+it+宾补（形容词、名词）+不定式”结构。如：Hefounditverydifficulttogettosleep.他发现很难入睡。四.动词不定式作宾语补足语1.后面能接to不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask,order,teach,tell,want,wish,help等。TheteachertoldustodoExercise1.老师要我们做练习一。Iwantbothofyoutogo.我要你们俩去。Wehelpedher(to)repairherbike.我们帮助她修理自行车。2.使役动词let,have,make及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel等要以不带to的不定式作宾补。Let’shavearest.我们休息一会吧。Isawhimcomein.我看见他进来了。感官动词后既可跟不带to的不定式作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。Isawhimcomedownstairs.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事）Isawhimcomingdownstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）五.动词不定式作状语Laterhelefthometoworkindifferentcities.不久他离开家到不同的城市工作。Hewenttoseeafootballmatch.他去看足球比赛了。Inordertocatchtheotherstudents,Imustworkhard.为了赶上其他同学，我必须努力学习。六.动词不定式作定语不定式作定语一般放在所修饰的词的后面。Ineedsomethingtoeat.Doyouhavesomethingtoread?Tomwassoexcitedthathehadnowordtosay.Heisreallyafoolonlytoeat.ThemantostandherejustnowisourEnglishteacher.Thedoctorhadnowaytosavethepatient.注意： （1）作定语的不定式是由及物动词组成，被修饰的名词或代词与不定式之间存在方位或方式关系需要有介词。Iamlookingforaroomtolivein.我正在找一间住房。（方位关系）Wehavemanythingstodoexperimentswith.我们有许多做实验的东西（方式关系）（2）作定语的不定式是由“be+adj+prep”构成的动词短语。Herethereisn’tanybookformetobeinterestedin.Wehavedonemanythingstoproudof.我们做了许多引以自豪的事。七.动词不定式作主语Togiveisbetterthantoreceive.Toreachthereonfootisimpossible.动词不定式作主语时，可以用it代替，把实际主语不定式放在后面。It’sbettertogivethantoreceive.It’simpossibletoreachthereonfoot.It’s+adj+forsb.todosth.It’snotdifficultformetostudyEnglishwell.It’seasyforhimtoworkoutthismathproblem.在这个句型中，如果形容词与不定式的逻辑主语关系密切，并且形容词用来说明逻辑主语的性质、品质、特点等，由of引出逻辑主语。这类形容词主要有nice,kind,good,wrong,right等。八.动词不定式和疑问词连用动词不定式可以和疑问词what,which,how,where,when连用，构成不定式短语，可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。Howtodoisstillaquestion.Haveyoudecidedwhentoleave?九.动词不定式的否定形式 动词不定式的否定式是在to前加not；不带to的不定式则在动词前加not.如：ZhangMingaskedmenottostayathomeallday.张明要我不要整天呆在家里。Mymotherletmenotdoitbymyself.妈妈让我不要独自做这件事。被动语态英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态主动语态（TheActiveVoice）表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态（ThePassiveVoice）表示主语是动作的承受者。构成：承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者一般现在时：承受者+助动词am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者一般过去时：承受者+助动词was/were+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者承受者+助动词shall/willbe+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者承受者+助动词have/hasbeen+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者承受者+can/may/must/should+be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者被动语态用法：1）当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁，或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时，需用被动语态。2）当我们需要强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态。3）如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by引导出动作的执行者。主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。主动语态变为被动语态时有以下几种情况：1）主语＋谓语动词＋宾语将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。（主动）Weboughtabookyesterday.（被动）Thebookwasboughtyesterday.2）主语＋谓语动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。如果直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前要加介词to/for。（主动）Heshowedmeabookyesterday.（被动）Iwasshowedabookyesterday.（被动）Thebookwasshowedtomeyesterday.3）主语＋谓语动词＋复合宾语含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语，变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留不变，成为主语补足语。（主动）Ifoundhimagoodpupil.（宾语补足语）（被动）Hewasfoundagoodpupil.（主语补足语）4）短语动词变为被动语态有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词，其后可以接宾语，因此它们也有被动语态，但短语动词是不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉其后面的介词或副词。（主动）Weshouldlookafterthepatientsverywell.（被动）Thepatientsshouldbelookedafterverywellbyus.5）宾语从句变为被动语态若主动语态中是宾语从句，变为被动语态时常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。It’ssaidthathepassedtheexam.被动语态应注意的几个特殊问题：（1）不及物动词带介词和介词宾语，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。（主动）Thestudentsinclasslistentotheteachercarefully.（被动）Theteacherislistenedtocarefullybythestudentsinclass.（2）当动词带有复合宾语时，并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”。（主动）Theymakedoallthework.（被动）Weweremadetodoallthework.（主动）WeoftenhearhersingEnglishsongs.（被动）SheisoftenheardtosingEnglishsongs.（主动）Iseehimwalktoschool.（被动）Heisseentowalktoschool.扩展阅读：初二上册英语语法总结选择填空 ()1.What’sthematterwithyou?--Ihad___badcoldandhadtostayin_____bedA.a;/B.a;theC.a;aD.the;the()2.When________he_____toourschool?---AbouttwohoursA.does;comeB.did;comeC.did;cameD.do;come()3.Themeatis__expensiveandeating__meatisbadforyourhealth.A.toomuch;muchtooB.muchtoo;toomuchC.toomuch;toomuchD.muchtoo;muchtoo;()4.It’sinteresting___abooklikethis.A.readB.readsC.readingD.toread()5.Whatabout___Englishwithme?A.studyB.studiesC.studyingD.tostudy()6.Ifyouwanttobeingood____,youshouldeat____food.A.healthy;healthyB.health;healthC.healthy;healthD.health;healthy()7.Isthere____wrongwithyourcomputer?A.somethingB.anythingC.everythingD.some()8.Couldyougiveme_____?--Sure.A.someadviceB.someadvicesC.anyadviceD.anyadvices()9.Theyare___nextmonth.A.gotocampB.gocampingC.goingcampingD.goingcamp()10.Thatsound_____.A.interestingB.interestedC.interestD.tointerest()11.Thechildlikestodo____.A.thingsdifferentB.somethingdifferentC.differentsomethingD.differentanything()12.MayIaskyou______question?--SureA.anyB.muchC.someD.alittle()13.Atlasthedecided_________thenewplan.A.atB.toC.onD.for()14.Theoldpeoplelike____afterdinner,becauseit’sgoodfortheirhealth. A.takingwalksB.takingwalkC.goingforwalkD.gotowalks()15.Braceisgoingfishing,____hisbrotherisn’t.Hehasmuchworktodo.A.andB.soC.butD.because()16.--_____doyoucometoschool?--_____foot.A.What;OnB.How;OnC.What;ByD.How;By()17.SometimesIgo_____withmyfather.A.fishB.fishingC.tofishD.fishes()18.Ittookmearound______hourtofinishmyhomeworkyesterday.A.aB.anC.theD./()19.Wheretogodepends______theplacewhereyoulike.A.inB.withC.onD.by()20.It____fifteenminutestowalktoschool.A.spendsB.costsC.takesD.pays()21.Thenumberofthechildreninherfamily_____thereA.amB.isC.areD.be()22.Pleasewaitforamoment;Ihave____totellyou.A.interestingsomethingB.somethinginterestingC.interestinganythingD.anythinginteresting()23.Iwanttoknow______.A.wheredoesheliveB.howfarisitC.whoisheD.howhegoestoschool()24.---Canyougotothebankwithme?-----______.A.Sure,I’dlovetoB.Yes,I’dloveC.No,PleaseD.No,I’dlove()25.---Let’sgooutandplaygames.---Sorry,Ihave______worktodo.A.muchtooB.toomuchC.toomanyD.manytoo()26.Heleft____HongKong____themorningofSeptember8thA.to;onB.for;inC.to;inD.for;on()27.Mygoodfriendcanplay_____soccerwell,buthecan’tplay_____guitar.A.a;theB.the;theC./;theD.the;/()28.---I’mgoinghikinginthemountainswithmyfriendstomorrow.----________ A.CongratulationsB.ThanksalotC.HaveagoodtimeD.Sorrytohearthat()29.---MustIfinishmyhomeworktoday-----No,you_____A.can’tB.maynotC.mustn’tD.needn’t()30.Shefinished_____herpostcardstwodaysago.A.writeB.wroteC.writingD.writes()31.---Why____fishingtomorrow?--Goodidea!A.don’tgoB.notgoC.nottogoD.don’tyougoing()32.They_____theGreatWallnextholiday.A.visitB.arevisitC.arevisitingD.visited（）33.Therearemany_____betweenthetwopicture.A.differentB.differentsC.differencesD.difference（）34.Milkisgood_____our____.A.to;healthyB.to;healthC.for;healthyD.for;health()35.---______doyougoskating?----Everyday.A.HowoftenB.HowmanyC.HowmuchD.Howlong（）36.--Howoftendotheygotothemovies?---_______A.twiceaweekB.aweektwiceC.twiceofaweekD.twiceweek()37.Thereis___milkinthebottle.A.fewB.afewC.alotofD.many()38.Thepolicemantoldtheboys____inthestreet.A.notplayB.nottoplayC.notplayingD.tonotplay()39.Therearethree____inthefactory.A.womandriversB.womendriversC.womandriverD.womendriver()40.Iwantyou____withmeeveryday. A.exerciseB.exercisesC.exercisingD.toexercise()41.Mysisterlikesfruit,_____shedoesn’tlikevegetables.A.butB.andC.orD.also()42._____grandmotheroftencooksdeliciousfoodfor____A.He;hisB.His;heC.He;himD.His;him()43.WhatcanBillandCindydo?--Billcanplay____soccerandCindycanplay____piano.A.the;theB./;/C.the;/D./;the()44.Iwillgivemybaby____toeat.A.healthysomethingB.healthyanythingC.somethinghealthyD.anythinghealthy()45.Smokingis___yourhealth.A.goodforB.badforC.goodtoD.badto()46._____computergames,Ilikethemverymuch.A.AsforB.AsonC.AboutD.Allabove1.so+谓语+主语：…也一样.谓语:be动词/助动词/情态动词2.so+主语+谓语:的确如此,真的这样.3.helpyourself/yurselvesto．．．请随便吃点．．．4.发现sb做sth:findsbdoingsth5.不完全同意Idon’treallyagree.完全不同意Ireallydon’tagree.6.或者．．或者．．．either…or…..就近原则既不．．也不．．neither…nor….就近原则既．．．．又．．．both…and….谓语用复数7.看起来，似乎Itseems/seemedthat…..8.由于．．．而闻名befamousfor….KeyPhrases（重点短语）：1.howoften多长时间一次2.junkfood垃圾食品3.alotof许多4.hardlyever很少5.startwith以…开始6.trytodosth.试着去做某事7.lookafter照料8.bekindofunhealthy有点不健康9.onceaday一天一次10.twiceamonth一个月两次11.begoodfor对…有好处12.onceinawhile偶尔13.seeadoctor/dentist看病/看牙医14.getacold/fever感冒/发烧15.haveastomachache肚子疼 16.haveatoothache牙疼17.haveasorethroat嗓子疼18.liedownandrest躺下休息19.drinkhotteawithhoney喝加蜂蜜的热茶20.bestressedout紧张21.listento…听…22.gettired变的疲劳23.keephealthy保持健康24.atthemoment此刻；目前25.watchTV看电视26.playbasketball打篮球27.babysithersister照看她的妹妹28.visitmyfriend拜访我的朋友29.relaxathome在家放松30.sportscamp运动野营31.somethinginteresting32.gohiking/camping/fishing/shopping/sightseeing去徒步旅行/野营/钓鱼/购物/观光33.goaway离开34.getbacktoschool返回学校35.stayforaweek呆一个星期36.gobikeriding骑自行车兜风37.takeswalks散步38.rentvideos租录像带39.sleepalot睡得多40.thinkabout考虑41.takethesubway/bus/boat/plane乘地铁/公共车/小船/飞机42.getto到达43.gobybus/plane/boat乘公共车/飞机/小船44.train/subway/busstation火车/地铁/公共车站45.busride乘公共车的旅行46.rideabike骑自行车47.busstop公共汽车站48.onfoot步行49.leavefor离开去…50.schoolbus学校班车51.theearlybus早班车52.bedifferentfrom与…不同53.halfpastsix六点半54.inNorthAmerica在北美洲55.aquickbreakfast快捷的早餐56.needtodo需要做…57.morethan多于58.playsoccer踢足球59.baseballgame棒球比赛60.schoolteam校队61.comeoverto过来到…62.thedayaftertomorrow后天63.begoodat擅长于…64.twoyearsago两年前65.beoutgoing外向的66.allthetime一直67.insomeways在一些方面68.lookthesame看起来一样69.talktoeveryone与大家谈话70.makemelaugh使我笑KeySentenceStructures重要句型：Unit1: 1.－Whatdoyouusuallydoonweekends?－Iusuallygotothemovies.2.－Whatdoeshesometimesdoonweekends?－HesometimessurfstheInternet.3.Howoftendoyouexercise?Iexerciseonceaweek.4.Howoftendoessheeatvegetables?Sheeatsvegetablesthreetimesaday.5.Mostofthestudentsgotothebeacheveryyear.6.Itmakesabigdifferencetomygrades.7.Myeatinghabitsareprettygood.Unit2:1.What’sthematter?What’swrong?What’sthetrouble?2.I’mnotfeelingwell.Ihaveacold/fever/stomachache/sorethroat./Ihavealotofheadaches.3.Maybeyoushouldseethedoctor/dentist.Youshoulddrinksomehotteawithhoney.4.Youshouldn’teatanythingfor24hours.5.Don’tgetstressedout.Itwillmakeyousick.6.I’msorrytohearthatyouarenotfeelingwell.Unit31.－Whatisshedoingforvacation?－Sheisbabysittingherlittlesister.－Thatsoundsnice/interesting.2.－Whenareyougoing?－I’mgoingonMonday.3.－Wherearetheygoing?－TheyaregoingtoTibet.4.－Whoisshegoingwith?－Sheisgoingwithherparents.5.－Howlongishestaying.－Heisstayingforaweek.6.－Howistheweatherthere?－I’mhopingtheweatherwillbenice.7.HeisleavingforHongKongthefirstweekinJune.8.Haveagoodtime.Unit4:1.－Howdoyougettoschool?－Igettoschoolbybus.2.－Howdoeshegotowork?－Heusuallywalkstoschool.3.－Howlongdoesittake?－Ittakesabouttwentyminutes.4.－Howfarisitfromhishometoschool?－It’sthreemiles.5.Whatdoyouthinkofthetransportationinyourtown?Unit5:1.－CanyoucometomypartyonWednesday? －Sure,I’dloveto./I’msorry,Ihavetohaveapianolesson.2.－CanshegotothemoviesonSaturday?－No,shecan’t.Shehastohelphermom.3.－CanyougototheconcertonMonday?－Whenisit?－It’satfouro’clockonFriday.4.Thanksalotfortheinvitation.5.I’mgoingtostudyforatestthisevening.6.What’sthedatetoday?Unit61.PedroisfunnierthanPaul.2.Tinais（alittle）tallerthanTara.3.Iammoreathleticthanmybestfriend.4.Myhairislongerthanhers.5.LiuYingisnotasgoodashersister.6.Insomeways,welookthesame.7.Forme,agoodfriendlikesdoingthesamethingsasme.8.I’mquieterthanmostofthekidsinmyclass,andsoismyfriend.9.Whodoyouthinkshouldgetthejob,RuthorRose?IV.Grammar语法：Unit1:1.表频率的词汇和短语：alwaysusuallyoftenneverhardlyeversometimesseldomonceadaytwiceamonththreetimesaweekeverytwoweeksonceinawhile2.做事情的频率（howoftenyoudothings）:－Whatdoyouusuallydointhemorning?－IusuallyreadEnglishbooks.SometimesIwalkinthegarden.Ihardlyeverexercise.Ieatvegetablestwiceaweek,butInevereatjunkfood.3.如何提问频率“多久一次”－Howoftendoesheplaytennis?－Heplaystenniseveryday.－Howoftendoyoudrinkmilk?－Idrinkmilkonceaday.－Howoftendotheygotothemovies?－Sometimes.Unit2:1.询问别人身体状况：What’swrongwithyou?What’sthematterwithyou?What’sthetrouble? 2.提出建议（giveadviceandmakesuggestions）－What’swrongwithyou?－Ihaveaheadache.－Youshouldgotobedandhavearest.Youshouldn’tworklate.－Ihaveafever.－Youshoulddrinkalotofwater.Youshouldn’tbestressedout.Unit3：一般将来时：1.现在进行时“be+动词ing”可以用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。－Whatareyoudoingforvacation?－I’mvisitingTibet.－WhereareyougoingonMayDay?－I’mgoingtothebeach.－Howmanystudentsarecomingtooutpartytomorrow?－Fifty.2.“begoingto+动词原形”表示主观打算去做某事，表示“人”打算，计划，决定要去做的事。TheyaregoingtotravelinChina.Lookattheclouds!Itisgoingtorain.－Areyougoingtobeateacherwhenyougrowup?－Yes,Iam.3.用“shall＋动词原形”或“will＋动词原形”表示一般将来时。（shall只用于第一人称）WeshallgotothebeachthisSunday.Mybrotherwillfinishmiddleschoolinayear.Thesebirdswon’tflytothesouthinwinter.Whenwilltheybeginthework?Unit4：谈论如何到达某地，以及以何种方式到达某地。－Howdoyougettothemuseum?－Igettothemuseumbysubway.SometimesIridemybiketothemuseum.注意区别：（1）takethebus=gobybuseg:Itakethebustogettoschool.=Igettoschoolbybus.takethetrain=gobytraineg:Hetakesthetraintogotoschool.Hegetstoschoolbytrain.takethesubway=gobysubwaytakeataxi=gobytaxigoinacar=gobycarrideabike=gobybikewalk=goonfoot How引导的疑问句：1.HowdoesLuciagettowork?（提问方式“如何”）2.DaveisgoingtotraveltoParisbyplane.Howlongdoesittake?（提问时间长短“多长时间”）3.Howfarisitfromthepostofficetothemuseum?（提问距离“多远”）4.HowoftendoesKateswimintheriver?（提问频率“多久一次”）5.Howoldisthelittleboy?（提问年龄“多大”）6.Howmanycowsarethere?（提问数量“多少”many后跟可数名词）7.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?（提问数量“多少”much后跟不可数名词）8.Howmuchisthedoll?（提问价钱“多少钱”）9.Howtallishisteacher?（提问高度“多高”）10.Howwastheweather?（提问程度“怎样”）Unit5情态动词“can”表示可能性，或现在决定将来的事。练习用“Can…?”发出邀请，接受或拒绝并给出原因：－CanyoucometomypartyonMonday?－Sure,I’dloveto./Sorry,Ican’t.Ihavetostudyforatest.－Canshegotothemovies?－No,shecan’t.Shehastodoherhomework.－Canhegotothefootballgametomorrow?－No,hecan’t.Hehasadrivinglessons.－Cantheygototheconcerttonight?－No,theycan’t.Theyarevisitingtheiruncle.Unit6:形容词比较级：形容词比较级是用来表示事物的等级差别。I.形容词比较级的构成：规则变化：1.一般单音节词末尾加－er。tall－tallergreat－greater 2.以不发音的e结尾的单音节词和少数以－le结尾的双音节词只加－r。nice－nicerlarge－largerable－abler3.以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加－er。big－biggerhot－hotter4.“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加－er。easy－easierbusy－busier5.少数以－er，－ow结尾的双音节词末尾加－er.clever－cleverernarrow－narrower6.其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more来构成比较级。important－moreimportantbeautiful－morebeautiful不规则变化：good－betterwell（健康的）－betterbad－worseill－worseold－older/eldermany－moremuch－morelittle（少的）－lessfar（远的）－farther/furtherII.比较级句型：1.比较级＋than……比…较为A＋动词＋形容词比较级＋than＋B.两者相比较，A比B更…一些。Iamolderthanyou.MaryishappierthanJane.HisbrotherisyoungerthanI（me）.BeijingismorebeautifulthanWuhan.MysisterhaslongerhairthanTara.Hermotheristhinnerthanherfather.JackistallerthanTom.2.as…asA+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.表示A和B两者比较，程度相同，“…和…相同”。Myuncleisastallasyourfather.TomisashonestasJohn.Mydogisasoldasthatone.A…＋not＋as＋形容词原级＋as＋B表示A，B两者程度不同，即A不如B那么…Myuncleisnotastallasyourfather.TomisnotashonestasJohn.Thisjacketisnotascheapasthatone.3.thesameas与…相同。Myfriendisthesameasme.Wearebothquiet.Agoodfriendlikestodothesamethingsasme. 友情提示：本文中关于《初二上册英语语法总结》给出的范例仅供您参考拓展思维使用，初二上册英语语法总结：该篇文章建议您自主创作。