精编高中英语语法考点专题解析---第12章三大从句 48页

高中英语语法考点专题解析第十二章三大从句一、概述从句依托于主句而存在，隶属于主句。从句作为一种重要的句法形式在英语法中起着举足轻重的作用。本章从从句的分类（三大从句：名词性从句、形容词性从句（定语从句）和副词性从句（状语从句））入手，详尽介绍了每种从句的具体用法，包括定义、作用、关联词的用法及相关比较。最后，对本章内容进行了全面总结，提炼精华。把从句上升到一定的理论高度，运用从句去剖析一些重要语言现象的本质，搭建知识点之间的联系。本章内容较整，在学好每种从句的基础之上，结合知识网形成完整的知识体系，充分运用从句解决实际的语言问题。二、从句的分类根据从句在主从复合句中的作用（或相当某个词在句中的作用可将从句分为：名词性从句、形容词性从句（定语从句）、副词性从句（状语从句）。下面将全面阐述各类从句的具体用法。三、名词性从句1、定义及分类在句子中充当名词所能充当的句法成分的从句称之为名词性从句。名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。所有的名词性从句都用陈述语序。2、作用名词性从句在句子中充当名词所能充当的句法成分，每个名词性从句的名称都是由其所在主从复合句中所充当的句子成分所决定的。主语从句充当主语的作用，相应地宾语从句充当宾语、表语从句充当表语、同位语从句充当同位语。3、引导名词性从句的关联词主从复合句中主句和从句之间要有连词予以连接，引导名词性从句的关联词主要有以下几种。①连接词that>whether和ifA、连词that无实义，在一定情况下可以省略。whether和if有具体意义表示“是否"，不能省略。that和whether可以引导所有的名词性从句；if只能引导宾语从句或不放在句首的主语从句。（即用先行it作形式主语）B、whether引导的名词性从句可以放在复合句的句首，而if引导的名词性从句只能放在主句谓语动词后面。引导宾语从句时，whether和if一般情况下可以互换。C、whether可以作介词的宾语而if不可以。D、whether可以接不定时而if不可以。 E^可以说whetherorno,表示"无论如何、不管"if则不可以。F、whether和if常用在ask、see、know^wonder等动词后表示"是否G、可以说nomatterwhether或nomatterif表示"无论如何""H、这三个连词在句中只起到连接主从句的作用，不充当任何句子成分。例如：Thatheisrespectedbyeveryoneisnatural.（主语从句）Whetheritrainsornotdoesn"tmatter.（句首主语从句不用if,但可以说Itdoesn,tmatterifitrainsornot.）Iwanttoknowwhether（if）hewillhelpus.（宾语从句）Thefactisthatthetrainhasleft.（表语从句）Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishitontime.（表语从句不可用if）Wcarcdiscussingtheproblemofwhetherweshouldborrowsomemoneyfromthebank.（作介词的宾语不可用if）Idon"tknowwhethertocontinuemyschoolingortojointhearmy.（同不定时连用不可用if）Theproblemwhetherwehaveenoughmoneytocarryouttheprojectupsetsus.（同位语从句不可用if）Nomatterwhether（if）othersagreewithmeornot,Iwillmakemyownway.I、doubt表示"怀疑、不知道""用于肯定句时后接whether或if从句；用于疑问句和否定句时后接that从句。但当doubt表示“强烈的不相信寸，在陈述句中后接that从句。例如：Idoubtwhether（if）hewillcallonus.（肯定句中用whether或if）Idon"tdoubtthatitwillbesunnytoday.（否定句同that）Doyoudoubtthathewillwinthegame?（疑问句中用that）Idoubtthatheisn"thonest;heismorereliable,（doubt表示“强烈的不相信"，后接that从句）②、关系代词在传统的语法中，有连接代词、连接副词和关系代词、关系副词之分。连接代词和连接副词引导名词性从句；关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句。但在现代英语语法中，不再作此区分，统称为关系代词和关系副词。引导名词性从句的关系代词有who谁（主格）、whom谁（宾格）、whose谁的（所有格）、which哪一个、what什么东西及一些缩合连接代词如：whatever无论什么、whoever无论谁、whichever无论哪一个。关系代词在从句中一般起到双重作用既起到连接主从句的作用，又担当主语、宾语、表语和定语等句子成分。例如：Whowillbeelectedaspresidentofthisstatehasn"tbeendecided.Whosedutyitistodayisnoneofyourbusiness.A、关系代词what的用法a、what有时保留它原有的疑问意义，表示“什么J有时作双重关系代词，既可指人也可指物，指物时相当于all that或thethingthat;指人时相当于theperson（s）thato要注意这种用法的what本身已包括先行词故前面无需再用先行词，前面有先行词时，视具体情况用that>who或whichowhat既起到连接的作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语，且这种用法的what—般同时充当两个句子成分,在主句中充当一个成分，同时又在从句中充当一个句子成分。例如：Thedoctoraskedthemanwhafsthematterwithhim.ThediaryremindedmeofwhatIhaddoneatmycollege（what充当主句介词of的宾语，同时又充当从句haddone的宾语）ThatiswhatIlearntfromthemagazine,（what充当主句的表语，同时充当从句learned的宾语）Whathadbeensaidcouldn"tbesaved,（what充当主句的主语，同时充当从句的主语）Don^trytobewhatyouarenot.（what充当主句的表语,同时充当从句的表语）Allwhathesaidwasreasonable.（错）Whathesaidwasreasonable.（正）Allthathesaidwasreasonable.（正）ThatisacarwhatIcan"tafford.（错）Thatisacarthat（which）Ican"tafford.（正）b、what既可以是疑问代词，也可以是关系代词。其区别是：含what的句子谓语动词含有不肯定、询问的意义时，what为疑问代词；反之，之具体的事件表示肯定意义时，what为关系代词。例如：Idon"tknowwhatsheisdoing.（疑问代词）Iunderstoodwhathesaid.（关系代词）Whatwillhappeninthefutureishardtosay.（疑问代词）Whatyoudotodaywillaffectyourfuture.（关系代词）c、关系代词what用于"whatis（was）+比较级"‘结构中，表示“更……尤其"，常用作插入语。例如：Hedrivesveiycarelessly;what^sworse,itcausedaserioustrafficaccident.Shejoinedtheclubandwhat"smaresurprising,shebecamethebestsinge匸d、what在引导从句的时候还可以作定语表示“所有的、任何的或仅有的“等含义。例如：IhavelearntallthemoneyIhavetohim.（=allthemoneythat）Doctorspromisedtogivethesickboywhathelptheycould（=anyhelpthat） Inthedesertthemansacrificedtogivewhatlittlewatertoothers.（=allthewaterthat）B、缩合连接代词的用法a>缩合连接代词有whatever（=nomatterwhat或anythingthat）无论什么、whoever（=nomatterwho或anyonewho）无论何人、whichever（=nomatterwhich）无论哪个。这些缩合连接代词含有先行词，类似于whato他们起着连接主从句和充当句法成分的取重作用，其后无需再用连词。例如：Whateverthatyoudowillhaveaneffect.（错）Whateveryoudowillhaveaneffect.（正）Whoeverthatattendstheconceitwillenjoyafreeticket（错）Whoeverattendstheconcertwillenjoyafreeticket（正）b、作不带先行词的关系代词时只能用whoever不能用who:因为whoever本身兼有先行词和关系代词，同样如果已有了先行词便只能用who不能用whoevero例如：Whoeverwinstheelectionwillhavethesupportofthebothparties・（正）Whowinstheelectionwillhavethesupportofthebothparties.（错）Peoplewhoeverhaveaimswillhaveendlesspowe匚（丰昔）Peoplewhohaveaimswillhaveendlesspowe匚（正）c、关系副词引导名词性从句的关系副词有：when（=thetimewhen）什么时候、何时、where（=theplacewhere）什么地方、何地、how（=thewayinwhich）如何、怎么样、why（=thereasonwhy）为什么。这些关系代词同样起双重作用，在句中既是连接词，又作状语。关系副词引导的从句在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。应注意名词性从句一律都用陈述语序。例如：Whenwccancompletetheprojectisunknown.（引导主句从句，同时作从句的时间状语）Thegovernmenthasn,tdecidedwherethecollegewillbebuilt.（引导宾语从句，同时作从句的地点状语）That"showhespenthisfour-yearcollegelife.（引导表语从句，同时作从句的方式状语）Iwanttoknowwhysherefusesmyinvitation.（引导宾语从句，同时作从句的原因状语）D、but>butthat和butwhata、用于nodoubt>notdoubt和notdeny之后相当于that。例如：Thereisnodoubtbutthatheisthebeststudentintheclass.Shedidn"tdoubtbutthat（but）hewasareliableman.Wecan"tdenybutwhattheproblemshouldbesolvedassoonaspossible. b、用于特殊疑问句中或否定词之后，相当于thatnote例如：Whocansaybutthatitmayrain.=whocansaythatitmaynotrain.Shecanhardlybelievebutwhathewillloveher.=Shecanhardlybelievethathewon^tlovehe匚c、butthat可引导条件从句，这时butthat表示"要不是、若不是"，相当于ifnot,主句常用虚拟语气。例如：Butthatshehelpedme,Iwouldhavefailed・=Ifshehadn"thelpedme,Iwouldhavefailed.d、另外，but可作从属连词，表示“唯一的条件”意为“而不、若不、除非"相当于unlesso例如：Nothingwilldobut1mustleave・e、but还可表示“可能性""无实义，相当于连接词thato例如：It"stentoonebuthewillcome.4、主语从句①定义及作用：用作主语的从句称为主语从句（即一个句子作主语）；由定义可知，主语从句在主从复合句中作主语。②用法A、it作形式主语替代主语从句为了避免头重脚轻，大多数主语从句都可以用it代替作形式主语而把主语从句至于句尾°that、whether和if以及whcn>wherewhy>how>who>what>whose引导的主语从句都可用it代替，that不可省，当然有实意的关系代词和关系副词更不能省略。但是当what作为缩合关系代词引导的主语从句，一般不用it作形式主语。whatever>whoeverwherever>whichever—般不用it作形式主语。例如：Thattheboyhelpsothersisagoodthing.（正）Itisagoodthingthattheboyhelpsothers・（正）Whentheywillstartoutisbeingdiscussed.（正）Itisbeingdiscussedwhentheywillstartout.（正）Whattheboyneedsisjustapieceofcake・（正）Itisjustapieceofcakewhattheboyneeds.（错） WhoeverentersthemeetinghallshallshowhisIDcard.（正）ItshallshowhisIDcardwhoeverentersthemeetinghall.（年昔）Whethertheplanisgoodornotshouldbetested.（正）Itshouldbetestedwhethertheplanisgoodornot.（正）B、用it作形式主语的常见主语从句结构a、It+be动词+名词+主语从句Itisapitythat遗憾的是Itisashamethat可耻的是Itisagoodthingthat是件好事Itisamysterythat是个谜Itisafactthat事实是Itisawonderthat是个奇迹Itisnowonderthat难怪Itisanhonorthat很荣幸Itisgoodnewsthat是好消息b、”+be动词+形容词+主语从句Itisimportantthat是重要的Itisimpossiblethat是不可能的Itisstrangethat很奇怪Itisclearthat是显然的Itisnaturalthat是很自然的c、It+bc动词+过去分词+主语从句Itisreportedthat据报道Itisbelievedthat相信Itisnotdecidedthat尚未决定Itisannouncedthat据宣布Itistobediscussedthat有待讨论Itisestimatedthat据估计Itistobenotedthat值得注意的是Itisuniversallybelievedthat普遍认为Itcansafelybesaidthat完全可以说d、It+不及物动词+主语从句 Ithappensthat碰巧Itfollowsthat接下来Itseems/appearsthat看来、似乎Itturnsoutthat纟吉果c、其它Itisofgreatimportancethat非常重要Itdoesn"tmatterthat没关系Itstrikes/occursto/dawnsonmethat我突然想至UC、主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况一般情况下，主语从句可用形式主语it代替而将真正的主语从句后置，也可将主语从句放在句首，大多数情况下两者可以互换。在下列四种情况下主语从句不可提前而必须用形式主语it代替而将真正的主语从句后置。a、Itissaid/bclicvcd/rcportcdthat结构中主语不可提前。例如：Itwasreportedthatawarbetweenthetwocountriesbrokeout.（正）Thatawarbetweenthetwocountriesbrokeoutwasreported.（丰昔）b、Ithappens/occurs结构中主语不可提前。例如：IthappensthatImeetmyoldfriendinthecinema.（正）ThatImeetmyoldfriendinthecinemahappens.（错）ItoccurredtomethatIhadn"tlockedthedoor*.（正）ThatIhadn"tlockedthedooroccurredtome.（错）c、Itdoesn"tmatter结构中主语不可提前。例如:Itdoesn"tmatterwhetheryoubuyitornot.（正）Whetheryoubuyitornotdoesn"tmatter.（车皆）c、含主语从句的主从复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Isitafactthathehasjoinedthearmy?（正）Isthathehasjoinedthearmyafact?（错）5、宾语从句①定义及作用：用作宾语的从句称为主语从句（即一个句子作宾语）；由定义可知，宾语从句在主从复合句中作宾语。②引导词that、whether和if的用法。A、that引导宾语从句时，主要用以陈述一个事实，一般情况下that都可省略，但在下列情况下that不可省略。 a、当that宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，that不可省略。例如：ThatheneverdidsuchathingIsimplycan"tbelieve.b、当that宾语从句紧跟在间接宾语之后时，that不可省略。例如：Theteacheradvisedusthatweshouldpayenoughattentiontoreadingandwriting.c、动词后接两个或更多宾语从句，从第二个宾语从句开始that不可省略。例如：EveiyonecouldseewhatwashappeningandthatTomwasreallyshocked.d、动词+it+that结构中，宾语从句引导词that不可省略。例如：Hehaditthathehadthefreedomtogetalongwithanybody.Weshouldseetoitthatthedoorislocked.e、宾语从句为一个主从复合句时，that不可省略。这里的that起到统领主从复合句构成一个整体作宾语的作用。例如：Healwaysthinksthatifonesparesnopainstodosomething,hewillsucceedintheend•Theheroheldthateventhoughyoukilledme,Iwouldn^tgivein.f、当宾语从句与谓语动词之间有时间或地点状语时，that不能省略，否则会产生歧义。例如：Shesaidlastnightthatshehadfinishedherhomework.Shesaidlastnightshehadfinishedherhomework第一句中的lastnight修饰said,含义是"她昨晚说她已经完成了作业第二句省略了that其含义可能与第一句相同，也可能是“她说她昨晚已经完成了作业”。g、谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时，that不可省略。例如：Hesaid,believeitornot,thatitwasafact.Wedecided,inviewofhisspecialcircumstances,thatwewouldadmithimforaprobationaryperiod・h、做少数几个介词in、but>except>savenotwithunderstanding的宾语从句时,that不可省略。例如：Heisalittledifferentfromothersinthathecomesabroad・Herefusedhernotwithunderstandingthatshebeggedhimforhelp.i、主句的谓语动词是indicate、show>suggest>agreeargue>conceive>reckonstate>assumehold^learn>observemaintaincalculate等时，that通常不省略。例如：Theweatherannouncesthatthesummerhascome・Iagreethatyourhometownisabeautifulplace・B、whether和if引导宾语从句时都表示“是否"，通常情况下二者可以互换，但在下列情况下不可相互替换。a、作介词宾语时只能用whethero例如： Thereissomedoubtastowhetherthedocumentisgenuine.Weworriedaboutwhetherhewasingoodhealth.Italldependsonwhethertheweatherisgood.b、当宾语从句提前是只能用whether,例如：WhethershelikestheskirtIdon"tknow.Whetherweshouldcancelthemeetingwehaven^tdecided.c、动词discuss后常用whether引导宾语从句不用if。例如：Wearediscussingwhetherhecanbeequaltothetoughwork.d、如果宾语从句是否定结构时，只能用if不能用whether,例如：Iwanttoaskhimifheisn"twillingtogooutwithus.e>在现代英语中既可以用whetheror（not）,也可以用ifor（not）引导宾语从句。例如：Idon"tknowwhether/ifIcancomeornot.Shedoesn"tcarewhether/ifheiswatchingTVorplayinggames.但是，whether后可以直接跟orno或ornot,if则不可。例如：Hewillmakegreateffortswhetherornothecansucceed・（不用if）①宾语从句的用法A、由that引导的宾语从句，后面常接that宾语从句的动词有：say、believethink、supposeexpecthope^wish>suggest>requestreply>answer>rememberagree、admitdecide>deny>declare>dreamexplainorder>proposeinsist、fbcl等。彳列安口：Hesaidthathedidn"tlikehe匸Thegirlbelievesshewillbecomeagoodsingerinthefuture.Idon"texpecthewillmakethesamemistakeagain.Myfathersuggestedmyfamilygohikingtogether.B、由whetherif>who>whom、whichwhen、wherewhy、how>howmany、howmuch的宾语从句，常见的动词有：doubt、wonder>ask^know、understand>discuss>question等。例如：Idoubtwhether/ifhecanarriveontime.Iwonderwhenhe，11come.MymotheraskedmewhichIlikedbest.Theteachercarftunderstandwhyhecomessolate.Heaskedwhatwashappening・Itellthemhowmanypeoplethereareinmyfamily. Iwantknowwhothatmanis.对此类宾语从句要注意以下两点。a、不能同时出现两个宾语从句引导词，不能在上述引导此前加上that。例如：Iwonderwhenhewillcome.（正）Iwonderthatwhenhewillcome.（错）b、虽然由上述疑问代词或疑问副词引导宾语从句，但必须用陈述语序。当疑问代词在宾语从句中充当主语时，方可用疑问语序。例如：Hewantstoknowwhat，sthematterwithyou.c、动词+间接宾语+宾语从句常见的这类动词有：ask>promiseinform>remind、teach>tell、warn>adviseassure等。例如：Heassuredmethatitwasagoodbargain・Shepromisedherparentsthatshewouldn^tacceptthatbadboy.D、不可接that宾语从句的动词并不是所有的动词都可接宾语从句，常见的下列动词后不可接that宾语从句。如：overlook、take>admiresee>want>ask、like、refuse>dislike>love>help>forgive等。但上述某些动词可用it或thefact最为媒介然后跟that从句。例如：Itakethatyoucanachieveit.（错）Itakeitthatyoucanachieveit.（正）Heoverlookedthathisbossstoodbesidehim.（丰昔）Heoverlookedthefactthathisbossstoodbesidehim.（正）E、作介词的宾语Whetherwewillgoonhikingdependsonwhattheweatherisliketomorrow・IamupsetaboutwhatIshoulddo.一般情况下that宾语从句不能同介词搭配，只有在少数几个介词后可接that宾语从句。如：in、but、except>save、notwithunderstandingo已经形成固定的习惯搭配，inthat（在于、由于）、butthat（要不是）、except/savethat（除了）、notwithunderstandingthat（虽然）。例如：Thecompositionisgoodexceptthattherearesomespellingmistakes.Theyoungmancan"tdothejobinthatitistoughandcomplicated.Iwilldomybestnotwithunderstandingthattheresultisunknown・ ①直接引语与间接引语直接完整的引用别人的话，称为直接引语；借用说话人的口吻转述别人的话，称为间接引语。这两种引语都作动词的宾语。直接引语一般放在引号内，首字母大写；间接引语则不需要引号。例如：Hesaid,uYouaresoclever/5（直接引语）HesaidIwassoclever.（间接引语）Hesaid,“canyouhelpme：（直接引语）HeaskedwhetherIcouldhelphim.（间接引语）引述动词及其主语可放在直接引语之前，也可放在句中或句尾。例如：“Youmadeaseriousmistake"hetoldme.（直接引语）HetoldmethatIhadmadeaseriousmistake.（间接引语）"Inthefuturc,?hcswore"Iwon"tmeethcr.^^（直接引语）Hesworehewouldn"tmeetherinthefuture・间接弓丨语）A、直接引语变为间接引语时的相关变化（即时态、人称、指示代词、时间及地点状语和相关动词的变化）a、时态的变化直接引语中的时态间接引语中的时态现在时态一般现在时过去时态一般过去时现在完成时过去完成时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时将来完成时过去将来完成时将来进行时过去将来进行时将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时的时态不变过去进行时的时态不变以上是直接引语变间接引语时，时态变化的规律。但是在以下几种情况下，直接引语变成间接引语时 时态无需变化。1、直接引语表述一个客观真理"TheearthmovesaroundthesurTtheteachersaidtous.—>Theteachertoldusthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.2、直接引语为过去进行时或过去完成时Jimsaid,“John,wherewereyougoing."—>Jimaskedjohnwherehewasgoing.Hesaid,"Hisfatherhad—>Hesaidhisfatherhadleft.3、直接引语有具体的某年、某月、某日作时间状语时Herbrothersaid,“IwasbomonMay11979."—>HerbrothersaidhewasbornonMay11979.4、直接引语表示客观时刻表时Hesaid,"Theplanetakesoffat6:30.am?5—►Hesaidthattheplanetakesoffat6:30.am.5、直接引语为一般现在时表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作Hesaid,"Igetupearlierthanmybrothereveryday：—Hesaidhegetsupearlierthanmybrothereveryday.6、直接引语中的情态动词没有过去形式，如：must、oughttohadbetter>usedto和已经为过去时的形式，如：could>should>mightJohnsaid,"Youhadbettercometoday/"flohnsaidIhadbettercomethatday.7、直接引语表示的动作或状态仍在继续"I"mtwenty,"saidMary.—►Marysaidsheistwenty.8、直接引语中含有when或since引导的从句，变间接引语时时态不变，原时态为过去时Hesaid,"IhavestudiedChinesesinceIwastenyearsold/9—>HesaidhehadstudiedChinesesincehewastenyearsold.Hesaid广WhenIcamein,hewasreading.n—►Hesaidthatwhenhecamein,hewasreading.9、主句时态如果是一般现在时、现在进行时或一般将来时，时态不变Hewillsay/"Ihavedonemybest/5 —>Hewillsayhehasdonehisbest.10、虚拟语气的时态一般不变"Wewishwedidn^thavetotakeexams.^saidthechildreri・—►Thechildrensaidtheywishedtheydidn"thavetotakeexams.但直接引语的谓语动词时were型虚拟式，时态要变。Hesaid,"IfIwerethere,Iwouldstophim."—►Hesaidthatifhehadbeenthere,hewouldhavestoppedhim.b、人称的变化直接引语变为间接引语，人称变化规律：“一主"、“二宾"、“三不变"。1、“一主"：直接引语中的第一人称按引述动词的主语变。Isaidtoher,“Iwilldropoutofschool：—►ItoldhimthatIwoulddropoutofschool.Hesaidtome,Tcomefromamralplace?5—►Hetoldmethathecamefromaruralplace.2、“二宾5直接引语中的第二人称按主句的宾语变（有时引述动词没有宾语但可根据语境进行判断）Isaidtoher/"Youhadbetterstartoutearlie匚”—►Itoldherthatshehadbetterstartoutearlie匚Yousaidtome,“Youcanpasstheexam?"—YoutoldmethatIcouldpasstheexam.3、“三不变直接引语中若有第三人称一律不用改变Isaidtoyou,"Heisanhonestperson.—►Itoldyouthathewasanhonestperson.c、指示代词、时间及地点状语和相关动词的变化直接宾语间接宾语todaythatdaytonightthatnightthedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbeforethedayaftertomorrowtwodaysafteryesterdaythedaybeforeagobeforethreedaysagothreedaysbeforelastweek/yearthelastweek/year nowthenheretherethisthatsofarbythenthesethosebringtakecomegotomorrowthenext/foliowingdaynextweek/yearthenextweek/yearB、直接引语的四大句式类型a、直接引语为陈述句直接引语是陈述句变间接引语时常用that引导。例如："Tmhungry•”hesaid.—►Hesaidhewashungry.“Youcantakethiscoatlthesalesmansaid.—>ThesalesmansaidIcouldtakethatcoat.Hesaid,“NowIstudyatacollege?5—►Hesaidhestudiedatacollegethen.Hesaid,“Shegotmarriedyesterday?"—Hesaidthatshehadgotmarriedthedaybefore.b、直接引语为疑问句1、直接引语为一般疑问句变间接引语时用whether或if引导。例如：“Isthisyourbook?5,heasked.—>Heaskedwhether/讦thatwasmybook.Hesaidtome,"Canyouhelpme?"—►Heaskedmewhether/ifIcouldhelpher.2、直接引语为特殊疑问句直接引语为特殊疑问句时变间接引语其关联词用原有的疑问代词或疑问副词。例如："Whowillchairthemeeting?^heasked.—>Heaskedwhowouldchairthemeeting."Whatareyoudoing?^sheasked.—►SheaskedwhatIwasdoing・"Wheredoeshego?^sheasked. —Sheaskedwherehewent.“Whenwillthemeetingend?^heasked・—►Heaskedwhenthemeetingwouldend・3、直接引语为选择疑问句直接引语为选择疑问句时变间接引语时用whether……or引导。例如：“Areyouhappyornot?MIaskedher.—>1askedherwhethershewashappyornot.4、直接引语为反意疑问句直接引语为反意疑问句时变间接引语用whether或if引导。例如：“Youhavefinishedyourhomework,haven"tyou?^mothersaid.—>Motheraskedwhether/讦Ihadfinishedmyhomework.c、直接引语为祈使句直接引语为祈使句时，引述动词常用ask、tell、order、suggest等，间接引语多用“名词（代词）+不定式""结构。例如：Hesaidtome,"Don"ttellothers.5"—>Hetoldmenottotellothers.Hetoldme,"Stand—►Heorderedmetostandstill.直接引语以let"s开头的祈使句变间接引语时，通常用suggest作为引述动词后接that宾语从句或suggestdoing的形式。例如：Hesaid,“Let"sgotothecinema：—>Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotothecinema•或Hesuggestedgoingtothecinema.如果直接引语是肯定的和否定的两个祈使句变间接引语时用“not……but"连接两个部分。例如：Theteachersaid,"Don"tlookoutofthewindow,lookattheblackboard/5—>Theteacheraskedmenottolookoutofthewindowbutlookattheblackboard.d、直接引语为感叹句直接引语为感叹句时变间接引语，所用的引述词有tell、exclaim等。例如：“WhatabeautifulfloweritisTshetoldhim.—ShetoldhimwhatabeautifulfloweritwasHesaid,"Hurrah,histeamhaswon：—►Heexclaimedwithdelightthathisteamhadwon. "Whataseriouscrimehehascommitted.^hesaid.—►Hecouldn"timaginewhataseriouscrimehehadcommitted・6、表语从句用作表语的从句称为表语从句，表语从句放在系动词之后充当表语。一般结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句"可以接表语从句的系动词有bc^look、remain>seem等。引导表语从句的that不可省略，表示"是否""时只能用whether不能用if。也可由疑问代词或疑问副词引导。例如：Thefactisthatheisburnttodeath.Itseemsthatit"sgoingtorain.Thequestioniswhetherheiswillingtocome.Thatishowhesucceeds・Thisiswhyheisscolded.Thereasonwhyheislateisthattheclockfailstowork,（that不可换为because）Itisbecauseyouaretooproudofyourself.7、同位语从句①、定义及作用：用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句用于对名词的进一步解释说明，阐述名词的具体内容。陈述事实用that引导，that无实义不可省略。表示“是否""时只能用whether不能用if。也可用疑问代词或疑问副词引导。②同位语从句的用法A、同位语从句用于对名词的进一步解释说明，阐述名词的具体内容。常见的后接同位语从句的名词有:news^conclusion^possibility>rumor^certainty>story、word>mystery>idea>doubt>belief>fact、message>evidenceinformation>explanationxrule>probability^thoughtstatement>report、opinion、principle等。例如：ThefactthatBeijingisthecapitalofChinaisknowntoallofus.WheredidyougettheideathatIcouldrftcome・Haveyouheardthenewsthathewillmarrysoon?Thehopethathecancometolifeisveryfaint.Ifsaquestionwherewemeether.同位语从句有时并非紧跟在被解释说明的名词后面。Wordcamethattheoldmanhaddied.Hereceivedamessagefromhisbossthathehadbeendismissed・B、在oncondition(that)、ontheground(that)、ontheunderstanding(that)>undertheillusion(that)、on thesupposition(that)>withtheexception(that)、ontheassumption(that)>onthepretence(that),inspiteoffact(that)等后可以跟同位语从句。例如：Hisfatherpromisedtobuyhimacomputeronconditionthathecouldgotoakeyuniversity.Inspiteofthefactthatheisverypoor,heishappiest.8、同位语从句与定语从句的区别①定语从句的关系词that不仅连接主从复合句还代替先行词在定语从句中充当句子成分；而同位语从句中的that只起到连接主句和从句的作用，不充当任何句法成分。②定语从句是形容词性的，其功能相当于形容词，用以修饰名词或代词；同位语从句是名词性的，用以对名词进行解释说明。③同位语从句前的名词多是表示抽象概念的词，如：idea>belief、conclusion等；而定语从句的先行词可以是表示抽象概念或具体含义的词。例如：Itisafactthathehasfailedintheexam.(同位语从句)Itisafactthatyoumustface(定语从句，face为及物动词谓语，that作face的宾语)Thenewsthathismotherbecomessickupsetshimalot.(同位语从句)Whafsthenewsthatupsetshimalot?(定语从句,that作upset的主语)四、定语从句1、定义、作用及分类一个句子作定语称为定语从句。定语从句一般所修饰的名词或代词之后，被修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词在定语从句中具有三重作用：1、代表先行词。2、连接先行词和定语从句。3、在定语从句中担当一定的句法成分。（关系词在定语从句中充当一个句子成分是定语从句的本质，关系代词在定语从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语或定语；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。）根据限制性与否，定语从句可分为限制性定语从和非限制性定语从句，下面通过一个表对两者进行比较。类别含义结构特征功能引导词译法限制性定语从句起限定作用，指特定的人或物不可省略否则句义不完整，同先行词之间无逗修饰先行词关系代词（包括that）和关系副词译作定语从句 非限制性定语从句仅做一补充说明若省去，原句义依然完整用逗号同主句隔开饰先行词或整个主句关系代词（不包括that）和关系副词译作并列句例如:Iwasbominavillagewhichhasapopulationof800.（限制性定语从句）Iwasborninavillage,whichhasapopulationof800.（非限制性定语从句）Water,whichisaclearliquid,hasmanyuses.（非限制性定语从句）Doyouknowthereasonwhythemeetingiscancelled?（限制性定语从句）Didyouremembertheplace,wherewehadameeting?（非限制性定语从句）前面我们提到定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但有时也会分割开来。主要有以下两种情况。①、如果作主语的先行词跟有一个较长的定语从句和一个较短的谓语时，为了平衡句子结构，要把谓语动词放在主语和定语从句之间。例如：Hecanconquerthewholeworldwhocanconquerhimself.Thebookwillsellwell,whichiswrittenbythefamouswrite匸②、如果作宾语的先行词跟有一个较长的定语从句和一个较短的宾语补足语或状语，为了平衡句子结构，要把补足语或状语放在先行词和定语从句之间。例如：Theexammadetheboyworriedwhohadneverstudiedhard..IwillneverforgetthatafternoonattheageofsixwhenIhadabigaimrootedinmyheart.2、关系词的用法关系词是定语从句的关键和核心，下面将按照关系词的分类，分别阐述关系代词和关系副词的用法。①、关系代词的用法关系代词可分为一般关系代词（如：that、who>whom>which>whose>as等）和准关系代词（as>than和but）（—般关系代词中的as和准关系代词as有所不同，要注意它们的运用场合。）关系代词在定语从句中主要充当主语、宾语、表语和定语，具体用法列表说明如下。代替人代替物代替人或物代替句子主语whowhichthatwhich或as宾语who或whomwhichthatwhich或as定语whose=ofwhomwhose=ofwhich表语that 例如：Heisthemanwho(that)isequaltohiswords.(指人作定语)Thetabicwhich(that)standsinthecornerismadeofwood.(扌旨物作主语)Hebecomesanscientist,whichmakeshisfamilyproud.（代替整个句子作主语，常用于非限制性定语从句中）Asisknowntous,hehassacrificedalottolovehiswife.（代替整个句子作主语，as代替整个句子时，用于非限制性定语从句中，且位于主句之前，后用逗号同主句隔开）Theboywho/whomtheteacherispunishingisabadboy.（指人作宾语，who和whom都可作宾语，但紧跟在介词后作介词宾语时只能用whom不能用who）下面具体介绍相关关系代词的用法。A、whose的用法whose表示所属关系，引导定语从句时作定语。指人时相当于ofwhom:指物时相当于ofwhich0例如：Helivesinahousewhosewindowsfacesouth.Thegirlwhosehairisyellowismysiste匚a、whose引导定语从句时还常同it连用，it起形式主语的作用表示强调。例如：Adoctorisapersonwhosedutyistosavelives.Adoctorisapersonwhosedutyitistosavelives.b、whose与ofwhom和ofwhich的互换。用定语从句表示所属关系时，先行词指人时，用“名词（代词或数词）+0件whom”结构；先行词指物时用“名词（代词或数词）+of+whictT结构。ofwhom和ofwhich也可提到先行词前面，这时名词前要加the,因为ofwhom/which所有格表示特指。例如：Ourclasshas40students,sixofwhomareboys.Ourclasshas40students,ofwhomsixareboys.Hewrotemanybooks,mostofwhicharenovels.Hewrotemanybooks,ofwhichmostarenovels.Thehousewhosewindowsfacesouthisachurch・Thehousethewindowsofwhichfacesouthisachurch・Thehouseofwhichthewindowsfacesouthisachurch・ Therearemanyboysandgirlsintheclubwhosehobbiesaredifferent.Therearemanyboysandgirlsintheclubthehobbiesofwhomaredifferent・Therearemanyboysandgirlsintheclubofwhomthehobbiesaredifferent・但是，当ofwhich所修饰的词是数词、不定代词或另有其他限定词（the除外），不可改为whoseo例如：Therearemanywaystosolvetheproblems,everyoneofwhichispractical.Theareahas2.000hectaresofland,overthreefifthsofwhicharefarminglands.B、as的用法a、引导限制性定语从句在引导限制性定语从句时，as多和such^thesame连用，可以代替人或物。例如：Suchameetingasisbeingheldisveryimportant,（as作主语）SuchpeopleasIhaveevermetaredifficulttodealwith.（as作宾语）Ihaveneverseensuchanelegantgirlassheis.（as作表语）在“thesameas"结构中，as可以用that代替。“thesamethat"虽然在结构上与"thesame……as"相同，但所表达的含义不同，前者表示“同一个""后者表示“同一类"。例如：ThisisthesamepenthatIlostyesterday.Youshouldreturnittome.（同一个）Youwearthesamecoatasmymotherboughtmelastmonth.（同一类）但如果先行词表示抽象概念，则没有这种区别。例如：Ihadthesameimpressiononthefilmas/thatyouhadonit.b、引导非限制性定语从句在引导非限制性定语从句时，as作为关系代词多代替整个句子。as引导的定语从句位置比较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号同主句隔开，表示“正如……一样，正像……一样例如：Theweather,asmaybepredicted,isverybad.Heisagentleman,asisshowninhisbehavior.Aspoetsays,lifeisbutadrcam.Herisesearlyandstaysuplate,asishishabit.Asissupposed,hesucceedsintheend.Asweknow,thesceneryofthecityisbeautiful-在习惯用语中it常作asweknow的宾语。例如：Money,asweknowit,istherootofallevils.Beijing,asweknowit,isthecapitalofChina. as引导非限制性定语从句常用于一些固定结构中，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中或句尾，常见的结构如下：asweallknow（asisknowntous或asiswellknown）众所周知asisreported据扌艮道asishoped希望asisusualwithsb某人一贯如此asisnatural很自然的事asissupposed正如所料asisoftenthecase情况常常如此asisexpected正如期望的那样asmaybeimagined可以想象asoftenhappens这种情况常常发生asisanticipated正如预料的ashasbeensaidbefore如前所述as引导非限制性定语从句代替整个句子与which引导非限制性定语从句代替整个句子的区别主要体现在如下几个方面。1、as的位置比较灵活可位于句尾，也可位于句首或句中，所以as既可以指前面已经提到的情况也可指后面将要提到的情况；which只能放在句尾，所以which指的通常是前面已经提到过的情况或事实，而不是后面提到的情况或事实。例如：MoreAmericantroopsaresenttotheMiddleEast,asIhavelearntfromthenewspaper.（可用which）AsIhavelearntfromthenewspaper,moreAmericantroopsaresenttotheMiddleEast.（不可用which）MoreAmericantroops,asIhavelearntfromthenewspaper,aresenttotheMiddleEast.2、as后若是is或was+过去分词构成的被动语态is或was可省略，which后的is或as在同样情况下则不可省。例如：Thematerialiselastic,asshownunderthepressure.（不可用which）3、在as的习惯用语中，不用whicho例如：Asturnedout,hewasaspy・Thebook,asweknow,dealswithsomerecenttechnology・4、as引导非限制性定语从句在句中作主语时，常用系动词作谓语，如be、seem和appear等，一般不用其他谓语动词；但which引导非限制性定语从句在句中作主语时，则可用各类动词作谓语。例如:Hecamelatetoschool,asseemedunusual. Shebecameasongstar,whichsurprisedusalot.但在asitoftenhappens,asitoftenoccurs等含有it的结构中，it省去后，as则可同行为动词连用。例如：Thievespickpockets,as（it）oftenhappensonthebus.5、as引导定语从句时，有“为人所熟知，显然""的含义；which则没有这种含义。另外，as引导的从句往往表示一种附加说明，which引导的从句则为重要的评论。C、关系代词that和who的区别a、先行词为人称代词或指示代词时，定语从句引导词用whoo例如：HewhoImetyesterdaywasafamousactor.Thosewhocanseizeeveryopportunityaremorelikelytosucceed・b、一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句关系代词是who,另一个宜用that（反之，则用who）o例如：Theboywhoyoumetlastnightistheleaderthatstudieshard.c、先行词为最高级形容词或先行词被形容词最高级修饰时用thato例如：HeisthebestthatIhavemet.ThegirlisthemostelegantthatIknow.d、先行词为序数词或先行词被序数词修饰时用thato例如：Heisthefirstthatstandsupandresiststhefight.ThemanisthelastpersonthatIwanttosee.e、主句已有疑问词who时用thato例如：Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?f、先行词既有人也有物时用thato例如：Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyretalkingabout?g>先行词为不定代词all>both>one>none^any^no^somebody>anybody>nobody>everybody>someoneanyonesomething>anythingeverything等时用thato例如:Allthatwanttobesuccessfulshallmakegreatefforts.Somebodythatgetsalongwiththemanwillfindhimaworthy-trustone.h、先行词被theonly^thelast^thesamethevery修饰时用thato例如：Heistheonlypersonthathasjoinedthearmyamongus.Heistheverymanthatwearelookingfor.i、在定语从句中充当表语时用thato例如：Heisnotthemanthathewas. j、关系代词紧跟在介词后面作宾语时，用whom不能用thato例如：Themanwithwhommyfathertalkedistheheadmaste匸k、非限制性定语从句中用who不用thato例如：Iwillforgivehim,whoisshy.关系代词that和which的区别方式基本与that和who的区别相同，可参考上述几点予以区分，在此就不再重复阐述。D、关系代词which可指人一般情况下关系代词which多用以指物，但有时也可指人。主要用于以下两种情况中。a、which指人时，多属不强调性别与个性的婴儿或儿童等。例如：Hismotherhastenchildren,ofwhichhewastheoldest.Hewasthechildwhichwasbominwinter.b、which多用于指人的品质、身份或地位等。例如：Heisalawyer,whichhewantstobe.E、用作表语的关系代词a、关系代词that可指代人或物作表语。指代人时关系代词who不作表语。例如：Itisnolongerthecleanriverthatitusedtobe.Hewasrftachildishboythathewastenyearsago.b、which可用作表语，既可指物也可指人；指人时一般只从事某种职业或是拥有某种特性、品质或才能的人。例如：Itisnotthevillagewhichitismanyyeasago.ShelookslikeanAfrican,whichyouarenot.c、as可用作表语同such>thesame连用引导限制性定语从句；as也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句时相当于whicho例如：Thecollegeisthesamedistancefromthecentreofthecityasthefactoryis.Thesituationisverydangerous,as/whichindeeditis.F、“介词+关系代词”结构问题a、“介词+关系代词""结构既可引导限制性定语从句也可引导非限制性定语从句。b、"介词+关系代词""结构中的关系代词只能用whom或which不用who或that,常见的介词有：on、in、at>about>by、from>for、throughwith>to和against。c、“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据上下文要表达的具体意思或先行词前介词的习 惯搭配或根据动词的习惯搭配。（1、“介词+关系代词""结构在定语从句中可以作状语或定语。e、“介词+which"后接不定式短语做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。Heoftenrecalledthedayonwhichhewenttocollege.（名词前介词的习惯搭配）Apath,onbothsidesofwhichgrassgrows,leadstotheforest.（名词前介词的习惯搭配）HeholdstheopiniontowhichIdisagree.（动词的习惯搭配）Ifsanexpensivecaronwhichhespentonemillion.（动l司白勺习，惯搭酉己）That"samysteryaboutallthescientistsarecurious.（动词的习惯搭配）Thepenisanimportanttoolwithwhichwewrite・（扌犬语）HewastooaddictedtotheNetbar,becauseofwhichhewasforcedtoleaveschool.（耳犬语）Hespentfouryearsatcollege,duringwhichtimehemasteredagoodknowledgeofEnglish・（定语）Waterboilsat100°C,atwhichtemperatureitchangestogas.（定语）Shecarriedanumbrellawithwhichtoprotectherfromthesunshine・Shecarriedanumbrellawithwhichshecouldprotectherfromthesunshine・Hehadnotanypretextonwhichtobreakhispromise-Hehadnotanypretextonwhichhemightbreakhispromise.“介词+which"后接不定式短语，做后置定语相当于一个定语从句。这时定语从句的谓语动词常同情态动词can、could、may>might等连用，表示"能够"。对“介词+关系代词”结构问题还应注意以下两点。1、两个词或三个词构成的固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词同动词拆开放在关系代词前面汝口：lookafterxtakecareof、lookforwardto^dependon>payattentionto、lookat等。彳列汝口:Sheismysickgrandmawhommymothermustlookafter.ThisistheresultthatIhavebeenlookingforwardto.2^fromwhere中的where为关系代词，可以引导定语从句。表示"从地点或方位""例如:Hestoodatthewindow,fromwherehecouldseethetrainfaraway.（=throughwhich）Heclimbedtothetopofthehill.fromwherehecouldhaveabetterviewofthewholecity.(=fromthetopof)G、“therebe"型定语从句 Therebe可引导限制性定语从句，常置于被修饰的名词后面，作该从句主语的关系代词that、who^which常常省略。例如：Itisthecommonestthing(that)thereisinthenworld.Hewastheonlyperson(that)therewastowitnessthebigfire.Thesummerharvestisheavierthananyother(that)therehaseverbeen.②、准关系代词的用法as、than、but也可以作为关系代词引导定语从句，并在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，称之为准关系代词。A、准关系代词as的用法准关系代词as的用法同关系代词as的用法略有不同，主要体现在准关系代词as的特定搭配上。当先行词被so、as、such>thesame修饰时常用as构成notsoasasas>thesameas^suchas结构。例如：Heisasdiligentamanaseverlived..Hedoesnotpossesssuchamindasisnecessarytoascientist.B、准关系代词than的用法准关系代词than兼有连词和介词的性质，这种用法的than常用在带有比较级的句子中。也可将than认为是连词后省略了主语what即than=thanwhato例如：Childrenshouldn"thavemoremoneythanisneeded.Theboyatemorefoodthanisgoodforhishealth・Don"tdemandmorethancanbesatisfied.Hegotupmuchearliertocatchthebusthanisnecessary.C、准关系代词but的用法but作为关系代词也可以引导定语从句，同具有否定意义的主句连用。其先行词可以是人也可以是物，只用于限制性定语从句中，but在意义上等于who/which/thatnot。例如：Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.Thereisnorulethat/whichdoesn"thaveexceptions.Thereisnomanbuterrs.Thereisnomanthat/whodoesifterr.Thereisnoonebutknowsaboutthisaffair.Thereisnoonethatdoesiftknowaboutthisaffair.③、关系副词的用法 关系副词有when(表示时间)、where(表示地点)、why(表示原因);that也可以作关系副词代替when、where和why。关系副词相当于"介词+which"在句中充当状语。具体用法列表如下关系副词指代对象句法功能when(=on、in、at+which)时间名词时间状语where(=in、at+which)地点名词地点状语why(=for+which)只有reason原因状语Hecamelastnightwhen(=atwhich)Iwasout.Thisisthetimewhen(=atwhich)hegetsup.Hewillcherishthesummervacationwhen(=duringwhich)hehasalotoffirn.She"sgoinghomewhere(=atwhich)shecanhaveagoodrest.Therewasnoreasonwhy(=forwhich)heshoulddothat.A、关系副词when的用法a、whcn用作关系副词时，先行词为表示时间的名词，在从句中作时间状语。除when外，since>before和after也可用作表示时间的关系副词。例如：Everydaysinceshecamebackhasbeenfulloffun.Onthedaybeforewearrivedhometherecameasnowstonn・Shespendstheyearaftershegraduatesfromcollegeabroad・b、在thisis(was)和thatis(was)之后直接跟when不用thetime等作先行词。例如：Thatwaswhenhearrivedonthefarm.Thisiswhensherealizesherdream.c^occasion充当先行词时，用when引导定语从句作状语，例如：Therearesomeoccasionswhenyoudon"tknowhowtoexpressyourself.d、time表示“次数""时，用that而不用when。(所以要分清time表示的是“时间"还是“次数")例如：Therearemanytimesthathehasgotthefirstprize・B、关系副词where的用法a、不仅表示地点的名词可以接where引导的定语从句，先行词也可以是表示抽象意义的地点名词如：point>situation>scenecasecondition和job等。表示"情况、方面"这种用法的where相当于underwhich>fromwhicho例如：Therearecaseswheretheword"ki(Fisusedasaverb.Therearemanyinstanceswhereheishumorous.Theyenteredadifficultysituationwherealleffortsseemfutile.Thatisagoodjibwhereyoucanimproveyourself.b、在thisis(was)和thatis(was)之后常直接跟where不用他和place等作先行词。例如：ThatiswhereIwasbom。 c、inwhich可同不定式连用二where则不可以，不定式只同“介词+which"连用，不同不定时连用。例如：HeislookingforahotelinwhichtohaveasleepoC、关系副词that的用法that有时也可以充当关系副词代替when、where>why引导定语从句，表示时间、地点、原因及方式,that常可省去。例如:Canyourememberthedaythat(when)hejoinedthearmy?Doyouknowtheplacethat(where)shehides?Thereasonthat(why)hemissedthebuswasthathegotuplate.Idon"tlikethewaythat(inwhich)hespeakstoothers.D、how不能用来引导定语从句先行词表示方式在定语从句中作状语时用inwhich或that引导定语从句而不能用how。例如：Thatisthewayinwhich(that)shebehaves.如果用how句子就不能有先行词Thatishowshebehaves.3、定语从句中关系词应如何选择(用关系代词还是关系副词)正确选择关系词是解决定语从句的根本之道，可根据下面三点选择关系词：①辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。②分析代替先行词的关系词在定语从句中充当的句子成分，是主语、宾语、表语、定语还是状语，缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语选用关系代词；不缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语则缺少状语选用关系副词。③判断定语从句是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。Thereasonwhichhegaveisclearlyalie.(which作宾语)Thereasonwhysherefusedhimisnotknown,(why作耳犬语)Thenightwhichhespenttogetherwithhisfriendsiswonderful,(which作宾语)Thenightwhenhestayedinhisuncle"sfamilymadehimatease,(when作习犬语)4、定语从句中的省略定语从句中的省略是一个重要的知识点，也是分析一些语言现象的有效方法。定语从句中的省略主要包括两大方面：一是关系词的省略。二是定语从句中相关句子成分的省略。在“省略法”一章中已详尽阐述，在此不再重复。5、定语从句“六部曲"①读出定语从句，找出修饰语被修饰的关系。②确定先行词语定语从句部分。 ①判断先行词所指代的对象。（先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。）②对定语从句进行句法分析找出所缺句子成分，从而确定先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分是主语、宾语、表语、定语还是状语，进而确定用关系代词还是关系副词。③确定用关系代词还是关系副词后，结合每个关系词的具体用法，最好确定运用某个具体的关系词。④通读全句，进一步确定修饰关系。五、状语从句1、定义及分类用作状语的从句称为状语从句（即一个句子作状语）。由从属连词引导。状语从句根据用途可分为以下九种。（列表如下）状语从句引导状语从句的连词时间状语从句when（as、while）（当时候）、since（自从）、before（在之前）、after（在之后）、until（till）（直到才）、whenever（每当）、once（一旦）、everytime（每当）、theday（在刃F天）、assoonas（一就）、hardly（scarcely）when（一就）、nosoonerthan（一就）、instantly（immediatelydirectly）（一就）、themoment（minute>secondinstant）（一就）地点状语从句where（在地方）、wherever（在任何地方）、everywhere（在每个地方）原因状语从句because（as、for）（因为）、since（既然）、when（既然）、now（that）（既然）、inthat（因为、既然）、seeingthat（既然）、consideringthat（既然）条件状语从句if（如果）、unless（除非）、as（so）longas（只要）、providing（provided）（that） （假如）、suppose（supposing）（that）（假如）、incase（如果）、onlyif（如果）、ifonly（但愿、如果就好了）、onconditionthat（条件是）让步状语从句though（although）（虽然）>evenif（eventhough）（即使）、while（虽然、尽管）>whatever（nomatterwhat）（无论攻口彳可）、whenever（nomatterwhen）（无论彳可时）、wherever（nomatterwhere）（无论哪里）、whoever（nomatterwho）（无论谁）、however（nomatterhow）（无论怎样）、forall（that）（尽管）、granting（granted）that（即使）、whetheror（不论还是）、inspiteof（despite）thefactthat（不管）结果状语从句sothat（so>that）（结果）、so（such）that（如此以至于）、butthat（but）（要不是）目的状语从句sothat（so>that）（为了、以使）、lest（以防）、incase（以防、以免）、forfearthat（以防）、inorderthat（为了）比较状语从句than（比）、asas（像一样）、notso（as）as（不像一样）、（not）thesameas（（不）同一样）、notsoas（不如）、（not）suchas（（不）如）方式状语从句as（像犹如）、asif（asthough）（好像、仿佛）、theway（的样子）2、时间状语从句（表示时间的状语从句）①when、whenever>while和aswhen意为“当……时候”，表示某个具体的时间。所引导从句的动作或是与主句的动作同时发生，或是先于主句动作。when可指一段时间也可指一点时间（即时间点）；既可表示一时性动作又可表示持续性的动作。whenever意为“每当"，指的是任何一个不具体的时间。as意为"当时候""更侧重于“一边……一边……"，as所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生具有延续的含义。一般同延续性动词连用；as还可表示“随着"。while表示一个时间段，只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一次性或短暂性的动作。例如：Heenteredthelecturehallwhen(as或while)thelecturerwasspeaking.(指一段时间)While(as)hewasstudying,hisbrotherwassleeping.(指一段时间) When（as）hearrives,Iwillinformhimofit.（指一点时间不能用while）Iwasdoingmyhomeworkwhensuddenlythetelephonerang.（指一点时间）（2）befbre和afterbefore意为“在之前"，表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后。after意为"在之后"，表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。例如：Hehaddonegoodpreparationsbeforehewenttocollege.Afterhehadtriedmanytimesandfailedintheend,hegaveup.Itwasnotlongbeforehewouldsucceed.Hecameafterthemeetingended.Hedidn"tknowitbeforeItoldhim.③until和till这两个词都表示“直到……、到......为止S表示一个动作持续到某一时刻为止。二者用法相近，但在句首时只能用untilo在肯定句中主句要用延续性动词；在否定句中，可和非延续性动词连用，这时until和before相近,notuntil和notbefore意思相同,表示“直到才”。例如：Hewaitedathomeuntil/tillitstoppedraining.Untilallthelightsinthestreethadbeeno优theboywenthome.HeappeareduntilIwaitedforalongtime.（错）Hedidn"tappearuntil/befbreIwaitedforalongtime.（正）对于until和till引导的时间状语从句还要注意以下几点A、有些动词既可作延续性动词也可作非延续性动词，所以其肯定形式和否定形式均可与until和till连用，但所表示的含义不同。例如：Weateuntilteno"clockinthemorning,（eat为延续性动词）我们吃饭一直吃到早上十点Wedidn"teatuntilteno"clockinthemorning,（eat为非延续性动词）直到早上十点我们才吃饭B、与until、till连用时，be动词可用肯定形式也可用否定形式。表示状态的延续动词，如：remain,keep、seem等常用肯定形式。表示变化的动词，如：become>get、turn>grow^go、come^get等要用否定形式。例如：Hekeepssilentuntilothersshutup.Thepatientdidn"tgetbetteruntilthelastcure.C、by和until在表示时间概念时不同。until表示“持续到某个时候"谓语动词应是延续性动词；而by表示“到 ......为止"动作已完成，谓语动词应是非延续性动词。例如：Canyouarrivebyeighto"clock?(正)Canyouarriveuntileighto^clock?(错)YoucankeepmybookuntilnextFriday.(正)YoucankeepmybookbynextFriday.(错)D、until和till引导的时间状语从句，从句的谓语动不可与shall、will或would连用。例如：Youshouldtryitagainuntiltheopportunitywillcome.(今昔)Youshouldtryitagainuntiltheopportunitycomes.(正)前面我们提到有时候until相当于before,下面我们着重比较一下until与before的异同点。相同点A、当主句的谓语动词为非延续性动词否定式时，可用until(till)和before意义上一般无差别。例如:Hedidn5tgotobeduntil(before)hisfatherreturned.Youwon"tsucceeduntil(before)youhavemadegreatefforts.B、如果主句的谓语动词为延续性动词的肯定式可用until(till)也可用beforeo但二者所表达的含义不同，until(till)表示"到某点为止"而before表示“在某点之前""但并不一定到某点为止。例如：Helivedinasmallhouseuntilhehadaflat.(至U止匕为止)Helivedinasmallhousebeforehehadaflat.(在此之前)Theteacherworkeduntiloneo"clock.老师工作到一点Theteacherworkedbeforeoneo^clock.老师一点之前在工作不同点A、如果主句的谓语动词为延续性动词或状态动词的否定式要用before,而不能用until(till)。例如:Hewasn"tfamousbefore1997.Shehadrftdoneanythingbeforeshefoundajob.B、如果主句的谓语动词为非延续性动词的肯定式，只能用before不可用until(till)。例如：Beforethemancameback,hisfatherhaddied・Hewillstartoutbeforedaybreak・C、notuntil可用于强调句中，这种强调结构只能用until(till)不用beforeo例如：Itwasn"tuntilteno"clockthatthelazyboygotup. D、notuntil可以位于句首表示强调，运用倒装结构，这时不可用beforeo例如：NotuntilyesterdaydidIfindthemissingbagathome.Notuntilhewaspunisheddidtheboyrealizehisfault.=Itwasnotuntilhewaspunishedthattheboyrealizedhisfault.=Theboydidn"trealizehisfaultuntilhewaspunished.©sinceA、since表示"自从”，所引导的从句一般要用非延续性动词，主句多用延续性动词和完成时态。例如：Hehasworkedatthiscollegesincehegraduated.B、since引导的从句若用延续性动词或状态动词的过去时，则表示该动作或状态的完成或结束。例如:Ithasbeenfiveyearssinceheworkedhere•他不在这工作已经五年了Sincehelivedhere,Ihavelosttouchwithhim.（=Sincehelefthere）自从他不住在这儿，我就和他失去了联系Sincehewasatschool,hehasworkedinthatcity.（=Sincehewasn"tatschool）自从他下学,他就在这个城市工作Since不仅可作从属连词还可作介词后接时间点，不能接时间段；since还可作副词常同ever•连用，表示“从那以后"。例如：HehasbeenteachingEnglishsincetenyears.（错）HehasbeenteachingEnglishsincetenyearsago.（正）HehasbeenteachingEnglishfortenyears.（正）Hebecameanexpertmanyyearssince.（相当于ago）Shehasworkedhardereversince.⑤hardly（scarcely）when（before）牙口nosoonerthan这几个连词词组都表示“一就”，强调主句和从句的动作相继发生。此结构有以下两个特点：一是主句谓语动词用过去完成时（haddone的形式），从句谓语动词用一般过去时；二是否定副词hardly>scarcely和nosooner位于句首，主句用部分倒装结构，助动词had提到主语前面。例如：Hardlyhadtheyfalleninlovewitheachotherwhentheygotmarried・=Theyhadhardlyfalleninlovewitheachotherwhentheygotmarried.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitrainedheavily・ @assoonas>directlyinstantly>immediatelythemoment这几个连词都表示"一就"，表示从句动作一发生，主句动作立刻发生。名词词组theinstant、themoment>theminute>thesecond>everytime^anytime>nexttime>thefirsttime>thelasttime>theday^themonththeweek^theyear>themorningtheafternoon等也可作为连词引导时间状语从句。（对于名词短语为什么可作为连词引导从句，在省略法一章中我们从关系副词省略的角度给予了深刻剖析，请参考相关章节加深理解）例如：Hewenttotheofficeimmediatelyhereceivedthenotice.AssoonasIarrive,Iwillmakeatelephonecalltoyou.Themoment（minute/second/instant）hesawherhefellinlovewithherdeeply.Thedayhelefthometojointhearmy,hismothercriedsadly.EverytimeImeether,shewillsmiletome.AnytimeIenteredtheboy"sroom,hewasstudying.Hegotmarriedthesummerhegraduatedfromcollege.Thefamilywereexcitedthemorningthebabywasborn.3^地点状语从句（表示地点的状语从句）地点状语从句由where>wherever和anywhere引导，位置较灵活可放在主句后也可放在主句前。where指"在某个地方”、wherever在任何地方”、everywhere指“每个地方”。例如：Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Putthebookbackwhereitis.Whereverwego,ourparentswillmissus.Anywhereyougo,Iwillaccompanyyou.4、原因状语从句（表示原因的状语从句）©because>sincc^as和forA、because表示原因时语气最强，常用来回答why引导的疑问句。用于强调句强调原因时只能用because不可用其它三个词，because可和强调词just、only以及not连用。because从句一般位于主句后，也可放在主句前面表示强调。B、since语气比because弱，表示一种附带的原因或是对方已知的事实，表示一种显然的理由，相当于汉语的“既然”，引导的从句常放在句首。since可用于省略句中（如since、so“既然如此"），其他三个词不能用于省略句中。C、as语气较弱，只是对主句的附带说明，表示不言自明的原因或是已知的事实。as引导的从句通常放在主句前。D、for表示原因时语气最弱，foi•引导的从句并不是主句行为的直接原因，只起到一种补充说明的作用。只能放在主句后面，不可位于主句前，且用逗号同主句隔开。 注意：上述表示原因的从属连词不可同时和so连用。在汉语中我们经常说“因为......所以......"，但在英语中只能岀现一个，即用了because、since和as就不能再用so,反之亦然。例如一Whydoyoudisagreetotheproposal?—Becauseitisunpractical.（X能用because）Hecutclassjustbecausehedidn"tlikemath.（只能用because）Itwasbecausehereceivedhigheducationthathehadmoreopportunitiesthanothers.（只能用because）Becausehebrokethetrafficrule,hewasfined.（表示强调）Wemustgetridofcarelessness,foritoftenleadstoerrors・（位于主句后用逗号同主句隔开）Sinceyouhavenotimetospare,Iwillturntoothersforhelp.Sinceso,Ihavenothingtosay.（省略句中只能用since）AsIgetlost,Idon^tknowhowtogoback.下面我们比较一下because和forfor•是并列连词，只用于连接表示原因的分句，因此不能用于第一个分句句首。for引导的从句不可作表语，不可被just、only^not等副词修饰，不能用于强调句中。foi•不可用于notbut结构中，notbecausebutbecause表示"不是因为而是因为"，for表示原因有时可与because互换，但foi•还可表示推测而because却不能。例如：Itisbecausemybikehasbeenbroken.（正）Itisformybikehasbeenbroken.（纟昔）Thegirlmarriesthemannotbecauseheisrich,butbecauseheisnoble-hearted・（正）Thegirlmarriesthemannotforheisrich,butforheisnoble-hearted・（牢昔）Itmusthaverainedlastnight,fortheroadiswet.（表示扌隹测，不能用because）HemaybefromAmerica,forhecanspeakEnglishwell.（表示推测,不能用because）关于notbecause结构的解读由because引导的主从复合句，主句的否定有可能转移到对从句的否定，这时主从句之间不用逗号隔开，翻译时要注意。Hedidn"tleavehomebecausehewasafraidofhisfather.（=Helefthomenotbecausehewasafraidofhisfather） Sheisn"tpopularbecausesheiselegant.（=Sheispopularnotbecausesheiselegant.）②now（that）^inthat^seeing（that）牙口considering（that）这几个连词意思相近意为"既然、由于其中nowthatxseeingthat和consideringthat中的that都可省略。nowthat位于句首，inthat位于句中。例如：Now（that）youhavedonegoodpreparations,youneedn^tfeelworried.Allofuslikehiminthatheisveryhumorous・Seeing（that）headmittedthefault,theteacherforgavehim.Considering（that）timeislimited,sheshortensherspeech・另外，seeing和considering也可用作介词，后接名词表示原因。例如：Seeingherbadconditionohhealth,thedoctoraskedhertostayinhospital.Consideringtheterribleweather,weholdthesportsmeetinadvance.③除上述从属连词可以引导原因状语从句外，有些短语也可以引导原因状语从句。如：inasmuchas(或inasmuchas、byreasonthat、forthereasonthat>onthegroundthat、forthat>owingto(onaccountof)thefactthat等。例如：Inasmuchas(Inasmuchas)youhaveknownthestory,Iwon"trepeatit.HeteacheswellonthegroundthathehasagoodknowledgeofEnglish.Hestoppedworkingbyreasonthat(forthereasonthat)it"stimefordinne匚Shedidn"tcometoschoolowingto(becauseof、onaccountof等)thefactthatshewassick.@notthatbutthat此结构表示"不是因为而是因为”这里的that相当于because。例如：Notthathedidn"thavethetimetoseethefilm,butthathehadn"tanydesireforit.notthatbutthat有时还可表示"不是而是"，notthat单独使用时表示"并不是说"。例如：Thereasonisnotthathedoesn"tliketogotoschool,butthathisfamilycan"taffordthetuition.Notthatweshouldn"ttakeothers"suggestions.⑤现在分词+asitdoes和过去分词+asitis(was)这是两种强调结构表示原因。例如：Working,ashedoes,dayandnight,hebrokedownintheend.Written,asitis,bythefamouswriter,thebookispopular.⑥名词+that+句子 这是表示原因的一种特殊结构，名词前一般不用冠词。例如：Foolthatheis,heiseasytobetakenin.Gentlemanthatheis,heforgivestheselfishlady.5、条件状语从句(表示条件的状语从句)条件状语从句语从句可分为真实条件状语从句和非真实条件状语从句(即虚拟条件状语从句)。前者表示现实的或可能变为现实的条件；后者表示非现实的或不可能或不大可能变为现实的条件。关于非真实条件状语从句在动词一章虚拟语气部分已详细阐述，这里只讨论真实条件状语从句。条件状语从句可位于主句前或主句后。①if禾1unlessif表示正面条件意为“如果”，unless表示反面条件意为“除非、如果不"相当于ifnot,一般情况下可以互换。但在下面三种情况下不可互换：A、ifnot可用于虚拟条件句中而unless则不可以。B、unless可用破折号同主句隔开作某种补充说明，这种用法的unless不可与ifnot互换。C、当条件状语从句含有“反而""意味时，只能用ifnot而不用unlesso同时要注意表示条件的主从复合句的时态特征：从句一般用一般时态，主句用将来时态。例如：Ifitissunnytomorrow,weTlgohiking.Youwillbelateunlessyouhurry.Ifyoudon"thaveagoodcommandofEnglishgrammar,youwon"tstudyEnglishwell.=UnlcssyouhaveagoodcommandofEnglishgrammar,youworftstudyEnglishwell.Ifyouhadn"tgivenup,youmighthavesucceeded・(不能用unless)Theywon"treachthedestinationbefore3:00pmunlesstheytakethefirstbus.(不能用ifnot)Ulifeelmuchhappierifshedoesn"tcomewithus.(不能用unless)(2)provided/providing(that)、suppose/supposing(that)so(as)longas^onconditionthat^incase、assuming(that)>given(that)和intheeventthat等。例如:Supposing/supposeitrains,whatshouldwedo?Providing/provided(that)youcankeepthesecrettoyourself,Icantellyouaboutit.Assuming(that)anearthquaketookplace,whatwouldhappentothevillage?IncaseIcan"tarriveontime,youcangofirstwithoutme.IntheeventthatIhaveenoughmoney,Iwillopenaschoolforthechildreninruralplaces・③onlyif和ifonlyonlyif表示“只要"，only起到强调的作用，引导的从句用陈述语气；ifonly引导的从句要用虚拟语气，意为“但愿如果就好了"。例如：Only讦yourespectothers,youTlberespected.IfonlyIwereamillionaire.IfonlyIhadfollowedhisadvice. ③条件概念的几种特殊表示法A>if和unless引导的省略句Hewillcomeifasked.(省略了heis)Ifnecessary,youcancallme.(省略了itis)Iwon"tattendthepaityunlessinvitedbyhim.(省略了Iam)B、分词短语Winningthegame,we"llholdapartytocelebrateit.Senttothehospitalintime,theinjuredmanwouldnotdie.c、不定式短语Tothinktheproblemover,youwillfindthewaytosolveit.Youwillregretnottoseizethepreciousopportunity.D^并列句（祈使句+and或祈使句+or）这两种结构中and和or后的并列句常用将来时。"祈使句+an（T结构相当于if条件状语从句；"祈使句+oF‘结构相当于ifnot条件状语从句。例如：Studyhardandyou，11haveabrightfuture.=Ifyoustudyhard,youUlhaveabrightfuture.Hurryuporwcwillbelate.=lfwedoithurryup,wewillbelate.E、介词短语Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.Youcan"twritewellbesidethepoint.F^butfor、butthat和onlythatbutfor和butthat表示"要不是如果没有"主句要用虚拟语气；onlythat相当于wereitnotthat表示“如果不是"。例如：Butfortheman"shelptheboywouldgetlost.=Butthatthemanhelpshim,theboywouldgetlost.Onlythattheweatherwasgood,wewouldhaveputoffthepicnic.G、onceonce也表示“一旦"，也可表示条件。例如：Onceyouspeakout,youcan"tswallowyourwords. H、accordingas可表示条件状语从句，相当于if。例如：Accordingasyouareintrouble,hewillbereadytohelpyou.=lfyouareintrouble,hewillbereadytohelpyou.I>wherethere这种结构表示“如果则程例如：Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.Wherethereisfire,thereissmoke・must/havetobeforecan（could）这个结构表示“必须（只有）才能例如：Onemustsowbeforeonecanreap.Youhavetoseizeagoodopportunitybeforeyoucansucceed・K、谚语Nopains,nogains.Sownothing,reapnothing・6、让步状语从句(表示让步的状语从句)让步状语从句表示“虽然、尽管、即使""等含义，不可和but同时使用，两者只能用一个。但可和yet、still>nevertheless等连用。©althoughthough、eventhough和evenif这几个词或词组都表示“虽然、即使、尽管"。eventhough和evenif语气较强而although和though相对较弱，although较正式而though较通俗。让步状语从句可位于主句前也可位于主句后。例如：Althoughourparentsoftencriticizeandevenbeatus,westilllovethem.ThoughIlikelisteningtomusic,Ican"tsing.Eventhough(if)heisrich,yetheisn"thappy.Thoughmostofusareagainstit,neverthelessIamforit.在让步状语从句中though和although常可互换，但在下列几种情况下只能用though不能用althoughoA、though可和even连用表示强调而although不可以。例如：Eventhoughtheprocessisfullofdifficulties,theresultiswonderfulandsatisfactory.though可同as连用构成asthough,相当于asif表示"好像"。例如：Itlooksasthoughifsgoingtorain. C、though可用于倒装式的让步状语从句中，相当于as,而although则不可以。例如：Toughthoughthesituationis,Iwillfaceuptoit.D、though作为副词或等立连词时表示转折，意为“然而、却"，不可用althougho例如：HespeaksEnglishquicklythoughcorrectly.Itisafact,though.②while和whereaswhile和whereas也可以引导让步状语从句，以通过对比突岀主句和从句的差异。例如：Hehasbeenpromotedasprofessor,while(whereas)heisonlythirty.Manypeopledon"tliketolivehere,while(whereas)theenvironmentisgood・©whetheror(not)从属连词whetheror意为nomatterwhetheror,引导让步状语从句提供两个对比的情况，表示“不管"。例如：Whetheryoulikeitornot,you"llhavetodoit.Whetheryougowithmeorstayathome,Iwillgo.Whetherornotitrains,themeetingwillbeheldontime.©whatever>whoeverwhichever>whenever>wherever和however这几个词除可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句。相当于nomatterwhatanomatterwho>nomatterwhichnomatterwhenxnomatterwhere牙口nomatterhow表示"无论什么、无论谁、无论明F一个、无论何时、无论何地、无论如何"但"nomatter+特殊疑问词""只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。例如：Whateveryousay,Iwon"tbelieveyou.(=nomatterwhat)Whoeverrespectsus,weshouldrespecthim.(=nomatterwho)Whenevershegetsangry,hewillcheerherup.(=nomatterwhen)Whereveryougo,Iwillkeepyoucompany.(=nomatterwherever)Whichevercoloryouchoose,thetiewillmatchyourcoatwell.(=nomatterwhich)Howevercarefulweare,wewillerr.(nomatterhow)对此要注意以下几点A、whichever更多的时候具有形容词的特征，所以后常接名词；而however具有副词的特征，所以后常接形容词或副词。B、nomatter除可和what>who、which>when>wherehow等连用外，还可同whether连用构成nomatterwhetheror相当于前面提到的whetheror结构引导让步状语从句。例如： Nomatterwhetheritissunnyornot,wewillgohiking.Hewillhaveagoodbreakfast,nomatterwhetherhegetsearlyorlate.C、上述复合词之后可同情态动词may(might)连用，当句意明确时可省略情态动词和be动词。例如：Whateverhissocialposition(mightbe),hewasrestrictedbylaw.Howeverhightheskyscraper(maybe),itcan"treachthesky.©forall(that)forall(that)意为inspiteofthefactthat表示"不管、虽然""后接that从句，that可省略。也可接短语，这时forall相当于withallafterall,且常同相容词性物主代词连用，构成“forall(withall、afterall)one"s+名词"结构。例如：Forall(that)heisacommonman,hedoesuncommonthings.Forall(withall、afterall)ouradvice,heinsistedonrunningthatrisk.@notbutthat(what)这个短语相当于though,也可引导让步状语从句。例如：Ican"tunderstandtheproblem,notbutthatmyteacherexplainsittomemanytimes.Workersbuildhousesoutside,notbutitissohot.Ihavenotimeforit,notbutwhatIwouldliketoseethefilm.©grantingthat牙口grantedthat这两个词组用法相同，都表示“即使、虽然9,,that可省略。Granting(Granted)thatIcareabouthim,Ican,helphim。Granting(Granted)hegraduatesfromakeyuniversity,hecan"tteachwell.⑧让步概念的其它表示法A、分词短语Sittingorstanding,hebehaveslikeagentleman.Dressedinthethickjacket,hefeelscold.B、不定式短语Youshouldn"tstayupsolatetomakeprogressinyourstudy.Tospeedup,thebuscan"tcatchupwiththeca匚c、介词短语常见的表示让步的介词短语有：forall>withall>afterall>foralltheworld>forallthat^foranything>forloveormoneyatallevents>atanycost、inanyevent、inanycasc>atanyratc^atanyrisk^atallrisksinanyway、nonetheless>evennow(then>so)^inspiteofthefactthat等。彳列安口: Forloveormoney,Iwon5tleavemyparents.Iwon"tdoitforalltheworld.Wewillcompletetheconstructionoftherailwayatallrisks.Inanyevent,youshouldhaveatry.Wecan，tbetrayourcountryforanything.Theboywonthesecondprizeinthegame,butevensohisparentsweren5tsatisfied.D、名词和形容词Acoward,heriskedhislifetosavethegirlfromthefire.Happyorsad,youcan^tjudgefromherappearance.E、still和yetstill和yet表示轻微的转折，意为"但是"。例如：Itisverycoldandstillthesoldierscleanedthesnowinthehighway.Thequestionissosimpleandyetmanystudentscan"tworkitout.F^whilewhile也可表示让步，意为"虽然例如：Thefamilylivehappily,whiletheydon"thavemuchmoney.Hegaveup,whilehestoodagoodchancetosucceed・G、notwithunderstandingthat这个短语表示"虽然"，相当于though或although,其中的that可省略。例如：Thegreedymandoesiftfeelsatisfiednotwithunderstanding(that)hehasalargefortune.H>admitting(that)话口assuming(that)这两个短语表示“即使雹例如：Admitting(that)there"ssomethingtodowithothers,youshouldbearresponsibilityforit.Assuming(that)youareagenius,youcarftbesuccessfulwithoutefforts.I、the+形容词最高级Thewisestmancanmakemistakes.Theworstpersonhashisownmerits.J、句子+and+句子此结构中的and相当于andyet,两个分句都表示让步。例如：ItoldmanyinterestingstoriesandIcouldn^tcheertheboyup.Sometimesshewilllosehertemperandsheiskindinessence・ K、动词+or+动词此结构中oi•前后两个动词意思相反。例如：Shineorrain,hegoestoschoolasusual.Standorfail,weshouldtryit.L^be+主语+everso+形容词Beamaneversogreat,heshouldrftlookdownuponothers.Bethewindeversostrong,herodetotheschool.有时候可用let加以强调，如上述两例句。Letamanbeeversogreat,heshouldn"tlookdownuponothers.Letthewindbeeversostrong,herodetotheschool.动词+whatwhichwhcn>where>how等+may(will)Leavewhenyoumay,Tilseeyouoff.Betheresultwhatitmay,weshouldtrytodoitwell.⑨让步状语从句中的倒装though引导的让步状语从句可以运用倒装结构而其它从属连词则不可以。在倒装结构中‘though可用as或that代替。但用as和that引导让步状语从句时必须倒装。倒装形式主要有以下几种。A、名词+though(as、that)+主语+bc动词Managerthough(as^that)heis,heisverymodest.这时作表语的单数可数名词放在句首时，名词不能同冠词连用。B、形容词+though(as、that)+主语+谓语Strongthoughyouare,youcarftliftit.这时作表语的形容词前不能添加任何表示程度的副词。C、副词+though(as、that)+主语+谓语Hardasheworks,hewasunabletomakegreatprogress・D、原形动词+though（as>that）+主语+助动或情态动词Failmanytimesashedid，heneverlostheart・Searchthoughtheymight,theycan"tfindanybodyinthehouse.E^现在分词+though（as、that）+主语+be动词或助动词Rainingasitis,Tmgoingtovisityou.Living,ashedoes,aloneinthemountain,hefeelspleased. F、过去分词+though（as、that）+主语+be动词Praisedashewas,heremainedmodest.但上述有些结构并非总是表示让步，名词或过去分词放在句首时也可以表示原因。例如：Childasheis,hedoesn^texperiencesomesocialproblems.Bornasheisinarichfamily,hegrowsupbetterthanothers.Tiredashewas,hestoppedworkingandwenttobed.（原因）Tiredashewas,hecontinuedtowork.（让步）7、结果状语从句（表示让步的状语从句）①sothat和suchthat这两个短语表示“如此以至于"，常用的结构如下。SO+形容词（副词）+thatso+形容词+a（an）+可数名词单数+thatsuch+形容词+复数名词+thatsuch+形容词+不可数名词+thatsuch+a（an）+形容词+可数名词单数+thatTheboyissoyoungthathecan"tgotoschool.Hehadsomanypaperstodothathestayeduplate.IhadsolittlemoneythatIcouldn^taffordthatcar.Heissuchacleverboythateveryonelikeshim.=Heissocleveraboythateveryonelikeshim.要注意sothat和suchthat的互换，谨记搭配关系：such为形容词，修饰名词短语acleverboy;so为副词修饰形容词cleveroA、“so+形容词+a（an）+可数名词单数+that"结构也可表示为“a（an）+可数名词单数+so+形容词"。例如：Theprofessorgavealecturesowonderfulthattheaudiencefeltveryexcited.B、结果状语从句可同不定式短语互换。例如：Thepatientissoweakthathecan"twalk.=Thepatientistooweaktowalk.=Thepatientisiftweakenoughtowalk.=Thepatientissoweakasnottowalk.C、somuchthat和somuchsothat这两个短语也表示“如此以至于"，somuch修饰形容词或副词。例如：TheplaceissomuchnoisythatIcan"tlivehere. Theareaispoorsomuchsothatmanypeopleliveonbegging.①sothat>so话口sothat这三个词也可引导结果状语从句，也可理解为sothat中的so或that可省略一个。sothat最常见，so和that多用于口语中。sothat引导的结果状语常用逗号同主句隔开。例如：Hegotuplate,sothathedidrTtcatchthefirstbus.Hedidn"tobeytherule,sohewasfined.Whattroubledidyoumeetthatyougaveup.Suchthat也可引导结果状语从句，such常作表语。例如：TheweatherwassuchthatIwouldiftgoout.②but、butthat和butwhat如果主句含有never>neverso>notso>notsuch等否定词，可用but^butthat和butwhat引导结果状语从句构成双重否定,相当于thatnot或unless表示"没有则不"。例如：Heisnotsuchafoolbutthathewillbecheated.=Heisnotsuchafoolthathewon"tbecheated・Henevercallshisparentsbutheasksformoney・=Henevercallshisparentsunlessheasksformoney・Thereisnolearnedpersonbutwhatheneedstostudyfurther.=Thereisnolearnedpersonthathedoesn"tneedtostudyfurthe匚③一些短语withtheresultthat>tosuchadegree和tosuchaextentthat等也可以引导结果状语从句。例如：Iwasinthebath,withtheresultthatIdidn^thearthetelephone・Heloveshertosuchadegreethathecarftseparatewithherjustforasecond.8、目的状语从句（表示目的的状语从句）目的状语从句表示“为了、以便"，常同表示“能够""的情态动词连用。如：can、could>may和might。有时偶尔也可用shall>should>will和wouldo①sothat话口inorderthat这是两个最常见的引导目的状语从句的短语，表示“为了、目的是、以便"。sothat较常见，inorderthat多用于较正式的场合。Inorderthat从句可放在主句前或主句后，而sothat从句一般放在主句后面，有时放在主句前表示强调。例如：Speakloudlysothatyoucanbeheardclearly.Inorderthatotherswillnoticeher,shewearabrightcoat.Theteacherexplainedtheansweragainandagaininorderthatwecouldunderstanditfully. A、sothat中的so和that可以省去一个。例如：Helefttheofficeearlysohecouldarrivehomebefore5o"clock.IwillbewellpreparedthatIcangettheprizeinthefinalcompetition.B、sothat有时可以分开使用。例如：Soworkhardthatyoucanbepromoted・C、sothat和inorderthat引导的目的状语从句可以转换成inorderto或soasto不定式结构。但要注意inorderto和soasto所在句的主语必须同时也是inorderto和soasto后面动词的逻辑主语。否则就不能用而要用sothat和inorderthat引导，但可用介词for•引出逻辑主语。例如：Hedoesmorningexercisessothathecanbuilduphisbody.（正）Hedocsmorningexercisesinorderto/soastobuilduphisbody.（正）Thecouplespokeinalowvoicesothattheirdaughtercouldstudyquietly.（正）Thecouplespokeinalowvoiceinordertostudyquietly.（错■）Thecouplespokeinalowvoiceinorderfortheirdaughtertostudyquietly.（正）②lest、incase牙口forfearthat这三个词都表示"以防、以免""引导目的状语从句。lest从句要用虚拟语气，incase和forfearthat引导的目的状语从句一般用虚拟语气间或用陈述语气。例如：Takeanumbrella,lestitshouldrain.Takeanumbrellaincaseitrains.Shegotupearlyforfearthathewouldbelateforwork・lest、incase和forfearthat引导目的状语从句可以转换为sothat或inorderthat+否定动词或否定的不定式或动名词短语。例如：Hegotupearlylest（fbrfearthat、incase）heshouldmissthefirsttrain.=Hegotupearlysothat（so>that>inorderthat）hewouldn^tmissthefirsttrain.=Hegotupearlyinorder/soasnottomissthefirsttrain.=Hegotupearlyforfearofmissingthefirsttrain.③如何区别结果状语从句和目的状语从句通过上述结果状语从句和目的状语从句的讲述，我们知道sothat既可引导结果状语从句也可引导目的状语从句。那么如何辨别sothat引导的从句是结果状语从句还是目的状语从句呢？可以从以下方面予以区别。A、目的状语从句中的动词前要用can、could>may>might>shall>should>will和would等情态动词，表示某种可能性，是主观愿望；而结果状语从句则不用，表示的是客观事实。引导结果状语从句的sothat前常有逗号，而引导目的状语从句的sothat前一般不用逗号。 C、结果状语从句都放在主句后，而目的状语从句可放在主句前或后。例如：Sothatwecouldfinishthetaskontime,weworkeddayandnight.（目的状语从句）Hewasreadytohelpothers,sothathewasrespectedbyeveryone.（结果耳犬语从句）Hearrivedattherailwaystationearly,sothathecaughtthetrain.（纟吉果扌大语从句）Hearrivedattherailwaystationearlysothathecaughtthetrain.（目的习犬语从句）D、连词sothat引导的结果状语从句时，它的否定形式sothatnot有一个变体sobut,而目的状语从句中不存在。例如：Heisnotsoinjuredthathemaynotstand・=Heisnotsoinjuredbuthemaystand・9、比较状语从句（表示比较的状语从句）引导比较状语从句的关联词有than（用于不同级之间的比较即比较级）、asas、thesameas和suchas（用于表示同等程度的比较）、否定句用notso（as）as>notthesameas和notsuchaso例如：Heistallerthanhisbrother（is）.HeknewTombetterthanyou（knewhim）.JimstudiedharderthanJohnson（did）.Hespokeasrudelyashequarreled.Yourbikeisthesameasmine.Ican"tplaybasketballas/sowellashe.10、方式状语从句（表示方式的状语从句）①as和justas这两个连词的意思是"尤如好像"，justas比as强调性更强，as前也可用exactly加以强调。例如：Ididjustasyoutoldme.Exactlythecharacterbelongstoaperson,TaiwanispartofChina.②asif和asthoughasif和asthough引导方式状语从句时，从句可用陈述语气表示符合或有可能符合事实的情况；也可用虚拟语气表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况。另外，asif和asthough从句可用省略形式，后面通常接不定式、分词、形容词或介词短语。例如：Itlooksasif(asthough)itisgoingtorain. ThekindladytreatseasifIwereherson.Helookedaroundasif(hewas)tolookforsomething.Shestoodanxiouslyasif(shewas)waitingforsomebody.Hedidn"tspeaktoanybodytodayasif(hewas)sad.Thelittleboycriedsadlyasif(hewas)bulliedbyothers.Themanlookedasif(hewas)insearchforhisbook.11、状语从句中的省略状语从句中的省略不仅是一种非常重要的语言现象更是分析一些问题的有效手段，可挖掘一些语言现象的本质。尤其和分词作状语或独立主格结构有着内在的本质联系。对此在省略法一章中已花大量篇幅给予了详尽的阐述，在此不再重复。但是状语从句中的省略是状语从句的有机组成部分，要结合起来学习。六、强调句强调句也是英语中一种重要的句型，用于对某个句法成分的强调，其基本结构是Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)+句子，当被强调的部分指人时可用who或whom。对此结构应注意以下几点：1、无论被强调部分以何种形式岀现(如名词或代词的复数)谓语动词都只有is和was两种形式。2、当被强调部分是表示人的名词或代词时可用who引导强调句。3、强调句有一般疑问式(将is或was提前即"Is(was)it+被强调部分+that(who)+句子”的形式)；特殊疑问式(即"特殊疑问词+is(was)it+被强调部分+that+句子""的形式)；否定式(在is或was后直接加not即"Itis(w⑹not+被强调部分+that(who)+句子""的形式)；反意疑问句(主句借助it进行反意即“is(was)it或isn"t(wasn"t)it”的形式)。4、并不是所有的句法成分都可被强调。可强调的部分：主语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语及其时间状语从句和原因状语从句；不可强调的部分：谓语动词、表语及其让步状语从句。5、被强调部分必须在句中充当一个句法成分。(这时强调句的先决条件更是强调句最核心最本质的内容)Itwastheythat(who)wouldgetmarried.Wasittheythat(who)wouldgetmarried?Itwasnottheythat(who)wouldgetmarried.Itwastheythat(who)wouldgetmarried,wasn"tit?Whowasitthatwouldgetmarried?1、Itis(was)+状语+that+句子这种结构用来强调状语，表示的状语成分可以是单词、短语或句子，但只有时间状语从句和原因状语从句可被强调。若强调原因状语从句只能用because引导。例如：Itwasinthathousethattheboywasbom.(地点耳犬语)Itwaslastyearthathefinishedhisbook.(曰寸间习犬语)ItwasinthebookstorethatIboughtthemagazine.(地点冷犬语) Itwaslastwinterthathejoinedthearmy.(时间状语)Itwasafterhehadfinishedhisworkthathecameback.(时间状语从句)Itwasbecauseitrainedheavilythatwecouldn^tholdthesportsmeet.(原因状3吾从句)Itiswhatyousaidthatmakesherangry.(主语从句)2、Itis(was)+名词(代词)+that(who或whom)+句子这种结构用以强调名词或代词，在句子中充当主语、宾语或宾语补足语。当强调主语时，谓语动词的数要与被强调的主语保持一致，被强调部分指人且作宾语时可用whomo例如：ItisIthat(who)amgoingabroad.Itisyouthat(who)areresponsiblefortheaccident.Itishethat(who)breakstherule.Itwasthecoatthatmymotherboughtforme.ItwasourEnglishteacherwhomweinvitedtotakepartinourparty.Itisyellowthattheworkerspaintthewall.ItisDavethatwecallhimforshort.3、特殊疑问词+is(was)it+被强调部分+that+句子在强调句中，如果被强调的部分是特殊疑问词，要用“特殊疑问词+is(was)it+被强调部分+that+句子”的结构形式，that有时可省略。例如：Whatwasit(that)Ihaddone?Whowasit(that)didit?Whichisit(that)youlikebetter?Whereisit(that)hegoes?Whenisit(that)thetrainwilldrawoutofthestation?Howisit(that)youfindthekey?Whywasit(that)youtalkbacktoyourparents?上述都是疑问语序，当这种结构用作宾语或表语时要用陈述语序。例如：Hetoldmewhereitwasthatthemeetingwouldbeheld・Thequestionishowitisthatthemaniskilled・